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Revision as of 22:45, 16 August 2012 editJasonMacker (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users932 edits first round of edits. I've changed the content to reflect a name change to "Men's Rights Movement". I have changed some of the sentences to be more consistent with what the sources say. I have also deleted sections that haven't been shown to be related← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 19:37, 9 June 2022 edit undoJasonMacker (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users932 edits put the Israeli apartheid article in my sandbox
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			{{Short description\|Apartheid in Israel and the Palestinian territories}}
	{{Multiple issues \|POV=March 2011 \|synthesis=May 2012\| globalize=September 2011 \|citecheck = February 2012}}
	{{Rights}}

			{{Infobox civilian attack
	The '''men's rights movement''', a particular movement led by people who identify as men's rights activists, emerged in the ] during the late 1970s to ensure equitable rights for men in the wake of the feminist movement. Men's rights organizations refers to organizations belonging to this movement.<ref name=Chafetz>{{cite book\|last=Chafetz\|first=Janet Saltzman\|title=Handbook of the sociology of gender\|year=2006\|publisher=Springer Science\|location=New York\|isbn=0-387-32460-7\|page=168}}</ref> '''Men's rights''' is an umbrella term, encompassing the political ], ], and ] given or denied to males within a ] or ]. Men's rights have been the subject of a variety of social and political movements, including ], ], ], ], ],<ref>Messner, Michael A. (2000) Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements Lanham: AltaMira Press. pp. 1-3. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4.</ref><ref>* Herrmann, Peter. (2004). Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 60-67 (or more). ISBN 1-59033-900-2.</ref><ref>Newton, Judith Lowder. (2005). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 7, 10-14, 117, 187-188, 190-198, 222, 224, 284, 289. ISBN 0-8476-9130-6. (''men's liberation, profeminists, mythopoetics, Promise Keepers, gay male liberation'').</ref> and ].<ref>Shira Tarrant (2003). Taylor & Francis pp. 212 (or more). ISBN 0-415-95656-0, ISBN 978-0-415-95656-7</ref><ref name=Kimmel531>{{citation \|title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia \|author=Kenneth Clatterbaugh \|contribution=Men's Rights Movement \|page=531 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 \|editor= Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson \|year=2003 \|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA531}}</ref><ref>Michael S. Kimmel (1995). Temple University Press pp. 61 (or more). ISBN 1-56639-365-5, ISBN 978-1-56639-365-2</ref><ref> ''Green Left''. November 24, 1999. Retrieved February 2, 2012.</ref><ref>Allan G. Johnson (2005). Temple University Press pp. 218 (or more). ISBN 1-59213-383-5, ISBN 978-1-59213-383-3</ref><ref>Dragiewicz, Molly. (12 April 2011). UPNE. pp. 13-18. ISBN 978-1-55553-739-5.</ref><ref>Anna Gavanas (2004). University of Illinois Press pp. 11 (or more). ISBN 0-252-02884-8, ISBN 978-0-252-02884-7</ref><ref>Stephen M. Whitehead (2001). Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 344 (or more). ISBN 0-7456-2689-0, ISBN 978-0-7456-2689-5</ref><ref>Bret E. Carroll (2003). SAGE, pp. 167 (or more). ISBN 0-7619-2540-6, ISBN 978-0-7619-2540-8</ref>
			\| title = Israeli apartheid

			\| location = ] and the ]
	Issues commonly associated with men's rights include marriage, cohabitation, parentage, job discrimination, divorce, support agreements, and child support.<ref>William R. Wishard, Laurie Wishard (1980) ISBN 978-0-89666-012-0 Cragmont Pubns ''Men's rights: a handbook for the 80's''</ref>
			\| date = 1948–present
			\| partof = the ]
			\| image = Huwwara_Checkpoint_July_2005.jpg
			\| image_size = 300px
			\| alt = Howwarah Checkpoint, July 2005
			\| caption = ], one of many Israeli ] and ] (dismantled 2011<ref>Israeli forces begin the removal of infrastructure of the Huwwara. Bahrain News Agency. 10 February 2011</ref>) that restricted the ] in the occupied West Bank and have been compared to the apartheid ].<ref>{{Cite journal \|author=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory \|title=West bank movement and access update: November 2009 \|year=2009 \|publisher=United Nations \|url=http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_movement_access_2009_november_english.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706005212/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_movement_access_2009_november_english.pdf \|archive-date=6 July 2010 \|access-date=30 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Dugard2006">{{cite web\|url=http://ifamericaknew.org/cur_sit/dugard.html \|title=Israelis adopt what South Africa dropped \|date=29 November 2006 \|first=John \|last=Dugard \|author-link=John Dugard \|access-date=16 April 2017 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320202428/http://ifamericaknew.org/cur_sit/dugard.html \|archive-date=20 March 2017 }}</ref>

			\| map = Map of Israel, neighbours and occupied territories.svg
	==History==
			\| map_size = 300px
			\| map_caption = Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights
			\| target = ]
			\| type = Fragmentation into domains of control, Dispossession of land and property, Segregation and control, Deprivation of economic & social rights
			\| victims = est. ≥3 million Palestinians subject to apartheid
			\| perpetrator = Government of ]
			\| motive = Domination of Palestinians <ref>{{Cite web\|date=2022-02-01\|title=ISRAEL’S APARTHEID AGAINST PALESTINIANS: A LOOK INTO DECADES OF OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION\|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/02/israels-system-of-apartheid/\|access-date=2022-06-09\|website=Amnesty International\|language=en}}</ref>
			}}

			The ] has committed a series of ongoing ] against ] in ] and the ] that is often characterized as ]. Since 1948, the Israeli government has pursued policies that have subjected more than an estimated three million Palestinians to apartheid<ref>{{cite news\|date=1 February 2022\|title=Israel is an apartheid state, Amnesty International says\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/01/1077291879/israel-apartheid-state-amnesty-international}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=1 February 2022\|title=Amnesty International, joining other human rights groups, says Israel is ‘committing the crime of apartheid’\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/01/amnesty-international-joining-other-human-rights-groups-says-israel-is-committing-crime-apartheid/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=1 February 2022\|title=Amnesty joins rights groups in accusing Israel of apartheid\|publisher=]\|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-jerusalem-israel-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-83b44a2f6b2b3581d857f57fb6960115}}</ref>.
	In human rights discussions, some {{who\|date=January 2012}} argue that human rights have been traditionally focused on rights for men, and not given allowance for the unique circumstances and concerns of women. In other words, "women may enjoy these rights only to the extent that they become like men." Traditionally issues between men and women are considered private family affairs, and as such not afforded needed protection in the public sphere.<ref>Evans, Tony. (1998). Manchester University Press. pp. 132, 141-142. ISBN 0-7190-5102-9.</ref>

			== Background ==
	Since the 1970s, though, there have been ] and men's movements to reassess past ] systems and the extent to which they were in the best interest of men and women.<ref>Dragiewicz, Molly. (12 April 2011). UPNE. pp. 13-18. ISBN 978-1-55553-739-5.</ref><ref name= messner4148>Messner, Michael A. (2000) Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements Lanham: AltaMira Press. pp. 41-48. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4.</ref> Men, previously considered primarily for their role as economic provider, are increasingly recognized for their ability to provide ] and formative relationships for their children, which changes the dynamics of what is important for men's rights.<ref>Marsiglio, William; Hutchinson, Sally. (2004). New York University. pp. 4–16. ISBN 0-8147-5681-6.</ref>

