President of Syria: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|Head of state of Syria}}
			{{for\|a list of officeholders\|List of presidents of Syria}}

	{{Infobox political post		{{Infobox political post
	\| post ~~= President~~		\| post = President of Syria
			\| native_name = <small>{{Script/Arabic\|رئيس سوريا}}</small>
	\| body = the<br>Syrian Arab Republic
			\| body =
	\| insignia = Standard of the President of Syria.svg
			\| style = ]<br />{{small\|(informal)}}<br />]<br />{{small\|(diplomatic)}}
	\| insigniasize = 120px
			\| insignia = Coat of arms of Syria (2024–present).svg
	\| insigniacaption = ]
			\| insigniacaption = Seal of the President of Syria
	\| image = Bashar al-Assad (cropped).jpg
			\| insigniasize = 120px
	\| imagesize = 180px
			\| flag =
	\| incumbent = ]
			\| flagsize = 120px
	\| incumbentsince = 17 July 2000
			\| flagborder = yes
	\| residence = Teshreen Palace, ]
			\| flagcaption = Flag of the President of Syria
	\| termlength = Seven years, renewable indefinitely
			\| image =
	\| formation = 17 April 1946
			\| imagesize = 180px
	\| inaugural = ]
			\| incumbent = ''Vacant''{{refn\|group=N.\|Syria currently has no president. ] has been acting as the ''de facto'' leader of Syria since the ] was established}}
	\| website =
			\| incumbentsince = 8 December 2024
			\| seat = ]
			\| residence = ]
			\| deputy = ]
			\| appointer = ]
			\| status = {{ubl\|]\|]}}
			\| department = ]
			\| member_of = {{ubl\|]\|]}}
			\| termlength = Seven years,
			renewable once<ref>Article 88 of the Syrian Constitution</ref>
			\| formation = {{Start date and age\|df=yes\|1946\|4\|17}}
			\| inaugural = ] (]) <br />] (current constitution)
			\| website =
	}}		}}
	{{Politics of Syria}}		{{Politics of Syria}}
			The '''president of Syria''' ({{langx\|ar\| رئيس سوريا}}) is the ] of ]. They are vested with sweeping powers that may be delegated, at their sole discretion, to their ]. They appoint and dismiss the ] and other members of the ] (the cabinet) and ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://countrystudies.us/syria/49.htm\|title=Syria - The President and the Cabinet}}</ref>

			The position has been vacant since 8 December 2024, when ] was ] following the success of the ].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Syrian rebels say Syria is free of Assad \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/dec/07/syria-rebels-reach-damascus-bashar-al-assad?page=with%3Ablock-675514d48f08065f386f3466#block-675514d48f08065f386f3466 \|website=The Guardian \|access-date=8 December 2024 \|date=8 December 2024}}</ref> The duties of the head of state are currently being conducted by a ] led by ] in the role of prime minister. ] has been acting as the ''de facto'' leader of Syria since the transitional government was established.
	The '''President of Syria''' is the ] of the ]. He is vested with sweeping powers that may be delegated, at his sole discretion, to his ]. He appoints and dismisses the ] and other members of the ] (the cabinet) and ].<ref></ref>

	==~~Selection~~ ~~process~~==		==Term of office==
			Article 88 of the 2012 constitution states that the president serves a seven-year term and "can be elected for only one more successive term."<ref name="constitution"/><ref>{{cite web\|title=Qordoba - Translation of the Syrian Constitution Modifications 15-2-2012 {{!}} Citizenship {{!}} Presidents Of The United States\|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/81771718/Qordoba-Translation-of-the-Syrian-Constitution-Modifications-15-2-2012\|access-date=2020-12-01\|website=Scribd\|language=en}}</ref> Article 155 states that Article 88 applies to the president "as of the ] presidential elections."<ref name="constitution"/>
	===Eligibility===
	The Constitution of Syria also restricts the period during which a person can hold office as President to two consecutive terms. The conditions required to be candidate at the presidential election are the following:
	# A candidate must be Muslim
	# A candidate must have the support of 35 members of the parliament
	# A candidate must be 34 years old or more
	# A candidate must have lived in Syria for 10 years before the election
	# A candidate must be Syrian by birth, of parents who are Syrians by birth
	# A candidate must not be married to a non-Syrian spouse

			==Eligibility criteria==
	==Powers==
	Apart from executive authority relating to a wide range of governmental functions including foreign affairs, the president has the right to dissolve the People's Council, in which case a new council must be elected within ninety days from the date of dissolution.

