Misplaced Pages

Hazelnut: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 20:36, 5 September 2012 editMacukali (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users830 editsm Harvesting← Previous edit Latest revision as of 03:22, 26 November 2024 edit undoLargely Legible Layman (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users921 edits History: the tree energy -> the tree's energyTag: Visual edit 
(562 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{about|the type of nut|the type of tree|Hazel (Corylus)}} {{Short description|Nut of the hazel tree}}
{{About|the type of nut|the type of tree|Hazel (Corylus)}}
]

The '''hazelnut''' is the ] of the ] and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus '']'', especially the nuts of the species '']''.<ref name="genetic">{{cite journal | last1 = Martins | first1 = S. | last2 = SimAues | first2 = F. | last3 = Matos | first3 = J. | last4 = Silva | first4 = A. P. | last5 = Carnide | first5 = V. | year = 2014 | title = Genetic relationship among wild, landraces, and cultivars of hazelnut ''(Corylus avellana)'' from Portugal revealed through ISSR and AFLP markers | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 300 | issue = 5| pages = 1035–1046 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-013-0942-3 | bibcode = 2014PSyEv.300.1035M | hdl = 10348/6564 | s2cid = 18832843 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> They are also known as '''cobnuts''' or '''filberts''' according to species.

Hazelnuts are used as a ] food, in ] and ], and in breakfast cereals such as ]. In ], they are used to make ], and also used in combination with ] for ]s and products such as chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa spreads such as ]. They are also used in ] liqueur.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tixF72IuRFwC&pg=PA473 |pages=473–474 |title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants |volume=1: Fruits |author=Lim T. K. |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012|isbn=9789048186617 }}</ref> '''Hazelnut oil''', pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavored and high in ]. It is used as a cooking oil and as a salad or vegetable dressing.

] is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts, accounting for 64% of total production in 2021.

==Description==
]
]
A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval, about {{convert|15–25|mm|in|abbr=off|frac=8}} long and {{convert|10–15|mm|in|abbr=on|frac=8}} in diameter, with an outer fibrous ] surrounding a smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The ] is edible and consumed raw, roasted or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking.

== Cultivation ==

=== History ===
In 1995, evidence of large-scale ] nut processing, some 8,000 years old, was found in a ] pit on the island of ] in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were ] to 7720±110&nbsp;BP, which calibrates to {{Circa|6000 BCE}}. Similar sites in Britain are known only at ] in ] and Cass ny Hawin on the ].<ref name="Nuts1"> (Dec 1995) ''British Archaeology''. No. 5. Retrieved 25 May 2008.</ref><ref name="Moff">Moffat, Alistair (2005) ''Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History''. London. Thames & Hudson. p. 91–2.</ref>

This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and ] suggests that all of the ] trees were cut down at the same time.<ref name="Moff" />

The scale of the activity and the lack of large game on the island suggest that Colonsay may have contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on the island. Originally, the pit was on a beach close to the shore and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth and a second cluster of pits.<ref name="Nuts1" />

The traditional method to increase nut production is called ''brutting'', which involves prompting more of the tree's energy to go into flower bud production by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots six or seven leaf groups from where they join with the trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season.<ref>. By Paul Alfrey - Balkan Ecology Project. Permaculture Magazine, Tuesday, 8 August 2017. Accessed 2 March 2021.</ref> The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a ''plat''.

=== Cultivars ===
The many ]s of the hazel include 'Atababa', 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark', 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'.<ref name="rhs">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut, including large nut size or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.<ref name="rhs" /> Some cultivars are of ] origin between ] and ].<ref name="fnwe">Flora of NW Europe: {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502230152/http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1775|date=2008-05-02}}</ref>