			===Palestinian identity===
	==Men's rights movement==

			===Israeli-Palestinian conflict===
	The men's rights movement emerged in the 1970s to address inequities in ], ] settlements, ] laws, and ] laws.<ref name= messner4148/><ref name="Chapman2010">{{citation \|editor=Roger Chapman \|title=Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices \|contribution=Men's Movement \|last=Cahill \|first=Charlotte \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vRY27FkGJAUC&pg=PA355\|accessdate=November 6, 2011\|year=2010\|publisher=M.E. Sharpe\|isbn=978-0-7656-1761-3\|page=355}}</ref> It now also includes ], other ], ], ] and more.{{citation needed\|date=November 2011}} Advocates are known as men's rights activists. They claim that men are oppressed providers<ref name="Bank2011">{{cite book\|author=Barbara J. Bank\|title=Gender and Higher Education\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jK6WOme5yaQC&pg=PA237\|accessdate=November 6, 2011\|date=1 February 2011\|publisher=JHU Press\|isbn=978-0-8018-9782-5\|page=237}}</ref> and that men in general suffer from living shorter lives, having higher ] rates and higher incidents of most ] than do women.<ref name=Kimmel531/>

			====Mandatory Palestine====
	The Men's Rights, Inc. and Free Men, Inc. were both formed in 1977.<ref name="Chafetz"/><ref name=Ashe>{{cite book\|last=Ashe\|first=Fidelma\|title=The new politics of masculinity: men, power and resistance\|year=2007\|publisher=Routledge\|location=London\|isbn=0-415-30275-7\|page=63}}</ref> Recognizing the need to address key issues among fathers, the ] also began during this time period.<ref>{{citation \|title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia \|author=<!-- unknown --> \|contribution=<!-- unknown --> \|page=289 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 \|editor= Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson \|year=2003}}</ref><ref>Schwyzer, Hugo. (March 8, 2011) The Good Men Project. Retrieved November 23, 2011.</ref>

			====State of Israel====
	The ] was formed in 1981. Women who support men's rights have included Naomi Penner, a women's rights activist who supported the creation of the National Coalition of Free Men and ] who wrote about some of the ways the feminist movement negatively affected boys and men.<ref name="Hoff-Sommers, C.2000">Hoff Sommers, C. (2000) The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism is Harming Our Young, Men, New York: Simon & Schuster.</ref><ref name="Hoff-Sommers, C. 1995">Hoff-Sommers, C. (1995) Who Stole Feminism? How women have betrayed women, New York: Simon & Schuster.</ref>

			==Government policies==
	In the fragmented fathers' rights field in Israel, the ] was founded in 1966 by Yaakov Schlusser with the aim of increasing primary custody given to fathers.<ref> ''Ynet''. December 11, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2012.</ref><ref> ''The Jerusalem Post''. February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2012.</ref>

			==Israeli West Bank Barrier==
	]]]
			{{Main\|West Bank Barrier}}
	The first major non-western{{nonspecific\|date=January 2012}} men's rights organization was formed in India in 2005, the ] (SIFF),<ref name=Kumar>Kumar, Anil. Foundation of Male Studies. Retrieved November 24, 2011.</ref>{{verify credibility\|date=November 2011}} a registered non-profit headquartered in Bangalore that claims more than 3,000 members.
			In 2003, a year after ], the Israeli government announced a project of "fences and other physical obstacles" to prevent Palestinians crossing into Israel.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.unitedjerusalem.org/index2.asp?id=92661&Date=4/13/2002\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315160907/http://www.unitedjerusalem.org/index2.asp?id=92661&Date=4%2F13%2F2002\|url-status=dead\|title=United Jerusalem – Historical Perspectives – 4/13/2002<!-- Bot generated title -->\|archivedate=15 March 2008}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070722203914/http://securityfence.mfa.gov.il/mfm/Data/49058.pps \|date=22 July 2007 }}</ref> Several figures, including ], ], ] and others have described the resultant West Bank barrier as an "apartheid wall".<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227224237/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2003/10/01/isrlpa6417.htm \|date=27 December 2006 }}, ], 1 October 2003.</ref><ref>Alan Blenford, "Degree of separation", '']'', 30 September 2003, 14.
			</ref><ref>], 'No one sees policy as credible', '']'', 4 August 2006.
			</ref><ref>
			], {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426203405/http://www.newstatesman.com/node/150366 \|date=26 April 2014 }}, ''New Statesman'', 11 April 2005
			</ref><ref>
			], quoted in Horsley, William. {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115233351/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6175327.stm \|date=15 January 2007 }}, '']'', 13 December 2006.
			</ref><ref>
			, ] English, 8 December 2003</ref>
			]. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs describe the barrier, constructed in 2002, as a security fence, limiting the ability of Palestinian ] to carry out ]<ref>Various aspects of the security fence project on {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721143219/http://securityfence.mfa.gov.il/mfm/web/main/missionhome.asp?MissionID=45187&%2F \|date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>]]

			Some Israelis have compared the separation plan to the South African apartheid regime. Political scientist, ], wrote that Israel's ] created a ] model for Gaza. According to Benvenisti, ]'s intention to disengage from Gaza only after construction of the fence was completed, "along a route that will include all settlement blocs (in keeping with ]{{'}}s demand), underscores the continuity of the bantustan concept. The fence creates three bantustans on the West Bank – Jenin-Nablus, Bethlehem-Hebron and Ramallah. He called this "the real link between the Gaza and West Bank plans.".<ref name=Benvenisti>], , '']'', 26 April 2005.</ref>
	As a ], those concerned with men's rights comprise a wide variety of individuals and organizations, both united and divided in various ways on specific issues.<ref>Farrell, W. & Sterba, J. (2008) ''Does feminism discriminate against men? A Debate.'' New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> Some groups are formally organized or incorporated, while others are casual alliances or the work of a few individuals.<ref name=farrell01>Farrell, W. (2001) ''Father and Child Reunion'', New York: Finch.</ref> Notable organizations include ], ], ], and the ].

			The ] ruled in 2004 in an advisory opinion that the wall is illegal where it extends beyond the 1967 ] into the ]. Israel disagreed with the ruling, but its supreme court subsequently ordered the barrier to be moved in sections where its route was seen to cause more hardship to Palestinians than security concerns could motivate.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/08/world/middleeast/at-israeli-barrier-more-sound-than-fury.html\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214943/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507EEDE1F30F93BA35753C1A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all\|url-status=dead\|title=At Israeli Barrier, More Sound Than Fury\|first=Steven\|last=Erlanger\|date=8 October 2005\|archivedate=3 March 2016\|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
	==Issues==
	The men's rights movement is concerned with a wide variety of issues, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the ], concerned specifically with ] and ] issues.<ref name= messner4148/>

			====Counter-terrorism justification====
	===Divorce===
			Supporters of the West Bank barrier consider it to be largely responsible for reducing incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005.<ref>''Wall Street Journal'', "After Sharon", 6 January 2006.</ref><ref>Boehlert, Eric. {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208220647/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2003/08/01/wall/index.html \|date=8 February 2007 }}, ], 1 August 2003. Retrieved 1 January 2007.</ref> The ] ruled that the barrier is defensive and accepted the government's position that the route of the barrier is based on security considerations.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121104639/http://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht_daily/D010704/hcfen0604.rtf \|date=21 November 2008 }} Beit Sourik Village Council vs. The Government of Israel and Commander of the IDF Forces in the West Bank. (Articles 28–30)</ref>
	Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition of divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.<ref>{{cite book \|title = The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance \|author = Christopher P. Mason\| page = 57}}</ref>

			==Cultural effects==
	<blockquote>Divorce courts are frequently like slaughter-houses, with about as much compassion and talent. They function as collection agencies for lawyer fees, however outrageous, stealing children and extorting money from men in ways blatantly unconstitutional... Men are regarded as mere guests in their own homes, evictable any time at the whims of wives and judges. Men are driven from home and children against their wills; then when unable to stretch paychecks far enough to support two households are termed "runaway fathers." Contrary to all principles of justice, men are thrown into prison for inability to pay alimony and support, however unreasonable or unfair the "obligation."<ref name= messner4148/></blockquote>