			On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in ], ] and ] organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ''ulama''. They labeled Assad as the "enemy of God" and called for a ''jihad'' against his rule.<ref>{{Cite book \|title=Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium \|last=Alianak \|first=Sonia \|publisher=Peter Lang \|year=2007 \|isbn=978-0-8204-6924-9 \|page=55}}</ref> ] has compared Assad's coming to power to "an ] becoming ]h in India or a Jew becoming ] in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the ] which had monopolized power for so many centuries."<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite web\|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/199302/kaplan\|title=Syria: Identity Crisis\|last=Kaplan\|first=Robert\|date=February 1993\|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> The main objection to the constitution from demonstrators was that Islam was not specified as the state religion.<ref name="nytimes">. ''The New York Times''. February 28, 1973.</ref> In response to riots, the ] was amended to stipulate that Islam was the religion of the president.<ref name="nytimes"/>
	The president is also the leader of the ], and as such has near-absolute control over the political life of the country.

			A new constitution was approved in February 2012.<ref>MacFarquhar, Neil; Cowell, Alan (February 27, 2012). . ''The New York Times''.</ref> Article 84 of ] requires that candidates for the presidency must:<ref name="constitution">{{cite web\|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Syria_2012.pdf?lang=en \|title=Syrian Arab Republic's Constitution of 2012 \|publisher=ConstituteProject.org \|date=February 26, 2012 \|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref>
	==List of Presidents==
			#Be at least 40 years old
	{{main\|List of Presidents of Syria}}
			#Be Syrian by birth, of parents who are Syrians by birth
			#Enjoy civil and political rights and not convicted of a dishonorable felony, even if he was reinstated
			#Not be married to a non-Syrian wife
			#Have lived in Syria for 10 years continuously upon nomination

			Further eligibility requirements in the 2012 constitution include:<ref name="constitution"/>
			*The religion of the President of the Republic is Islam; Islamic jurisprudence shall be a major source of legislation; The State shall respect all religions, and ensure the freedom to perform all the rituals that do not prejudice public order; The personal status of religious communities shall be protected and respected (Article 3)
			*A candidate must be supported by at least 35 members of the ] (Article 85)
			*The President cannot carry another nationality (Article 152)

			==Powers and removal==

			=== Powers ===
			The President of Syria is constitutionally responsible for the following:<ref name="president">{{Cite web \|url=https://constitutionnet.org/country/syria\|website=constitutionniet.org\|title=Constitutional history of Syria\|access-date= 11 December 2021}}</ref>
			*Commander in Chief of the army and armed forces
			*Representing Syria in international relations
			*Developing and implementing national policy
			*Appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and Ministers
			*Creating and overseeing the implementation of general state policy
			*Vetoing or accepting laws
			*Declaring a state of emergency
			*Concluding international treaties
			*Granting amnesty
			*Granting honors and medals
			*Dissolving the People's Assembly
			*Passing laws when the legislature is not in session or in emergency situations
			*Submitting matters to binding national referendum
			*Drafting laws

			=== Removal ===
			The president of Syria can be removed from the position under the following circumstances:<ref name="president" />
			*Upon submission of resignation to the People's Assembly
			*At the end of 7-year term if not nominated for re-election, or second 7-year term if re-elected
			*In the case of permanent incapacity or death
			*Upon conviction for high treason by the Constitutional Court after proposal by one-third of Assembly and approval by two-thirds

	==Latest election==		==Latest election==
	{{main\|Syrian presidential election~~, 2007~~}}		{{main article\|2021 Syrian presidential election}}
			{{Election results
			\|cand1=]\|party1=]\|votes1=13540860
			\|cand2=]\|party2=]\|votes2=470276\|color2=black
			\|cand3=]\|party3=]\|votes3=213968
			\|invalid=14036
			\|electorate=18107109
			\|source=]<ref>{{cite web \|title=Dr. Bashar al-Assad elected President of the Syrian Arab Republic with the majority of votes \|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=235531 \|website=Syrian Arab News Agency \|access-date=27 May 2021 \|date=28 May 2021}}</ref>
			}}

			== Notes ==
			{{reflist\|group="N."}}

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|30em}}

			==See also==
			*]

			==External links==
			*{{Facebook\|SyrianPresidency}}
			*{{Twitter\|Presidency_Sy}}

			{{Presidents of Syria}}
	{{Syria topics}}		{{Syria topics}}
	{{SyrianPresidents}}

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT~~:~~President~~ Of Syria}}		]
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Latest revision as of 13:13, 27 December 2024

Head of state of Syria For a list of officeholders, see List of presidents of Syria.

