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{{Infobox person
⚫ '''Hans Severus Ziegler''' (born 13 October 1893 in ] - died 1 May 1978 in ]) was a ] publicist, ], teacher and ] official. A leading cultural director under the Nazis, he was closely associated with the censorship and cultural co-ordination of the ].
⚫ | name = Hans Severus Ziegler
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 13 October 1893
| birth_place = ], ]
| death_date = 1 May 1978 (aged 84)
| death_place = ], ]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = publicist, teacher
| organization = ]
| known_for = Head of the Militant League for German Culture
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = Gustav Schirmer (grandfather)
}}
⚫ '''Hans Severus Ziegler''' (13 October 1893 – 1 May 1978) was a German publicist, ], teacher and ] official. A leading cultural director under the Nazis, he was closely associated with the censorship and cultural co-ordination of the ].


==Early years== ==Early years==
Ziegler was the son of a banker and, through his mother, the grandson of ]. His grandmother, the American-born Mary Francis Schirmer was a close friend of ] and from an early age Ziegler was attracted to the militant ] in which the Wagner family were steeped.<ref>Richard A. Etlin, ''Art, Culture, and Media Under the Third Reich'', University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 51</ref> Ziegler studied ] at university, completing his education to doctoral standard.<ref>Gerwin Strobl, ''The Swastika and the Stage: German Theatre and Society, 1933-1945'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 9</ref> He became a journalist, writing mostly for ] organs such as the ''Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung''.<ref>Jonathan Petropoulos, ''The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany'', Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 149</ref> Ziegler was born on 13 October 1893 in ]. He was the son of a banker and, through his mother, the grandson of ]. His grandmother, the American-born Mary Francis Schirmer, was a close friend of ] and from an early age Ziegler was attracted to the militant ] in which the Wagner family were steeped.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard A.|last=Etlin|title=Art, Culture, and Media Under the Third Reich|publisher=]|location=Chicago, Illinois|date=2002|isbn=978-0226220871|page=51}}</ref> Ziegler studied ] at university, completing his education with a PhD.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gerwin|last=Strobl|title=The Swastika and the Stage: German Theatre and Society, 1933-1945|publisher=]|location=Cambridge, England|date=2007|isbn= 978-0521880763|page=9}}</ref> He became a journalist, writing mostly for ] organs such as the ''Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jonathan|last=Petropoulos|title=The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany|publisher=]|location=Oxford, England|date=2000|isbn=978-0195129649|page=149}}</ref>


On 31 March 1925 Ziegler became a member of the Nazi Party, with his membership number being the comparatively low 1317.<ref name="Fred">Fred K. Prieberg, ''Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945'', CD-Rom-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, p. 7967</ref> From 1925 to 1931 he worked under ] in ], serving as deputy ] from 1930 to 1931.<ref name="Klee1">Ernst Klee, ''Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945'', Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8, p. 694.</ref> In 1928 he was appointed head of the ].<ref name="Klee1"/> It was also Ziegler who in 1926 came up with the name ] for the Nazi youth movement.<ref name="Klee1"/> Ziegler was a close friend of the Schirach family and in 1925 he had introduced ], who would go on to lead the Hilter Youth, to ].<ref>Michael H Kater, ''Hitler Youth'', Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 17</ref> In 1924 Ziegler founded and edited a weekly political newspaper called ''Der Völkische''. On 31 March 1925 Ziegler became a member of the Nazi Party, with his membership number being the comparatively low 1317.<ref name="Fred">{{cite book|first=Fred R.|last=Prieberg|authorlink=Fred K. Prieberg|title=Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–194|publisher=CD-Rom-Lexikon|location=Kiel, Germany|date=2004|page=7967}}</ref> That year his newspaper expanded to a daily and changed its name to ''Der Nationalsozialist'', becoming the Nazi Party organ of Thuringia.<ref>Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Volume 3 (Fritz Sauckel – Hans Zimmermann), Fonthill Media, 2021, p. 14, {{ISBN|978-1-781-55826-3}}.</ref> He served as Deputy '']'' in ] under ]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mühlberger |first1=Detlef |title=Hitler's Voice: Organisation & development of the Nazi Party |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJzoYxjj8GAC&dq=%22Der+Volkische%22+Thuringia+newspaper&pg=PA256|publisher=Peter Lang |access-date=13 November 2021 |pages=256|isbn=9783906769721 }}</ref> from 1925 to 1927 and under ] from 1927 to 1931.<ref>Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Volume 1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann), R. James Bender Publishing, 2012, p. 36, {{ISBN|1-932970-21-5}}.</ref> In 1928 he was appointed head of the ].<ref name="Klee1"/> It was also Ziegler who in 1926 came up with the name '']'' (Hitler Youth) for the Nazi youth movement.<ref name="Klee1">{{cite book|first=Ernst|last=Klee|title=Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945|publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag|location=Frankfurt, Germany|date=2005|isbn=978-3-596-16048-8|page=694}}</ref> Ziegler was a close friend of the Schirach family and in 1925 he introduced ], who would go on to lead the Hitler Youth, to ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael H.|last=Kater|title=Hitler Youth|publisher=]|location=New Haven, Cnnecticut|date=2006|isbn=978-0674019911|page=17}}</ref>


