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{{Short description|none}}
The '''culture of Lithuania''' combines an indigenous heritage, represented by the unique ], with ] cultural aspects and Christian traditions resulting from historical ties with ]. Although linguistic resemblances represent strong cultural ties with ] in various historical moments Lithuania was influenced by ], ] and ] cultures. Various cultural changes occurred throughout Lithuania's transformation from a former country of the ] to an independent ].
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2021}}
] (1909)]]
]
{{Culture of Lithuania}}


'''Culture of Lithuania''' combines an indigenous heritage, represented by the unique ], with ] cultural aspects and ] resulting from historical ties with ]. Although linguistic resemblances represent strong cultural ties with ] in various historical moments Lithuania was influenced by ], ] and ] cultures. Various cultural changes occurred throughout Lithuania's transformation from a country occupied by the ] to an independent ]. The culture of Lithuania can be divided into five ]: Dzūkija, Samogitia, Aukštaitija, Sudovia and Mažoji Lietuva.
==Ethnicity and nationality==

]]]
== Ethnicity and nationality ==
{{Main|Lithuanian people|Demographics of Lithuania}} {{Main|Lithuanian people|Demographics of Lithuania}}
Lithuania has the most homogeneous population in the ]. In the 2001 census, 83.45% of the population identified themselves as ethnic Lithuanians, 6.74% as ], 6.31% as ], 1.23% as ], and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups.<ref name=censusethnic>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1731 |title=Population by Ethnicity |accessdate=2008-09-17 |publisher=Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania |year=2005 }}</ref> ] are concentrated in the ], allowing ], their ethnically-based party, to exert some influence. ], however, are relatively evenly spread throughout Lithuania. Lithuanians are usually divided into 5 groups: ], ], ], ] and ],<ref>{{cite news | first=Angelė | last=Vyšniauskaitė | coauthors= | title=LIETUVIŲ ETNINĖ KULTŪRA – AKCENTAS DAUGIALYPĖJE EUROPOS KULTŪROJE | year=2005 | publisher= | url =http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/KULTURA/Seminaras_etnine_kultura.htm | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2008-01-26 | language = Lithuanian }}</ref> although the Lietuviniks are nearly extinct. City dwellers, however, are most often called simply Lithuanians.


Lithuania has the most homogeneous population in the ]. In the 2001 census, 83.45% of the population identified themselves as ethnic Lithuanians, 6.74% as ], 6.31% as ], 1.23% as ], and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups.<ref name="censusethnic">{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1731 |title=Population by Ethnicity |access-date=2008-09-17 |publisher=Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505204825/http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1731 |archive-date=2009-05-05 }}</ref> ] are concentrated in the ], allowing ], their ethnically based party, to exert some influence. ], however, are relatively evenly spread throughout Lithuania. Lithuanians are usually divided into 5 groups: ], ], ], ] and ],<ref>{{cite news|first=Angelė |last=Vyšniauskaitė |title=LIETUVIŲ ETNINĖ KULTŪRA – AKCENTAS DAUGIALYPĖJE EUROPOS KULTŪROJE |year=2005 |url=http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/KULTURA/Seminaras_etnine_kultura.htm |access-date=2008-01-26 |language=lt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125230536/http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/KULTURA/Seminaras_etnine_kultura.htm |archive-date=2008-01-25 }}</ref> although the Lietuvinikai are nearly extinct. City dwellers, however, are most often simply called Lithuanians.
Lithuania's ethnic composition has undergone significant changes throughout history. The most significant{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} one of these was the extermination of ] during the ]. Before ], approximately 7.5%{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} of Lithuanians were Jewish, referred to as ]. The population of ] was 30% Jewish{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}. Almost all of Lithuania's Jews either were killed by ] or emigrated, and the 2001 census only counted 4007 Jews.<ref name=censusethnic/>


==Language== == Language ==
{{Main|Lithuanian language}} {{Main|Lithuanian language}}
Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania. Lithuanian, an Indo-European language, closely resembles ancient ], and is written using the ]. It is considered by scholars that the Lithuanian language retained, with the fewest changes, most of the elements of Proto-Indo-European language.<ref>{{cite book | last = Frucht | first = Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2005 | location = | pages = 188 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1576078000 }}</ref> Various dialects of Lithuanian exist, such as High Lithuanian (Aukštaitian) and Low Lithuanian (Samogitian).<ref>Minahan, James. ''Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. p. 62. ISBN 0-313-30610-9</ref>


Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania. Lithuanian, an Indo-European language, closely resembles ancient ], and is written using the ]. It is considered by scholars that the Lithuanian language retained, with the fewest changes, most of the elements of Proto-Indo-European language.<ref>{{cite book | last = Frucht | first = Richard | title = Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2005 | pages = | url = https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse/page/188 | isbn = 1-57607-800-0 }}</ref> Various dialects of Lithuanian exist, such as High Lithuanian (Aukštaitian) and Low Lithuanian (Samogitian).<ref>Minahan, James. ''Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. p. 62. {{ISBN|0-313-30610-9}}</ref>
During the ] (1864–1904), Lithuanian was censored by the Russians, and could only be written with the ]. Literature in the Lithuanian alphabet was burned and forbidden from publication. Schools, churches, courts, and newspapers faced heavy penalties if Latin text were to be displayed during these years, with violators even exiled to ].<ref>"''The New York Times'' Current History". ''The New York Times''. New York:''The New York Times'' Company, 1918. p. 503.</ref>

During the ] (1864–1904), Lithuanian was censored by the Russians, and could only be written with the ]. Literature in the Lithuanian alphabet was burned and forbidden from publication. Schools, churches, courts, and newspapers faced heavy penalties if Latin text were to be displayed during these years, with violators even exiled to ].<ref>"''The New York Times'' Current History". ''The New York Times''. New York:''The New York Times'' Company, 1918. p. 503.</ref>