In Ireland and the United Kingdom, hazelnuts are sometimes referred to as cobnuts, for which a specific cultivated variety &ndash; Kentish cobnuts &ndash; is the main variety cultivated in fields known as plats, hand-picked, and eaten green.<ref name="kent">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Kent cobnuts |url=https://roughwayfarm.co.uk/shop/kent-cobnuts-frequently-asked-questions/ |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=Roughway Farm}}</ref> According to the BBC, a national collection of cobnut varieties exists at Roughway Farm, near ] in Kent.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2018 |title=BBC: On your farm - The Kentish cobnut |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b9v97g |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> They are called cobnuts because cob was a word used to refer to the head or "noggin,” and children had a game in which they would tie a string to a hazelnut and use it to try to hit an opponent on the head.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Cobnut |url=https://kentishcobnutsassociation.org.uk/the-cobnut/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=kentishcobnutsassociation}}</ref>

=== Cropping system ===
In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where the rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent ], a single-trunk tree can be formed by ] a scion of the desired variety on a '']'' rootstock.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rovira |first1=Mercè |title=Advances in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Rootstocks Worldwide |journal=Horticulturae |date=26 August 2021 |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=267 |doi=10.3390/horticulturae7090267|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12327/1330 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaya-Altop |first1=Emine |last2=Haghnama |first2=Kianoosh |last3=Sarıaslan |first3=Dogan |last4=Phillippo |first4=Colin J. |last5=Mennan |first5=Husrev |last6=Zandstra |first6=Bernard H. |title=Long-term perennial weed control strategies: Economic analyses and yield effect in hazelnut (Corylus avellana) |journal=Crop Protection |date=February 2016 |volume=80 |pages=7–14 |doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.022|bibcode=2016CrPro..80....7K }}</ref> Using cover crops protects the soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Işik |first1=Doğan |last2=Dok |first2=Mahmut |last3=Ak |first3=Kibar |last4=Macit |first4=İdris |last5=Demir |first5=Zeynep |last6=Mennan |first6=Hüsrev |title=Use of Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in Turkey |journal=Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University |date=January 2014 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=105–110 |pmid=26084088 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288041754 |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

] where animals like ]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nunn |first1=L. |last2=Embree |first2=C.G. |last3=Hebb |first3=D. |last4=Bishop |first4=S.D. |last5=Nichols |first5=D. |title=Rotationally Grazing Hogs for Orchard Floor Management in Organic Apple Orchards |journal=Acta Horticulturae |date=March 2007 |issue=737 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.737.9}}</ref> are kept in the orchard or ] where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit the plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trouillard |first1=Martin |last2=Lèbre |first2=Amélie |last3=Heckendorn |first3=Felix |title=Grazing Sheep in Organic Vineyards: An On-Farm Study about Risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning |journal=Sustainability |date=20 November 2021 |volume=13 |issue=22 |pages=12860 |doi=10.3390/su132212860|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer.

=== Harvesting ===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2021}}
]

Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts is performed either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts.

Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e., twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and the forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer).
]

The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of the row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to {{convert|90|m/s|abbr=on}}. Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the tree trunk, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts, narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on the center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the number of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop due to the weather.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hazelnuts in Ontario – Growing, Harvesting and Food Safety |url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/12-011.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809130746/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/12-011.htm |archive-date=2019-08-09 |access-date=2014-11-07 |work=gov.on.ca}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:15em; text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Production in 2021<ref name=faostat/><br /><small>(tonnes)</small>
|-
| {{TUR}} || 684,000
|-
| {{ITA}} || 84,670
|-
| {{USA}} || 70,310
|-
| {{AZE}} || 67,630
|-
| {{GEO}} || 46,000
|-
| {{CHI}} || 35,291
|-
| '''World''' || '''1,077,117'''
|}
The harvester is a slow-moving machine pushed by a tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil, leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into a cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and brings empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time.

Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of a breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two,<ref>{{cite web |date=January 2011 |title=Fındık |url=http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/findik/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104231400/http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/findik/ |archive-date=2012-01-04 |access-date=2017-12-15 |work=Yeni Ansiklopedi |language=tr}}</ref> two or three passes do take more time to complete than one.

