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| {{Short description|1971 U.S. government covert group responding to the Pentagon Papers leak}} | |||
| The '''White House Plumbers''' or simply '''The Plumbers''' is the popular name given to the covert ] ] Special Investigations Unit established ], ]. Its job was to stop the leaking of confidential information (hence the "Plumbers" title) to the media during the Nixon administration. Its members branched into more nefarious projects working for the ] (CRP, or the more derogatory CREEP) including the ] and the ensuing ]. | |||
| {{Watergate|Groups}} | |||
| {{For|the miniseries|White House Plumbers (miniseries)}} | |||
| The '''White House Plumbers''', sometimes simply called '''the Plumbers''', the '''Room 16 Project''', '''ODESSA''' or more officially, the White House '''Special Investigations Unit''', was a covert ] Special Investigations Unit, established within a week of the publication of the '']'' in June 1971, during ] of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/07/22/archives/the-plumbers.html |title=The Plumbers |date=July 22, 1973 |work=]|access-date=October 12, 2022}}</ref> Its task was to stop and/or respond to the ] of ], such as the ''Pentagon Papers'', to the news media. The work of the unit "tapered off" after the bungled "] break-in" but some of its former operatives branched into illegal activities while still employed at the White House together with managers of the ], including the ] and the ensuing Watergate scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=II. The Plumbers |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/05/kissinger-and-nixon-in-the-white-house/308778/ |work=] |access-date=September 17, 2013 |quote=In the early evening of June 17, 1971, ] held forth in the Oval Office, telling his President, and ] and ], all about ]. Kissinger's comments were recorded, of course, on the hidden White House taping system, and four years later, a portion of that tape was listened to by the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, which was then investigating the internal White House police unit known as the Plumbers. }}</ref> The group has been described as Nixon's "]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/2018/04/13/cohen_makes_nixon039s_fixers_look_like_amateurs_439724.html|title=Cohen Makes Nixon's Fixers Look Like Amateurs|last=Garment|first=Suzanne|date=April 13, 2018|work=Real Clear Politics|access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| == |
==Name== | ||
| On ], 1971, ] arrived home from his planning at the Special Investigative Unit, when his grandmother asked him, "What do you do at the White House?", he replied, "I am helping the president stop some leaks", purposely playing off on ] versus ]. She exclaimed, "Oh, you're a plumber!" Young, ], and ] then put up a sign on their office with the title "The Plumbers", but it was taken down as their operations were intended to be top secret. Still, the name stuck for the group.<ref>Dean, John W. ''The Nixon Defense'', p. 663n. Penguin Group, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-670-02536-7}}.</ref> | |||
| The group was formed in an almost direct response to the release of ] in '']'' beginning ], 1971. The papers contained documents detailing America's involvement in ]. Initially White House Chief of Staff ] downplayed the event to Nixon, stating the information mainly made the ] and ] administrations look bad. However, National Security Advisor ] and special counsel ] advocated a severe response to the act{{fn|1}} in the form of publicly discrediting the leaker of the papers, former ] and ] employee ]. | |||
| On ], ] joined the White House and together with ] penned a memorandum to Nixon advisors Haldeman and ] advocating the formation of a White House Special Investigations Unit.{{fn|2}} Haldeman and Ehrlichman agreed to the plan and obtained the approval of Nixon. Young was put in charge of the unit and reported to Krogh. The nickname the "Plumbers" came to being when Young posted his name on his office door which read "David R. Young/Plumber".{{fn|3}} | |||
| ==Members== | ==Members== | ||
| The Plumbers came to include several Watergate figures |
The Plumbers came to include several Watergate figures including ]. Hunt was recommended by ], and Liddy was recommended by ]. Liddy coined his own ] for the group in the form of "ODESSA".<ref name="Liddy">Liddy. ''Will'', pp. 147–149.</ref> ODESSA stood for "''Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen''," Liddy termed the unit's mission as "directed to eliminate subversion of the secrets of the administration." He marked the Plumber's official papers with the monicker.<ref name="Graff">Graff, pp. 104</ref> | ||
| Some authors{{Who|date=September 2023}} believe ] (CIA) officer ] was a member of the Plumbers. Paisley was assigned to the CIA's Office of Security, of which Nixon campaign security coordinator and Watergate burglar ] was once a member. On August 9, 1971, Young's memo indicates he met with Paisley and OS Director Howard Osborn, in which Paisley provided a list of objectives for the Special Investigations Unit.<ref name="Hougan38">Jim Hougan. ''Secret Agenda'', pp. 38–40.</ref> | |||