==Religion== == Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in Lithuania}} {{Main|Religion in Lithuania}}
]
Since the ] of parts of ] in 1387 and of ] in 1413, the majority of Lithuanians have been members of the ]. According to the 2001 census, 79% of Lithuanians are Roman Catholic. Approximately 4.9% of the population are ], mainly the Russian minority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1734 |title=Population by Religious Confession |accessdate=2008-09-17 |publisher=Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania |year=2005 }}</ref> Under Article 26 of the ], persons can freely practice a religion of their choosing.<ref name='ltcon'>{{cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=211295 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania |accessdate=2008-09-19 |date=2003-03-20 |publisher=Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania }}</ref>
Since the ] of parts of ] in 1387 and of ] in 1413, the majority of Lithuanians have been members of the Roman ]. According to the 2001 census, 79% of Lithuanians are Roman Catholic. Approximately 4.9% of the population are ], mainly the Russian minority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/pages/view/?id=1734 |title=Population by Religious Confession |access-date=2008-09-17 |publisher=Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania |year=2005 }}</ref> Under Article 26 of the ], persons can freely practice a religion of their choosing.<ref name="ltcon">{{cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=211295 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania |access-date=2008-09-19 |date=2003-03-20 |publisher=Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania }}</ref>


Catholicism played a significant role in Lithuanian anti-communist resistance under the ]. Several Catholic priests were leaders of the anti-communist movements, and thousands of ] ] were placed on the ] near ], despite its being bulldozed in 1961. Catholicism played a significant role in Lithuanian anti-communist resistance under the ]. Several Catholic priests were leaders of the anti-communist movements, and thousands of ]es were placed on the ] near ], despite it being bulldozed in 1961.{{cn|date=September 2023}}


==Government== == Education ==
{{Main|Politics of Lithuania}}
]
Lithuania is a ] ] ], whereby the ] is the ], and of a ].

] is exercised by the government, which is headed by the Prime Minister. Federal ] is vested in both the ] and the ] ] (Lithuanian ]). ] is vested in judges appointed by the ] and is independent of executive and legislature power. The ] consists of the ], the ], and the ] as well as the separate ]s. The ] established these powers upon its approval on October 25, 1992. Being a multi-party system, the government of Lithuania is not dominated by any single ], rather it consists of numerous parties that must work with each other to form ]. The current president of Lithuania is ], who is in office for the first time (since 12 April 2009). The current prime minister is Andrius Kubilius.

==Education==
] and the Church of St. Johns]]
{{Main|Education in Lithuania}} {{Main|Education in Lithuania}}
] and the Church of St. Johns]]
Education in Lithuania exists from pre-school to adult education. ] in Lithuania have undergraduate and higher education. Pre-school is for children aged three to six years. After pre-school, children enroll in primary school from seven to ten years of age. At eleven, students begin secondary school until the age of 18. Once the general education is completed, students go to college or university.<ref>. Childinfo. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref> Students can take the UK exam to study overseas.<ref>. British Council in Lithuania. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref> A bachelor's degree takes four years, traditionally, to complete. A master's takes one to two years to complete; and a doctoral degree takes four years.<ref>. Mykolas Romeris University. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref> Lithuania's oldest university is ], which was founded in 1579.<ref>. Vilnius University. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref>
Education in Lithuania exists from pre-school to adult education. ] in Lithuania have undergraduate and higher education. Pre-school is for children aged three to six years. After pre-school, children enroll in primary school from seven to ten years of age. At eleven, students begin secondary school until the age of 18. Once the general education is completed, students go to college or university.<ref>. Childinfo. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref> Students can take the UK exam to study overseas.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906115553/http://www.britishcouncil.org/lithuania-education-uk-exams-in-lithuania.htm |date=2008-09-06 }}. British Council in Lithuania. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref> A bachelor's degree takes four years, traditionally, to complete. A master's takes one to two years to complete; and a doctoral degree takes four years.<ref>. Mykolas Romeris University. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref> Lithuania's oldest university is ], which was founded in 1579.<ref>. Vilnius University. Retrieved September 28, 2008.</ref>


==Food and lifestyle== == Food and lifestyle ==
{{Main|Lithuanian cuisine}} {{Main|Lithuanian cuisine}}
]
Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to its cool and moist northern climate: ], ], ], ]s, ], ], and ]s are locally grown, and dairy products are one of its specialities. Since it shares its climate and agricultural practices with ], Lithuanian cuisine has much in common with other Eastern European and ] cuisines. Nevertheless, it has its own distinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's long and difficult history. German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding (''kugelis'' or ]) and potato sausages (''vėdarai''), as well as the baroque tree cake known as '']''. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (]) cuisine, and the dishes ''kibinai'' and ''čeburekai'' are popular in Lithuania. "Torte Napoleon" was introduced during ]'s passage through Lithuania in the 19th century.