Ziegler was associated with the hard-line ] wing of the Nazi Party, which looked to ] as its champion.<ref>Beate Müller, ''Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age'', Rodopi, 2004, p. 78</ref> In keeping with this wing he was particularly staunch in his ].<ref>Alan E Steinweis, ''Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany'', Harvard University Press, , 2008, p. 10</ref> Ziegler was associated with the hard-line ] wing of the Nazi Party, which looked to ] as its champion.<ref>{{cite book|first=Beate|last=Müller|title=Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age|publisher=]|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|isbn=978-9042009882|date=2004|page=78}}</ref> In keeping with this wing he was particularly staunch in his ].<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan E.|last=Steinweis|title=Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany|publisher=]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|date=2008|asin=B01FKTGAO0|page=10}}</ref>


==Under the Nazis== ==Under the Nazis==
⚫ In 1933 Ziegler was appointed to the Council of State and as a member of the State Government of Thuringia. In addition, he served as President of the ] and Reich culture Senator.<ref name="Klee2"/> In 1936, he was appointed the General Manager of the ] and State Commissioner for the State Theatre in Thuringia.<ref name="Klee2"/> In 1935 he was placed on leave whilst he was investigated for alleged breaches of ], the anti-gay legislation, although the case was dropped.<ref name="Klee2">Ernst Klee, ''Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945''. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5, p. 682</ref>


], the title page of the 1926 vocal score (1st edition)]]
⚫ Ziegler played a leading role in promoting the Nazi vision of culture, particularly with regards to ]. He was a strong critic of ], dismissing it as decadent "cultural ]".<ref>Celia Applegate, Pamela Potter, ''Music and German National Identity'', University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 208</ref> He curated the ''Entartete Musik'' exhibition in ], with ] and ] amongst those to receive the strongest condemnation in the pamphlet he wrote to accompany the exhibition.<ref>Werner Eugen Mosse, Julius Carlebach, ''Second chance: two centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom'', Mohr Siebeck, 1991, p. 280</ref> Whilst working under Frick in Thuringia Ziegler had also overseen the removal of ] pieces from museums and public buildings and helped to bring about a crackdown on the "glorification of Negroidism" by restricting the performance of ] music.<ref>Alan E. Steinweis, ''Art, Ideology & Economics in Nazi Germany: The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts'', Univ of North Carolina Press, 1993, p. 24</ref> Promulgated in his 1930 edict ''Against Negro Culture'', the Thuringian foreshadowed the co-ordination of culutre that was to happen under the Nazi government.<ref>Strobl, ''The Swastika and the Stage'', p. 116</ref> ''Entartete Musik'' would continue Ziegler's crusade against jazz<ref>David Blake, Hanns Eisler, ''Hanns Eisler: A Miscellany'', Routledge, 1995, p. 398</ref>, whilst also condemning ]'s opera '']'' as the archetype of ] decadence and miscegenation.<ref>Richard S. Levy, ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution, Volume 1'', ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 476</ref>
⚫ In 1933 Ziegler was appointed to the Council of State and as a member of the State Government of Thuringia. In addition, he served as President of the {{lang|de|]}} and Reich culture Senator.<ref name="Klee2"/> In 1936, he was appointed the general manager of the {{lang|de|]}} and state commissioner for the State Theatre in Thuringia.<ref name="Klee2"/> In 1935 he was placed on leave whilst he was investigated for alleged breaches of ], the anti-homosexual legislation, although the case was dropped.<ref name="Klee2">{{cite book|first=Ernst|last=Klee|title=Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945|publisher=S. Fischer|location=Frankfurt, Germany|date=2007|isbn=978-3-10-039326-5|page=682}}</ref> He was long assumed to be homosexual during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shirakawa |first=Sam |author-link= |date=1992 |title=The Devil's Music Master: The Controversial Life and Career of Wilhelm Furtwängler |url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page= |isbn=0199923418 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kater |first=Michael |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Weimar: From Enlightenment to the Present |url= |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=] |page=215 |isbn=978-0300210101 }}</ref>


