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{{Short description|German-born American film director, screenwriter, and producer (1889–1932)}}
'''Paul Bern''' (], ] – ], ]) was a ]]-] film director and writer.
{{Infobox person
| name = Paul Bern
| image = Jean Harlow & Paul Bern 1932.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Jean Harlow and Paul Bern in 1932
| birthname = Paul Levy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|12|03}}
| birth_place = ], ], ] <small>(present day ])</small>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1932|09|05|1889|12|03}}
| death_place = ], U.S.
| death_cause = Suicide by gunshot wound<ref>{{cite book|last=Largo|first=Michael |title=The Portable Obituary: How the Famous, Rich, and Powerful Really Died|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-0612-3166-7|page=268}}</ref>
| resting_place = ]
| occupation = Screenwriter, director, producer
| years_active = 1919–1932
| spouse = {{marriage|]|1932}}
| partner = Dorothy Millette (1911&ndash;1920)
}}
'''Paul Bern''' (born '''Paul Levy'''; December 3, 1889{{spaced ndash}}September 5, 1932) was a German-born American ], ] and ] for ] (MGM), where he became the assistant to producer ]. He helped launch the career of ], whom he married in July 1932; two months later, he was found dead of a gunshot wound, leaving what appeared to be a ]. Various alternative theories of his death have been proposed. MGM writer and film producer ] believed that he was killed by his ] Dorothy Millette, who jumped to her death from a ferry two days afterward.


==Early life and career==
Bern was born in ], Germany, as '''Paul Levy''' and came to the United States when he was a child. He worked as a director, scriptwriter and producer for ].
Paul Bern was born '''Paul Levy''' in ], which was then a town in the ] province of ] (now a district of the city of ]). He was one of six children of Julius and Henriette (] Hirsch) Levy, a ]ish couple. Bern's father worked as a clerk for a shipping company before opening a candy store. In 1898 he decided to move the family to the United States due to the rise of unemployment and ] in Wandsbek.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=E. J. |title=Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3963-8|page=4,6}}</ref> The family eventually settled in ].<ref name=fade>{{cite book|last=Donnelley|first=Paul |title=Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries |edition=2|year=2003|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=0-7119-9512-5|page=157}}</ref> Bern's father died in 1908; his mother drowned herself in 1920, possibly as a threat to keep her beloved son from marrying.<ref name="wayne">{{cite book|last=Wayne|first=Jane Ellen |title=The Golden Girls of MGM: Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly and Others|year=2003|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0-786-71303-8|page=110}}</ref>


In adulthood, Bern pursued a career in acting on the stage and studied at the ].<ref name=fade /> He later adopted the ] "Paul Bern." Bern soon realized he had little aptitude for acting and pursued other aspects of theater production, working as a stage manager on ] for a time before moving to ] in the early 1920s. He was initially a film editor before working his way up to scenario writing and directing for ] and ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Austin|first=John|title=Hollywood's Greatest Mysteries|year=1993|publisher=SP Books|isbn=1-561-71258-2|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodsgreate00john/page/148}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Beauchamp|first=Cari|title=Joseph P. Kennedy Presents: His Hollywood Years|year=2010|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-307-47522-0|page=181}}</ref> This led to his working full-time as a producer at ] (MGM), the major studio of the time.<ref name="wayne" /> Bern eventually became the production assistant of ] and then a producer on the MGM lot in his own right.<ref name="vieira213">{{cite book |last1=Vieira |first1=Mark A. |title=Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520260481 |page=68 & 213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A658mAEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
The all-star film '']'' won the ] ] for 1931–32. Bern and ] produced the film, although neither was credited (in the early 1930s MGM did not list their films' producers in their credits). However the award was presented to Thalberg only, not Bern.


The star-studded film '']'', released six days after Bern's death, won the ] for ] for 1931–1932. Bern and Thalberg produced the film, although neither was listed in the credits (which wasn't common practice for MGM pictures during the period). The award was presented solely to Thalberg, however, since Bern, being deceased, obviously could not also accept it.<ref>Fleming 2009 p.203</ref>
He married film star ] in early 1932. On ] ], Paul Bern was found naked, shot in the head, and possibly drenched in Harlow's perfume, in their ], ] home. The official report stated that his death was a ].