]
==Media and art==


Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to its cool and moist northern climate: ], ], ], ]s, ], ], and ]s are locally grown, and dairy products are one of its specialities. Since it shares its climate and agricultural practices with ], Lithuanian cuisine has much in common with other Eastern European and ] cuisines. Nevertheless, it has its own distinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's long and difficult history. German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding ({{lang|lt|kugelis}} or {{lang|lt|]}}) and potato sausages ({{lang|lt|vėdarai}}), as well as the baroque tree cake known as {{lang|lt|]}}. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (]) cuisine, and the dishes {{lang|lt|kibinai}} and {{lang|lt|čeburekai}} are popular in Lithuania. ] was introduced during ]'s passage through Lithuania in the 19th century. Some traditional meals are {{lang|lt|didžkukuliai}} (also called {{lang|lt|cepelinai}}) - potato dumplings, {{lang|lt|šaltibarščiai}} - cold borscht (beetroot soup), {{lang|lt|juoda duona}} - dark rye bread, {{lang|lt|balandėliai}} - stuffed cabbage rolls, {{lang|lt|bulviniai blynai}} - potato pancakes, {{lang|lt|gira - kvass}} (fermented rye bread drink), and {{lang|lt|lašiniai}} - smoked fatback.
===Art and museums===
] Palace]]
]]]
Lithuania's art community is famous for ] (1875–1911). Čiurlionis was a nationally renowned musician and artist in Lithuania. His symphonic compositions, Jūra ("The sea") and Miške ("In the forest"), were the first full length pieces from a Lithuanian musician. Jūra ("The sea") and Miške ("In the forest") were composed to represent Lithuania's landscape.<ref>Bousfield 2004, ''Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania'', p. 54.</ref> After Čiurlionis's death, the ] ] honors his achievements after being discovered in 1975.


== Media and art ==
A large number of museums exist in Lithuania. The ] was founded in 1933 and is the largest museum of art preservation and display in Lithuania.<ref>. Lithuanian Art Museum. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref> The ] is a subsidiary of the Lithuanian Art Museum. Various ] pieces comprise a major part of the museum. In total, 28,000 pieces of amber are displayed, and about 15,000 contain ] of insects, spiders, or plants.<ref>Places of interest. . Retrieved on March 29, 2007.</ref> Some 4,500 amber pieces in the museum are used for artwork and jewelry.<ref name=Antanas>Palangos gintaro muziejus. . Retrieved on March 29, 2007.</ref> A future museum, ], will present ]s of new media art, parts of the ] anthology film archive, and ] art. The museum is scheduled to open in 2011.<ref name=BLOO>{{cite web|publisher=Bloomberg News|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB1F5bbX10VM|title=Zaha Hadid to Design Planned Museum in Lithuania|accessdate=2008-05-24}}</ref>


=== Art and museums ===
The ] displays various forms of ]s. The ] contains ]-era relics and statues including those of ] and ].
{{See also|Lithuanian cross crafting|Dievdirbys|Roofed pole}}
] Palace]]
]]]


Lithuania's art community is famous for ] (1875–1911). Čiurlionis was a nationally renowned musician and artist in Lithuania. His symphonic compositions, Jūra ("The sea") and Miške ("In the forest"), were the first full-length pieces from a Lithuanian musician. Jūra ("The sea") and Miške ("In the forest") were composed to represent Lithuania's landscape.<ref>Bousfield 2004, ''Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania'', p. 54.</ref> After Čiurlionis's death, the ] ] honors his achievements after being discovered in 1975.
===Music===

], one of the finest ] voices in the world]]
A large number of museums exist in Lithuania. The ] was founded in 1933 and is the largest museum of art preservation and display in Lithuania.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510013109/http://www.ldm.lt/LDM/History_LAM_en.htm |date=2011-05-10 }}. Lithuanian Art Museum. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref> The ] is a subsidiary of the Lithuanian Art Museum. Various ] pieces comprise a major part of the museum. In total, 28,000 pieces of amber are displayed, and about 15,000 contain ] of insects, spiders, or plants.<ref>Places of interest. . Retrieved on March 29, 2007.</ref> Some 4,500 amber pieces in the museum are used for artwork and jewelry.<ref name="Antanas">Palangos gintaro muziejus. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513083704/http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/LANKYTINOS_VIETOS/ambermus.en.htm |date=2007-05-13 }}. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.</ref>

The ] displays various forms of ]s. The ] contains ]-era relics and statues including those of ] and ].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

=== Music ===
{{Main|Lithuanian music}} {{Main|Lithuanian music}}
Lithuania has a long history of folk, popular and classical musical development. Lithuanian folk music is based primarily around polyphonic music played on flutes, zithers (kanklės) and other instruments.


]'' at ]]]
====Folk====
], a Lithuanian ] singer.]]
] performing in Vilnius]]

Lithuanian folk music is based around songs ('']''), which include romantic, wedding songs, as well as work songs and more archaic war songs. Traditional vocal music is held in high esteem on a world scale: Lithuanian song fests and sutartinės multipart songs are on the ]'s representative list of the ]. Folk songs were performed either in groups or alone, and in parallel chords or ]. ] songs are common in the renowned ]s tradition of ]. Another style of Lithuanian folk music is called ], a kind of ]. Instrumentation includes ], a kind of ] that accompanies sutartines, rateliai, ]es, ]s and ]s, and ]s, (including a bass fiddle called the ''basetle''), a kind of ] called the ''lumzdelis'' and, similar in sound to ], ''birbyne'' ; recent importations, beginning in the late 19th century, including the ], ] and ]. ] is accompanied by the ''skudučiai'', a form of ] played by a group of people, as well as wooden trumpets (''ragai'' and ''dandytės''). The kanklės is an extremely important folk instrument, which differs in the number of strings and performance techniques across the country. Other traditional instruments include the ''švilpas'' (whistle), ]s and ''tabalas'' (a percussion instrument like a ]), ''sekminių ragelis'' (]) and the ''pūslinė'' (a ] made from a ] filled with dried peas).
Lithuania has a long history of folk, popular and classical musical development. Lithuanian folk music is based primarily around polyphonic music played on flutes, zithers (kanklės) and other instruments.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==== Folk ====

] performing in Vilnius]]