⚫ Ziegler played a leading role in promoting the Nazi vision of culture, particularly with regards to ]. He was a strong critic of ], dismissing it as decadent "cultural ]".<ref>{{cite book|first1=Celia|last1=Applegate|first2=Pamela|last2=Potter|title=Music and German National Identity|publisher=]|location=Chicago, Illinois|date=2002|isbn=978-0226021317|page=208}}</ref> In May 1938 he curated the ''Entartete Musik'' exhibition in ], with ], ], ], ] and ] amongst those receiving the strongest condemnation in the pamphlet he wrote to accompany the exhibition.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Werner Eugen|last1=Mosse|first2=Julius|last2=Carlebach|title=Second Chance: Two Centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom|publisher=]|location=Heidelberg, Germany|date=1991|isbn=978-3161457418|page=280}}</ref> Whilst working under Frick, in Thuringia, Ziegler had also overseen the removal of ] pieces from museums and public buildings, and helped to bring about a crackdown on the "glorification of Negroidism" by restricting the performance of ] music.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan E.|last=Steinweis|title=Art, Ideology & Economics in Nazi Germany: The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts|publisher=]|location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina|date=1993|isbn=978-0807821046|page=24}}</ref> Promulgated in his 1930 edict ''Against Negro Culture'', the Thuringian foreshadowed the co-ordination of culture that was to happen under the Nazi government.<ref>Strobl, ''The Swastika and the Stage'', p. 116</ref> ''Entartete Musik'' would continue Ziegler's crusade against jazz,<ref>{{cite book|first1=David|last1=Blake|first2=Hanns|last2=Eisler|title=Hanns Eisler: A Miscellany|publisher=]|location=Abingdon, England|date=1995|page=398}}</ref> whilst also condemning ]'s opera ''{{lang|de|]}}'' as the archetype of ] decadence and miscegenation.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard S.|last=Levy|title=Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution, Volume 1|publisher=]|location=Santa Barbara, California|date=2005|isbn=978-1851094394|page=476}}</ref>
⚫ ==Post-war==
⚫ In the ] several of Ziegler's writings<ref></ref>, as well as a book about him<ref></ref>, were placed on the ''Liste der auszusondernden Literatur'' (list of banned literature).


⚫ ==After the war==
⚫ After the war he worked as a representative for ''Gaststättenporzellan'' and subsequently as a private tutor in ].<ref name="Fred"/> He also directed a private theatre from 1952 to 1954.<ref name="Fred"/> Politically he was active in ''Deutsches Kulturwerk Europäischen Geistes'', an ] study group established in 1950.<ref>Klee, ''Kulturlexikon'', p. 683</ref> In this role he became a regular guest of ], who regularly hosted such other far right luminaries as ], ] and ].<ref>Gottfried Wagner, ''Wer nicht mit dem Wolf heult – Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen eines Wagner-Urenkels'' (Cologne, 1997), p. 69</ref>
⚫ In the ] several of Ziegler's writings,<ref></ref> as well as a book about him,<ref></ref> were placed on the ''{{lang|de|Liste der auszusondernden Literatur}}'' (list of banned literature).

