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{{lead missing|date=September 2012}}
Translation of the Bible into ] began in 1806. Church historians say ], a scholar from Kayamkulam, translated the Bible from Syriac into Malayalam in 1811 to help the faithful get a better understanding of the scripture. The Manjummal translation is the first Catholic version of the Bible in Malayalam. This is the direct translation from Latin. The four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles were translated by the inmates of the Manjummal Ashram, Fr. Aloysius, Fr. Michael and Fr. Polycarp. The Pancha Granthy came out from Mannanam under the leadership of Nidhirikkal Mani Kathanar in 1924. The Catholic New Testament was published in full in 1940, and has influenced development of the modern language.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti'' Amaresh Datta, Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde) - 1988- Page 1660 "The first Malayalam edition of the Bible was published in 1811 , and its first translation was done by Benjamin Bailey in 1829. Modern Malayalam has been to some extent influenced by the Bible. During the latter part of the 19th century, Kerala, ..."</ref>
{{Indian christianity}}


==History== ==History==
The first attempt to translate the Bible into Malayalam was made by ] and ], with the support of the Rev. ] and ]. Buchanan was Vice-Principal of the College of Calcutta and had a strong interest in linguistics. He visited South India in the early 19th century and persuaded church leaders to translate biblical manuscripts into Malayalam, with support from local scholars. Claudius Buchannan, persuaded the Ramban to translate the holy book. The Malankara Church authorities in Travancore gave Buchannan, during his visit, a copy of the Bible in Syriac, known in local parlance as Suriyani.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fete-to-hail-first-malayalam-bible/article3929645.ece | title=Fete to hail first Malayalam Bible | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 September 2012 }}</ref> Macaulay was the British Resident of Travancore at that time. He actively supported Buchanan, attending meetings with senior church leaders as well as facilitating several audiences with the Maharajah of ] to secure his approval as well. Macaulay also undertook the task of supervising the translators.<ref>C.F. Smith, ''A Life of General Colin Macaulay'', (Privately Published, 2019, {{ISBN|978-1-78972-649-7}}), pp. 41. Copies of the book are available from the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the library of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Bodleian Library, Oxford.</ref>
⚫ The first attempt at publishing a Malayalam grammar made by surgeon Robert Drummond about 1749 for the East India Company.<ref>''A progressive grammar of the Malayalam language'' L. Johannes Frohnmeyer - 1989 "It is for the Malayalam Bible, good school books, newspapers, and periodicals to prepare the way for a ... 4) and a first attempt at publishing a Malayalam grammar made by Surgeon Drummond about 1749 "</ref> The ] New Testament was first published in 1829. The first complete Malayalam Bible was printed by ], the Anglican missionary, in 1841. ] updated Bailey's version and produced the first ]-] dictionary (1872).<ref>''Dr. Hermann Gundert and Malayalam language'' Albrecht Frenz, Skar̲iyā Sakkar̲iya - 1993 "5.4.2 Looking back at various early translations of the Bible in Malayalam one may not hesitate to acknowledge the great literary quality of Gundert's translation. He has rendered Hebrew poetry giving consideration to the rhythm of ..."</ref><ref>''Maritime Malabar and the Europeans, 1500-1962 '' K. S. Mathew, Université de Lyon II. Institut de recherche et d'intervention en sciences humaines - 2003 "On 18 September 1840, Gundert sent the German translation of his first Malayalam Bible tract, Genesis 1-11, to Basle, but for a long time did not get a sanctioning reply from there for printing it. Luckily Gundert had it printed and ..."</ref><ref>''The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature'' (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): Volume 2 - Page 1660 Amaresh Datta - 2006 "Later, others like Robert Drummond and H. Gundert followed the trend. Gundert's Malayalam bhasha vyakaranam (1851) ... The first Malayalam edition of the Bible was published in 1811, and its first translation was done by Benjamin Bailey ..."</ref> Other sources record that a Phillipose Rampan (c. 1780-1850) also translated parts of the Bible into Malayalam.<ref>''History of Malayalam literature'' R. Leela Devi - 1977 ... who accompanied Kariattil to Rome wrote the first prose travelogue Varthamana Pusthakam, in malayalam. His ''kristhyanukaranam'' is a translation of Imitation of Christ. Phillipose Rampan (1780 - 1850) translated Bible into Malayalam.</ref>