Lithuanian folk music is based around songs ({{lang|lt|]}}), which include romantic, wedding songs, as well as work songs and more archaic war songs. Traditional vocal music is held in high esteem on a world scale: Lithuanian song fests and {{lang|lt|sutartinės}} multipart songs are on the ]'s representative list of the ]. Folk songs were performed either in groups or alone, and in parallel chords or ]. ] songs are common in the renowned {{lang|lt|]s}} tradition of {{lang|lt|]}}. Another style of Lithuanian folk music is called {{lang|lt|]}}, a kind of ]. Instrumentation includes {{lang|lt|]}}, a kind of ] that accompanies {{lang|lt|sutartines}}, {{lang|lt|rateliai}}, ]es, ]s and ]s, and ]s, (including a bass fiddle called the {{lang|lt|basetle}}), a kind of ] called the {{lang|lt|lumzdelis}} and, similar in sound to ], {{lang|lt|birbyne}}; recent importations, beginning in the late 19th century, including the ], ] and {{lang|lt|]}}. ] is accompanied by the {{lang|lt|skudučiai}}, a form of ] played by a group of people, as well as wooden trumpets ({{lang|lt|ragai}} and {{lang|lt|dandytės}}). The {{lang|lt|kanklės}} is an extremely important folk instrument, which differs in the number of strings and performance techniques across the country. Other traditional instruments include the {{lang|lt|švilpas}} (whistle), ]s and {{lang|lt|tabalas}} (a percussion instrument like a ]), {{lang|lt|sekminių ragelis}} (]) and the {{lang|lt|pūslinė}} (a ] made from a ] filled with dried peas).

==== Rock ====

In the 1980s, rock bands ], ], and ] made a big impact in Lithuania.


====Rock==== === Cinema and theatre ===
{{Main|Cinema of Lithuania}}
In the 1980s, rock bands ], ], and ] made a big impact in Lithuania. In 1987, 1988 and 1989 Lithuania saw several big rock festivals, such as ]. Roko Maršas was connected to the ideology of ].


], regarded as godfather of American ]]]
From 2000s on, the most popular band in Lithuania used to be ]{{Citation needed}}. ] and ] became internationally popular{{Citation needed}} and put Lithuania spot on the map for quality music{{Citation needed}}.<!--Add some of your own bits into if, if the info is not quite right.-->


Lithuania has a lively drama scene. Many ] exist, such as Kino Pavasaris and the AXX Commercial Film Festival Contest. Film tradition has emerged throughout ].<ref>Juodelyte, Karina. . ''Baltic Times''. September 14, 2005. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.</ref> A popular Lithuanian film classic is ''Velnio Nuotaka'', which is based upon folk tales.<ref name="balticstates55" />
===Cinema and theatre===
], regarded as godfather of American ]]]
] - creator of ]]]
Lithuania has a lively drama scene. Many ] exist, such as Kino Pavasaris and the AXX Commercial Film Festival Contest. Film tradition has emerged throughout Lithuania's occupation by the Soviets.<ref>Juodelyte, Karina. . ''Baltic Times''. September 14, 2005. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.</ref> A popular Lithuanian film classic is ''Velnio Nuotaka'', which is based upon folk tales.<ref name="balticstates55"/>


A major theater in Lithuania is the ]. Another theatre, the Vilnius Little Theatre, was founded by ]. Vilnius Little Theatre produces ] plays and other productions.<ref name="balticstates55">Bousfield 2004, ''Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania'', p. 55.</ref> Actors are being taught in the ], which was founded in 1919 by ] as the Kaunas Music School. The academy was renamed in 2004.<ref name="academy">. Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.</ref> A major theater in Lithuania is the ]. Another theatre, the Vilnius Little Theatre, was founded by ]. Vilnius Little Theatre produces ] plays and other productions.<ref name="balticstates55">Bousfield 2004, ''Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania'', p. 55.</ref> Actors are being taught in the ], which was founded in 1919 by ] as the Kaunas Music School. The academy was renamed in 2004.<ref name="academy">. Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.</ref>


Several directors are important to Lithuania's theatre scene. ] is a major part of Lithuania's theatre movement and has a theatre company, ]. He has produced ], such as '']'', '']'', and '']''. ] is another acclaimed contemporary director, producing musicals, studio performances, and plays, including '']'' and '']''.<ref name="balticstates55"/> Several directors are important to Lithuania's theatre scene. ] is a major part of Lithuania's theatre movement and has a theatre company, ]. He has produced ], such as '']'', '']'', and '']''. ] is another acclaimed contemporary director, producing musicals, studio performances, and plays, including '']'' and '']''.<ref name="balticstates55" />
{{see also|Barn theatres in Lithuania}}


===Television=== === Television ===
{{Main|Television in Lithuania}} {{Main|Television in Lithuania}}


The first channel in the ] was introduced in 1957. Lithuania has 8 main channels, 24 regional channels and 2 non-Lithuanian channels, with ] translation. The national channel is ] (''Lietuvos televizija''; Television of Lithuania). The first channel in the ] was introduced in 1957. Lithuania has 8 main channels, 24 regional channels and 2 non-Lithuanian channels, with ] translation. The national channel is ] (''Lietuvos televizija''; Television of Lithuania).


===Sports=== === Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Lithuania}} {{Main|Sports in Lithuania}}
]
There are eighty Olympic and non-Olympic sports federations in Lithuania. Among the most popular sports in Lithuania are ], ], ] and ]. Professional sportsmen and trainers are educated in the ].


] and ] playing a match]]
On October 1, 1932, the Department of Physical Education and Sports was founded. The department supports Lithuanian athletics and promotes physical education.<ref>. Department of Physical Education and Sports in Lithuania. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref> Lithuania's National Olympic Committee supports Lithuania's ] athletes and is led by Arturas Poviliunas.<ref>. National Olympic Committee - Lithuania. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref>
] Olympic athlete ] is a two-time gold winner and medalist. Alekna was named ] Champion for Sport in 2007.<ref>. ]. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref>


There are eighty Olympic and non-Olympic sports federations in Lithuania. Among the most popular sports in Lithuania are ], ], ], and ]. Professional sportsmen and trainers are educated in the ].
]
Lithuania's ], ] and ] compete internationally. The country has produced several world-class ] players, such as ], ] and ].