⚫ After the war he worked as a representative for ''{{lang|de|Gaststättenporzellan}}'' and subsequently as a private tutor in ].<ref name="Fred"/> He also directed a private theatre from 1952 to 1954.<ref name="Fred"/> Politically, he was active in ''{{lang|de|Deutsches Kulturwerk Europäischen Geistes}}'', an ] study group established in 1950.<ref>Klee, ''Kulturlexikon'', p. 683</ref> In this role, he became a regular guest of ], who regularly hosted such other far-right luminaries as ], ], and ].<ref>Gottfried Wagner, ''Wer nicht mit dem Wolf heult – Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen eines Wagner-Urenkels'' (Cologne, 1997), p. 69</ref>

Ziegler died in ] on 1 May 1978.


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

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Latest revision as of 01:52, 26 December 2024

Hans Severus Ziegler
Born13 October 1893
Eisenach, German Empire
Died1 May 1978 (aged 84)
Bayreuth, West Germany
Occupation(s)publicist, teacher
OrganizationNazi Party
Known forHead of the Militant League for German Culture
RelativesGustav Schirmer (grandfather)

Hans Severus Ziegler (13 October 1893 – 1 May 1978) was a German publicist, theater manager, teacher and Nazi Party official. A leading cultural director under the Nazis, he was closely associated with the censorship and cultural co-ordination of the Third Reich.

Early years

Ziegler was born on 13 October 1893 in Eisenach. He was the son of a banker and, through his mother, the grandson of Gustav Schirmer. His grandmother, the American-born Mary Francis Schirmer, was a close friend of Cosima Wagner and from an early age Ziegler was attracted to the militant nationalism in which the Wagner family were steeped. Ziegler studied German literature at university, completing his education with a PhD. He became a journalist, writing mostly for extreme right organs such as the Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung.

In 1924 Ziegler founded and edited a weekly political newspaper called Der Völkische. On 31 March 1925 Ziegler became a member of the Nazi Party, with his membership number being the comparatively low 1317. That year his newspaper expanded to a daily and changed its name to Der Nationalsozialist, becoming the Nazi Party organ of Thuringia. He served as Deputy Gauleiter in Thuringia under Artur Dinter from 1925 to 1927 and under Fritz Sauckel from 1927 to 1931. In 1928 he was appointed head of the Militant League for German Culture. It was also Ziegler who in 1926 came up with the name Hitler-Jugend (Hitler Youth) for the Nazi youth movement. Ziegler was a close friend of the Schirach family and in 1925 he introduced Baldur von Schirach, who would go on to lead the Hitler Youth, to Adolf Hitler.

Ziegler was associated with the hard-line racialist wing of the Nazi Party, which looked to Alfred Rosenberg as its champion. In keeping with this wing he was particularly staunch in his anti-Semitism.

Under the Nazis

Jonny spielt auf, the title page of the 1926 vocal score (1st edition)

In 1933 Ziegler was appointed to the Council of State and as a member of the State Government of Thuringia. In addition, he served as President of the Deutsche Schillerstiftung and Reich culture Senator. In 1936, he was appointed the general manager of the Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar and state commissioner for the State Theatre in Thuringia. In 1935 he was placed on leave whilst he was investigated for alleged breaches of Paragraph 175, the anti-homosexual legislation, although the case was dropped. He was long assumed to be homosexual during his lifetime.