			=== Al Aqsa mosque ===

			=== Administrative Detention ===
	Although the rate of payments of spousal support is declining, both due to the reduced rates at which alimony is granted and low rates at which alimony is generally paid, there are concerns regarding men's rights when women continue to receive support after they enter into new relationships and women are supported by men who are "financially strapped".<ref>Goode, William Joshiah. (1993). ''World Changes in Divorce Patterns.'' Yale University. pp. 164-165. ISBN 0-300-05537-4.</ref> In the United States, the current alimony laws are challenged for constitutionality, assignment of temporary vs. permanent financial support paid to a spouse, and fair and equitable treatment under family law; There are several men's rights crusades to reform alimony at a state and federal level, including ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name=Levitz>Levitz, Jennifer. (October 31, 2009). ''Wall Street Journal.'' Retrieved November 25, 2011.</ref>

	===~~Anti-dowry laws~~===		===Cemeteries===
			Israel has demolished several Palestinian cemeteries<ref>{{cite news\|date=2 November 2016\|title=Israel accused of destroying Muslim graves in East Jerusalem to make way for park\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-palestine-muslim-graves-jerusalem-destroyed-for-park-a7392851.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|date=25 October 2021\|title=Israel continues to raze Palestinian graves in East Jerusalem\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211025-israel-continues-to-raze-palestinian-graves-in-east-jerusalem/}}</ref>.
	Men's rights organizations such as ] (SIFF) state that men are subject to ] harassment when women misuse legislation meant to protect them from ] and ]s.<ref name="Kumar"/> In India, all women who die within 7 years of marriage are presumed by the Indian homicide law to have been victims of dowry death. Men's rights activists in India argue that though 18,000 men committed suicide in 2009 due to family issues, 7,000 more than women for the same reason, there are no governmental services for male victims of domestic violence or at-risk for suicide.<ref name=Kumar3>Kumar, Anil. Foundation of Male Studies. p. 3. Retrieved November 24, 2011.</ref>

			=== Marriage laws in Israel and the Palestinian territories ===
	SIFF is one of the many men's rights organizations in India that focus on the perceived abuse of anti-] laws against men.<ref name=TNN>{{cite news\|title=Men demand fair play\|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-20/chandigarh/28100670_1_law-ministry-men-demand-awareness-programme\|accessdate=20 October 2011\|newspaper=Times of India\|date=20 November 2009}}</ref> SIFF has stated that they feel that anti-dowry laws have regularly been used in efforts to settle petty disputes in marriage,<ref name=DT>{{cite news\|last=Gilani\|first=Iftikhar\|title=Shoaib Malik controversy to hit Pakistan-India relations\|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C04%5C06%5Cstory_6-4-2010_pg2_6\|accessdate=20 October 2011\|newspaper=Daily Times\|date=6 April 2010}}</ref> and that their helplines receive calls from many men who say that their wives have used false dowry claims to get them jailed.<ref name=TA>{{cite news\|last=Dhillon\|first=Amrit\|title=Men say wives use India's pro-women laws to torment them\|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/men-say-wives-use-indias-prowomen-laws-to-torment-them/2007/12/23/1198344884127.html\|accessdate=20 October 2011\|newspaper=The Age\|date=24 December 2007}}</ref>
			Israeli marriage law states that while Palestinians from the Palestinian territories cannot gain residency or citizenship through marriage, Jewish Israelis can.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2022-02-01\|title=ISRAEL’S APARTHEID AGAINST PALESTINIANS: A LOOK INTO DECADES OF OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION\|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/02/israels-system-of-apartheid/\|access-date=2022-06-09\|website=Amnesty International\|language=en}}</ref>

	===~~Adoption~~===		=== Palestinian flag ===
			The Palestinian flag is regularly confiscated by Israeli police.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/13/why-is-israel-afraid-of-the-palestinian-flag \| title=The Palestinian flag: A target for 'erasure' by Israeli forces }}</ref>
	Fathers' rights activists seek a gender-neutral approach in which unwed men and women would have equal rights in ] issues.<ref name="shanley">{{cite book \|author=Shanley, Mary Lyndon \|title=Making babies, making families: what matters most in an age of reproductive technologies, surrogacy, adoption, and same-sex and unwed parents\|publisher=Beacon Press \|year=2002 \|pages=46–47 \| url=http://books.google.com/?id=3GnloZRnWOAC&pg=PA44 \|isbn=0-8070-4409-1 }}</ref>

			== Human rights abuses ==
	===Child custody===
	]

			=== Inside the Palestinian enclaves ===
	{{main\|Fathers' rights movement by country}}

			===Under Israeli military occupation===
			], associate professor of Political Science at ] has said that after 1977, "the military government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) expropriated and enclosed Palestinian land and allowed the transfer of Israeli settlers to the occupied territories." She notes that settlers continued to be governed by Israeli laws, and that a different system of military law was enacted "to regulate the civilian, economic and legal affairs of Palestinian inhabitants." She says "any view these Israeli policies of territorial integration and societal separation as apartheid, even if they were never given such a name."<ref name=Farsakh>]. {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610054041/http://mondediplo.com/2003/11/04apartheid \|date=10 June 2010 }}, '']'', November 2003</ref>

			===Under Palestinian Authority===
	These issues vary from state to state and country to country. In India, father's rights have been a concern since 2000.<ref name=Kumar/> Many men feel that they are discriminated against and that they do not have the same contact rights or equitable ] rights as their ex-spouse.<ref name= messner4148/><ref name=collier>Collier, R.; Sheldon S. (2006-11-01) London: ]. Retrieved 2011-11-24.</ref> The United Kingdom and United States were cited, with several other unnamed countries, as affected regions where ] issues have become complicated by higher divorce rates, less father-child time, while there has been greater expectations for fatherly involvement in their children's lives. Authors of ''Unfamiliar territory'' write, "The current struggles of the fathers' rights movement can be understood as part of this complex and painful renegotiation of intimate relations against a backdrop of changing lifestyles and expectations."<ref name=collier/> Father's rights activists seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law.<ref name= messner4148/>
			Arabs living in the ] and ], areas occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War and deemed to be occupied territory under ], are under the civil control of the ], and are not Israeli citizens. In some areas of the West Bank, they are under Israeli security control.{{citation needed\|date=April 2017\|reason=this needs more, are the Defense (Emergency) Regulations no longer in effect in Gaza? is this formal or informal? can it be sourced? which areas of the West Bank are not subject to the Regulations?}}

			Former U.S. President ] authored a 2006 book titled '']''. Carter's use of the term "apartheid" was calibrated to avoid specific accusations of racism against the government of Israel, and carefully limited to the situation in Gaza and the West Bank. In a letter to the Board of Rabbis of Greater Phoenix, Carter made it clear that he was not discussing the circumstances within Israel but exclusively within Gaza and the West Bank.<ref name=IHT>{{cite news\|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/16/america/NA_GEN_US_Jimmy_Carter_Criticism.php \|title=Carter explains 'apartheid' reference in letter to U.S. Jews \|newspaper=] \|date=15 December 2006 \|access-date=23 April 2007 \|quote=The six rabbis... and I... discussed the word 'apartheid', which I defined as the forced segregation of two peoples living in the same land, with one of them dominating and persecuting the other. I made clear in the book's text and in my response to the rabbis that the system of apartheid in Palestine is not based on racism but the desire of a minority of Israelis for Palestinian land and the resulting suppression of protests that involve violence ... my use of 'apartheid' does not apply to circumstances within Israel. \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125062909/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/16/america/NA_GEN_US_Jimmy_Carter_Criticism.php \|archive-date=25 January 2007 }}</ref>
	Men's rights activists state that the divorce rate in India has sharply risen from less that 5% in 2000, which has over-burdened the Indian court system's abilities to keep pace with the number of child custody cases. They argue that men have been parted from their children, with some only allowed to visit their children at the court once a month for 30 minutes during the to several years that it can take to resolve the custody case. To provide support services to men for shared parenting rights and father's rights, SIFF created several ]s (NGOs).<ref name=Kumar/>