On October 1, 1932, the Department of Physical Education and Sports was founded. The department supports Lithuanian athletics and promotes physical education.<ref>. Department of Physical Education and Sports in Lithuania. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref> Lithuania's National Olympic Committee supports Lithuania's ] athletes and is led by Arturas Poviliunas.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20041211194942/http://www.ltok.lt/home/engine/en |date=2004-12-11 }}. National Olympic Committee - Lithuania. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref>
===Literature and journalism===
] Olympic athlete ] is a two-time gold winner and medalist. Alekna was named ] Champion for Sport in 2007.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111122413/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D41321%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |date=2009-11-11 }}. ]. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.</ref>
Lithuania's literature is based upon folklore tradition. Song books began publishing in the sixteenth century. The first Lithuanian book was ''Katekizmas'' (''Simple Words of Catechism'') by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547.<ref name="academy"/> A archival site of Lithuanian literature and folklore is the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius. The Institute was built in 1904 and consists of two buildings.<ref>. Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.</ref>


]'' by ] was the first Lithuanian book and was published in 1547.]]
Newspapers and magazines are popular in Lithuania. Lithuania's biggest selling newspaper is ''Lietuvos Rytas''. Whereas, ''Respublika'' and ''Vakaro Zinios'' are ] magazines.<ref name="balticstates55"/> English language magazine publications are translated into Lithuanian for local consumers.<ref name="balticstates56">Bousfield 2004, ''Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania'', p. 56.</ref>


Lithuania's ], ] and ] compete internationally. The country has produced several world-class ] players, such as ], ] and ].
==Architecture and housing==

=== Literature and journalism ===

Lithuania's literature is based upon folklore tradition. Song books began publishing in the sixteenth century. The first Lithuanian book was ''Katekizmas'' (''Simple Words of Catechism'') by ] in 1547.<ref name="academy" /> An archival site of Lithuanian literature and folklore is the ] in ].<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926103704/http://www.llti.lt/en/info.htm |date=2008-09-26 }}. Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.</ref>

Newspapers and magazines are popular in Lithuania. Lithuania's biggest selling newspaper is ''Lietuvos Rytas''. Whereas, ''Respublika'' and ''Vakaro Zinios'' are ] magazines.<ref name="balticstates55" /> English language magazine publications are translated into Lithuanian for local consumers.<ref name="balticstates56">Bousfield 2004, ''Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania'', p. 56.</ref>

== Architecture and housing ==
{{See also|Lithuanian design}}
<!-- This section is linked from the redirect "Architecture of Lithuania"; if the section heading changes, please update the redirect accordingly. --> <!-- This section is linked from the redirect "Architecture of Lithuania"; if the section heading changes, please update the redirect accordingly. -->
]]] ]]]
Several ] are notable for their achievements in the field of architecture. ], ], ] and ] were instrumental in introducing ] and ] architectural movements to the Lithuanian architecture during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. Several ] are notable for their achievements in the field of architecture. ], ], ] and ] were instrumental in introducing ] and ] architectural movements to the Lithuanian architecture during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.


Lithuania is also known for ]. About twenty castles exist in Lithuania. Some castles had to be rebuilt or survive partially. Lithuanian village life has existed since the days of ]. ] and ] are two of many ]s in Lithuania. Lithuania is also known for ]. About twenty castles exist in Lithuania. Some castles had to be rebuilt or survive partially. Lithuanian village life has existed since the days of ]. ] and ] are two of many ]s in Lithuania.


Forty percent of Lithuania's population live in ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Even though population density has grown within Lithuania, overall, population has declined due to low ] and higher ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Yasui | first = Takahiro | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Housing Finance in Transition Economies | publisher = OECD Publishing | year = 2002 | location = Paris, France | pages = 92 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-9264196742 }}</ref> Between 1996 and 2001, the ] financed the Lithuania Energy Efficiency Housing Project to renovate thermal temperatures in some of Lithuania's houses, due to Lithuania's cold climate.<ref>{{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Robert | authorlink = | coauthors = Chandrasekar Govindarajalu, Jeremy Levin, Anke S. Meyer, William A. Ward | title = Financing Energy Efficiency: Lessons from Brazil, China, India, and Beyond | publisher = World Bank Publications | year = 2007 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 205 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0821373048 }}</ref> Forty percent of Lithuania's population live in ], ], ], ], ], and ]. Even though population density has grown within Lithuania, overall, population has declined due to low ] and higher ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Yasui | first = Takahiro | title = Housing Finance in Transition Economies | publisher = OECD Publishing | year = 2002 | location = Paris, France | pages = 92 | isbn = 978-92-64-19674-2 }}</ref> Between 1996 and 2001, the ] financed the Lithuania Energy Efficiency Housing Project to renovate thermal temperatures in some of Lithuania's houses, due to Lithuania's cold climate.<ref>{{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Robert |author2=Chandrasekar Govindarajalu |author3=Jeremy Levin |author4=Anke S. Meyer |author5=William A. Ward | title = Financing Energy Efficiency: Lessons from Brazil, China, India, and Beyond | publisher = World Bank Publications | year = 2007 | location = Washington, D.C. | pages = 205 | isbn = 978-0-8213-7304-0 }}</ref>


==Transportation== == Holidays ==
{{Main|Transport in Lithuania}} {{Main|Public holidays in Lithuania}}