== Production ==
In 2021, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 1.1 million ]s.<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Hazelnuts (with shell); Crops by Region, World List, Production Quantity, 2021 |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |access-date=29 April 2023 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT)}}</ref> The ] accounts for 64% of the world total, followed by ], the ], and ] as secondary producers.<ref name="faostat" />

==Food==
], ], ], ], and ]]]

Hazelnuts are used in ] to make ]s, ]s, and hazelnut paste products. The (solid) combination of ground hazelnuts with chocolate is called '']''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vxxCQAAQBAJ | title=Pure Dessert: True Flavors, Inspiring Ingredients, and Simple Recipes | publisher=] | author=Medrich, Alice | year=2015 | pages=157 | isbn=9781579656850 |quote=gianduja resembles a bar of chocolate. It is softer on the tooth than a plain chocolate bar (because of the oil from the hazelnuts)}}</ref> In ], hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making ]s, such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In ], hazelnut flour is used to flavor its ] body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. '']'', a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in ] and ]; the ] '']'' and sauce '']'' are used, often with ]s. Hazelnuts are also a common constituent of ]. The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2007/sep/08/features.recipes|title=Nuts, whole hazelnuts|author=Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall|date=8 September 2007|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

=== Nutrition ===
{{Nutritional value {{Nutritional value
| name = Hazelnuts or filberts |image =
| image =] | name =
| serving_size = 100 g
| caption =Hazelnuts, with shell (left), without shell (right)
| serving_size =100g
| kJ = 2629 | kJ = 2629
| carbs = 16.7 | carbs = 16.70&nbsp;g
| fat = 60.75 | fat = 60.75&nbsp;g
| protein = 14.95 | protein = 14.95&nbsp;g
| sugars = 4.34 | sugars = 4.34&nbsp;g
| lactose = | fiber = 9.7&nbsp;g
| satfat = 4.464 | water = 5.31&nbsp;g
| transfat =
| monofat = 45.652
| polyfat = 7.92
| omega3fat =
| omega6fat =
| fiber = 11
| starch = 0.48
| water = 5.31
| alcohol =
| caffeine =
| opt1n =
| opt1v =
| opt4n =
| opt4v =
| calcium_mg = 114 | calcium_mg = 114
| iron_mg = 4.7 | iron_mg = 4.7
Line 34: Line 97:
| potassium_mg = 680 | potassium_mg = 680
| zinc_mg = 2.45 | zinc_mg = 2.45
| selenium_ug = 2.4
| vitA_ug = 1 | vitA_ug = 1
| vitA_iu = 20
| betacarotene_ug = 11 | betacarotene_ug = 11
| lutein_ug =92 | lutein_ug = 92
| thiamin_mg = 0.643 | thiamin_mg = 0.643
| riboflavin_mg = 0.113 | riboflavin_mg = 0.113
Line 44: Line 107:
| vitB6_mg = 0.563 | vitB6_mg = 0.563
| folate_ug = 113 | folate_ug = 113
| vitB12_ug =
| vitC_mg = 6.3 | vitC_mg = 6.3
| vitD_ug =
| vitD_iu =
| vitE_mg = 15.03 | vitE_mg = 15.03
| vitK_ug = 14.2 | vitK_ug = 14.2
| note = | source_usda =
| note=
| source =
| source_usda =
| noRDA =
| float =
**** Hazel nuts can also be interpreted as a meaning for and african american mans (giant) testicles ****
}} }}
Raw hazelnuts are 5% water, 61% ], 17% ]s, and 15% ] (table).
A '''hazelnut''' is the ] of the ] and is also known as a '''cob nut''' or '''filbert nut''' according to species. A cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25&nbsp;mm long and 10–15&nbsp;mm in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. A filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as it is round. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The kernel of the ] is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. Hazelnuts are also used for livestock feed, as are ]s and ]s. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking.