			In 2007, in advance of a report from the United Nations Human Rights Council, ] ] said that "Israel's laws and practices in the OPT certainly resemble aspects of apartheid." Dugard asked: "Can it seriously be denied that the purpose is to establish and maintain domination by one racial group (Jews) over another racial group (Palestinians) and systematically oppressing them?"<ref name="flwi.ugent.be">John Dugard, {{cite web \|url=http://www.flwi.ugent.be/cie/Palestina/a-hrc-4-17.pdf \|title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202520/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/cie/Palestina/a-hrc-4-17.pdf \|archive-date=19 March 2009 }} {{small\|(243 KB)}} (Advance Edited Version), United Nations Human Rights Council, 29 January 2007.</ref><ref>McCarthy, Rory. , '']'', 23 February 2007.</ref> In October 2010, ] reported to the General Assembly Third Committee that "the nature of the occupation as of 2010 substantiates earlier allegations of colonialism and apartheid in evidence and law to a greater extent than was the case even three years ago." Falk described it as a "cumulative process" and said "the longer it continues...the more serious is the abridgment of fundamental Palestinian rights."<ref>{{cite web\|last=Falk \|first=Richard \|title=Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 \|url=https://undocs.org/A/65/331 \|id=A/65/331 \|publisher=United Nations General Assembly\|date=30 August 2010}}</ref>
	===Parental abduction===
	Men's rights activists state that children of men of Indian descent have been ] from their homes in Canada, the United States and Europe, and moved to India where the national courts do not recognize foreign child custody orders. The country is not subject to the Hague Convention and men accused of dowry harassment may be arrested at Indian airports.<ref name="Kumar"/>

			Israeli Defense Minister and former prime minister ] stated in 2010 regarding the occupied territories that "As long as in this territory west of the Jordan River there is only one political entity called Israel it is going to be either non-Jewish, or non-democratic. If this bloc of millions of Palestinians cannot vote, that will be an apartheid state."<ref name="TopIsraelisWarnApartheid">, Mehdi Hassan, The Intercept, 23 March 2017.</ref><ref name="BarakPeaceOrApartheid">'''', Rory McCarthy, The Guardian, 3 February 2010.</ref>
	===Health===

			===Under State of Palestine and Hamas Government in Gaza===
	Professor Susan B. Boyd of the University of British Columbia characterizes the men's rights movement as saying that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.<ref name="Boyd2007">{{cite book\|author=Menzies, Robert\|editor=Susan B. Boyd\|title=Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA86\|accessdate=30 December 2011\|date=30 November 2007\|publisher=UBC Press\|isbn=978-0-7748-1411-9\|pages=65–97\|chapter=Virtual Backlash: Representations of men's "rights" and feminist "wrongs" in cyberspace}}</ref> She states that men's rights activists point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women,<ref name="HaywoodGhaill2003"/><ref name="Boyd2007"/> and complain about the funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, including noting that prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.<ref name="HaywoodGhaill2003">{{cite book\|author1=Christian Haywood\|author2=Máirtín Mac an Ghaill\|title=Men and masculinities: theory, research, and social practice\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d-vtAAAAMAAJ\|accessdate=30 December 2011\|date=1 January 2003\|publisher=Open University\|pages=134–5\|isbn=978-0-335-20892-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-06-21/features/9806210422_1_men-and-masculinity-dads-million-man-march \|title=Feminism Has Created Progress, But Man, Oh, Man, Look What Else \|first=Kate \|last=Zernike \|work=Chicago Tribune \|date=June 21, 1998\|accessdate=30 December 2011}}</ref> Some doctors and academics have argued ] is a violation of men's right to health and bodily integrity,<ref>{{cite book\|last=Denniston\|first=George C.\|title=Male and female circumcision medical, legal, and ethical considerations in pediatric practice\|year=1999\|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers\|location=New York\|isbn=0-306-46131-5\|page=348}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=El-Salam\|first=Seham Abd\|title=The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics\|journal=Al-Raida\|year=2002/2003\|volume=20\|issue=99\|page=42\|publisher=Institute for Women’s Studies in the Arab World\|quote=Women’s defense of men’s right to bodily integrity and their work against MGM will not have a negative impact on their struggle against FGM.}}</ref><ref>Margaret Somerville. Altering baby boys' bodies: the ethics of infant male circumcision. In: Margaret A. Somerville. The Ethical Canary: Science, Society and the Human Spirit. Toronto: Viking, 2000. (ISBN 0-670-89302-1)</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last=Green\|first=James\|title=The Male Herbal: The Definitive Health Care Book for Men & Boys\|year=2007\|publisher=Crossing Press\|location=Berkeley, Calif.\|isbn=1-58091-175-7\|edition=2nd\|quote=Circumcision: A Common Form of Disregard for Men's Rights… Glick emphasizes that infants are persons with full civil rights, and therefore no one has the right to impose circumcision on them—not even parents.}}</ref> while others have disagreed.<ref>{{cite journal \|author=Benatar M, Benatar D \|title=Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision \|journal=Am J Bioeth \|volume=3 \|issue=2 \|pages=35–48 \|year=2003 \|pmid=12859815 \|doi=10.1162/152651603766436216 \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Clark PA, Eisenman J, Szapor S \|title=Mandatory neonatal male circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: medical and ethical analysis \|journal=Med. Sci. Monit. \|volume=13 \|issue=12 \|pages=RA205–13 \|year=2007 \|month=December \|pmid=18049444 \|doi= \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Patrick K \|title=Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child? No \|journal=BMJ \|volume=335 \|issue=7631 \|pages=1181 \|year=2007 \|month=December \|pmid=18063641 \|pmc=2128676 \|doi=10.1136/bmj.39406.523762.AD \|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author=Brusa M, Barilan YM \|title=Cultural circumcision in EU public hospitals--an ethical discussion \|journal=Bioethics \|volume=23 \|issue=8 \|pages=470–82 \|year=2009 \|month=October \|pmid=19076127 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00683.x \|url=}}</ref>
			In November 2014, former ] (1993–1996) ] urged the ] to endorse the creation of a Palestinian state, arguing that Israel had imposed an apartheid regime on the West Bank. He stated that the Jews' "national-historical affiliation with the land of Israel" must not come "at the expense of another nation", advocating for co-existence.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125180419/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ex-attorney-general-urges-eu-to-recognize-palestine/ \|date=25 November 2014 }} ] 23 November 2014.</ref> In 2015, ] argued that continuation of Israeli Prime Minister ]'s policies would result in an Israel that is either a ] state or an apartheid state. Dagan, a former head of the Israeli agency ], said in particular that the ] military effort in Palestinian territory had failed.<ref> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310013348/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Politics-And-Diplomacy/Ex-Mossad-chief-Dagan-pans-Netanyahus-bulls-speech-to-Congress-393162 \|date=10 March 2015 }} <br /> "Israelis gather for mass anti-Netanyahu rally", Financial Times, 7 March 2015</ref>

			==== Arbitrary detention ====
	Academics critique the claims,<ref name="HaywoodGhaill2003"/><ref name="Flood2004"/><ref name= messner67>Messner, Michael A. (2000) Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements Lanham: AltaMira Press. pp. 6-7. ISBN 0-8039-5577-4.</ref> stating, as ] puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"<ref name= messner67/> and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.<ref name= messner67/> In this view, and according to ], men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers’ health, and the ignorance of service providers" instead of blaming a feminist health movement.<ref name="Flood2004"/>