==Personal life==
In the biggest Hollywood scandal since the ] murder trial, Bern was widely believed to have shot himself in the head because he was ]. A strange note was left near his body that raised more questions than it answered, stating that "last night was only a comedy." All America, it seemed, wanted to know what Bern meant. If Jean Harlow knew, she wasn't telling. Until her death five years later, Harlow spoke publicly of the matter only to the police and before a ].
In the 1920s, Bern fell in love with actress ]. She did not reciprocate his feelings, but the two remained close friends and confidants. Bern assisted La Marr with her career, paid for her medical and funeral expenses and was by her bedside when she died. Bern was also ] to her son Don Gallery, and actress ] was his godmother. Throughout most of Gallery's life he claimed Bern was his biological father, and that his adoptive parents ] and ] told him this, as well as close family friends such as ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2sR3myRlxsC&q=don+gallery+paul+bern&pg=PA77|title = Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow|isbn = 9780786452743|last1 = Fleming|first1 = E. J.|date = 23 March 2009| publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTWSCgAAQBAJ&q=don+gallery+paul+bern&pg=PA244|title = Hollywood Death and Scandal Sites: Seventeen Driving Tours with Directions and the Full Story, 2d ed|isbn = 9781476618500|last1 = Fleming|first1 = E. J.|date = 18 September 2015| publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzo8DwAAQBAJ&q=don+gallery+paul+bern&pg=PT396|title = Barbara la Marr: The Girl Who Was Too Beautiful for Hollywood|isbn = 9780813174273|last1 = Snyder|first1 = Sherri|date = 15 December 2017| publisher=University Press of Kentucky }}</ref> However, a ] commissioned by Gallery later proved that Bern was not his biological father.


While living in New York, Bern lived with his ] Dorothy Millette (born Adele Roddy<ref>{{cite journal |last=Posz, CG |first=Darcie Hind |date=Fall 2015 |title=Adele Roddy as Dorothy Millette: A Motion Picture Case Study |journal=The California Nugget |pages=cover, 2–7, 25}}</ref>). The two had met in ] and their relationship began around 1911. Bern financially supported Millette, who reportedly had a mental illness and ended up in a ] in ]. Millette traveled to ] in September 1932, where she reportedly visited Bern on the night of his death. Her body was found in the ] two days after Bern's death. It was later determined that she had committed ] by jumping from the steamboat '']''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mank|first=Gregory William |title=Hollywood Cauldron: Thirteen Horror Films from the Genre's Golden Age|date=21 June 2010 |publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-786-46255-1|pages=74–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Beauchamp|first=Cari |title=Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-21492-7|page=423}}</ref>
Years later, it was suggested by screenwriter ] that Bern was murdered by an unbalanced former lover, ]. Millette is said to have committed suicide the next day by jumping from a boat. Her body was found later by men fishing on the ]. Doubts still persist that it was suicide, because her shoes were found on the boat.


Bern met Harlow shortly before the premiere of '']'' in 1930. Bern was instrumental in helping Harlow's career, as he was the only person who took her seriously as an actress. The two struck up a friendship and eventually began dating.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=01oiAAAAIBAJ&pg=1270,7154224|title=Jean Harlow's Own Story Of Death Of Paul Bern|last=Gordon|first=Welland|date=July 11, 1937|work=San Jose News|page=23|access-date=June 4, 2013}}</ref> They announced their engagement in June 1932 and married on July 2 of that year.<ref>{{cite book|last1=James|first1=Edward T. |last2=Wilson James|first2=Janet |last3=Boyer|first3=Paul S. |title=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2|volume=2|year=1971|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-62734-2|page=137}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jean Harlow To Marry: Star and Paul Bern, Film Executive, File Intent on the Coast.|date=June 21, 1932|work=The New York Times|page=19}}</ref> Throughout their relationship, Bern had an affair with his secretary, Irene Harrison.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmZZAAAAMAAJ&q=irene+harrison+paul+bern|title = Bombshell: The Life and Death of Jean Harlow|isbn = 9780385421577|last1 = Stenn|first1 = David|year = 1993| publisher=Doubleday }}</ref>
In ] the investigation into Paul Bern's death was reopened by the ] District Attorney. Many people were questioned, including two gardeners. One claimed he heard a car driving away in the early morning. There was no conclusive evidence Bern argued with his wife before his death and handwriting analysts claim the suicide note was not in his handwriting. ], MGM's vice-president, was believed to be the prime suspect. He was never charged with the crime.