Hazelnuts are produced in commercial quantities in ], ], ], ], in south of the Spanish region of ], in the UK county of ] and in the American states of ] and ]. Turkey is the largest producer of hazelnuts in the world with approximately 75% of worldwide production.<ref>''World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook'', USDA 2004</ref>

Hazelnuts are used in ] to make ], and also used in combination with ] for ]s and products such as ] and ]. Hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavoured and used as a cooking oil.

Hazelnuts are rich in ] and ]. Moreover, they contain significant amounts of ] and ], as well as smaller amounts of other B vitamins.

==Historical cultivation==
In 1995, evidence of large-scale ] nut processing, some 9,000 years old, was found in a ] pit on the island of ] in ]. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were ] to 7720+/-110BP, which calibrates to ''circa'' 7000 BC. Similar sites in Britain are known only at ] in ] and ] on the ].<ref name="Nuts1"> Dec 1995) ''British Archaeology''. No. 5. Retrieved 25 May 2008. </ref><ref name=Moff>Moffat, Alistair (2005) ''Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History''. London. Thames & Hudson. p. 91&ndash;2.</ref> See also ] Bay, ], ], ], ].

This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and ] suggests the ] trees were all cut down at the same time.<ref name=Moff/> The scale of the activity, unparalleled elsewhere in Scotland, and the lack of large game on the island, suggest the possibility that Colonsay contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on the island. The pit was originally on a beach close to the shore, and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits, whose function remains obscure, a hearth, and a second cluster of pits.<ref name="Nuts1"/>

Because hazelnuts do not generally need to be toasted, indeed Kentish Cobnuts are still traditionally sold fresh, it has been speculated this was done to make them more digestible for children. Toasting the nuts also was thought to increase how long they would keep, and they have historically been a useful food for mariners because they keep well.

Hazel has been grown historically in ]s for use in ] buildings, and in hedges. The Romans cultivated hazelnuts including in Britain, although there is no evidence that they spread specific cultivars. Cultivated varieties have been grown since at least the 16th century, with a great increase in varieties during the 1800s; in particular, the first really widespread cultivar, the Kentish Cobnut, was introduced in 1830.

The traditional method to increase nut production is called 'brutting', which involves prompting more of the trees' energy to go into flower bud production, by snapping but not breaking off the tips of the new year's shoots six or seven leaf groups from the join with the trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat.

==Modern cultivation==

Common hazel is widely cultivated for its nuts, including in ] ]s in ], ], ] and the ]. The name "hazelnut" applies to the nuts of any of the species of the genus ''Corylus''. This hazelnut, the kernel of the ], is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a ]. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which has a ] flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking. The top producer of hazelnuts, by a large margin, is Turkey, specifically the ]. Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 ]s accounts for approximately 75% of worldwide production.<ref>''World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook'', USDA 2004</ref>

In ]: in the ], hazelnut production is concentrated in ]; they are also grown extensively just to the north, in the ] of ], ]. In 1996, the in-shell production in Oregon was about 19,900 ]s (18,000 tonnes), compared to 100 tons (91 tonnes) in Washington.<ref></ref> Hazelnuts are also found in the ] of Chamba district in India, where they are known as ''thangi''. The hazelnut is growing in popularity in the U.S., where the Hazelnut Marketing Board was established in 1949 by Federal Hazelnut Marketing Order section 982. The harvesting of hazelnuts is done either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts.

]

==Cultivars==

The many ]s of the hazel include: 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark' 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Fillbert', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'.<ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.</ref> Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut; these qualities include large nut size and early- and late-fruiting cultivars, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.<ref name=rhs/> Some cultivars are of ] origin between ] and ].<ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: </ref> One cultivar grown in Washington state, the 'DuChilly', has an elongated appearance, a thinner and less bitter skin, and a distinctly sweeter flavor than other varieties.<ref>, ], Los Angeles Times, Jan 31, 2001</ref><ref>, Melissa Clark, New York Times, Jan 16, 2002</ref>

== Turkish hazelnut ==
<!-- Turkish hazelnuts may be of C. maxima -->
Turkish hazelnuts are not to be confused with the wild hazelnut of ], '']''.