]
===Air===
Lithuania's airline industry began in 1921. Seventeen years later in 1938, ] (now known as FlyLAL) formed in Lithuania. However, due to the Soviet Union's invasion of Lithuania in 1941, Lithuanian Airlines was conquered by Aeroflot. Fifty years later, Lithuania gained independence from the Soviet Union. Lithuanian Airlines regained operations on September 20, 1991, and was the national airline of Lithuania, till 2009, when it bankrupted.<ref>. FlyLAL. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</ref><ref>. Delfi. Retrieved April 18, 2012.</ref> ] is a major airport in Lithuania. ] and ] holds status of international airport too. As of 2007, Lithuania has 87 airports. <ref>. ''The World Factbook''. CIA. Retrieved on September 20, 2008.</ref>


The official holidays are found in Article 162 of the ''Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania.'' The holidays are as follows:<ref name="holidays">{{cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_e?p_id=287667&p_query=&p_tr2= |title=Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania |access-date=2008-09-19 |date=2005-12-20 |work=Legal Acts of the Republic of Lithuania |publisher=Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania }}</ref>
===Infrastructure===
]
Lithuania's infrastructure consists of 44,000&nbsp;kilometers of road work; 33,000&nbsp;kilometers are paved road work. One of the most popular highways in Lithuania is the Via Balitica. The Via Baltica runs through Lithuania and joins ] with the Baltic states. Since 1992, Lithuania's railways have been ] by ]. Almost 200 locomotives and 9,492 freight wagons are on Lithuanian Railways's fleet.<ref>. Jane's. Retrieved on October 16, 2008.</ref>


===Ground===
Lithuania currently has both bus and trolleybus systems. The trolleybus systems are in ] and ], and the bus systems are in several major cities.

==Holidays==
{{Main|Public holidays in Lithuania}}
The official holidays are found in Article 162 of the ''Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania.'' The holidays are as follows<ref name='holidays'>{{cite web|url=http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_e?p_id=287667&p_query=&p_tr2= |title=Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania |accessdate=2008-09-19 |date=2005-12-20 |work=Legal Acts of the Republic of Lithuania |publisher=Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania }}</ref>:
* January 1: ] * January 1: ]
* February 16: ] * February 16: ]
Line 123: Line 129:
* May 1: ] * May 1: ]
* First Sunday in May: ] * First Sunday in May: ]
* First Sunday in June: ]
* June 24: St. John's Day , Day of Dew traditions. (aka: ], ]) * June 24: St. John's Day , Day of Dew traditions. (aka: ], ])
* July 6: ] * July 6: ]
* August 15: Assumption Day * August 15: Assumption Day
* November 1: ] * November 1: ]
* November 2: ]
* December 25 and December 26: ] * December 25 and December 26: ]


==See also== == See also ==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book | last = Bousfield | first = Jonathan | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania | publisher = Rough Guides | year = 2004 | location = London, England | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1858288401 }}


==Citations== == Sources ==
* {{cite book | last = Bousfield | first = Jonathan | title = Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania | publisher = Rough Guides | year = 2004 | location = London, England | isbn = 1-85828-840-1 }}
{{reflist|2}}


{{Lithuania topics}} {{Lithuania topics}}
{{Culture of Europe}} {{Culture of Europe}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Lithuania}} ]
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Le Château — Conte de fées (Lithuanian: Pilis — Pasaka) by Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1909)
Traditional Lithuanian house from late 19th century
Part of a series on the
Culture of Lithuania
History
People
Languages
Mythology
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols

Culture of Lithuania combines an indigenous heritage, represented by the unique Lithuanian language, with Nordic cultural aspects and Catholic traditions resulting from historical ties with Poland. Although linguistic resemblances represent strong cultural ties with Latvia in various historical moments Lithuania was influenced by Nordic, Germanic and Slavic cultures. Various cultural changes occurred throughout Lithuania's transformation from a country occupied by the Soviet Union to an independent Baltic state. The culture of Lithuania can be divided into five ethnographic regions: Dzūkija, Samogitia, Aukštaitija, Sudovia and Mažoji Lietuva.

Ethnicity and nationality

Main articles: Lithuanian people and Demographics of Lithuania

Lithuania has the most homogeneous population in the Baltic states. In the 2001 census, 83.45% of the population identified themselves as ethnic Lithuanians, 6.74% as Poles, 6.31% as Russians, 1.23% as Belarusians, and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups. Poles in Lithuania are concentrated in the Vilnius Region, allowing Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania, their ethnically based party, to exert some influence. Russians, however, are relatively evenly spread throughout Lithuania. Lithuanians are usually divided into 5 groups: Samogitians, Sudovians, Aukštaitians, Dzūkians and Lietuvininkai, although the Lietuvinikai are nearly extinct. City dwellers, however, are most often simply called Lithuanians.

Language

Main article: Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania. Lithuanian, an Indo-European language, closely resembles ancient Sanskrit, and is written using the Latin alphabet. It is considered by scholars that the Lithuanian language retained, with the fewest changes, most of the elements of Proto-Indo-European language. Various dialects of Lithuanian exist, such as High Lithuanian (Aukštaitian) and Low Lithuanian (Samogitian).

During the Lithuanian press ban (1864–1904), Lithuanian was censored by the Russians, and could only be written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Literature in the Lithuanian alphabet was burned and forbidden from publication. Schools, churches, courts, and newspapers faced heavy penalties if Latin text were to be displayed during these years, with violators even exiled to Siberia.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Lithuania
A ceremony of Lithuanian modern pagans.

Since the Christianization of parts of Lithuania proper in 1387 and of Samogitia in 1413, the majority of Lithuanians have been members of the Roman Catholic Church. According to the 2001 census, 79% of Lithuanians are Roman Catholic. Approximately 4.9% of the population are Eastern Orthodox, mainly the Russian minority. Under Article 26 of the Constitution of Lithuania, persons can freely practice a religion of their choosing.

Catholicism played a significant role in Lithuanian anti-communist resistance under the Soviet Union. Several Catholic priests were leaders of the anti-communist movements, and thousands of Latin crosses were placed on the Hill of Crosses near Šiauliai, despite it being bulldozed in 1961.