			==== Settlement activity ====
	The ] also state that the main reason for the gender health gap is mainly due to different behaviours regarding the use of tobacco and alcohol.<ref> BBC News. 18 January 2011 Retrieved February 7, 2012.</ref> The opinion of doctors such as Thomas Perls,<ref>{{cite journal \|magazine=Time \|title=Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men? \|author=Laura Blue \|date=August 6, 2008 \|url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1827162,00.html}}</ref> Myles Spar,<ref name=MSpar>{{cite news \|newspaper=Huffington Post \|title= Why Do Men Die Younger Than Women? \|author=Myles Spar, M.D. \|date=February 11, 2010 \|accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> and organizations such as the European Commission<ref name=ECnews>{{cite web \|title=High level of premature illness and death amongst men is preventable, concludes report \|date=August 25, 2011 \|url=http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/dyna/enews/enews.cfm?al_id=1166 \|accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref> are that part of men's shorter lifespans than women can be attributed to genetic and biological reasons, while social factors including a lower tendency to seek medical help and routine checkups are indicated as well. It is proposed that over 50% of premature deaths of men could be avoided.<ref name=ECnews/>

	===~~Education~~===		==== Torture ====
			According to ] (2005) and Dr. Rachel Stroumsa, the director of the ], torture has been an abiding characteristic of Israeli methods of interrogation of Palestinians.{{sfn\|Aharony\|2018}}{{sfn\|Hajjar\|2005\|p=195}}
	American author ] describes the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation as compared to girls.<ref name=forbes/>

			==== Reproductive rights ====
	Critics suggest that men's rights groups tend to view boys as a homogeneous group sharing common experiences of schooling and that they do not take sufficient account in their analysis of how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.<ref name="FrancisSkelton2005"/>
			Palestinian women occasionally have to give birth at Israeli military checkpoints.<ref>https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=UNHRC&type=COUNTRYREP&coi=ISR&rid=&docid=49c776182&skip=0</ref>

			==== Usage of Palestinian labor ====
	In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents; less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.<ref name="MartinoKehler2009"/>

	===~~Military conscription~~===		===Evictions===
	In 1971 in the United States, draft resisters initiated a class-action suit alleging that male only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.<ref name=tb/><ref name="Binkin1993"/> When the case, '']'', reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple women's groups, including the ].<ref name=tb>{{cite news \|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UDFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nwIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6777,7767318&dq=men%27s-rights+conscription&hl=en \|title=Supreme Court to begin hearing male-only military draft case \|first= Richard \|last= Carelli\|work=Toledo Blade\|date= March 23, 1981\|accessdate=12 November 2011}}</ref> However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act, stating that "the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than equity.<ref name="Binkin1993">{{cite book\|author=Martin Binkin\|title=Who will fight the next war?: the changing face of the American military\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AOHD6sbzNysC&pg=PA53\|accessdate=12 November 2011\|year=1993\|publisher=Brookings Institution Press\|isbn=978-0-8157-0955-8\|page=53}}</ref><ref></ref>

	===~~Governmental~~ ~~structures~~===		====Sheikh Jarrah====
			{{main\|Sheikh Jarrah controversy}}
	Men's rights groups have called for male-focused governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.<ref name=toi>{{cite news \|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/What-about-tax-and-fathers-custody-rights/articleshow/5244920.cms \|title=What about tax, and father's custody rights? \|work=The Times of India\|date=May 17, 2011\|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Northbourne"/><ref name=wt>{{cite news \|url= http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/17/guys-got-it-made-think-again-say-advocates/ \|title=Guys got it made? Think again, say advocates \|first= Wetzstein\|last= Cheryl \|work=Washington Times \|date= \|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref> Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, as well as the abolition of the National Commission for Women.<ref name=toi/><ref>{{cite news\|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/11/20/us-india-husbands-idUKTRE5AJ0TZ20091120 \|title=Indian husbands want protection from nagging wives \| \|work= Reuters \|date= November 20, 2009\|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-09/man-woman/28177085_1_indian-law-law-minister-siff \|title=Boys fight for freedom!\|author=Manigandan KR \|work=Times Of India\|date=Aug 9, 2009 \|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing ], have been proposed by ], MP and ], but were rejected by the government of ].<ref name="Northbourne">{{cite news\| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/3522631.stm \| work=BBC News \| title=FHM: For Him Minister? \| date=2004-03-03 \| accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1343276/Yesterday-in-Parliament.html \| work=The Daily Telegraph \| location=London \| title=Yesterday in Parliament \| first=Michael \| last=Kallenbach \| date=2000-06-16 \| accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref><ref> Hansard, UK Parliament. Retrieved November 24, 2011.</ref> In the United States, ] heads a commission focused on the creation of a "White House Council on Boys and Men" as a counterpart to the "White House Council on Women and Girls" which was formed in March 2009.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news \|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2011/09/05/the-need-to-create-a-white-house-council-on-boys-to-men/ \|title=The Need to Create a White House Council on Boys to Men \|author=Rahim Kanani\|work=Forbes\|date=May 9, 2011 \|accessdate=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=wt/>

	===~~Domestic violence~~===		====Silwan====
			{{main\|Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem}}
	Since the late 1970s and 1980s men's rights activists have asserted, based on academic studies, that the incidence of domestic violence and murders committed by women is under-reported, partly due to men's reluctance to admit being victims.<ref name="RenzettiEdleson2008"/><ref name="Miller2005"/><ref name=observer>{{cite news \|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2003/dec/21/socialcare.uknews \|title=Battered men get their own refuge \| Society \| The Observer \|first= Jamie \|last= Doward \|work=] \|date=21 December 2003\|publisher=] \|location=] \|issn=0261-3077 \|oclc=60623878 \|accessdate=October 22, 2011}}</ref> Some state that women are as violent as men and that domestic violence is sex-symmetrical<ref name="Dragiewicz2011 b">{{cite book\|author=Molly Dragiewicz\|title=Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OHr7yWfEjQYC&pg=PA84\|accessdate=October 22, 2011\|date=12 April 2011\|publisher=UPNE\|isbn=978-1-55553-739-5\|pages=84–5}}</ref><ref name="LosekeGelles2005">{{cite book\|author1=Donileen R. Loseke\|author2=Richard J. Gelles\|author3=Mary M. Cavanaugh\|title=Current controversies on family violence\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YBVGswoPYqMC&pg=PA92\|accessdate=October 22, 2011\|year=2005\|publisher=SAGE\|isbn=978-0-7619-2106-6\|page=92}}</ref> and argue that the judicial system too easily accepts false allegations of domestic violence made by women against their male partner.<ref name="Boyd2007">{{cite book\|author=Susan B. Boyd\|title=Reaction and resistance: feminism, law, and social change\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&pg=PA85\|accessdate=October 22, 2011\|date=1 October 2007\|publisher=UBC Press\|isbn=978-0-7748-1411-9\|page=85}}</ref>
	Men's rights writer ] has commented that "false claims about male domestic violence are ubiquitous and immune to refutation."<ref>{{cite news \|title=Domestic violence myths help no one \|first=Christina Hoff\|last=Sommers \|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/2011-02-03-sommers04_st_N.htm \|newspaper=USA Today \|date= February 4, 2011 \|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref>
	Some men's rights advocates have been critics of legal and policy protection for abused women.<ref name=Kumar3/><ref name="Dragiewicz2011 b"/><ref name="LosekeGelles2005"/> They have campaigned for domestic violence shelters for battered men,<ref name="Miller2005">{{cite book\|author=Susan L. Miller\|title=Victims as offenders: the paradox of women's violence in relationships\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7CsgywvFH-EC&pg=PA16\|accessdate=October 22, 2011\|date=October 2005\|publisher=Rutgers University Press\|isbn=978-0-8135-3671-2\|page=16}}</ref><ref name=observer/> and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence.<ref name="Miller2005"/>