==Harvesting==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2007}}
Hazelnuts are harvested annually in midautumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop on their own, rather than use equipment to shake them from the tree.

Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e. twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nut picked up by the harvester, and the forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer).
The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2&nbsp;m belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the row's center as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m/s. Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest can eliminate the need for hand raking around the trunk of the tree, where nuts can accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on the center row. It is best to only sweep a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the quantity of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop as a result of weather.
]
The harvester is a slow-moving machine pulled by a tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks the lightweight dirt and leaves from the nuts, and discharges it into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into a nut cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift will haul away the full totes and bring empties back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time.

Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when approximately half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of a breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Though the first option is considered the better of the two <ref></ref> it requires longer to perform due to the need for two or three subsequent passes. Weather must also be a consideration. Rain inhibits harvest and should a farmer wait for all the nuts to fall after a rainy season, it becomes much more difficult to harvest. Pickup also varies with how many acres are being farmed and the number of sweepers, harvesters, nut carts and forklifts available.

A dry orchard can be dusty, so equipment operators should wear breathing protection. Conversely, if it is too wet, mud cakes in the machinery and moisture weighs down the material, making it impossible for the equipment to function without picking up large quantities of mud.

==Culinary uses==

Hazelnuts are used in ] to make some ]s, in ] for some ]s, and in some hazelnut paste products (such as ]). In the United States, ] is being promoted as a more nutritious spread than its ] counterpart, though it has a higher fat content.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} In ] and especially in ], hazelnut paste is an ingredient in the making of ''Tortes'' (such as Viennese hazelnut torte) which are famous there. In the ], hazelnut flour is used to flavor its ] body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. '']'', a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut ], and hazelnut is a primary ingredient of the ]-based ], ]. Hazelnuts are abundantly used in ], traditional Georgian snack ] or sauce ] are often cooked with hazelnuts (along with ]s).


In a {{convert|100|g|oz|frac=2|abbr=off|adj=on}} reference amount, raw hazelnuts supply {{convert|628|kcal|kJ|order=flip|abbr=off}} of ] and are a rich source (20% or more of the ], DV) of numerous ] (see table).
Hazelnut-flavoured coffee seems (to many users) to be slightly sweetened and less ]ic, though the nut is low in natural saccharides.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} The reason for such perception is not yet understood.


Hazelnuts contain particularly high amounts of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], all exceeding 30% DV (table). Several ] have appreciable content. In lesser but still significant amounts (moderate content, 10–19% DV) are ], ], ], and ] (table).
In ], over 2,000 tonnes are imported ], mostly to supply the demand from the ] company. Hazelnut ], pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavoured and used as a ] oil. Hazelnuts are also grown extensively in Australia, in orchards growing varieties mostly imported from ]. It is also grown in ]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.isms.biz/article16.htm | title=Hazelnuts in New Zealand}}</ref> and Chile.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.actahort.org/books/686/686_5.htm | title=Hazelnuts in Chile}}</ref>


Hazelnuts are a rich source of dietary ], accounting for 93%&nbsp;DV in a 100-gram amount. The fat components are ] as ] (75% of total), ] mainly as ] (13% of total), and ], mainly as ] and ] (together, 7% of total).
Common hazel is used by ] of ] as a food plant.<ref name=tfl>] </ref>


== Health benefits == ==In culture==
The hazelnut is used as a literary device by ] (c. 1343 – after 1416) within her mystical Christian treatise '']''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramirez |first1=Janina |title=Julian of Norwich: A Very Brief History |date=2016 |publisher=SPCK |location=London}}</ref> The hazelnut shell is imagined as a chariot for the fairy ] within English playwright and poet ] play '']''. The hazel fruit is also used as a metaphorical device in the poem '']'' by the ] poet ].
]
Hazelnuts have a significant place among the types of dried nuts in terms of nutrition and health because of the special composition of fats (primarily ]), protein, carbohydrates, vitamins (vitamin E), minerals, dietary fibers, ] (beta-sitosterol) and antioxidant phenolics<ref></ref> such as ]s.<ref>Comparative Flavan-3-ol Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Roasted Peanut, Hazelnut, and Almond Skins. Maria Monagas, Ignacio Garrido, Rosa Lebron-Aguilar, M. Carmen Gomez-Cordovés, Anna Rybarczyk, Ryszard Amarowicz and Begoña Bartolomé, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 10590–10599, {{doi|10.1021/jf901391a}}</ref>