Education

Main article: Education in Lithuania
The Great Courtyard of Vilnius University and the Church of St. Johns

Education in Lithuania exists from pre-school to adult education. Colleges and universities in Lithuania have undergraduate and higher education. Pre-school is for children aged three to six years. After pre-school, children enroll in primary school from seven to ten years of age. At eleven, students begin secondary school until the age of 18. Once the general education is completed, students go to college or university. Students can take the UK exam to study overseas. A bachelor's degree takes four years, traditionally, to complete. A master's takes one to two years to complete; and a doctoral degree takes four years. Lithuania's oldest university is Vilnius University, which was founded in 1579.

Food and lifestyle

Main article: Lithuanian cuisine
Cepelinai served with sour cream

Lithuanian cuisine features the products suited to its cool and moist northern climate: barley, potatoes, rye, beets, greens, berries, and mushrooms are locally grown, and dairy products are one of its specialities. Since it shares its climate and agricultural practices with Eastern Europe, Lithuanian cuisine has much in common with other Eastern European and Ashkenazi cuisines. Nevertheless, it has its own distinguishing features, which were formed by a variety of influences during the country's long and difficult history. German traditions also influenced Lithuanian cuisine, introducing pork and potato dishes, such as potato pudding (kugelis or kugel) and potato sausages (vėdarai), as well as the baroque tree cake known as šakotis. The most exotic of all the influences is Eastern (Crimean Karaites) cuisine, and the dishes kibinai and čeburekai are popular in Lithuania. Torte Napoleon was introduced during Napoleon's passage through Lithuania in the 19th century. Some traditional meals are didžkukuliai (also called cepelinai) - potato dumplings, šaltibarščiai - cold borscht (beetroot soup), juoda duona - dark rye bread, balandėliai - stuffed cabbage rolls, bulviniai blynai - potato pancakes, gira - kvass (fermented rye bread drink), and lašiniai - smoked fatback.

Media and art

Art and museums

See also: Lithuanian cross crafting, Dievdirbys, and Roofed pole
The Picture Gallery in Vilnius' Chodkiewicz Palace
Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis

Lithuania's art community is famous for Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911). Čiurlionis was a nationally renowned musician and artist in Lithuania. His symphonic compositions, Jūra ("The sea") and Miške ("In the forest"), were the first full-length pieces from a Lithuanian musician. Jūra ("The sea") and Miške ("In the forest") were composed to represent Lithuania's landscape. After Čiurlionis's death, the 2420 Čiurlionis asteroid honors his achievements after being discovered in 1975.

A large number of museums exist in Lithuania. The Lithuanian Art Museum was founded in 1933 and is the largest museum of art preservation and display in Lithuania. The Palanga Amber Museum is a subsidiary of the Lithuanian Art Museum. Various amber pieces comprise a major part of the museum. In total, 28,000 pieces of amber are displayed, and about 15,000 contain inclusions of insects, spiders, or plants. Some 4,500 amber pieces in the museum are used for artwork and jewelry.

The Lithuanian Museum of Ancient Beekeeping displays various forms of bee hives. The Grūtas Park contains Soviet-era relics and statues including those of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.

Music

Main article: Lithuanian music
Opera performance Sun & Sea (Marina) at 2019 Venice Biennale
Violeta Urmanavičiūtė, a Lithuanian soprano singer.

Lithuania has a long history of folk, popular and classical musical development. Lithuanian folk music is based primarily around polyphonic music played on flutes, zithers (kanklės) and other instruments.

Folk

A Lithuanian folklore band Kūlgrinda performing in Vilnius

Lithuanian folk music is based around songs (dainos), which include romantic, wedding songs, as well as work songs and more archaic war songs. Traditional vocal music is held in high esteem on a world scale: Lithuanian song fests and sutartinės multipart songs are on the UNESCO's representative list of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Folk songs were performed either in groups or alone, and in parallel chords or unison. Duophonic songs are common in the renowned sutartinės tradition of Aukštaitija. Another style of Lithuanian folk music is called rateliai, a kind of round dance. Instrumentation includes kanklės, a kind of zither that accompanies sutartines, rateliai, waltzes, quadrilles and polkas, and fiddles, (including a bass fiddle called the basetle), a kind of whistle called the lumzdelis and, similar in sound to clarinet, birbyne; recent importations, beginning in the late 19th century, including the concertina, accordion and bandoneon. Sutartinė is accompanied by the skudučiai, a form of panpipes played by a group of people, as well as wooden trumpets (ragai and dandytės). The kanklės is an extremely important folk instrument, which differs in the number of strings and performance techniques across the country. Other traditional instruments include the švilpas (whistle), drums and tabalas (a percussion instrument like a gong), sekminių ragelis (bagpipe) and the pūslinė (a musical bow made from a pig's bladder filled with dried peas).

Rock

In the 1980s, rock bands Foje, Antis, and Bix made a big impact in Lithuania.

Cinema and theatre

Main article: Cinema of Lithuania
Lithuanian artist Jonas Mekas, regarded as godfather of American avant-garde cinema

Lithuania has a lively drama scene. Many film festivals exist, such as Kino Pavasaris and the AXX Commercial Film Festival Contest. Film tradition has emerged throughout Lithuania's occupation by the Soviet Union. A popular Lithuanian film classic is Velnio Nuotaka, which is based upon folk tales.

A major theater in Lithuania is the Lithuanian National Drama Theater. Another theatre, the Vilnius Little Theatre, was founded by Rimas Tuminas. Vilnius Little Theatre produces Shakespeare plays and other productions. Actors are being taught in the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre, which was founded in 1919 by Juozas Naujalis as the Kaunas Music School. The academy was renamed in 2004.