At that time, ] was the liturgical language of Christians in Kerala. By 1807, Ittoop and Ramban&mdash;both Malankara Syrian Christian monks&mdash;had translated the four ]s from Syriac into Malayalam, assisted by Timapah Pillay. The venue to the translation of Bible into unified and standardized Malayalam vernacular was at ''Cottayam College" or the "Syrian Seminary" now called as "Old Seminary" or "Orthodox Theological Seminary", Chungom, Kottayam. The College was also privileged to offer the venue of the composition of Malayalam-English, English-Malayalam dictionaries. They then translated the Tamil version by ] into Malayalam. The ] (then an Auxiliary of the British and Foreign Bible Society) paid for 500 copies to be printed in Bombay in 1811. Timapah completed translation of the New Testament in 1813, but this edition was found to include vocabulary known only to the Syriac Christian community and not to the general Malayalee population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bagster |first=Samuel |date=1848 |title=The Bible of every land, a history of the sacred Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA0IAAAAQAAJ |location=London |publisher=Samuel Bagster and Sons |page=124}}</ref>'' This translation is now known as the Ramban Bible.

⚫ In 1817, the Church Missionary Society of India (CMS) provided ] to translate the Bible into Malayalam.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Bible Society of India|url=http://www.bsind.org/malayam_translation.html|title=Brief History Of Malayalam Bible|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325171229/http://www.bsind.org/malayam_translation.html|archive-date=2018-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> He completed his translation of the New Testament in 1829 and the Old Testament in 1841. ] updated Bailey's version and produced the first ]-] dictionary in 1872.<ref>''Dr. Hermann Gundert and Malayalam language'' Albrecht Frenz, Skar̲iyā Sakkar̲iya - 1993 "5.4.2 Looking back at various early translations of the Bible in Malayalam one may not hesitate to acknowledge the great literary quality of Gundert's translation. He has rendered Hebrew poetry giving consideration to the rhythm of ..."</ref><ref>''Maritime Malabar and the Europeans, 1500-1962 '' K. S. Mathew, Université de Lyon II. Institut de recherche et d'intervention en sciences humaines - 2003 "On 18 September 1840, Gundert sent the German translation of his first Malayalam Bible tract, Genesis 1-11, to Basle, but for a long time did not get a sanctioning reply from there for printing it. Luckily Gundert had it printed and ..."</ref><ref>''The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature'' (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): Volume 2 - Page 1660 Amaresh Datta - 2006 "Later, others like Robert Drummond and H. Gundert followed the trend. Gundert's Malayalam bhasha vyakaranam (1851) ... The first Malayalam edition of the Bible was published in 1811, and its first translation was done by Benjamin Bailey ..."</ref> Phillipose Rampan (c. 1780-1850) also translated parts of the Bible into Malayalam.<ref>''History of Malayalam literature'' R. Leela Devi - 1977 ... who accompanied Kariattil to Rome wrote the first prose travelogue Varthamana Pusthakam, in Malayalam. His ''Kristhyanukaranam'' is a translation of Imitation of Christ. Phillipose Rampan and Pulikkottil Ittoop Ramban (1740 - 1816) translated Bible into Malayalam.</ref>


==Modern versions== ==Modern versions==
The ], currently known as IBS-STL had translated and published the NIBV (]) in Malayalam which was released in 1997, distributed by , a subsidiary of then and had good demand from many scholars, pastors, students and even the traditional Christians, because of its easy readability and narrative style.


=== Protestant and Marthoma ===
The was published online on 14 August 2004. By Nishad H. Kaippally. The newest Complete Malayalam version was released on 2000 by Bro. Dr. Mathews Vergis{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}. An interactive CD of Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakam was also produced by Bro. Dr. Mathews Vergis, and this is the first of its kind in any Asian language{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.