==Death==
]
Two months after marrying Harlow, on September 5, 1932, Bern was found dead from a gunshot wound to the head in their home on Easton Drive in ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghaffari|first=Michelle |title=Mystery and Mayhem: Tales of Lust, Murder, Madness, and Disappearance|year=1995|publisher=MetroBooks|isbn=1-56799-176-9}}</ref> The ] ruled Bern's death a suicide.<ref name="vieira213"/><ref name="autogenerated69">{{cite book|last1=Slatzer|first1=Robert|last2=Austin|first2=John|title=Hollywood's Babylon Women|year=1994|publisher=SP Books|isbn=1-56171-288-4|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodsbabylo00aust/page/69}}</ref><ref name="fleming255">{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=E. J. |title=Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3963-8|page=255}}</ref>

Police discovered a note at the scene that read as follows:

{{blockquote|
"Dearest Dear,<br />Unfortuately {{sic}} this is the only way to make good the frightful wrong I have done you and to wipe out my abject humiliation, I Love {{sic}} you. <br />Paul <br />You understand that last night was only a comedy"<ref>{{cite book|last=Thomson|first=David|title=The Whole Equation: A History of Hollywood|year=2006|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|isbn=0-375-70154-0|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/wholeequationhi00thom/page/239}}</ref>
}}

Authorities viewed this as a ] signed by Bern.<ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Paul|title=L.A. Exposed: Strange Myths and Curious Legends in the City of Angels|year=2002|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=1-429-96327-1|page=22}}</ref> To the police, and before a ], Harlow's only statement was that she "knew nothing."<ref name=french/> She was made an ] of her husband's estate by Judge ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/meet-the-woman-who-can-lay-claim-to-being-australias-first-female-judge-82821|title=Meet the woman who can lay claim to being Australia's first female judge|last=Rees|first=Anne|work=The Conversation|access-date=2018-05-26|language=en}}</ref> She never publicly spoke on the matter, and later died of ] (caused by a childhood bout of ]) in June 1937 at the age of 26.<ref name=french>{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Michael |last2=French|first2=John L. |title=Celebrities and Crime|year=2008|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-9402-0|page=97}}</ref>

Two-thousand people attended Bern's funeral, held on September 9, at the Grace Chapel at ].<ref name="frasier">{{cite book|last=Frasier|first=David K. |title=Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth Century Cases|year=2002|publisher=McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub|isbn=0-786-41038-8|page=37}}</ref> ] delivered the eulogy.<ref name="vieira213" /> Bern was ], and his ashes were interred in the Golden West Mausoleum at Inglewood Park Cemetery.<ref name="frasier" />

===Investigation reopened, 1960===
In the November 1960 issue of ], screenwriter ] questioned the official verdict of Bern's death, causing renewed interest in the case.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Slatzer|first1=Robert|last2=Austin|first2=John|title=Hollywood's Babylon Women|year=1994|publisher=SP Books|isbn=1-56171-288-4|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodsbabylo00aust/page/1967}}</ref> Hecht suggested that Bern was murdered by an unnamed woman and that the investigation into the killing was a "suicide whitewash." He went on to say that the explanation of Bern's suicide "would be less a black eye for their biggest movie making heroine. It might crimp her box office allure to have her blazoned as a wife who couldn't hold her husband."<ref name=fleming>{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=E. J. |title=Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3963-8|page=298}}</ref> The article prompted ] William B. McKesson to reopen the case, but McKesson later closed it, stating, "When I ordered the record check I assumed Hecht was still a responsible reporter. It now appears ... that he apparently was peddling a wild and unconfirmed rumor as fact."<ref name=fleming />