Several directors are important to Lithuania's theatre scene. Eimuntas Nekrošius is a major part of Lithuania's theatre movement and has a theatre company, Meno Fortas. He has produced Shakesperian plays, such as Macbeth, Othello, and Hamlet. Oskaras Koršunovas is another acclaimed contemporary director, producing musicals, studio performances, and plays, including Hamlet and Midsummer Night's Dream.

See also: Barn theatres in Lithuania

Television

Main article: Television in Lithuania

The first channel in the Lithuanian language was introduced in 1957. Lithuania has 8 main channels, 24 regional channels and 2 non-Lithuanian channels, with Lithuanian language translation. The national channel is Lithuanian National Radio and Television (Lietuvos televizija; Television of Lithuania).

Sports

Main article: Sports in Lithuania
Lithuanian basketball clubs Žalgiris and Šiauliai playing a match

There are eighty Olympic and non-Olympic sports federations in Lithuania. Among the most popular sports in Lithuania are basketball, football, athletics, and cycling. Professional sportsmen and trainers are educated in the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education.

On October 1, 1932, the Department of Physical Education and Sports was founded. The department supports Lithuanian athletics and promotes physical education. Lithuania's National Olympic Committee supports Lithuania's Olympic athletes and is led by Arturas Poviliunas. Discus throw Olympic athlete Virgilijus Alekna is a two-time gold winner and medalist. Alekna was named UNESCO Champion for Sport in 2007.

Simple Words of Catechism by Martynas Mažvydas was the first Lithuanian book and was published in 1547.

Lithuania's national basketball team, football team and rugby union team compete internationally. The country has produced several world-class basketball players, such as Arvydas Sabonis, Žydrūnas Ilgauskas and Linas Kleiza.

Literature and journalism

Lithuania's literature is based upon folklore tradition. Song books began publishing in the sixteenth century. The first Lithuanian book was Katekizmas (Simple Words of Catechism) by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. An archival site of Lithuanian literature and folklore is the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore in Vilnius.

Newspapers and magazines are popular in Lithuania. Lithuania's biggest selling newspaper is Lietuvos Rytas. Whereas, Respublika and Vakaro Zinios are tabloid magazines. English language magazine publications are translated into Lithuanian for local consumers.

Architecture and housing

See also: Lithuanian design
Biržai Castle

Several famous Lithuania-related architects are notable for their achievements in the field of architecture. Johann Christoph Glaubitz, Marcin Knackfus, Laurynas Gucevičius and Karol Podczaszyński were instrumental in introducing Baroque and neoclassical architectural movements to the Lithuanian architecture during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.

Lithuania is also known for numerous castles. About twenty castles exist in Lithuania. Some castles had to be rebuilt or survive partially. Lithuanian village life has existed since the days of Vytautas the Great. Zervynos and Kapiniškės are two of many ethnographic villages in Lithuania.

Forty percent of Lithuania's population live in Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Alytus, Panevėžys, and Šiauliai. Even though population density has grown within Lithuania, overall, population has declined due to low birth rates and higher death rates. Between 1996 and 2001, the World Bank financed the Lithuania Energy Efficiency Housing Project to renovate thermal temperatures in some of Lithuania's houses, due to Lithuania's cold climate.

Holidays

Main article: Public holidays in Lithuania
Lithuanian cemetery at All Souls night

The official holidays are found in Article 162 of the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The holidays are as follows:

See also

References

  1. "Population by Ethnicity". Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  2. Vyšniauskaitė, Angelė (2005). "LIETUVIŲ ETNINĖ KULTŪRA – AKCENTAS DAUGIALYPĖJE EUROPOS KULTŪROJE" (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  3. Frucht, Richard (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 188. ISBN 1-57607-800-0.
  4. Minahan, James. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998. p. 62. ISBN 0-313-30610-9
  5. "The New York Times Current History". The New York Times. New York:The New York Times Company, 1918. p. 503.
  6. "Population by Religious Confession". Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. 2005. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  7. "Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania". Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. 2003-03-20. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
  8. Education Statistics: Lithuania. Childinfo. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  9. UK exams in Lithuania Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine. British Council in Lithuania. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  10. Lithuania Education System. Mykolas Romeris University. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  11. Welcome. Vilnius University. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
  12. Bousfield 2004, Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania, p. 54.
  13. History of the Lithuanian Art Museum Archived 2011-05-10 at the Wayback Machine. Lithuanian Art Museum. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.
  14. Places of interest. Palanga Amber Museum. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.
  15. Palangos gintaro muziejus. Antanas Tranyzas: The Amber Museum of Palanga Archived 2007-05-13 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.
  16. Juodelyte, Karina. "Lithuanian cinema strives to find its niche". Baltic Times. September 14, 2005. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.
  17. ^ Bousfield 2004, Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania, p. 55.
  18. ^ Introduction. Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.
  19. History. Department of Physical Education and Sports in Lithuania. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.
  20. Home Archived 2004-12-11 at archive.today. National Olympic Committee - Lithuania. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.
  21. UNESCO Celebrity Advocates: Virgilijus Alekna Archived 2009-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. UNESCO. Retrieved on October 10, 2008.
  22. History of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore Archived 2008-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.
  23. Bousfield 2004, Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania, p. 56.
  24. Yasui, Takahiro (2002). Housing Finance in Transition Economies. Paris, France: OECD Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-92-64-19674-2.
  25. Taylor, Robert; Chandrasekar Govindarajalu; Jeremy Levin; Anke S. Meyer; William A. Ward (2007). Financing Energy Efficiency: Lessons from Brazil, China, India, and Beyond. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-8213-7304-0.
  26. "Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania". Legal Acts of the Republic of Lithuania. Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. 2005-12-20. Retrieved 2008-09-19.

Sources

  • Bousfield, Jonathan (2004). Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania. London, England: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-840-1.
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