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{{short description|Unit of length}}
'''The pica''', pronounced ] ], '''is a ] of measure in ].''' It corresponds always to 1/72 of its respective ] and so to 1/6 ]. There are 12 ]s in the pica.
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with ], the traditional name for 12-point type.}}
{{Infobox unit
| image = File:The Evening Star ruler - 2.jpg
| caption = A ruler showing '''Pica''' scale (on the top) and ] scale (on the bottom)
| name = Pica
| standard = ]
| quantity = ]
| units1 = typographic units
| inunits1 = 12 ]
| units2 = ]/] units
| inunits2 = {{sfrac|6}} ]
| units3 = ] (]) units
| inunits3 = {{convert|1/6|in|mm|4|disp=out|lk=on}}
}}


The '''pica''' is a ] of measure corresponding to approximately {{frac|1|6}} of an ], or from {{frac|1|68}} to {{frac|1|73}} of a ]. One pica is further divided into 12 ]s.
''In the history of printing till now, mainly three different picas were used:''


In printing, three pica measures are used:
⚫ * The '''French pica''' of 12 ]'s points, also called ] is generally: 12 x 0.376  =  '''4.512 mm''' or about '''0.177 638 inch'''.


⚫ * The '''French pica''' of 12 Didot points (also called ]) generally is: 12 × 0.376 = {{convert|4.512|mm|in|abbr=on}}.
* The traditional American printer's system uses a point of 0.013837 in (1/72.27 in). Thus a pica is 0.166044 in (4.2175 mm).
* The '''American pica''' of {{convert|0.16604|in|mm}}. It was established by the United States Type Founders' Association in 1886.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Legros |first1=Lucien Alphonse |last2=Grant |first2=John Cameron |title=Typographical Printing-Surfaces |date=1916 |publisher=Longmann, Green, and Co |location=London and New York |pages=57–60 |isbn=9785872323303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUkHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hyde|first1=Grant Milnor |title=Newspaper Editing: A Manual for Editors, Copyreaders, and Students of Newspaper Desk Work |date=1920|publisher=D. Appleton and Company |location=New York and London |pages=226–227 |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924014523553#page/n241/mode/2up}}</ref> In ] one pica is {{frac|400|2,409}} of an inch.
* The contemporary '''computer PostScript pica''' is exactly {{frac|1|6}} of an inch or {{frac|1|72}} of a ], i.e. 4.2{{overline|3}} mm or 0.1{{overline|6}} in.


Publishing applications such as ] and ] represent pica measurements with whole-number picas left of a lower-case ''p'', followed by the points number, for example: 5p6 represents 5 picas and 6 points, or 5{{frac|1|2}} picas.
* '''The current computer pica''' is defined as 1/72 of the anglo-saxon compromise foot of 1959, i.e. '''4.2<font style="text-decoration: overline">33</font> mm or 0.1<font style="text-decoration: overline">66</font> inch'''. <br> This pica was notably promoted by ] PostScript and nowadays dominates in the printing industry, just like in home computing and its printers.


] (CSS) defined by the ] use '''pc''' as the abbreviation for pica ({{frac|1|6}} of an inch), and '''pt''' for point ({{frac|1|72}} of an inch).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/syndata.html#length-units |title=Syntax and basic data types |publisher=W3.org |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref>
A measurement in picas is usually represented by placing a capital P with a top-right to left-down slash beginning in the upper right of the round portion of the "P" and ending at the lower left of the upright portion of the "P"; essentially drawing a "/" through a "P". Likewise, points are represented by placing the number of points before a small p, such as 5p for "5 points," 6P2p for "6 picas and 2 points," or 1P1 for "13 points" which is converted to a mixed fraction of 1 pica and 1 point.


The pica is also used in measuring the font capacity and is applied in the process of '''copyfitting'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pipes |first1=Alan|title=Production for Graphic Designers |date=2005 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing|pages=48–49 |isbn=9781856694582|edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdbH9hQSiHAC&pg=PA48}}</ref> The font length is measured there by the number of ''characters per pica'' ('''cpp'''). As books are most often printed with proportional fonts, cpp of a given font is usually a fractional number. For example, an 11-point font (like ]) may have 2.4 cpp,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montagnes|first1=Ian|title=Editing and Publication: A Training Manual |date=1991|page=343|isbn=9789712200090|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql0dNwaepjsC&pg=PA343}}</ref><ref name="NewsomHaynes2010">{{cite book |last1=Newsom|first1=Doug |last2=Haynes |first2=Jim |title=Public Relations Writing: Form & Style |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXxzt8KMceAC&pg=PA392 |year=2010 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-4390-8272-0 |pages=392–395}}</ref> thus a 5-inch (30-pica) line of a usual octavo-sized (6×8 in) book page would contain around 72 characters (including spaces).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dahl|first1=Fred|title=Book Production Procedures for Today's Technology|date=2006|publisher=Inkwell Publishing Service |page=21|isbn=9781929163212|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLw0spD7tZ0C&pg=PA21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Hartley Everett|title=Newspaper Typography, a Textbook for Journalism Classes|date=1942|publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=36–37|isbn=9780804710831|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeueAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37}}</ref>
'''''For further, more detailed information, please also see the article:&nbsp;'' ]'''