| ==Operations== | ==Operations== | ||
| The Plumbers first task was the burglary of the office of Ellsberg's ] psychiatrist, ], in an effort to uncover evidence to discredit Ellsberg |
The Plumbers' first task was the burglary of the office of ]'s ] psychiatrist, ], in an effort to uncover evidence to discredit Ellsberg, who had leaked the '']''. The operation was reportedly unsuccessful in finding Ellsberg's file and was thus reported to the White House. However, Fielding himself stated the file was in his office; he found it on the floor on the morning after the burglary and quite clearly, someone had gone through it.<ref name="Hougan47">Jim Hougan. ''Secret Agenda'', p. 47.</ref> In a September 1971 conversation, ] advised Nixon, "We had one little operation; it's been aborted out in Los Angeles which, I think, is better that you don't know about."<ref>, by ], (Free Press 1997) ] 1999, page 28. Retrieved January 14, 2021.</ref> Eventually, the case against Ellsberg was dismissed due to government misconduct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=The Learning |date=2012-05-11 |title=May 11, 1973 {{!}} Charges Dropped Against Pentagon Papers Leakers |url=https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/11/may-11-1973-charges-dropped-against-pentagon-papers-leakers/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Learning Network |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
| Aside from the Fielding burglary there are |
Aside from the Fielding burglary, there are few other activities the Plumbers were known to have been engaged in. Hunt reportedly looked into the ]-]; and Liddy reported the alleged involvement of the ] in the ] of ]ese ] ].<ref name="Liddy"/> | ||
| After the California break-in |
After the California break-in, Liddy—who was general counsel, a member of the finance committee of the ] (CRP) and promoted from aide to Krogh and Young—worked with Campaign political-intelligence operations. Ehrlichman, the Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Special Investigations Unit, knew about Liddy's goal to perform an intelligence-gathering operation for the CRP. Liddy involved Hunt in the operations which would later include the ].<ref>Dean, John W. (2014). ''The Nixon Defense'', p. 13. Penguin Group. {{ISBN|978-0-670-02536-7}}.</ref> | ||
| == Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| * {{fnb|1}} {{cite book|author=Hougan, Jim|title=Secret Agenda|publisher=Random House|year=1984| id=ISBN 0-394-51428-9}} p.29-30 | |||
| * {{fnb|2}} ''Ibid.'' p.32-34 | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * {{fnb|3}} ''Ibid.'' p.36 | |||
| * |
* {{cite book |last=Hougan |first=Jim |title=Secret Agenda |publisher=Random House |year=1984 |isbn=0-394-51428-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/secretagendawate00houg }} | ||
| * {{cite book |last=Liddy |first=G. Gordon |title=Will |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-312-88014-6 }} | |||
| * {{fnb|5}} Hougan, ''Secret Agenda'', p. 38-40 | |||
| * {{cite book |last1=Graff |first1=Garrett M. |title=Watergate: A New History |date=2022 |publisher=Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1982139162 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Watergate-History-Garrett-M-Graff/dp/1982139161}} | |||
| * {{fnb|6}} ''Ibid.'' p.47 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * {{fnb|7}} Liddy, ''Will'', p.149 | |||
| * | |||
| ⚫ | *, United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Case No. 92 1807 (HHG), December 6, 1996.{{dead link|date=March 2017}} | ||
| {{Presidency of Richard Nixon}} | |||
| == Additional Sources == | |||
| *{{cite web|title=The Watergate Files|work=The Watergate Files presented by The Gerald R. Ford Museum & Library|url=http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/museum/exhibits/watergate_files/index.html|accessdate=March 6|accessyear=2005}} | |||
| ⚫ | *G. Gordon Liddy deposition |
||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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Related
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The White House Plumbers, sometimes simply called the Plumbers, the Room 16 Project, ODESSA or more officially, the White House Special Investigations Unit, was a covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established within a week of the publication of the Pentagon Papers in June 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Its task was to stop and/or respond to the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers, to the news media. The work of the unit "tapered off" after the bungled "Ellsberg break-in" but some of its former operatives branched into illegal activities while still employed at the White House together with managers of the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, including the Watergate break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal. The group has been described as Nixon's "fixers".