===Alternative theories===
In 1990, film producer ], a friend and colleague of both Bern and Thalberg, published a book giving a different version of Bern's death. Marx, at the time the head of MGM's screenwriting department, said he had gone to Bern's house in the early morning of September 5, before the police were notified of the body's discovery, and had seen Thalberg tampering with evidence. The next day, he had been among the studio executives who were told by ] that the case would have to be ruled "suicide because of ]" in order to avoid a scandal which would have finished Harlow's film career. Marx, after reviewing the evidence, concluded that Bern was murdered by Millette, who then committed suicide by drowning two days later.<ref>Marx, ''Deadly Illusions''</ref> In a 1974 interview, ] (who also worked under Bern) concurred with Marx's findings, stating that MGM felt it was better off in challenging Bern's masculinity and make Harlow out as an "innocent dupe" rather than a party to ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_take-one_september-october-1974_5_1/page/7/mode/1up | title=Take One September-October 1974: Vol 5 Iss 1 | date=1974 | publisher=Take One, Incorporated }}</ref>


==Selected filmography== ==Selected filmography==
*'']'' (1932)
*'']'' (1930)
*'']'' (1930)
*'']'' (1927)
*'']'' (1927)
*'']'' (1924)
*'']'' (1922)
*'']'' (1919)


==Biography== ===Director===
*'']'' (1922)
'']'' by ] and ]
*'']'' (1924)
*'']'' (1925)
*'']'' (uncredited, 1930)

===Producer===
* '']'' (1929)
* '']'' (1929)
* '']'' (1929)
* '']'' (1930)

===Writer===
* '']'' (1919)
* '']'' (1924)
* '']'' (1924)
* '']'' (1926)
* '']'' (1927)
* '']'' (1927)
* '']'' (1932)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Footnote==
* Samuel Marx and Joyce Vanderveen: ''Deadly Illusions'' (Random House, New York, 1990), re-published as ''Murder Hollywood Style - Who Killed Jean Harlow's Husband?'' (Arrow, 1994, {{ISBN|0-09-961060-4}})


==External links== ==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0075960|name=Paul Bern}} {{commons category|Paul Bern}}
* {{Find a Grave|3533}}
*
* {{IMDb name|0075960}}
* , review of ''Deadly Illusions'' by Samuel Marx and Joyce Vanderveen, ''Time'', October 1, 1990 by Otto Friedrich


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Latest revision as of 16:10, 15 December 2024

German-born American film director, screenwriter, and producer (1889–1932)
Paul Bern
Jean Harlow and Paul Bern in 1932
BornPaul Levy
(1889-12-03)December 3, 1889
Wandsbek, Schleswig-Holstein, German Empire (present day Hamburg, Germany)
DiedSeptember 5, 1932(1932-09-05) (aged 42)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by gunshot wound
Resting placeInglewood Park Cemetery
Occupation(s)Screenwriter, director, producer
Years active1919–1932
Spouse Jean Harlow ​(m. 1932)​
PartnerDorothy Millette (1911–1920)

Paul Bern (born Paul Levy; December 3, 1889 – September 5, 1932) was a German-born American film director, screenwriter and producer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), where he became the assistant to producer Irving Thalberg. He helped launch the career of Jean Harlow, whom he married in July 1932; two months later, he was found dead of a gunshot wound, leaving what appeared to be a suicide note. Various alternative theories of his death have been proposed. MGM writer and film producer Samuel Marx believed that he was killed by his ex-common-law wife Dorothy Millette, who jumped to her death from a ferry two days afterward.

Early life and career

Paul Bern was born Paul Levy in Wandsbek, which was then a town in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein (now a district of the city of Hamburg). He was one of six children of Julius and Henriette (née Hirsch) Levy, a Jewish couple. Bern's father worked as a clerk for a shipping company before opening a candy store. In 1898 he decided to move the family to the United States due to the rise of unemployment and anti-Jewish attitudes in Wandsbek. The family eventually settled in New York City. Bern's father died in 1908; his mother drowned herself in 1920, possibly as a threat to keep her beloved son from marrying.

In adulthood, Bern pursued a career in acting on the stage and studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He later adopted the stage name "Paul Bern." Bern soon realized he had little aptitude for acting and pursued other aspects of theater production, working as a stage manager on Broadway for a time before moving to Hollywood in the early 1920s. He was initially a film editor before working his way up to scenario writing and directing for United Artists and Paramount Pictures. This led to his working full-time as a producer at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), the major studio of the time. Bern eventually became the production assistant of Irving Thalberg and then a producer on the MGM lot in his own right.

The star-studded film Grand Hotel, released six days after Bern's death, won the Academy Award for Best Picture for 1931–1932. Bern and Thalberg produced the film, although neither was listed in the credits (which wasn't common practice for MGM pictures during the period). The award was presented solely to Thalberg, however, since Bern, being deceased, obviously could not also accept it.