====Sathyavedhapusthakam====
In 2009, the New Testament of the ] was released in Malayalam by Jehovah's Witnesses.<ref>"WatchTower publications", Watchtower publications Index(1986-2011)</ref>
The ] Kerala Auxiliary (established in 1956) made minor revisions to the Malayalam Old Version in 1910 called Sathyavedhapushthakam (സത്യവേദപുസ്തകം), which became the standard version for Marthoma Church and Protestant denominations. This version translates the ] as ] (യഹോവ) throughout the Old Testament. The complete Sathyavedhapusthakam in Unicode was published online in 2004 by Nishad Hussein Kaippally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malayalambible.in/|title=സത്യവേദപുസ്തകം|website=malayalambible.in}}</ref><!--Is Kaippally's version also an edition of the Sathyavedhapusthakam? If so, make it more clear. If not, it doesn't belong in this section--> Sathyavedhapusthakam was published online in 2014 in various digital formats.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayalambible.info/ |title=മലയാളം ബൈബിള്‍ &#124; Malayalam Bible |access-date=2017-09-14 |archive-date=2017-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515075017/http://www.malayalambible.info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As per , there are 2 versions of Sathayavedhapusthakam popularly used today. Old/Original version (OV) and Common/Contemporary language version (CL). OV is the Malayalam Sathya Veda Pusthakam that was published in 1910. It is the most widely used version among non-catholic denominations. There was a need to bring out a Bible in the contemporary Malayalam language, thus the CL version which was published in 2013.

Based on the public domain version of the Malayalam Bible 1910 edition, digitized, revised and published by volunteers of in the contemporary orthography and released the source file for free use. use this version. This version was also used for creating a Malayalam Audio Bible by singer . Currently the Binoy Chacko audio bible app both in and versions are available for NT and Psalms.

====New India Bible Version====
] translated and published the New India Bible Version (NIBV) in Malayalam in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biblica.com/en-us/bible/bible-versions/malayalam-bible/ |title=Malayalam Bible |publisher= Biblica}}</ref>

====Easy To Read Version====
The World Bible Translation Centre India provides the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wbtcindia.com/bibles/download-bible.html |title=Downloads |publisher= World Bible Translation Center}}</ref>

=== Catholic ===
====POC Bible====
In 1967, the Pastoral Orientation Center of the ] began a new translation of the Bible;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralabiblesociety.com/pages/en/POCBible.html|title = Kerala Catholic Bible Society}}</ref> it was completed by 1981, and is known as the POC Bible. This version translates the ] as Lord (കർത്താവ്) in the main text and ] (യാഹ്‌വെ<!--Wiki editor suggests there may be invalid unicode in this Malayalam text, please review-->) in various footnotes. It is available online in various digital formats.

=== Syriac Orthodox ===
The Syriac Orthodox Church uses the Peshitta version as its official Bible and hence all the translations that were done within the church where that of the Peshitta.<!--This statement seems to be stating usage by a group, not specifying a particular translation; clarify or delete-->

<!--Ramban Bible - subsection duplicated content in History section-->

==== Syriac Orthodox Bible Society and Vishudha Grandham ====
The ] Bible Society of India published the "Vishuddha Grandham" (വിശുദ്ധ ഗ്രന്ഥം), a translation of the Syriac Peshitta Bible into Malayalam. It was translated by famous ] scholar ] Arch Cor-Episcopa. It is available online in various digital formats. Vishudha Grandham is also available in and platform. Vishudha Grandham Audio bible is available in

=== Other works ===
==== Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakom ====
The Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakom by Bro.Dr.Mathews Vergis in Malayalam was released in 2000. It includes various appendices providing commentary about biblical characters and events. It renders the Greek term ''kyrios'' (Lord) as ] (യഹോവ) in the New Testament when quoting Old Testament verses containing the Tetragrammaton. The translator assumes that Tetragrammaton originally appeared in New Testament but was later replaced by Christian copyists with Lord (''Kyrios'' in Greek) following the Jewish tradition evident in later copies of ].