Name
On Thanksgiving, 1971, David Young arrived home from his planning at the Special Investigative Unit, when his grandmother asked him, "What do you do at the White House?", he replied, "I am helping the president stop some leaks", purposely playing off on information leak versus water leak. She exclaimed, "Oh, you're a plumber!" Young, E. Howard Hunt, and G. Gordon Liddy then put up a sign on their office with the title "The Plumbers", but it was taken down as their operations were intended to be top secret. Still, the name stuck for the group.
Members
The Plumbers came to include several Watergate figures including Frank Sturgis. Hunt was recommended by Charles Colson, and Liddy was recommended by Egil Krogh. Liddy coined his own sensitivity indicator for the group in the form of "ODESSA". ODESSA stood for "Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen," Liddy termed the unit's mission as "directed to eliminate subversion of the secrets of the administration." He marked the Plumber's official papers with the monicker.
Some authors believe Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer John Paisley was a member of the Plumbers. Paisley was assigned to the CIA's Office of Security, of which Nixon campaign security coordinator and Watergate burglar James McCord was once a member. On August 9, 1971, Young's memo indicates he met with Paisley and OS Director Howard Osborn, in which Paisley provided a list of objectives for the Special Investigations Unit.
Operations
The Plumbers' first task was the burglary of the office of Daniel Ellsberg's Los Angeles psychiatrist, Lewis J. Fielding, in an effort to uncover evidence to discredit Ellsberg, who had leaked the Pentagon Papers. The operation was reportedly unsuccessful in finding Ellsberg's file and was thus reported to the White House. However, Fielding himself stated the file was in his office; he found it on the floor on the morning after the burglary and quite clearly, someone had gone through it. In a September 1971 conversation, John Ehrlichman advised Nixon, "We had one little operation; it's been aborted out in Los Angeles which, I think, is better that you don't know about." Eventually, the case against Ellsberg was dismissed due to government misconduct.
Aside from the Fielding burglary, there are few other activities the Plumbers were known to have been engaged in. Hunt reportedly looked into the Ted Kennedy-Chappaquiddick incident; and Liddy reported the alleged involvement of the Kennedy administration in the assassination of South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem.
After the California break-in, Liddy—who was general counsel, a member of the finance committee of the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) and promoted from aide to Krogh and Young—worked with Campaign political-intelligence operations. Ehrlichman, the Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Special Investigations Unit, knew about Liddy's goal to perform an intelligence-gathering operation for the CRP. Liddy involved Hunt in the operations which would later include the Watergate burglary.
Notes
- "The Plumbers". The New York Times. July 22, 1973. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- "II. The Plumbers". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 17, 2013.
In the early evening of June 17, 1971, Henry Kissinger held forth in the Oval Office, telling his President, and John Ehrlichman and Bob Haldeman, all about Daniel Ellsberg. Kissinger's comments were recorded, of course, on the hidden White House taping system, and four years later, a portion of that tape was listened to by the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, which was then investigating the internal White House police unit known as the Plumbers.
- Garment, Suzanne (April 13, 2018). "Cohen Makes Nixon's Fixers Look Like Amateurs". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
- Dean, John W. The Nixon Defense, p. 663n. Penguin Group, 2014. ISBN 978-0-670-02536-7.
- ^ Liddy. Will, pp. 147–149.
- Graff, pp. 104
- Jim Hougan. Secret Agenda, pp. 38–40.
- Jim Hougan. Secret Agenda, p. 47.
- Abuse Of Power, by Stanley Kutler, (Free Press 1997) Simon and Schuster 1999, page 28. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- Network, The Learning (2012-05-11). "May 11, 1973 | Charges Dropped Against Pentagon Papers Leakers". The Learning Network. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- Dean, John W. (2014). The Nixon Defense, p. 13. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-670-02536-7.
References
- Hougan, Jim (1984). Secret Agenda. Random House. ISBN 0-394-51428-9.
- Liddy, G. Gordon (1980). Will. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-88014-6.
- Graff, Garrett M. (2022). Watergate: A New History. Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1982139162.
External links
- The Watergate Files presented by The Gerald R. Ford Museum & Library
- G. Gordon Liddy deposition in Maureen K. Dean and John W. Dean v. St. Martin's Press et al., United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Case No. 92 1807 (HHG), December 6, 1996.