			====Masafer Yatta====
	Academics criticize the research cited by activists, and while acknowledging that men are victims of domestic violence, dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical<ref name="Flood2004">{{cite book\|author=Flood, Michael\|editor=Stacey Elin Rossi\|title=The Battle and Backlash Rage on\|chapter= Backlash: Angry men’s movements\|url=http://www.xyonline.net/sites/default/files/Flood,%20Backlash%20-%20Angry%20men_0.pdf\|accessdate=29 December 2011\|date=7 July 2004\|publisher=Xlibris Corporation\|isbn=978-1-4134-5934-0}}</ref><ref name=Dobash>{{cite journal\|last=Dobash\|first=Russell P.\|coauthors=R. Emerson Dobash, Margo Wilson, Martin Daly\|title=The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence\|journal=Social Problems\|date=February 1992\|volume=39\|issue=1}}</ref><ref name="Messner1998">{{cite journal\|last1=Messner\|first1=M. A.\|title=The Limits of "The Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movements' Discourse\|journal=Gender & Society\|volume=12\|issue=3\|year=1998\|pages=255–276\|issn=0891-2432\|doi=10.1177/0891243298012003002}}</ref><ref name="RenzettiEdleson2008">{{cite book\|author1=Susan L. Miller\|author2=Terry G. Lilley\|editor=Claire M. Renzetti and Jeffrey L. Edleson\|title=Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BOKAMXEA_jQC&pg=PT257\|year=2008\|publisher=SAGE\|isbn=978-1-4129-1800-8\|pages=257–58\|chapter=Female perpetrators of intimate partner violence}}</ref><ref name="Kimmel2002">{{cite journal\|last1=Kimmel\|first1=M. S.\|title="Gender Symmetry" in Domestic Violence: A Substantive and Methodological Research Review\|journal=Violence Against Women\|volume=8\|issue=11\|year=2002\|pages=1332–1363\|issn=1077-8012\|doi=10.1177/107780102237407}}</ref>, arguing that the focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the issue of men's violence against women,<ref name="Flood2004"/> and to undermine services to abused women.<ref name="RenzettiEdleson2008"/><ref name="Kimmel2002"/>
			{{Main\|Masafer Yatta}}

	===~~Allegations~~ ~~of rape~~===		===Organ harvesting===
			Israeli doctors have harvested the organs of dead Palestinians without the consent of their families<ref>{{cite news\|date=21 December 2009\|title=Doctor admits Israeli pathologists harvested organs without consent\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/21/israeli-pathologists-harvested-organs}}</ref>.
	Antifeminists have stated that there is an epidemic of false rape accusations which are devastating to those falsely accused,<ref name=telher>{{cite news \|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5TdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gbsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6761,149065&dq=men%27s+rights+rape&hl=en \|title= - Google News Archive Search \|first= \|last={{err\|{{AUTHOR MISSING}}}} \|work=The Telegraph-Herald\|date= November 1, 1992 \|accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=Lee>{{cite book \| last = Lee \| first = CN \|editor= Carroll, Brett \| title = American Masculinities : A Historical Encyclopedia \| publisher = ] \| chapter= Fathers' rights\| year=2003\|pages= 166–68 \| isbn = 978-0-7619-2540-8 \|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=E0R9lLtv8i8C&pg=PA166}}</ref> and have campaigned to increase the level of evidence required to support rape and domestic violence cases.<ref name=Lee/><ref name="Kimmel">{{citation \|title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural and Historical Encyclopedia \|author=Michael Kimmel \|year=1992 \|contribution=Anti-Feminism \|pages=35–37 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|isbn=978-1-57607-774-0 \|editor= Michael S. Kimmel and Amy Aronson \|publication-date=2003 \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&pg=PA37 \|accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref> They protest the naming of accused rapists while providing the accuser with anonymity.<ref>{{cite web \|url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,158869,00.html \|title=Privacy Rights Eroding Down Slippery Slope \| Fox News \|first= McElroy \|last=Wendy \|work=foxnews.com \|year=2011 \|accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref>
	Some men's rights activists question the criminal status of ], arguing that sex within marriage forms part of the marriage covenant.<ref name="LosekeGelles2005">{{cite book\|author1=Donileen R. Loseke\|author2=Richard J. Gelles\|author3=Mary M. Cavanaugh\|title=Current controversies on family violence\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YBVGswoPYqMC&pg=PA92\|accessdate=6 February 2012\|year=2005\|publisher=SAGE\|isbn=978-0-7619-2106-6\|pages=92–}}</ref><ref name=Lee/><ref>{{cite news \|url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n31_v10/ai_15674644/pg_4/?tag=content;col1 \|title=Complexities cloud marital rape case; William Hetherington has spent nine years in a Michigan prison, but proclaims his innocence \|first=Cathy \|last=Young \|work=Insight on the News \|date=August 4, 1994 \|accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Segal1994">{{cite book\|author=Lynne Segal\|title=Straight sex: rethinking the politics of pleasure\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-m2pGUgX-RAC&pg=PA276\|accessdate=6 February 2012\|date=1 December 1994\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-20001-2\|pages=276–}}</ref> In extramarital contexts, they have suggested the signing of a "consensual sex contract" by partners before sexual intercourse in order to protect men from accusations of rape, and from child support payments if a child is conceived as a result.<ref name=telher/>

			== Use of biometric and surveillance technology ==
	===Social security and insurance===
			Israeli authorities use biometric technology to track individuals.<ref>{{cite news\|date=13 July 2013\|title=Israel Population Authority accidentally formed illegal biometric database\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/population-authority-accidentally-formed-illegal-biometric-database-673687}}</ref>.
	Men's rights groups have argued since the 1970s that men are given inferior social security and tax benefits to women.<ref name="clatterbaugh">{{Citation\| last = Clatterbaugh\| first = Kenneth\| contribution = Men's Rights\| year = 2007\| title = International encyclopedia of men and masculinities\| editor = Michael Flood, Judith Kegan Gardiner, Bob Pease and Keith Pringle\| pages = 430–433\| publisher = Psychology Press\| isbn=978-0-415-33343-6 \|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jh7y6ELc90YC&pg=PA432\|accessdate=10 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Honderich2005">{{cite book\|author=Ferrell Christensen\|editor=Ted Honderich\|title=The Oxford companion to philosophy\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=F9oAomj2IIwC&pg=PA563\|accessdate=10 December 2011\|date=26 May 2005\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7\|pages=562–63\|chapter=Masculism}}</ref> ] states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.<ref name="Farrell2001">{{cite book\|author=Warren Farrell\|title=The Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are the Disposable Sex\|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yz-nPwAACAAJ\|accessdate=10 December 2011\|date=31 October 2001\|publisher=Finch Publishing\|isbn=978-1-876451-30-1\|page=350}}</ref>

			==Classification of abuses==
	For example, "Widow Allowance" in Australia is awarded to a woman born before 1 June 1955, with no recent workforce experience and with low income if she becomes widowed, divorced, or separated from a spouse or de facto partner (of either sex<ref> "You will be regarded as a member of a couple if you usually live with your partner and are: married in a registered relationship (opposite-sex or same-sex), or in a de facto relationship (opposite-sex or same-sex)." Retrieved 13 April 2012.</ref>). The provision is available to women only; not to men in identical circumstances.<ref> "You may be eligible for Widow Allowance if you are a woman and you have become widowed, divorced or separated (including separated de facto) since turning 40 years of age". Retrieved 13 April 2012.</ref>