==Diseases== ==Gallery==
<gallery>
see: ]
File:SmokedHazelnuts (8364526026).jpg|Dehulled, skinned, and smoked hazelnuts
File:Piccilliatti, Sicilia.JPG|Piccillatti, typical ]s made with hazelnuts, ]
File:Cocola Bakery Hazelnut Cake (17733558344).jpg|Hazelnut cake
File:Chocolate Ganache Pie With Hazelnut Crust.jpg|Chocolate pie with hazelnut crust
File:Tasty Hazelnut (15644892593).jpg|] (''Sciurus vulgaris'') eating a hazelnut, ]
</gallery>


==References== == See also ==
* ], the principal flavor compound of hazelnuts
{{reflist|2}}
* ]
* ]
* ]


==External links== == References ==
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
{{Commons|Corylus avellana}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|hazelnut}}
* {{Commons-inline|Corylus avellana}}
* {{Wiktionary inline|hazelnut}}


{{fatsandoils}} {{fatsandoils}}
{{Authority control}}


]
] ]
]
] ]


] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 03:22, 26 November 2024

Nut of the hazel tree This article is about the type of nut. For the type of tree, see Hazel (Corylus).
Ripe hazelnuts

The hazelnut is the fruit of the hazel tree and therefore includes any of the nuts deriving from species of the genus Corylus, especially the nuts of the species Corylus avellana. They are also known as cobnuts or filberts according to species.

Hazelnuts are used as a snack food, in baking and desserts, and in breakfast cereals such as muesli. In confectionery, they are used to make praline, and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa spreads such as Nutella. They are also used in Frangelico liqueur. Hazelnut oil, pressed from hazelnuts, is strongly flavored and high in monounsaturated fat. It is used as a cooking oil and as a salad or vegetable dressing.

Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts, accounting for 64% of total production in 2021.

Description

Cracked hazelnut shell displaying the edible seed
Hazelnut tree, Turkey

A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 millimetres (5⁄8–1 inch) long and 10–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The seed is edible and consumed raw, roasted or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking.

Cultivation

History

In 1995, evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 8,000 years old, was found in a midden pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720±110 BP, which calibrates to c. 6000 BCE. Similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on the Isle of Man.

This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests that all of the hazel trees were cut down at the same time.

The scale of the activity and the lack of large game on the island suggest that Colonsay may have contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on the island. Originally, the pit was on a beach close to the shore and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth and a second cluster of pits.

The traditional method to increase nut production is called brutting, which involves prompting more of the tree's energy to go into flower bud production by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots six or seven leaf groups from where they join with the trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat.

Cultivars

The many cultivars of the hazel include 'Atababa', 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark', 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut, including large nut size or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert.

In Ireland and the United Kingdom, hazelnuts are sometimes referred to as cobnuts, for which a specific cultivated variety – Kentish cobnuts – is the main variety cultivated in fields known as plats, hand-picked, and eaten green. According to the BBC, a national collection of cobnut varieties exists at Roughway Farm, near Plaxtol in Kent. They are called cobnuts because cob was a word used to refer to the head or "noggin,” and children had a game in which they would tie a string to a hazelnut and use it to try to hit an opponent on the head.

Cropping system

In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where the rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent suckering, a single-trunk tree can be formed by grafting a scion of the desired variety on a Corylus colurna rootstock. There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil. Using cover crops protects the soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction.

Silvopastoral systems where animals like pigs are kept in the orchard or silvoarable systems where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit the plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level. There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer.

