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{{Merge from|Plant neurobiology|discuss=Talk:Plant neurobiology#New page title?|date=September 2012}} |
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In ], '''plant intelligence''' is the ability of ]s to sense the environment and adjust their ], ] and ] accordingly.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005}}</ref> Research draws on the fields of ], ] and ]. |
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] is an ] describing abilities such as the capacities for ], ], ], ]ing, ], learning from past experiences, ]ning, and ]. Studies indicate plants are capable of ] and ]. |
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==Problem solving== |
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Plants adapt their behaviour in a variety of ways: |
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* Active foraging for light and nutrients. They do this by changing their architecture{{vague|date=June 2012}}, physiology and phenotype.<ref name="dekroon95">De Kroon, H. and Hutchings, M.J. (1995) . J. Ecol. 83, 143–152</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1023/A:1019640813676}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60215-9}}</ref> |
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* Leaves and branches are positioned and oriented in response to light source.<ref name="dekroon95"/><ref>{{cite doi|10.1126/science.199.4331.888}}</ref> |
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* Ability to detect soil volume and adapt growth accordingly independently of ] availability.<ref>{{cite doi|10.2307/1938905}}</ref><ref>{{cite jstor|2389968}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60032-X}}</ref> |
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* ]. |
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==Mechanisms== |
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{{Main|Signal transduction|Plant neurobiology|Plant hormone|}} |
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In plants, the mechanism responsible for adaptation is ].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scheel |first1=Dierk |last2=Wasternack |first2=C. |title=Plant signal transduction |year=2002 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-963879-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120202.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|12194182}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|10200239}}</ref> Plants do not have a brain or ], but reactions within signalling pathways may provide a biochemical basis for learning and memory.<ref>{{cite pmid|9888852}}</ref> Controversially, the brain is used as a metaphor in plant intelligence to provide an integrated view of signalling,<ref>{{cite doi|10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009}}</ref> (see ]). |
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Plant cells can be electrically excitable and can display rapid electrical responses (]s) to environmental stimuli. These action potentials can influence processes such as ]-based cytoplasmic streaming, ], wound responses, respiration, ] and flowering.<ref>Wagner E, Lehner L, Normann J, Veit J, Albrechtova J (2006). Hydroelectrochemical integration of the higher plant—basis for electrogenic flower induction. pp 369–389 In: Balusˇka F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D (eds) Communication in plants: neuronal aspects of plant life. Springer, Berlin.</ref><ref>Fromm J, Lautner S. (2007). Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants. Plant Cell Environ. 30(3):249-57. {{DOI|10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x}} PMID 17263772</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|19129416}}</ref><ref>{{cite jstor|4353850}}</ref> |
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==Plant perception== |
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{{Main|Plant perception (physiology)}} |
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Plants have many ]. For example, they can produce different toxins (]s) against invaders or they can induce rapid ] in invading cells to hinder the pests from spreading out. These strategies depend on quick and reliable recognition-systems. |
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===Light=== |
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{{Main|Photomorphogenesis|photoperiodism}} |
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Plants also can detect harmful ultraviolet B-rays and then start producing pigments which filter out these rays.<ref>Åke Strid and Robert J. Porra. . Plant and Cell Physiology, 1992, Vol. 33, No. 7 1015-1023</ref> |
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===Contact stimuli=== |
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{{Main|Thigmotropism|Thigmomorphogenesis}} |
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The mimosa plant ('']'') makes its thin leaves point down at the slightest touch and ]s such as the ] snap shut by the touch of insects. {{citation needed|date=November 2011}} |
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Mechanical perturbation can also be detected by plants.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/BF00027213}}</ref> ] levels also increase rapidly in response to mechanical perturbations such as tendril coiling.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/BF00201050}}</ref> |
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] stems can detect reorientation and inclination (]).<ref>{{cite pmid|19453506}}</ref> |
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==Plant adaptation vs plant intelligence== |
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It has been argued that although plants are capable of adaptation, it should not be called intelligence. ''"A bacterium can monitor its environment and instigate developmental processes appropriate to the prevailing circumstances, but is that intelligence? Such simple adaptation behaviour might be bacterial intelligence but is clearly not animal intelligence."''<ref name="firn2004">{{cite pmid|15023701}}</ref> |
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However, plant intelligence fits with the definition of intelligence proposed by ] in a book he wrote about evolution where he described it as "adaptively variable behaviour during the lifetime of the individual".<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17523535.700-not-just-a-pretty-face.html</ref> |
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It is also argued that a plant cannot have goals because operational control of the plant's organs is devolved.<ref name="firn2004"/> |
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==History== |
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] studied the movement of plants and in 1880 published a book ]. In the book he concludes: |
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<blockquote> |
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It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the ] thus endowed acts like the brain of one of the lower animals; the brain being situated within the anterior end of the body, receiving impressions from the sense-organs, and directing the several movements. |
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</blockquote> |
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==See also== |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] |
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* '']'' |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Plant Intelligence}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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