There have existed copyfitting tables for a number of typefaces, and typefoundries often provided the number of characters per pica for each type in their specimen catalogs. Similar tables exist as well with which one can estimate the number of characters per pica knowing the lower-case alphabet length.<ref name="ClairBusic-Snyder2012">{{cite book|last1=Clair|first1=Kate|last2=Busic-Snyder|first2=Cynthia|title=A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf0iDYCr6w0C&pg=PA104|year=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-39988-0|pages=101–104}}</ref>

The typographic pica should not be confused with the ], which means a font where 10 typed characters make up a line one inch long.

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bringhurst|first1=Robert|title=The Elements of Typographic Style|edition=2nd|date=1999|publisher=H&M Publishers|pages=|isbn=0881791326|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780881791327/page/294}}
*{{cite book|last1=Pasko|first1=W. W.|title=American Dictionary of Printing and Bookmaking|date=1894|publisher=H. Lockwood|page=436|chapter=Pica|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/americandiction00paskgoog#page/n452/mode/1up}}

{{Typography terms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pica (Typography)}}
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Latest revision as of 00:19, 9 September 2024

Unit of length Not to be confused with Pica, the traditional name for 12-point type.
Pica
A ruler showing Pica scale (on the top) and Agate scale (on the bottom)
General information
Unit systemTypographic unit
Unit ofLength
Conversions
1 pica in ...... is equal to ...
   typographic units   12 points
   imperial/US units   ⁠1/6⁠ in
   metric (SI) units   4.2333 mm

The pica is a typographic unit of measure corresponding to approximately 1⁄6 of an inch, or from 1⁄68 to 1⁄73 of a foot. One pica is further divided into 12 points.

In printing, three pica measures are used:

  • The French pica of 12 Didot points (also called cicero) generally is: 12 × 0.376 = 4.512 mm (0.1776 in).
  • The American pica of 0.16604 inches (4.217 mm). It was established by the United States Type Founders' Association in 1886. In TeX one pica is 400⁄2,409 of an inch.
  • The contemporary computer PostScript pica is exactly 1⁄6 of an inch or 1⁄72 of a foot, i.e. 4.23 mm or 0.16 in.

Publishing applications such as Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress represent pica measurements with whole-number picas left of a lower-case p, followed by the points number, for example: 5p6 represents 5 picas and 6 points, or 51⁄2 picas.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) defined by the World Wide Web Consortium use pc as the abbreviation for pica (1⁄6 of an inch), and pt for point (1⁄72 of an inch).

The pica is also used in measuring the font capacity and is applied in the process of copyfitting. The font length is measured there by the number of characters per pica (cpp). As books are most often printed with proportional fonts, cpp of a given font is usually a fractional number. For example, an 11-point font (like Helvetica) may have 2.4 cpp, thus a 5-inch (30-pica) line of a usual octavo-sized (6×8 in) book page would contain around 72 characters (including spaces).

There have existed copyfitting tables for a number of typefaces, and typefoundries often provided the number of characters per pica for each type in their specimen catalogs. Similar tables exist as well with which one can estimate the number of characters per pica knowing the lower-case alphabet length.

The typographic pica should not be confused with the Pica font of the typewriters, which means a font where 10 typed characters make up a line one inch long.

See also

References

  1. Legros, Lucien Alphonse; Grant, John Cameron (1916). Typographical Printing-Surfaces. London and New York: Longmann, Green, and Co. pp. 57–60. ISBN 9785872323303.
  2. Hyde, Grant Milnor (1920). Newspaper Editing: A Manual for Editors, Copyreaders, and Students of Newspaper Desk Work. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 226–227.
  3. "Syntax and basic data types". W3.org. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  4. Pipes, Alan (2005). Production for Graphic Designers (4th ed.). Laurence King Publishing. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9781856694582.
  5. Montagnes, Ian (1991). Editing and Publication: A Training Manual. p. 343. ISBN 9789712200090.
  6. Newsom, Doug; Haynes, Jim (2010). Public Relations Writing: Form & Style. Cengage Learning. pp. 392–395. ISBN 978-1-4390-8272-0.
  7. Dahl, Fred (2006). Book Production Procedures for Today's Technology (2nd ed.). Inkwell Publishing Service. p. 21. ISBN 9781929163212.
  8. Jackson, Hartley Everett (1942). Newspaper Typography, a Textbook for Journalism Classes. Stanford University Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9780804710831.
  9. Clair, Kate; Busic-Snyder, Cynthia (2012). A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 101–104. ISBN 978-1-118-39988-0.
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