	===~~Female~~ ~~privilege~~===		=== Apartheid ===
			The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 has stated on 25 March 2022 that "apartheid is being practiced by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory"<ref>{{cite news\|date=25 March 2022\|title=Israel’s occupation of Palestinian Territory is ‘apartheid’: UN rights expert\|publisher=]\|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114702}}</ref>. Human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and B'Tselem have also characterized Israeli government policy as apartheid.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2022-02-01\|title=ISRAEL’S APARTHEID AGAINST PALESTINIANS: A LOOK INTO DECADES OF OPPRESSION AND DOMINATION\|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/02/israels-system-of-apartheid/\|access-date=2022-06-09\|website=Amnesty International\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-05-27\|title=A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution\|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution\|access-date=2022-06-09\|website=Human Rights Watch\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2021-01-12\|title=A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid\|url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid\|access-date=2022-06-09\|website=B'Tselem\|language=en}}</ref>
	One argument of the men's rights movement is that ] no longer exists. Those who espouse this view are divided into two camps: those who argue that ] now affects men and women equally, and those who argue that we now live in an era of female privilege.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Clatterbaugh\|first=Kenneth\|title=Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity\|year=1997\|publisher=WestviewPress\|isbn=0-8133-2700-8\|pages=11\|url=http://digilib.bc.edu/reserves/en125/grif/en125105.pdf}}</ref>

			=== Crimes against humanity ===
	==See also==
	{{Portal\|Men's rights}}
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

			== International responses ==
	==References==
	{{reflist\|colwidth=30em}}

			=== Reactions by supranational organizations ===
	==External links==
			==== Reactions at the United Nations ====
	'''Bibliographic'''
	*, features a 2200+ bibliography of young masculinities.
	{{Discrimination}}
	{{Masculism}}
	{{Domestic violence}}

			==== Reactions at the European Union ====
	{{DEFAULTSORT:Men's Rights}}
	]
	]
	]
	]

			==== Reactions at the African Union ====
	]
			In February 2022, the ] passed a resolution calling for the dismantlement of Israeli apartheid in the State of Palestine and recommended boycotting "the Israeli colonial system and illegal settlements" to end apartheid.<ref>https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/41583-Assembly_AU_Dec_813-838_XXXV_E.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=May 2022}}</ref>
	]

	]
			=== Reactions by country ===
	]
			==== Africa ====


			====Americas====
			=====Canada=====
			On May 4th, 2022, a spokesperson for ], Patricia Skinner, stated "Canada rejects the view that Israel's actions constitute apartheid"<ref>{{cite news\|date=4 May 2022\|title=Claims that Israel is imposing 'apartheid' on Palestinians put new pressure on Trudeau Liberals\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/israel-palestinian-apartheid-1.6436138}}</ref>.

			=====United States=====
			The ] has rejected the usage of the term apartheid. On 1 February 2022, State Department Spokesman Ned Price stated that "...we certainly reject the <nowiki></nowiki> label that has been attached to this <nowiki></nowiki>."<ref>{{cite news\|date=1 February 2022\|title=WATCH: State Department spokesperson Ned Price hold news briefing\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-state-dept-spokesperson-ned-price-hold-news-briefing-2}}</ref>.

			====Asia====

			=====Iran=====
			Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh stated on May 30, 2022, that "“All of the world’s freedom-seeking people, especially the Muslim people and countries, are duty-bound to act in a united manner towards all-out defense of the al-Aqsa Mosque and confrontation against the Zionist apartheid regime.” <ref>{{cite news\|date=1 May 2022\|title=Iran calls for united intl. response to Israeli apartheid\|publisher=]\|url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/187346/Iran-calls-for-united-intl-response-to-Israeli-apartheid}}</ref>

			=====Lebanon=====

			=====Qatar=====

			=====Yemen=====

			===== South Asia =====

			====== Pakistan ======

			==== Europe ====

			=====United Kingdom=====

			=====Germany=====

			==== Australia ====

			On 2 February 2022, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison dismissed Amnesty International's report on Israeli apartheid and stated that “We do not agree with the report’s characterisations of Israel, and we remain a firm supporter of the state of Israel.”<ref>{{cite news\|date=2 February 2022\|title=Amnesty calls on Australia to condemn Israel after Morrison dismisses apartheid claim\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/feb/03/no-country-is-perfect-morrison-critical-of-amnesty-international-report-on-israel}}</ref>.

			===Other reactions===
			====Non-governmental organizations and research institutions====

			====Multinational Corporations====
			] announced on July 20, 2021 it will no longer sell its ice cream in the occupied Palestinian territories.<ref>{{cite news\|date=20 July 2021\|title=Ben & Jerry's will stop selling ice cream in Palestinian territories\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/19/business/ben-and-jerrys-palestinian-territory/index.html}}</ref>.
			] announced on May 31, 2022 it would be fully divesting from a business venture in Israel that had operated in an East Jerusalem settlement<ref>{{cite news\|date=2 June 2002\|title=BDS advocates claim victory as General Mills divests its Israeli dough operation\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.jpost.com/bds-threat/article-708347}}</ref>.

			====Religious groups====
			On June 3rd, 2021, a spokesperson for the ] ] stated that "We call on all companies to divest from Israel’s illegal and brutal occupation of Palestine, and from the apartheid system it is part of."<ref>{{cite news\|date=3 June 2022\|title=Maker of Pillsbury products divests from Israel, after multi-year boycott campaign\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.arabamericannews.com/2022/06/03/maker-of-pillsbury-products-divests-from-israel-after-multi-year-boycott-campaign/}}</ref>.

			On 18 July 2021, the ] of the ] adopted a resolution that states “What we see happening in Israel/Palestine clearly seems to fit the legal definition of apartheid as Palestinians do not have equal access to water, vaccines, jobs, the ability to travel, etc. ...”<ref>{{cite news\|date=26 February 2022\|title=US-based Christian mission accuses Israel of 'apartheid' in new letter\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.jpost.com/christianworld/article-698709}}</ref>.

			====Protests====

			=====Boycott of Israel=====
			{{main\|Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions}}

			==== Legal cases ====

			== Denial ==
			The abuses against the Palestinians have been denied by the Israeli government, with a foreign ministry spokesperson stating that Amnesty International's report on apartheid "...denies the State of Israel's right to exist as the nation state of the Jewish people. Its extremist language and distortion of historical context were designed to demonize Israel and pour fuel onto the fire of anti-Semitism..."<ref>{{cite news\|date=1 February 2022\|title=Israeli policies against Palestinians amount to apartheid - Amnesty\|publisher=]\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-60197918}}</ref>.

			== See also ==

			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]

			{{Palestine-stub}}

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Apartheid in Israel and the Palestinian territories

Israeli apartheid
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Huwwara Checkpoint, one of many Israeli checkpoints and closures (dismantled 2011) that restricted the movement of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and have been compared to the apartheid pass laws.
Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights
Location	Israel and the Palestinian territories
Date	1948–present
Target	Palestinians
Attack type	Fragmentation into domains of control, Dispossession of land and property, Segregation and control, Deprivation of economic & social rights
Victims	est. ≥3 million Palestinians subject to apartheid
Perpetrator	Government of Israel
Motive	Domination of Palestinians

The Israeli government has committed a series of ongoing human rights abuses against Palestinians in Israel and the Palestinian territories that is often characterized as apartheid. Since 1948, the Israeli government has pursued policies that have subjected more than an estimated three million Palestinians to apartheid.

Background

Palestinian identity

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Mandatory Palestine

State of Israel

Government policies

Israeli West Bank Barrier

Main article: West Bank Barrier

In 2003, a year after Operation Defensive Shield, the Israeli government announced a project of "fences and other physical obstacles" to prevent Palestinians crossing into Israel. Several figures, including Mohammad Sarwar, John Pilger, Mustafa Barghouti and others have described the resultant West Bank barrier as an "apartheid wall".