Personal life

In the 1920s, Bern fell in love with actress Barbara La Marr. She did not reciprocate his feelings, but the two remained close friends and confidants. Bern assisted La Marr with her career, paid for her medical and funeral expenses and was by her bedside when she died. Bern was also godfather to her son Don Gallery, and actress Jean Harlow was his godmother. Throughout most of Gallery's life he claimed Bern was his biological father, and that his adoptive parents ZaSu Pitts and Tom Gallery told him this, as well as close family friends such as Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Leatrice Joy. However, a DNA test commissioned by Gallery later proved that Bern was not his biological father.

While living in New York, Bern lived with his common-law wife Dorothy Millette (born Adele Roddy). The two had met in Toronto and their relationship began around 1911. Bern financially supported Millette, who reportedly had a mental illness and ended up in a sanatorium in Connecticut. Millette traveled to Los Angeles in September 1932, where she reportedly visited Bern on the night of his death. Her body was found in the Sacramento River two days after Bern's death. It was later determined that she had committed suicide by jumping from the steamboat Delta King.

Bern met Harlow shortly before the premiere of Hell's Angels in 1930. Bern was instrumental in helping Harlow's career, as he was the only person who took her seriously as an actress. The two struck up a friendship and eventually began dating. They announced their engagement in June 1932 and married on July 2 of that year. Throughout their relationship, Bern had an affair with his secretary, Irene Harrison.

Death

Note signed "Paul" discovered by police after his death, viewed by authorities as a suicide note but authenticity of the note remains questionable

Two months after marrying Harlow, on September 5, 1932, Bern was found dead from a gunshot wound to the head in their home on Easton Drive in Beverly Hills, California. The coroner ruled Bern's death a suicide.

Police discovered a note at the scene that read as follows:

"Dearest Dear,
Unfortuately [sic] this is the only way to make good the frightful wrong I have done you and to wipe out my abject humiliation, I Love [sic] you.
Paul
You understand that last night was only a comedy"

Authorities viewed this as a suicide note signed by Bern. To the police, and before a grand jury, Harlow's only statement was that she "knew nothing." She was made an executor of her husband's estate by Judge May Darlington Lahey. She never publicly spoke on the matter, and later died of renal failure (caused by a childhood bout of scarlet fever) in June 1937 at the age of 26.

Two-thousand people attended Bern's funeral, held on September 9, at the Grace Chapel at Inglewood Park Cemetery. Conrad Nagel delivered the eulogy. Bern was cremated, and his ashes were interred in the Golden West Mausoleum at Inglewood Park Cemetery.

Investigation reopened, 1960

In the November 1960 issue of Playboy magazine, screenwriter Ben Hecht questioned the official verdict of Bern's death, causing renewed interest in the case. Hecht suggested that Bern was murdered by an unnamed woman and that the investigation into the killing was a "suicide whitewash." He went on to say that the explanation of Bern's suicide "would be less a black eye for their biggest movie making heroine. It might crimp her box office allure to have her blazoned as a wife who couldn't hold her husband." The article prompted Los Angeles County District Attorney William B. McKesson to reopen the case, but McKesson later closed it, stating, "When I ordered the record check I assumed Hecht was still a responsible reporter. It now appears ... that he apparently was peddling a wild and unconfirmed rumor as fact."

Alternative theories

In 1990, film producer Samuel Marx, a friend and colleague of both Bern and Thalberg, published a book giving a different version of Bern's death. Marx, at the time the head of MGM's screenwriting department, said he had gone to Bern's house in the early morning of September 5, before the police were notified of the body's discovery, and had seen Thalberg tampering with evidence. The next day, he had been among the studio executives who were told by Louis B. Mayer that the case would have to be ruled "suicide because of impotence" in order to avoid a scandal which would have finished Harlow's film career. Marx, after reviewing the evidence, concluded that Bern was murdered by Millette, who then committed suicide by drowning two days later. In a 1974 interview, Henry Hathaway (who also worked under Bern) concurred with Marx's findings, stating that MGM felt it was better off in challenging Bern's masculinity and make Harlow out as an "innocent dupe" rather than a party to bigamy.