Ziegler played a leading role in promoting the Nazi vision of culture, particularly with regards to "degenerate" music. He was a strong critic of atonality, dismissing it as decadent "cultural Bolshevism". In May 1938 he curated the Entartete Musik exhibition in Düsseldorf, with Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Walter Braunfels, Karol Rathaus and Wilhelm Grosz amongst those receiving the strongest condemnation in the pamphlet he wrote to accompany the exhibition. Whilst working under Frick, in Thuringia, Ziegler had also overseen the removal of modern art pieces from museums and public buildings, and helped to bring about a crackdown on the "glorification of Negroidism" by restricting the performance of jazz music. Promulgated in his 1930 edict Against Negro Culture, the Thuringian foreshadowed the co-ordination of culture that was to happen under the Nazi government. Entartete Musik would continue Ziegler's crusade against jazz, whilst also condemning Ernst Krenek's opera Jonny spielt auf as the archetype of Weimar decadence and miscegenation.

After the war

In the Soviet occupation zone several of Ziegler's writings, as well as a book about him, were placed on the Liste der auszusondernden Literatur (list of banned literature).

After the war he worked as a representative for Gaststättenporzellan and subsequently as a private tutor in Essen. He also directed a private theatre from 1952 to 1954. Politically, he was active in Deutsches Kulturwerk Europäischen Geistes, an extreme right study group established in 1950. In this role, he became a regular guest of Winifred Wagner, who regularly hosted such other far-right luminaries as Adolf von Thadden, Edda Göring, and Oswald Mosley.

Ziegler died in Bayreuth on 1 May 1978.

References

  1. Etlin, Richard A. (2002). Art, Culture, and Media Under the Third Reich. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0226220871.
  2. Strobl, Gerwin (2007). The Swastika and the Stage: German Theatre and Society, 1933-1945. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0521880763.
  3. Petropoulos, Jonathan (2000). The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0195129649.
  4. ^ Prieberg, Fred R. (2004). Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–194. Kiel, Germany: CD-Rom-Lexikon. p. 7967.
  5. Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Volume 3 (Fritz Sauckel – Hans Zimmermann), Fonthill Media, 2021, p. 14, ISBN 978-1-781-55826-3.
  6. Mühlberger, Detlef (2004). Hitler's Voice: Organisation & development of the Nazi Party. Peter Lang. p. 256. ISBN 9783906769721. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  7. Michael D. Miller & Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925-1945, Volume 1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann), R. James Bender Publishing, 2012, p. 36, ISBN 1-932970-21-5.
  8. ^ Klee, Ernst (2005). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt, Germany: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. p. 694. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
  9. Kater, Michael H. (2006). Hitler Youth. New Haven, Cnnecticut: Harvard University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0674019911.
  10. Müller, Beate (2004). Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi. p. 78. ISBN 978-9042009882.
  11. Steinweis, Alan E. (2008). Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 10. ASIN B01FKTGAO0.
  12. ^ Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt, Germany: S. Fischer. p. 682. ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5.
  13. Shirakawa, Sam (1992). The Devil's Music Master: The Controversial Life and Career of Wilhelm Furtwängler. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199923418.
  14. Kater, Michael (2014). Weimar: From Enlightenment to the Present. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0300210101.
  15. Applegate, Celia; Potter, Pamela (2002). Music and German National Identity. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0226021317.
  16. Mosse, Werner Eugen; Carlebach, Julius (1991). Second Chance: Two Centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom. Heidelberg, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. p. 280. ISBN 978-3161457418.
  17. Steinweis, Alan E. (1993). Art, Ideology & Economics in Nazi Germany: The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0807821046.
  18. Strobl, The Swastika and the Stage, p. 116
  19. Blake, David; Eisler, Hanns (1995). Hanns Eisler: A Miscellany. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 398.
  20. Levy, Richard S. (2005). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 476. ISBN 978-1851094394.
  21. Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, Liste der auszusondernden Literatur, 1946
  22. Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, Liste der auszusondernden Literatur, 1948
  23. Klee, Kulturlexikon, p. 683
  24. Gottfried Wagner, Wer nicht mit dem Wolf heult – Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen eines Wagner-Urenkels (Cologne, 1997), p. 69
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