President of Syria
رئيس سوريا‎
Seal of the President of Syria
Incumbent Vacant since 8 December 2024
Executive branch of the Syrian Government
Style	Mr President (informal) His Excellency (diplomatic)
Status	Head of state Commander-in-chief
Member of	Council of Ministers High Judicial Council
Residence	Presidential Palace
Seat	Damascus, Syria
Appointer	Popular vote
Term length	Seven years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	Subhi Barakat (French Mandate) Shukri al-Quwatli (current constitution)
Formation	17 April 1946; 78 years ago (1946-04-17)
Deputy	Vice President

Politics of Syria


Member State of the Arab League
Constitution Human rights
Executive President (list) Vacant Vice President Vacant Prime Minister (list) Mohammed al-Bashir Deputy Prime Minister Vacant
Legislature People's Assembly Speaker: Vacant
Judiciary High Judicial Council Supreme Constitutional Court
Subdivisions Governorates Districts Subdistricts (Nahiyas) Villages
Elections Recent elections Presidential: 2007 2014 2021 Parliamentary: 2016 2020 2024 Political parties
Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Minister: TBA Diplomatic missions of / in Syria Syrian nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy UN resolutions on Syria Status of the Golan Heights Syrian civil war
Other countries
v t e

The president of Syria (Arabic: رئيس سوريا) is the head of state of Syria. They are vested with sweeping powers that may be delegated, at their sole discretion, to their vice presidents. They appoint and dismiss the prime minister and other members of the Council of Ministers (the cabinet) and military officers.

The position has been vacant since 8 December 2024, when Bashar al-Assad was overthrown following the success of the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives. The duties of the head of state are currently being conducted by a transitional government led by Mohammed al-Bashir in the role of prime minister. Ahmed al-Sharaa has been acting as the de facto leader of Syria since the transitional government was established.

Term of office

Article 88 of the 2012 constitution states that the president serves a seven-year term and "can be elected for only one more successive term." Article 155 states that Article 88 applies to the president "as of the next presidential elections."

Eligibility criteria

On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, which led to a national crisis. Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in Hama, Homs and Aleppo organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama. They labeled Assad as the "enemy of God" and called for a jihad against his rule. Robert D. Kaplan has compared Assad's coming to power to "an untouchable becoming maharajah in India or a Jew becoming tsar in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the Sunni majority population which had monopolized power for so many centuries." The main objection to the constitution from demonstrators was that Islam was not specified as the state religion. In response to riots, the Syrian Constitution of 1973 was amended to stipulate that Islam was the religion of the president.

A new constitution was approved in February 2012. Article 84 of Syria's 2012 constitution requires that candidates for the presidency must:

Be at least 40 years old
Be Syrian by birth, of parents who are Syrians by birth
Enjoy civil and political rights and not convicted of a dishonorable felony, even if he was reinstated
Not be married to a non-Syrian wife
Have lived in Syria for 10 years continuously upon nomination

Further eligibility requirements in the 2012 constitution include:

The religion of the President of the Republic is Islam; Islamic jurisprudence shall be a major source of legislation; The State shall respect all religions, and ensure the freedom to perform all the rituals that do not prejudice public order; The personal status of religious communities shall be protected and respected (Article 3)
A candidate must be supported by at least 35 members of the People's Assembly (Article 85)
The President cannot carry another nationality (Article 152)

Powers and removal

Powers

The President of Syria is constitutionally responsible for the following:

Commander in Chief of the army and armed forces
Representing Syria in international relations
Developing and implementing national policy
Appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and Ministers
Creating and overseeing the implementation of general state policy
Vetoing or accepting laws
Declaring a state of emergency
Concluding international treaties
Granting amnesty
Granting honors and medals
Dissolving the People's Assembly
Passing laws when the legislature is not in session or in emergency situations
Submitting matters to binding national referendum
Drafting laws

Removal

The president of Syria can be removed from the position under the following circumstances:

Upon submission of resignation to the People's Assembly
At the end of 7-year term if not nominated for re-election, or second 7-year term if re-elected
In the case of permanent incapacity or death
Upon conviction for high treason by the Constitutional Court after proposal by one-third of Assembly and approval by two-thirds

Latest election

Main article: 2021 Syrian presidential election


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Bashar al-Assad	Ba'ath Party	13,540,860	95.19
	Mahmoud Ahmad Marei	Democratic Arab Socialist Union	470,276	3.31
	Abdullah Sallum Abdullah	Socialist Unionist Party	213,968	1.50
Total			14,225,104	100.00

Valid votes			14,225,104	99.90
Invalid/blank votes			14,036	0.10
Total votes			14,239,140	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			18,107,109	78.64
Source: Syrian Arab News Agency

Notes

Syria currently has no president. Ahmed al-Sharaa has been acting as the de facto leader of Syria since the transitional government was established

References

Article 88 of the Syrian Constitution
"Syria - The President and the Cabinet".
"Syrian rebels say Syria is free of Assad". The Guardian. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
^ "Syrian Arab Republic's Constitution of 2012" (PDF). ConstituteProject.org. February 26, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
"Qordoba - Translation of the Syrian Constitution Modifications 15-2-2012 | Citizenship | Presidents Of The United States". Scribd. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
Alianak, Sonia (2007). Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium. Peter Lang. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8204-6924-9.
Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). "Syria: Identity Crisis". The Atlantic.
^ "Further rioting in Syria reported". The New York Times. February 28, 1973.
MacFarquhar, Neil; Cowell, Alan (February 27, 2012). "Syrians Said to Approve Charter as Battles Go On". The New York Times.
^ "Constitutional history of Syria". constitutionniet.org. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
"Dr. Bashar al-Assad elected President of the Syrian Arab Republic with the majority of votes". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

External links

President of Syria on Facebook
President of Syria on Twitter

v t e Presidents of Syria (list)
Syrian Federation (1922–1924)	Syrian Federation Barakat
State of Syria (1925–1930)	State of Syria Barakat Pierre-Alype* Nami al-Hasani*
First Syrian Republic (1930–1950)	First Syrian Republic al-Hasani* Solomiac* al-Abid H. al-Atassi al-Khatib al-Azm* al-Hasani al-Ulshi* al-Ayyubi al-Quwatli al-Za'im al-Hinnawi* H. al-Atassi
Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958)	Second Syrian Republic H. al-Atassi Shishakli* Selu Shishakli al-Kuzbari* H. al-Atassi al-Quwatli
United Arab Republic (1958–1961)	United Arab Republic Nasser
Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963)	Second Syrian Republic al-Kuzbari* al-Nuss* al-Qudsi
Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024)	Ba'athist Syria L. al-Atassi al-Hafiz N. al-Atassi al-Khatib* H. al-Assad Khaddam* B. al-Assad
* acting

Syria articles

History

Timeline Years in Syria
Prehistorical Syria	Levantine corridor Natufian culture Halaf culture Uruk period Abu Hureyra Aswad Yarmukian culture
Ancient Syria	Amorites Akkadian Empire Arameans Canaanites Middle Assyrian Empire Ebla Yamhad Qatna Mari Ugarit Aram-Damascus Syro-Hittite states Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Syria Seleucid Syria Roman Syria Palmyrene Empire Byzantine Syria
Medieval Syria	Muslim conquest (636) Caliphal Syria (Bilad al-Sham) Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Zangid dynasty Hamdanid dynasty Mirdasid dynasty Fatimid Syria Saljuqid Syria Crusader states County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Ayyubid Syria (1174–1260) Mamluk Syria (1260–1516)
Early modern Syria	Ottoman Syria (1516–1918)
Modern Syria	Arab kingdom (1920) Haj Fadel Government French Mandate Syrian Federation (1922–25) State of Syria (1925–30) Mandatory Republic (1930–46) independent First Republic (1946–50) Second Republic (1950–1963) Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) Civil war Post-Assad Syria (2024–present)

Geography

Borders Cities Districts Governorates Rivers Volcanoes
Features	Al-Jazira Anti-Lebanon Mountains Euphrates Golan Heights Hauran Hermon Orontes Syrian Desert
Related	Syria (region) Southern Syria Fertile Crescent Levant

Politics

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Infrastructure	Energy and mineral resources Petroleum industry Telecommunications Transport Water supply and sanitation

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Culture	Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine (wine) Films Flag Media State television Music Religion Smoking

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