Selected filmography

Director

Producer

Writer

See also

References

  1. Largo, Michael (2007). The Portable Obituary: How the Famous, Rich, and Powerful Really Died. HarperCollins. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-0612-3166-7.
  2. Fleming, E. J. (2009). Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow. McFarland. p. 4,6. ISBN 978-0-7864-3963-8.
  3. ^ Donnelley, Paul (2003). Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries (2 ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-7119-9512-5.
  4. ^ Wayne, Jane Ellen (2003). The Golden Girls of MGM: Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Lana Turner, Judy Garland, Ava Gardner, Grace Kelly and Others. Da Capo Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-786-71303-8.
  5. Austin, John (1993). Hollywood's Greatest Mysteries. SP Books. p. 148. ISBN 1-561-71258-2.
  6. Beauchamp, Cari (2010). Joseph P. Kennedy Presents: His Hollywood Years. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-307-47522-0.
  7. ^ Vieira, Mark A. (2010). Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. University of California Press. p. 68 & 213. ISBN 9780520260481.
  8. Fleming 2009 p.203
  9. Fleming, E. J. (23 March 2009). Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow. McFarland. ISBN 9780786452743.
  10. Fleming, E. J. (18 September 2015). Hollywood Death and Scandal Sites: Seventeen Driving Tours with Directions and the Full Story, 2d ed. McFarland. ISBN 9781476618500.
  11. Snyder, Sherri (15 December 2017). Barbara la Marr: The Girl Who Was Too Beautiful for Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813174273.
  12. Posz, CG, Darcie Hind (Fall 2015). "Adele Roddy as Dorothy Millette: A Motion Picture Case Study". The California Nugget: cover, 2–7, 25.
  13. Mank, Gregory William (21 June 2010). Hollywood Cauldron: Thirteen Horror Films from the Genre's Golden Age. McFarland. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-786-46255-1.
  14. Beauchamp, Cari (1998). Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood. University of California Press. p. 423. ISBN 0-520-21492-7.
  15. Gordon, Welland (July 11, 1937). "Jean Harlow's Own Story Of Death Of Paul Bern". San Jose News. p. 23. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  16. James, Edward T.; Wilson James, Janet; Boyer, Paul S. (1971). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2. Vol. 2. Harvard University Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-674-62734-2.
  17. "Jean Harlow To Marry: Star and Paul Bern, Film Executive, File Intent on the Coast". The New York Times. June 21, 1932. p. 19.
  18. Stenn, David (1993). Bombshell: The Life and Death of Jean Harlow. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385421577.
  19. Ghaffari, Michelle (1995). Mystery and Mayhem: Tales of Lust, Murder, Madness, and Disappearance. MetroBooks. ISBN 1-56799-176-9.
  20. Slatzer, Robert; Austin, John (1994). Hollywood's Babylon Women. SP Books. p. 69. ISBN 1-56171-288-4.
  21. Fleming, E. J. (2009). Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow. McFarland. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-7864-3963-8.
  22. Thomson, David (2006). The Whole Equation: A History of Hollywood. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 239. ISBN 0-375-70154-0.
  23. Young, Paul (2002). L.A. Exposed: Strange Myths and Curious Legends in the City of Angels. Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 1-429-96327-1.
  24. ^ Newton, Michael; French, John L. (2008). Celebrities and Crime. Infobase Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-7910-9402-0.
  25. Rees, Anne. "Meet the woman who can lay claim to being Australia's first female judge". The Conversation. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  26. ^ Frasier, David K. (2002). Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth Century Cases. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. p. 37. ISBN 0-786-41038-8.
  27. Slatzer, Robert; Austin, John (1994). Hollywood's Babylon Women. SP Books. p. 1967. ISBN 1-56171-288-4.
  28. ^ Fleming, E. J. (2009). Paul Bern: The Life and Famous Death of the MGM Director and Husband of Harlow. McFarland. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-7864-3963-8.
  29. Marx, Deadly Illusions
  30. "Take One September-October 1974: Vol 5 Iss 1". Take One, Incorporated. 1974.

Footnote

  • Samuel Marx and Joyce Vanderveen: Deadly Illusions (Random House, New York, 1990), re-published as Murder Hollywood Style - Who Killed Jean Harlow's Husband? (Arrow, 1994, ISBN 0-09-961060-4)

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