Harvesting

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hand-harvest and sun-drying of hazelnuts in Turkey

Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts is performed either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts.

Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e., twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and the forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer).

A sweeper gathers hazelnuts in an orchard

The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of the row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m/s (300 ft/s). Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the tree trunk, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts, narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on the center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the number of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop due to the weather.

Country Production in 2021
(tonnes)
 Turkey 684,000
 Italy 84,670
 United States 70,310
 Azerbaijan 67,630
 Georgia 46,000
 Chile 35,291
World 1,077,117

The harvester is a slow-moving machine pushed by a tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil, leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into a cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and brings empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time.

Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of a breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two, two or three passes do take more time to complete than one.

Production

In 2021, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 1.1 million tonnes. The hazelnut production in Turkey accounts for 64% of the world total, followed by Italy, the United States, and Azerbaijan as secondary producers.

Food

Hazelnut (upper right) among other edible nuts (clockwise): peanut, pecan, cashew, almond, and Brazil nut

Hazelnuts are used in confections to make pralines, chocolate truffles, and hazelnut paste products. The (solid) combination of ground hazelnuts with chocolate is called gianduja. In Austria, hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making tortes, such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In Kyiv cake, hazelnut flour is used to flavor its meringue body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. Dacquoise, a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in Turkish cuisine and Georgian cuisine; the snack churchkhela and sauce satsivi are used, often with walnuts. Hazelnuts are also a common constituent of muesli. The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors.

Nutrition

Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy2,629 kJ (628 kcal)
Carbohydrates16.70 g
Sugars4.34 g
Dietary fiber9.7 g
Fat60.75 g
Protein14.95 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity %DV
Vitamin A equiv.beta-Carotenelutein zeaxanthin0% 1 μg0%11 μg92 μg
Thiamine (B1)54% 0.643 mg
Riboflavin (B2)9% 0.113 mg
Niacin (B3)11% 1.8 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)18% 0.918 mg
Vitamin B633% 0.563 mg
Folate (B9)28% 113 μg
Vitamin C7% 6.3 mg
Vitamin E100% 15.03 mg
Vitamin K12% 14.2 μg
MineralsQuantity %DV
Calcium9% 114 mg
Iron26% 4.7 mg
Magnesium39% 163 mg
Manganese268% 6.175 mg
Phosphorus23% 290 mg
Potassium23% 680 mg
Selenium4% 2.4 μg
Sodium0% 0 mg
Zinc22% 2.45 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water5.31 g

Full Link to complete USDA Database entry
Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

Raw hazelnuts are 5% water, 61% fat, 17% carbohydrates, and 15% protein (table).

In a 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference amount, raw hazelnuts supply 2,630 kilojoules (628 kilocalories) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of numerous essential nutrients (see table).

Hazelnuts contain particularly high amounts of protein, dietary fiber, vitamin E, iron, thiamin, phosphorus, manganese, and magnesium, all exceeding 30% DV (table). Several B vitamins have appreciable content. In lesser but still significant amounts (moderate content, 10–19% DV) are vitamin K, calcium, zinc, and potassium (table).

Hazelnuts are a rich source of dietary fat, accounting for 93% DV in a 100-gram amount. The fat components are monounsaturated fat as oleic acid (75% of total), polyunsaturated fat mainly as linoleic acid (13% of total), and saturated fat, mainly as palmitic acid and stearic acid (together, 7% of total).

In culture

The hazelnut is used as a literary device by Julian of Norwich (c. 1343 – after 1416) within her mystical Christian treatise Revelations of Divine Love. The hazelnut shell is imagined as a chariot for the fairy Queen Mab within English playwright and poet William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. The hazel fruit is also used as a metaphorical device in the poem To Autumn by the English Romantic poet John Keats.