====Free Bibles India====
In collaboration with ''Church centric bible translation'', Free Bibles India has published a Malayalam translation online.<ref>{{Cite web |title=error code |url=http://freebiblesindia.com/bible/mal |access-date=July 22, 2024 |website=freebiblesindia.com}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (]).|date=July 2024}}

==== New World Translation ====
In 2009, ] released the New Testament in Malayalam, and in 2016 the complete ] was released.<ref>"WatchTower publications", Watchtower publications Index (1986-2016)</ref> It is available online in various digital formats.<ref></ref> This translation replaced the name of God(Tetragrammaton) wherever it was in old scriptures.


==Usage of different versions in churches== ==Usage of different versions in churches==
Most churches in ] use Bibles in Malayalam. ], ], ] and ] use the ] version.
Today nearly all churches in ] use Bibles in Malayalam; they differ in which version they were translated from and therefore which books they include. Prior to the 16th century, the ] would have used the ]'s version of the Peshitta, which is slightly different from the modern Syriac Orthodox Bible. Today the different ] churches use different Bibles depending on their affiliation. Except for Protestants, all Christians use the "]", though they vary on which ones they include. Among the Saint Thomas Christians, the Catholic churches (] and ]) use local versions derived from the standard ]. The Syrian Orthodox-affiliated/influenced churches use versions derived from the Syriac Bible (the ]).

⚫ === Saint Thomas Christians ===
Saint Thomas Christians may have used the Peshitta Bible at church services until the sixteenth century conflict and church divisions;{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} ] denominations now use various translations depending on their affiliation.<!-- Except for Protestants, all Christians use the "]", though they vary on which ones they include. -->

The Peshitta (Syriac Bible) translations by Andumalil Mani Kathanar and Fr. Mathew Uppani (Kottayam, 1997) are popular in the ].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

The Peshitta is also used by the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.


==See also== ==See also==

{{Portal|Indian Christianity}}
*] - Basle Mission, into ] *]
⚫ *]
*]


==References== ==References==
Line 23: Line 68:


==External links== ==External links==
'''Downloadable''' '''Online Bibles'''
*
* New Testament of ''New World Translation'' at JW.org,
⚫ *
*
*
'''Bible Societies'''
*


{{Christianity in Kerala}}
'''Online'''
* , published by Bible Society of India
⚫ * , by Catholic Church


] ]
⚫ ]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 08:34, 6 December 2024

Translation of the Bible into Malayalam began in 1806. Church historians say Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban, a scholar from Kayamkulam, translated the Bible from Syriac into Malayalam in 1811 to help the faithful get a better understanding of the scripture. The Manjummal translation is the first Catholic version of the Bible in Malayalam. This is the direct translation from Latin. The four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles were translated by the inmates of the Manjummal Ashram, Fr. Aloysius, Fr. Michael and Fr. Polycarp. The Pancha Granthy came out from Mannanam under the leadership of Nidhirikkal Mani Kathanar in 1924. The Catholic New Testament was published in full in 1940, and has influenced development of the modern language.

History

The first attempt to translate the Bible into Malayalam was made by Pulikkottil Joseph Ittoop and Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban, with the support of the Rev. Claudius Buchanan and Colin Macaulay. Buchanan was Vice-Principal of the College of Calcutta and had a strong interest in linguistics. He visited South India in the early 19th century and persuaded church leaders to translate biblical manuscripts into Malayalam, with support from local scholars. Claudius Buchannan, persuaded the Ramban to translate the holy book. The Malankara Church authorities in Travancore gave Buchannan, during his visit, a copy of the Bible in Syriac, known in local parlance as Suriyani. Macaulay was the British Resident of Travancore at that time. He actively supported Buchanan, attending meetings with senior church leaders as well as facilitating several audiences with the Maharajah of Travancore to secure his approval as well. Macaulay also undertook the task of supervising the translators.

At that time, Syriac was the liturgical language of Christians in Kerala. By 1807, Ittoop and Ramban—both Malankara Syrian Christian monks—had translated the four gospels from Syriac into Malayalam, assisted by Timapah Pillay. The venue to the translation of Bible into unified and standardized Malayalam vernacular was at Cottayam College" or the "Syrian Seminary" now called as "Old Seminary" or "Orthodox Theological Seminary", Chungom, Kottayam. The College was also privileged to offer the venue of the composition of Malayalam-English, English-Malayalam dictionaries. They then translated the Tamil version by Johann Philipp Fabricius into Malayalam. The Bible Society of India (then an Auxiliary of the British and Foreign Bible Society) paid for 500 copies to be printed in Bombay in 1811. Timapah completed translation of the New Testament in 1813, but this edition was found to include vocabulary known only to the Syriac Christian community and not to the general Malayalee population. This translation is now known as the Ramban Bible.

In 1817, the Church Missionary Society of India (CMS) provided Benjamin Bailey to translate the Bible into Malayalam. He completed his translation of the New Testament in 1829 and the Old Testament in 1841. Hermann Gundert updated Bailey's version and produced the first Malayalam-English dictionary in 1872. Phillipose Rampan (c. 1780-1850) also translated parts of the Bible into Malayalam.

Modern versions

Protestant and Marthoma

Sathyavedhapusthakam

The Bible Society of India Kerala Auxiliary (established in 1956) made minor revisions to the Malayalam Old Version in 1910 called Sathyavedhapushthakam (സത്യവേദപുസ്തകം), which became the standard version for Marthoma Church and Protestant denominations. This version translates the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah (യഹോവ) throughout the Old Testament. The complete Sathyavedhapusthakam in Unicode was published online in 2004 by Nishad Hussein Kaippally. Sathyavedhapusthakam was published online in 2014 in various digital formats.

As per Bible Society of India (Kerala Auxiliary), there are 2 versions of Sathayavedhapusthakam popularly used today. Old/Original version (OV) and Common/Contemporary language version (CL). OV is the Malayalam Sathya Veda Pusthakam that was published in 1910. It is the most widely used version among non-catholic denominations. There was a need to bring out a Bible in the contemporary Malayalam language, thus the CL version which was published in 2013.

Based on the public domain version of the Malayalam Bible 1910 edition, digitized, revised and published by volunteers of The Free Bible Foundation in the contemporary orthography and released the source file for free use. Malayalambible.net use this version. This version was also used for creating a Malayalam Audio Bible by singer Binoy Chacko. Currently the Binoy Chacko audio bible app both in Android and Apple versions are available for NT and Psalms.

New India Bible Version

Biblica translated and published the New India Bible Version (NIBV) in Malayalam in 1997.

Easy To Read Version

The World Bible Translation Centre India provides the Easy-to-Read Version.

Catholic

POC Bible

In 1967, the Pastoral Orientation Center of the Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council began a new translation of the Bible; it was completed by 1981, and is known as the POC Bible. This version translates the Tetragrammaton as Lord (കർത്താവ്) in the main text and Yahweh (യാഹ്‌വെ) in various footnotes. It is available online in various digital formats.

Syriac Orthodox

The Syriac Orthodox Church uses the Peshitta version as its official Bible and hence all the translations that were done within the church where that of the Peshitta.


Syriac Orthodox Bible Society and Vishudha Grandham

The Syriac Orthodox Bible Society of India published the "Vishuddha Grandham" (വിശുദ്ധ ഗ്രന്ഥം), a translation of the Syriac Peshitta Bible into Malayalam. It was translated by famous Syriac scholar Curien Kaniyamparambil Arch Cor-Episcopa. It is available online in various digital formats. Vishudha Grandham is also available in IOS and Android platform. Vishudha Grandham Audio bible is available in Vishudha Grandham Youtube Channel.

Other works

Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakom

The Vishudha Sathyavedapusthakom by Bro.Dr.Mathews Vergis in Malayalam was released in 2000. It includes various appendices providing commentary about biblical characters and events. It renders the Greek term kyrios (Lord) as Jehovah (യഹോവ) in the New Testament when quoting Old Testament verses containing the Tetragrammaton. The translator assumes that Tetragrammaton originally appeared in New Testament but was later replaced by Christian copyists with Lord (Kyrios in Greek) following the Jewish tradition evident in later copies of Septuagint.

Free Bibles India

In collaboration with Church centric bible translation, Free Bibles India has published a Malayalam translation online.

New World Translation

In 2009, Jehovah's Witnesses released the New Testament in Malayalam, and in 2016 the complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released. It is available online in various digital formats. This translation replaced the name of God(Tetragrammaton) wherever it was in old scriptures.

Usage of different versions in churches

Most churches in Kerala use Bibles in Malayalam. Saint Thomas Christians, Anglican, Evangelical and Pentecostal Churches use the Bible Society of India version.

Saint Thomas Christians

Saint Thomas Christians may have used the Peshitta Bible at church services until the sixteenth century conflict and church divisions; Saint Thomas Christian denominations now use various translations depending on their affiliation.

The Peshitta (Syriac Bible) translations by Andumalil Mani Kathanar and Fr. Mathew Uppani (Kottayam, 1997) are popular in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church.

The Peshitta is also used by the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.

See also

References

  1. Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti Amaresh Datta, Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde) - 1988- Page 1660 "The first Malayalam edition of the Bible was published in 1811 , and its first translation was done by Benjamin Bailey in 1829. Modern Malayalam has been to some extent influenced by the Bible. During the latter part of the 19th century, Kerala, ..."
  2. "Fete to hail first Malayalam Bible". The Hindu. 24 September 2012.
  3. C.F. Smith, A Life of General Colin Macaulay, (Privately Published, 2019, ISBN 978-1-78972-649-7), pp. 41. Copies of the book are available from the British Library, the Cambridge University Library, the library of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
  4. Bagster, Samuel (1848). The Bible of every land, a history of the sacred Scriptures. London: Samuel Bagster and Sons. p. 124.
  5. "Brief History Of Malayalam Bible". The Bible Society of India. Archived from the original on 2018-03-25. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  6. Dr. Hermann Gundert and Malayalam language Albrecht Frenz, Skar̲iyā Sakkar̲iya - 1993 "5.4.2 Looking back at various early translations of the Bible in Malayalam one may not hesitate to acknowledge the great literary quality of Gundert's translation. He has rendered Hebrew poetry giving consideration to the rhythm of ..."
  7. Maritime Malabar and the Europeans, 1500-1962 K. S. Mathew, Université de Lyon II. Institut de recherche et d'intervention en sciences humaines - 2003 "On 18 September 1840, Gundert sent the German translation of his first Malayalam Bible tract, Genesis 1-11, to Basle, but for a long time did not get a sanctioning reply from there for printing it. Luckily Gundert had it printed and ..."
  8. The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): Volume 2 - Page 1660 Amaresh Datta - 2006 "Later, others like Robert Drummond and H. Gundert followed the trend. Gundert's Malayalam bhasha vyakaranam (1851) ... The first Malayalam edition of the Bible was published in 1811, and its first translation was done by Benjamin Bailey ..."
  9. History of Malayalam literature R. Leela Devi - 1977 ... who accompanied Kariattil to Rome wrote the first prose travelogue Varthamana Pusthakam, in Malayalam. His Kristhyanukaranam is a translation of Imitation of Christ. Phillipose Rampan and Pulikkottil Ittoop Ramban (1740 - 1816) translated Bible into Malayalam.
  10. "സത്യവേദപുസ്തകം". malayalambible.in.
  11. "മലയാളം ബൈബിള്‍ | Malayalam Bible". Archived from the original on 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  12. "Malayalam Bible". Biblica.
  13. "Downloads". World Bible Translation Center.
  14. "Kerala Catholic Bible Society".
  15. "error code". freebiblesindia.com. Retrieved July 22, 2024.
  16. "WatchTower publications", Watchtower publications Index (1986-2016)
  17. Malayalam edition of the New World Translation

External links

Online Bibles

Bible Societies

Christianity in Kerala
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