Some Israelis have compared the separation plan to the South African apartheid regime. Political scientist, Meron Benvenisti, wrote that Israel's disengagement from Gaza created a bantustan model for Gaza. According to Benvenisti, Ariel Sharon's intention to disengage from Gaza only after construction of the fence was completed, "along a route that will include all settlement blocs (in keeping with Binyamin Netanyahu's demand), underscores the continuity of the bantustan concept. The fence creates three bantustans on the West Bank – Jenin-Nablus, Bethlehem-Hebron and Ramallah. He called this "the real link between the Gaza and West Bank plans.".

The International Court of Justice ruled in 2004 in an advisory opinion that the wall is illegal where it extends beyond the 1967 Green Line into the West Bank. Israel disagreed with the ruling, but its supreme court subsequently ordered the barrier to be moved in sections where its route was seen to cause more hardship to Palestinians than security concerns could motivate.

Counter-terrorism justification

Supporters of the West Bank barrier consider it to be largely responsible for reducing incidents of terrorism by 90% from 2002 to 2005. The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the barrier is defensive and accepted the government's position that the route of the barrier is based on security considerations.

Cultural effects

Al Aqsa mosque

Administrative Detention

Cemeteries

Israel has demolished several Palestinian cemeteries.

Marriage laws in Israel and the Palestinian territories

Israeli marriage law states that while Palestinians from the Palestinian territories cannot gain residency or citizenship through marriage, Jewish Israelis can.

Palestinian flag

The Palestinian flag is regularly confiscated by Israeli police.

Human rights abuses

Inside the Palestinian enclaves

Under Israeli military occupation

Leila Farsakh, associate professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts Boston has said that after 1977, "the military government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) expropriated and enclosed Palestinian land and allowed the transfer of Israeli settlers to the occupied territories." She notes that settlers continued to be governed by Israeli laws, and that a different system of military law was enacted "to regulate the civilian, economic and legal affairs of Palestinian inhabitants." She says "any view these Israeli policies of territorial integration and societal separation as apartheid, even if they were never given such a name."

Under Palestinian Authority

Arabs living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, areas occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War and deemed to be occupied territory under international law, are under the civil control of the Palestinian Authority, and are not Israeli citizens. In some areas of the West Bank, they are under Israeli security control.

Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter authored a 2006 book titled Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid. Carter's use of the term "apartheid" was calibrated to avoid specific accusations of racism against the government of Israel, and carefully limited to the situation in Gaza and the West Bank. In a letter to the Board of Rabbis of Greater Phoenix, Carter made it clear that he was not discussing the circumstances within Israel but exclusively within Gaza and the West Bank.

In 2007, in advance of a report from the United Nations Human Rights Council, Special Rapporteur John Dugard said that "Israel's laws and practices in the OPT certainly resemble aspects of apartheid." Dugard asked: "Can it seriously be denied that the purpose is to establish and maintain domination by one racial group (Jews) over another racial group (Palestinians) and systematically oppressing them?" In October 2010, Richard A. Falk reported to the General Assembly Third Committee that "the nature of the occupation as of 2010 substantiates earlier allegations of colonialism and apartheid in evidence and law to a greater extent than was the case even three years ago." Falk described it as a "cumulative process" and said "the longer it continues...the more serious is the abridgment of fundamental Palestinian rights."

Israeli Defense Minister and former prime minister Ehud Barak stated in 2010 regarding the occupied territories that "As long as in this territory west of the Jordan River there is only one political entity called Israel it is going to be either non-Jewish, or non-democratic. If this bloc of millions of Palestinians cannot vote, that will be an apartheid state."

Under State of Palestine and Hamas Government in Gaza

In November 2014, former Attorney General of Israel (1993–1996) Michael Ben-Yair urged the European Economic Union to endorse the creation of a Palestinian state, arguing that Israel had imposed an apartheid regime on the West Bank. He stated that the Jews' "national-historical affiliation with the land of Israel" must not come "at the expense of another nation", advocating for co-existence. In 2015, Meir Dagan argued that continuation of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's policies would result in an Israel that is either a binational state or an apartheid state. Dagan, a former head of the Israeli agency Mossad, said in particular that the Operation Cast Lead military effort in Palestinian territory had failed.

Arbitrary detention

Settlement activity

Torture

According to Lisa Hajjar (2005) and Dr. Rachel Stroumsa, the director of the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel, torture has been an abiding characteristic of Israeli methods of interrogation of Palestinians.

Reproductive rights

Palestinian women occasionally have to give birth at Israeli military checkpoints.

Usage of Palestinian labor

Evictions

Sheikh Jarrah

Main article: Sheikh Jarrah controversy

Silwan

Main article: Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem

Masafer Yatta

Main article: Masafer Yatta

Organ harvesting

Israeli doctors have harvested the organs of dead Palestinians without the consent of their families.

Use of biometric and surveillance technology

Israeli authorities use biometric technology to track individuals..

Classification of abuses

Apartheid

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 has stated on 25 March 2022 that "apartheid is being practiced by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory". Human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and B'Tselem have also characterized Israeli government policy as apartheid.

Crimes against humanity

International responses

Reactions by supranational organizations

Reactions at the United Nations

Reactions at the European Union

Reactions at the African Union

In February 2022, the Assembly of the African Union passed a resolution calling for the dismantlement of Israeli apartheid in the State of Palestine and recommended boycotting "the Israeli colonial system and illegal settlements" to end apartheid.

Reactions by country

Africa

Americas

Canada

On May 4th, 2022, a spokesperson for Global Affairs Canada, Patricia Skinner, stated "Canada rejects the view that Israel's actions constitute apartheid".

United States

The Biden administration has rejected the usage of the term apartheid. On 1 February 2022, State Department Spokesman Ned Price stated that "...we certainly reject the label that has been attached to this .".

Asia

Iran

Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Saeed Khatibzadeh stated on May 30, 2022, that "“All of the world’s freedom-seeking people, especially the Muslim people and countries, are duty-bound to act in a united manner towards all-out defense of the al-Aqsa Mosque and confrontation against the Zionist apartheid regime.”

Lebanon

Qatar

Yemen

South Asia

Pakistan

Europe

United Kingdom

Germany

Australia

On 2 February 2022, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison dismissed Amnesty International's report on Israeli apartheid and stated that “We do not agree with the report’s characterisations of Israel, and we remain a firm supporter of the state of Israel.”.

Other reactions

Non-governmental organizations and research institutions

Multinational Corporations

Ben and Jerry's announced on July 20, 2021 it will no longer sell its ice cream in the occupied Palestinian territories.. General Mills announced on May 31, 2022 it would be fully divesting from a business venture in Israel that had operated in an East Jerusalem settlement.

Religious groups

On June 3rd, 2021, a spokesperson for the Quaker American Friends Service Committee stated that "We call on all companies to divest from Israel’s illegal and brutal occupation of Palestine, and from the apartheid system it is part of.".

On 18 July 2021, the General Synod of the United Church of Christ adopted a resolution that states “What we see happening in Israel/Palestine clearly seems to fit the legal definition of apartheid as Palestinians do not have equal access to water, vaccines, jobs, the ability to travel, etc. ...”.

Protests

Boycott of Israel

Main article: Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions

Legal cases

Denial

The abuses against the Palestinians have been denied by the Israeli government, with a foreign ministry spokesperson stating that Amnesty International's report on apartheid "...denies the State of Israel's right to exist as the nation state of the Jewish people. Its extremist language and distortion of historical context were designed to demonize Israel and pour fuel onto the fire of anti-Semitism...".