Gallery

  • Dehulled, skinned, and smoked hazelnuts Dehulled, skinned, and smoked hazelnuts
  • Piccillatti, typical biscuits made with hazelnuts, Sicily Piccillatti, typical biscuits made with hazelnuts, Sicily
  • Hazelnut cake Hazelnut cake
  • Chocolate pie with hazelnut crust Chocolate pie with hazelnut crust
  • Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) eating a hazelnut, England Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) eating a hazelnut, England

See also

References

  1. Martins, S.; SimAues, F.; Matos, J.; Silva, A. P.; Carnide, V. (2014). "Genetic relationship among wild, landraces, and cultivars of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) from Portugal revealed through ISSR and AFLP markers". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 300 (5): 1035–1046. Bibcode:2014PSyEv.300.1035M. doi:10.1007/s00606-013-0942-3. hdl:10348/6564. S2CID 18832843.
  2. Lim T. K. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Vol. 1: Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 473–474. ISBN 9789048186617.
  3. ^ "Mesolithic food industry on Colonsay" (Dec 1995) British Archaeology. No. 5. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  4. ^ Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. p. 91–2.
  5. The Essential Guide to Hazel. By Paul Alfrey - Balkan Ecology Project. Permaculture Magazine, Tuesday, 8 August 2017. Accessed 2 March 2021.
  6. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  7. Flora of NW Europe: Corylus avellana Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Kent cobnuts". Roughway Farm. 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  9. "BBC: On your farm - The Kentish cobnut". BBC. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  10. "What is a Cobnut". kentishcobnutsassociation. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  11. Rovira, Mercè (26 August 2021). "Advances in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Rootstocks Worldwide". Horticulturae. 7 (9): 267. doi:10.3390/horticulturae7090267. hdl:20.500.12327/1330.
  12. Kaya-Altop, Emine; Haghnama, Kianoosh; Sarıaslan, Dogan; Phillippo, Colin J.; Mennan, Husrev; Zandstra, Bernard H. (February 2016). "Long-term perennial weed control strategies: Economic analyses and yield effect in hazelnut (Corylus avellana)". Crop Protection. 80: 7–14. Bibcode:2016CrPro..80....7K. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.022.
  13. Işik, Doğan; Dok, Mahmut; Ak, Kibar; Macit, İdris; Demir, Zeynep; Mennan, Hüsrev (January 2014). "Use of Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) in Turkey". Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University. 79 (2): 105–110. PMID 26084088. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  14. Nunn, L.; Embree, C.G.; Hebb, D.; Bishop, S.D.; Nichols, D. (March 2007). "Rotationally Grazing Hogs for Orchard Floor Management in Organic Apple Orchards". Acta Horticulturae (737): 71–78. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.737.9.
  15. Trouillard, Martin; Lèbre, Amélie; Heckendorn, Felix (20 November 2021). "Grazing Sheep in Organic Vineyards: An On-Farm Study about Risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning". Sustainability. 13 (22): 12860. doi:10.3390/su132212860.
  16. "Hazelnuts in Ontario – Growing, Harvesting and Food Safety". gov.on.ca. Archived from the original on 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
  17. ^ "Hazelnuts (with shell); Crops by Region, World List, Production Quantity, 2021". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  18. "Fındık". Yeni Ansiklopedi (in Turkish). January 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
  19. Medrich, Alice (2015). Pure Dessert: True Flavors, Inspiring Ingredients, and Simple Recipes. Artisan Books. p. 157. ISBN 9781579656850. gianduja resembles a bar of chocolate. It is softer on the tooth than a plain chocolate bar (because of the oil from the hazelnuts)
  20. Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (8 September 2007). "Nuts, whole hazelnuts". The Guardian.
  21. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  22. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  23. Ramirez, Janina (2016). Julian of Norwich: A Very Brief History. London: SPCK.

External links

Edible fats and oils
Fats
Pork fats
Beef/Mutton fats
Dairy fats
Poultry fats
Other animal fats
Vegetable fats
Oils
Marine oils
Vegetable
oils
(List)
Fruit oils
Nut oils
Seed oils
See also
Cooking oil
Plant oil
Essential oil
Categories: