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{{Short description|Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup}}
{{redirect|E3b|the Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive|PRR E3b}} {{redirect|E3b|the Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive|PRR E3b}}
{{Infobox haplogroup {{Infobox haplogroup
|name=E-M215 |name={{Hlist|E-M215|E1b1b}}
|origin-place=]{{sfnp|Cruciani|La_Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}
|origin-place=]<ref name=Cruciani2004/><ref name=Semino2004/> |origin-date=approx 22,400 years BP<ref name=Cruciani2007/>
|origin-date=47,500—22,400 BP{{sfn|Trombetta|2015}}<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C | title = A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa | journal = Genetics | pages = 1421–1428 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31196864 | doi = 10.1534/genetics.119.302368 | doi-access = free | pmc = 6707464 | volume = 212 | issue = 4 }}</ref><ref name = Cruciani2007/>
|ancestor=]
|TMRCA=34,800 BP<ref name="YFull">{{Cite web |url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M215/ |title=E-M215 YTree}}</ref>
|descendants= Haplogroup E-M35 and ]
|ancestor=]
|mutations=M215, most often found in conjunction with M35
|descendants={{Hlist|]|E-M281}}
}}
|mutations=M215
In ], ] '''E-M215''', also referred to in the literature by other names such as '''E1b1b''' and '''E3b''' (see further discussion below), is a major ] ], which is a division of the macro ], and which is defined by the ] (SNP) ] M215.<ref name=isogg>{{Harvcoltxt|ISOGG|2011}}</ref><ref name=Karafet2008>{{Harvcoltxt|Karafet|Mendez|Meilerman|Underhill|2008}}</ref><ref name=YCC>{{Harvcoltxt|Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC"|2002}}</ref> In other words it is one of the major ] of ]ity, linking from father-to-son back to a ]. It is a subject of discussion and study in ] as well as ], ], and ].
|map=E1b1b.png|caption=Geographic distribution of the haplogroup E1b1b}}


'''E-M215''' or '''E1b1b''', formerly known as '''E3b''', is a major ]. E-M215 has two basal branches, ] and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in ] and the ], and occurs at moderate frequencies in the ], ], and ]. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in ].
E-M215 is especially common among ] and ] in the ], as well as ], ]ians and ] in ]. It is also frequently observed in ], from where it spread into the ] and the rest of ]. E-M215 has at least four common subclades: E-V68, E-V257, E-M123, E-M293, the last of which spreads from Ethiopia to South Africa.


==Origins== ==Origins==
The origins of E-M215 were dated by Cruciani in 2007 to about 22,400 years ago in ].<ref name = Cruciani2007>{{Harvcoltxt | Cruciani|La Fratta | Trombetta | Santolamazza | 2007}}</ref><ref group = "Note">{{Harvcoltxt | Cruciani |La Fratta|Santolamazza| Sellitto | 2004 | ps =: "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* ]." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E-M215.}} {{Harvcoltxt |Semino |Magri |Benuzzi |Lin |2004 | ps =: "This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35* in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35* lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*."}} For E-M215 {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta | Trombetta | Santolamazza | 2007}} reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta| Santolamazza | Sellitto | 2004}}, re-calibrating the same data.</ref>
]
The modern population of E-M215 and E-M35 lineages are almost identical, and therefore by definition age estimates based on these two populations are also identical. E-M215 and its dominant subclade E-M35 —formerly '''Haplogroup 21''' <ref>using the older nomenclature for the haplogroup defined by YAP/SRY4064 according to Weale</ref>- are believed to have first appeared in ] about 22,400 years ago.<ref name=Cruciani2007>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}}</ref><ref group="Note">{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}: "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* ]." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E-M215. {{Harvcoltxt|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}}: "This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35 * in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35 * lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*." For E-M215 {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in {{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}, re-calibrating the same data.</ref>
]
All major sub-branches of E-M35 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in ], ], or nearby areas of the ]. Some branches of E-M35 left Africa many thousands of years ago. For example {{Harvcoltxt|Battaglia|Fornarino|Al-Zahery|Olivieri|2007}} estimated that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. And more recently, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup.<ref name=Lacan>{{Harvcoltxt|Lacan|Keyser|Ricaut|Brucato|2011}}</ref>
Nevertheless, E-M35 represents a more recent movement of people out of Africa than ], which otherwise dominates human populations outside Africa. {{Harvcoltxt|Underhill|2002}}, for example, believes that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 subclades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the ] agricultural expansion". Concerning European E-M35 within this scheme, {{Harvcoltxt|Underhill|Kivisild|2007}} have remarked that E-M215 seems to represent a late-] migration from North Africa to Europe over the ] in ].<ref group="Note">"Y chromosome data show a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe via Sinai as evidenced through the distribution of haplogroup E3b lineages, which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions."{{Harvcoltxt|Underhill|Kivisild|2007|p=547}}</ref>
While this proposal remains uncontested, it has more recently been proposed by {{Harvcoltxt|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}} that there is also evidence for additional migration of E-M215 carrying men directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, via a maritime route. (See below.)
{{clr}}


]
==Distribution==
E-M215 is distributed as far south as ], and northwards into ], from where it has in more recent millennia expanded to ] and ].<ref name=Cruciani2004/> E-M35 is the predominant ] of E1b1b, representing almost exactly the same population. M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.<ref name=Cruciani2004/>
The E-M215 clade is presently found in various forms in the ], ], parts of ], ], and ], ], and ] (especially the ] and the ]).<ref name=Cruciani2004>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}</ref><ref name=Semino2004>{{Harvcoltxt|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}}</ref><ref name=Rosser2000>{{Harvcoltxt|Rosser|Zerjal|Hurles|Adojaan|2000}}</ref><ref name=Firasat2006>{{Harvcoltxt|Firasat|Khaliq|Mohyuddin|Papaioannou|2006}}</ref>
E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among ]. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the ].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ehret|Platt|Haber|Xue|2004}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keita|Boyce|2005}}</ref><ref name="keita2008"/> Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of ] male lineages are E-M55.<ref name="pmid13680527">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Thomas|Skorecki|Hammer|2003}}</ref> Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%<ref name="Semino2004" /> to 20%<ref name="Behar2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref><ref name="Shen2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Shen|Lavi|Kivisild|Chou|2004}}</ref> of ] and 8.6%<ref name="Adams2008">{{Harvcoltxt|Adams|Bosch|Balaresque|Ballereau|2008}}</ref> to 30%<ref name="Semino2004" /> of ] Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.<ref name=Nebel2001>{{Harvcoltxt|Nebel|Brinkmann|Majumder|Faerman|2001}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." {{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref>


==Subclades of E-M215== ==Ancient DNA==
According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), ] skeletal remains from the ancient ] predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analyzed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1, E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing ] culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and ] ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.
{{Clade|label1=E-M215|1={{Clade|1=Haplogroup E1b1b1* (E-M215*). Rare or non-existent.|label2=E-M35 |2={{Clade|1=E1b1b1b* (E-M35 *). By latest definition in {{harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}}, now rare outside Horn of Africa.|label2=E-V68|2={{Clade|1=E1b1b1a* (E-V68*). Found in individuals in Sardinia.|2=E1b1b1a1 (E-M78). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Europe. Old ].}}|label3=E-Z827|3={{Clade |1=E1b1b1b* (E-Z827*)|label2=E-V257|2={{Clade|1=E1b1b1b1* (E-V257*/L19*). Found in individual ], and in Southwestern Europe, and Kenya.|2=E1b1b1b1a (E-M81). Berbers, but also Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, etc. Old ].}}|label3=E-Z830|3={{Clade|1=E1b1b1b2* (E-Z830*)|label2=E-M123|2={{Clade|1=E1b1b1b2a* (E-M123). Scattered widely in Europe, North Africa and Middle East. Former ].|2=E1b1b1b2a1 (E-M34). Scattered widely, frequent in Semitic speaking populations.}}|label3=E-M293|3={{Clade|1=E1b1b1b2b* (E-M293). Southern and Eastern Africa.|2=E1b1b1b2b1 (E-P72). Found in southern Africa.}}|4=E1b1b1b1c (E-V42). Found in individuals in Ethiopia.}}}}|4=E-V92. Found in individuals in Ethiopia.|5=E1b1b1d (E-V6). Found mainly in the region of Ethiopia.}}|3=Haplogroup E1b1b2 (E-V16/E-M281). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia.}}
}}
A large majority of E-M215 lineages are within E-M35. Exceptions discovered so far are M215 positive/M35 negative ("E-M215*") cases found in two ] Ethiopians and 1 ]i.<ref name=Cruciani2004/><ref name=Cadenas2007>{{harvnb|Cadenas|Zhivotovsky|Cavalli-Sforza|Underhill|2007}}</ref> At least some of these men, perhaps all, are known since early 2011 to be in a rare sibling clade to E-M35, E-V16/E-M281.<ref name=Trombetta2011>{{harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}}</ref> The discovery of M281 was announced by {{harvnb|Semino et al.|2002}}, who found it in two Ethiopian ]. {{harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}} found 5 more Ethiopian individuals and an equivalent SNP to M281, V16. It was in the 2011 paper that the family tree position was discovered as described above.
The E-M215 derivative, E-M35 is defined by the M35 SNP. E-M35 includes individuals with the "ancestral state" (no known subclade forming mutations). These are referred to as E-M35*. As of 2012, there is an increasingly complex tree structure which divides most men in E-M35 into two major branches: E-V68 and E-Z827, although other branches still exist in the Horn of Africa, such as E-V6.
The more frequently described subclades are ] (referred to with various names in literature including and ]. These two subclades represent the largest proportion of E-M215 population. E-M78 is found over most of the range where E-M215 is found excluding Southern Africa. E-M81 is found mainly in the Maghreb. E-M123 is less common but widely scattered, with significant populations in specific parts of the Horn of Africa, the Levant, Arabia, Iberia, and Anatolia. E-M293 is a fourth major subclade that has been found in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa, includes the majority of unique E-M35 lineages in sub-Saharan Africa (those that lack M78, M81, or M123 mutations).<ref name="Henn2008"/> Many smaller subclades, such as those defined by mutations V6, V42 and V92, appear to be unique to the ] region.
{{Quote|Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.|{{harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}}}}


Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an ]ian mummy excavated at the ] archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late ] and the ].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}</ref> Fossils at the ] site of ] in ], which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern ], indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area.<ref>{{cite bioRxiv|last1=Fregel|display-authors=etal|year=2018|title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe|biorxiv=10.1101/191569}}</ref> The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient ] fossils excavated in ] and ] on the ], which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodrı́guez-Varela|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans|journal=Current Biology|date=2017|volume=27|issue=1–7|pages=3396–3402.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059|pmid=29107554|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017CBio...27E3396R |hdl=2164/13526|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
===E-V68===
{{Main|Haplogroup E-V68 (Y-DNA)}}
E-V68, is dominated by its longer-known subclade E-M78. Three "E-V68*" individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by {{harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}}, when announcing its discovery. The authors noted that because E-V68* was not found in the Middle Eastern samples, this appears to be evidence of maritime migration from Africa to southwestern Europe.
'''E-M78''' is a commonly occurring subclade, widely distributed in ], the ], ], (the Middle East and Near East) "up to Southern Asia",<ref name=Cruciani2007/> and all of ].<ref name=Cruciani2006>{{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Torroni|Underhill|2006}}</ref> The European distribution has a frequency peak centered in parts of the ] (up to almost 50% in some areas)<ref name=Semino2004/><ref name=Pericic2005>{{harvnb|Peričic|Lauc|Klarić|Rootsi|2005}}</ref> and Sicily, and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe.
Based on genetic ] variance data, {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} suggests that E-M78 originated in ], which in their study refers specifically to ] and ].<ref group="Note">{{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} use the term Northeastern Africa to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study. Prior to {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}}, {{harvnb|Semino et al.|2004}} had proposed the Horn of Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region. For example, {{harvnb|Sanchez|Hallenberg|Børsting|Hernandez|2005}} found that 77.6% of 201 male ] tested in ] were members of this clade. However, {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the {{harvnb|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}} study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages in the Horn of Africa were relatively recent branches (see E-V32 below). They concluded that Northeast Africa was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity". E-M215, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa during the paleolithic and subsequently, E-M215 spread to Northeast Africa. According to {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}}, the presence of E-M78 in East Africa, is the result of a back migration of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation. {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} also note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago".</ref> about 18,600 years ago (17,300 - 20,000 years ago).<ref group="Note">{{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} use two calculation methods for estimating the age of E-M78 which give very different results. For the main 18,600 years ago, the ] is used, while for a second "]", used as a check, gives 13.7kya with a ] of 2.3kya, but the difference between the two methods is only large for the age estimation of E-M78, not its subclades. The authors state that the big difference is "attributable to the relevant departure from a star-like structure because of repeated ]s"</ref> {{harvnb|Battaglia|Fornarino|Al-Zahery|Olivieri|2008}} describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related subclades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersal from Egypt) may have been in a ] which "existed on the border of present-day ] and Egypt, near ], until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of ] foragers northwards in Africa, the ] and ultimately onward to ] and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches". Towards the south, {{harvnb|Hassan|Underhill|Cavalli-Sforza|Ibrahim|2008}} also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000-8,000 years ago".


Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient ] individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near ] in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).<ref name="Taforalt">{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.aar8380 | title=Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations | journal=Science | date=4 May 2018 | volume=360 | issue=6388 | pages=548–552 | last1=Van De Loosdrecht | first1=Marieke | last2=Bouzouggar | first2=Abdeljalil | last3=Humphrey | first3=Louise | last4=Posth | first4=Cosimo | last5=Barton | first5=Nick | last6=Aximu-Petri | first6=Ayinuer | last7=Nickel | first7=Birgit | last8=Nagel | first8=Sarah | last9=Talbi | first9=El Hassan | last10=El Hajraoui | first10=Mohammed Abdeljalil | last11=Amzazi | first11=Saaïd | last12=Hublin | first12=Jean-Jacques | last13=Pääbo | first13=Svante | last14=Schiffels | first14=Stephan | last15=Meyer | first15=Matthias | last16=Haak | first16=Wolfgang | last17=Jeong | first17=Choongwon | last18=Krause | first18=Johannes | pmid=29545507 | bibcode=2018Sci...360..548V | s2cid=206666517 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
===Sub Clades of E-M78===
There are four recognized subclades, which were mostly defined by {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Torroni|Underhill|2006}}.
*'''E-V12''' Found in Egypt, Sudan, and other places. Has an important subclade '''E-V32''' which is very common among Ethiopian Oromo, Borana Oromo from Kenya and Somalis.
*'''E-V13''' This is the most common type of E-M215 found in Europe and is especially common in the Balkans.
*'''E-V22''' Found in Egypt, the Middle East and other places.
*'''E-V65''' Associated with the Maghreb, but also found in Italy and Spain.
*'''E-M521''' Found in two individuals in Greece by {{harvnb|Battaglia|Fornarino|Al-Zahery|Olivieri|2008}}


===E-Z827=== ==Distribution==
{{Main|Haplogroup E-Z827 (Y-DNA)}}
In human genetics, '''E-Z827''', is the name of a major ] abundantly found in ] (especially ]) and to a lesser extent in the ], ] and ].


In Africa, E-M215 is distributed in highest frequencies in the ] and ], specifically in the countries ] and ], whence it has in recent millennia expanded as far south as ], and northwards into ] and ] (especially the ] and the ]).<ref name=Cruciani2004>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruciani|La Fratta|Santolamazza|Sellitto|2004}}</ref><ref name=Semino2004>{{Harvcoltxt|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}}</ref><ref name=Rosser2000>{{Harvcoltxt|Rosser|Zerjal|Hurles|Adojaan|2000}}</ref><ref name=Firasat2006>{{Harvcoltxt|Firasat|Khaliq|Mohyuddin|Papaioannou|2006}}</ref> E-M281 has been found in ].<ref name="Semino2004" />
===E-V257/E-L19===
'''E-V257*''' individuals in their samples who were E-V257, but not E-M81. A Borana from Kenya, a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.
Currently, the phylogeny and migratory pattern of L19/V257 is not completely understood. More population samples of this SNP are needed to make any determination on its migratory pattern over the last 5000 years. A project dedicated to researching and understanding the origins of L19/V257 is underway at FamilyTreeDNA.com. The name of the project is E1b1b1b*-A.


Almost all E-M215 men are also in E-M35. In 2004, M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation.<ref name=Cruciani2004/>
===E-M81===
In 2013, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found one individual in Khorasan, North-East Iran to be positive for M215 but negative for M35.<ref name="Di Cristofaro">{{cite journal |last1=Di Cristofaro |first1=Julie |display-authors=etal |title=Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge |journal=PLOS ONE |date=October 18, 2013 |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=e76748 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 |pmid=24204668 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3799995 |oclc=5534533323 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...876748D |s2cid=16455960 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
'''E-M81''' is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in the ], dominated by its subclade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago.<ref name=Cruciani2004/><ref name="Arredi">{{harvnb|Arredi|Poloni|Paracchini|Zerjal|2004}}</ref> This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from approximately 80% or more in some Moroccan Berber populations, including Saharawis, to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt.<ref name="Arredi"/><ref>{{harvnb|Alvarez|Santos|Montiel|Caeiro|2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bosch|Calafell|Comas|Oefner|2001}}</ref> Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as ], ], ] and other ] groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "] marker". {{harvnb|Pereira|Černý|Cerezo|Silva|2010}} report high levels amongst ] in two ]n populations - 77.8% near ], in ], and 81.8% from ] in ]. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of ] in the ].
E-M81 is also quite common among North African ]-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (], ], ], ]).<ref name="Arredi"/><ref name=robino>{{harvnb|Robino|Crobu|Gaetano|Bekada|2008}}</ref>
]
In this key area from Egypt to the ], {{harvnb|Arredi|Poloni|Paracchini|Zerjal|2004}} report a pattern of decreasing ] haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, {{harvnb|Kujanova|Pereira|Fernandes|Pereira|2009}} found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in ] in the ] in Egypt.
{{harvnb|Arredi|Poloni|Paracchini|Zerjal|2004}} believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post ] "]" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of ] food-producing technologies from the ] via the ], although ] rather than ]. E-M81 may also have been carried into its currently most common region together with a form of ]. On the basis of these possible links, the men who brought E-M81 into northwestern Africa may therefore have come from ], or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". But there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa.<ref name=keita2008>{{harvnb|Keita|2008}}</ref>
In Europe, E-M81 is widespread but rare, except in the ] Spain, where unlike in the rest of Europe<ref group="Note">{{harvnb|Adams|Bosch|Balaresque|Ballereau|2008}}, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 9% in ], 10% in Western ] and Northwest ]. However this study includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963), .</ref> it is found at comparable levels to E-M78, with an average frequency of around 5%, and in some regions it is more common. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in ] and South Portugal, 9% in ], 14% in Western ] and 10% in Northwest ] and 9% to 17% in ].<ref name="Adams2008"/><ref>{{harvnb|Flores|Maca-Meyer|Larruga|Cabrera|2005}}</ref><ref name=beleza2006>{{harvnb|Beleza|Gusmao|Lopes|Alves|2006}}</ref><ref name="capelli2009">{{harvnb|Capelli|Onofri|Brisighelli|Bosch|2009}}</ref><ref name="MacaMeyer2003"/> The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the ] from ], ranging from 18% (8/45)<ref name="MacaMeyer2003">{{harvnb|MacaMaca-Meyer|Sánchez-Velasco|Flores|Larruga|2003}}</ref> to 41% (23/56).<ref name=Cruciani2004/> An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish ] with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of ] (10.68%), ] (11.54%) and ] (13.33%).<ref>{{harvnb|Fregel|Gomes|Gusmão|González|2009}}, </ref>
E-M81 is also found in ],<ref name=Cruciani2004/> 2.70% (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in ] (5/89) and ] (5/91),<ref>{{harvnb|Ramos-Luisa et al.|2009}}</ref><ref>Only men with French surname were analysed, in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants.</ref> in ] (approximately 2% overall, but up to 5% in ]),<ref>{{harvnb|Di Gaetano|Cerutti|Crobu|Robino|2009}}</ref> and in very much lower frequencies in continental ] (especially near ])<ref name="capelli2009"/> possibly due to ancient migrations during the ], ], and ] empires.
As a result of its old world distribution, this subclade is found throughout ], for example 6.1% in ],<ref>(8 out of 132), {{harvnb|Mendizabal|Sandoval|Berniell-Lee|Calafell|2008}}</ref> 5.4% in ] (Rio de Janeiro), <ref group="Note">(6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 9.6% in ], quite similar to the frequency found in ] (5.4%) among European contributors." {{harvnb|Silva|Carvalho|Costa|Tavares|2006}}</ref> and among ] men from ] and ] 2.4%.<ref>(7 out of 295), {{harvnb|Paracchini|Pearce|Kolonel|Altshuler|2003}}</ref>
In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like ], and around the Mediterranean in places like ], ], and amongst ].
There are two recognized subclades of E-M81, although one is much more important than the other.


E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among ]. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the ].{{sfnmp|1a1=Ehret|1a2=Keita|1a3=Newman|1y=2004|2a1=Keita|2a2=Boyce|2y=2005|3a1=Keita|3y=2008}} Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of ] male lineages are E-M35.<ref name="pmid13680527">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Thomas|Skorecki|Hammer|2003}}</ref> Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18%<ref name="Semino2004" /> to 20%<ref name="Behar2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref><ref name="Shen2004">{{Harvcoltxt|Shen|Lavi|Kivisild|Chou|2004}}</ref> of ] and 8.6%<ref name="Adams2008">{{Harvcoltxt|Adams|Bosch|Balaresque|Ballereau|2008}}</ref> to 30%<ref name="Semino2004" /> of ] Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.<ref name=Nebel2001>{{Harvcoltxt|Nebel|Filon|Brinkmann|Majumder|2001}}</ref><ref group="Note">"Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." {{Harvcoltxt|Behar|Garrigan|Kaplan|Mobasher|2004}}</ref>
===E-M107===
{{Harvnb|Underhill|2000}} found one example of E-M107 in ].


===E-M183=== ===E-M215 association with endurance===
'''E-M183''' is extremely dominant within E-M81. {{harvnb|Karafet et al.|2008}} first described it as a subclade of E-M81.
The known subclades of E-M183 include:
*'''E-M165''' {{harvnb|Underhill|Shen|Lin|Jin|2000}} found one example in Middle East.
*'''E-L351''' Found in two related participants in The .


Moran et al. (2004) observed that among Y-DNA (paternal) clades borne by elite endurance athletes in Ethiopia, the haplogroup E3b1 was negatively correlated with elite athletic endurance performance,<ref name="Moran-a"/> whereas the haplogroups ], ], ],<ref name="Moran-a">{{cite journal|last1=Moran, Colin N.|display-authors=etal|title=Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners|journal=Human Genetics|date=2004|volume=115|issue=6|pages=492–7|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8214295|access-date=6 February 2017|doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y|pmid=15503146|s2cid=13960753}}</ref> and ] were significantly more frequent among the elite endurance athletes.<ref name="Moran-a"/>
===E-Z830===
This is a recently discovered subclade which has not yet been included in most haplogroup trees, Q-Z830 includes the confirmed subclades of E-M123, E-M293, E-V42, and E-Z830*, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.<ref>http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/3</ref><ref>http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/4</ref><ref>http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/81</ref><ref>http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/72</ref>


===E-M123=== ==Subclades==
{{Main|Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)}}
'''E-M123''' is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.<ref group="Note">As of 11 November 2008 for example, had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34.</ref>


===E-M293=== ===E-M35===
{{Main|Haplogroup E-M35}}
E-M293 is a subclade of E-M35. It is identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830, being announced in {{harvnb|Henn|2008}}, which associated it with the spread of ] from ] into ]. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the ] (43%), ] (Kxoe) (31%), ] (28%), and ] (24%). Henn (2008) in their study also found two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males with the M293 mutation.<ref name=Henn2008/>
Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...
<blockquote>
Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.
</blockquote>
They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north".
'''E-P72''' appears in Karafet (2008). {{harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}} announced that this is a subclade of E-M293.


Haplogroup E-M35 is a subclade of E-M215.
===E-V42===
{{Harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}} announced the discovery of E-V42 in two ]. Like E-V6 and E-V92 it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. This is the third known subclade of E-Z830.


===E-V92=== ===E-M281===
{{Main|Haplogroup E-M281}}
{{Harvnb|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}} announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Ethiopian ]. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.


Haplogroup E-M281 is a subclade of E-M215.
===E-V6===
The E-V6 subclade of E-M35 is defined by V6. {{Harv|Cruciani|2004}} identified a significant presence of these lineages in ], and also some in the neighboring ] population. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian ], and 16.7% among the Ethiopian ]. One man in Kenya was also observed with the V6 mutation.


==Phylogenetics== ==Phylogenetics==


===Phylogenetic History=== ===Phylogenetic history===
{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}} {{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}


Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This lead to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Latter, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.


{| class="wikitable" {| class="wikitable"
Line 129: Line 78:
| align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2012''' | align="center" style="background:#ff9;"|'''ISOGG 2012'''
|- |-
| ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E*||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E | ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E*||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E||E
|- |-
| ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E1*||E1||E1a||E1a||E1||E1||E1a||E1a||E1a||E1a||E1a | ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E1*||E1||E1a||E1a||E1||E1||E1a||E1a||E1a||E1a||E1a
|- |-
| ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E1a||E1a||E1a1||E1a1||E1a||E1a||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1 | ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E1a||E1a||E1a1||E1a1||E1a||E1a||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1||E1a1
|- |-
| ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E2a||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2 | ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E2a||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2||E2
|- |-
| ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E2b||E2b||E2b||E2b1||-||-||-||-||-||-||- | ]||21||III||3A||13||Eu3||H2||B||E2b||E2b||E2b||E2b1||-||-||-||-||-||-||-
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu3||H2||B||E3*||E3||E1b||E1b1||E3||E3||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1 | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu3||H2||B||E3*||E3||E1b||E1b1||E3||E3||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1||E1b1
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a*||E3a||E1b1||E1b1a||E3a||E3a||E1b1a||E1b1a||E1b1a||E1b1a1||E1b1a1 | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a*||E3a||E1b1||E1b1a||E3a||E3a||E1b1a||E1b1a||E1b1a||E1b1a1||E1b1a1
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a1||E3a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E3a1||E3a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1a1a||E1b1a1a1a | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a1||E3a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E3a1||E3a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1||E1b1a1a1a||E1b1a1a1a
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a2||E3a2||E1b1a2||E1b1a2||E3a2||E3a2||E1b1a2||E1b1a2||E1ba12||removed||removed | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a2||E3a2||E1b1a2||E1b1a2||E3a2||E3a2||E1b1a2||E1b1a2||E1ba12||removed||removed
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a3||E3a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E3a3||E3a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a1a1c||E1b1a1a1c | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a3||E3a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E3a3||E3a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a3||E1b1a1a1c||E1b1a1a1c
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a4||E3a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E3a4||E3a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a1a1g1c||E1b1a1a1g1c | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a4||E3a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E3a4||E3a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a4||E1b1a1a1g1c||E1b1a1a1g1c
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a5||E3a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E3a5||E3a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a1a1d||E1b1a1a1d | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a5||E3a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E3a5||E3a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a5||E1b1a1a1d||E1b1a1a1d
|- |-
| ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a6||E3a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E3a6||E3a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a1a1e||E1b1a1a1e | ]||8||III||5||15||Eu2||H2||B||E3a6||E3a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E3a6||E3a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a6||E1b1a1a1e||E1b1a1a1e
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b*||E3b||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||E3b1||E3b1||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||removed||removed | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b*||E3b||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||E3b1||E3b1||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||E1b1b1||removed||removed
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b1*||E3b1||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a1||E3b1a||E3b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a1||E1b1b1a1 | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b1*||E3b1||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a1||E3b1a||E3b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a||E1b1b1a1||E1b1b1a1
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b1a||E3b1a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a1c1||E3b1a3a||E3b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a1c1||E1b1b1a1c1 | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b1a||E3b1a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a1c1||E3b1a3a||E3b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a3a||E1b1b1a1c1||E1b1b1a1c1
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2*||E3b2||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b1||E3b1b||E3b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2*||E3b2||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b1||E3b1b||E3b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2a||E3b2a||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a||E3b1b1||E3b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a||E1b1b1b1a1 | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2a||E3b2a||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a||E3b1b1||E3b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1||E1b1b1b1a||E1b1b1b1a1
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2b||E3b2b||E1b1b1b2||E1b1b1b1b1||E3b1b2||E3b1b2||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b1a2a | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b2b||E3b2b||E1b1b1b2||E1b1b1b1b1||E3b1b2||E3b1b2||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b2a||E1b1b1b1a2a
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b3*||E3b3||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E3b1c||E3b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1b2a | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b3*||E3b3||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E3b1c||E3b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1c||E1b1b1b2a
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b3a*||E3b3a||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E3b1c1||E3b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1b2a1 | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3b3a*||E3b3a||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E3b1c1||E3b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1c1||E1b1b1b2a1
|- |-
| ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3ba1||E3b3a1||E1b1b1c1a||E1b1b1c1a1||E3b1c1a||E3b1c1a||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1b2a1a1 | ]||25||III||4||14||Eu4||H2||B||E3ba1||E3b3a1||E1b1b1c1a||E1b1b1c1a1||E3b1c1a||E3b1c1a||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1c1a1||E1b1b1b2a1a1
|- |-
|} |}


====Original Research Publications==== ====Research publications====

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
{{columns-list|3| {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*'''α''' {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}} * '''α''' {{harvp|Jobling|Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvp|Kaladjieva|2001}}
*'''β''' {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}} * '''β''' {{harvp|Underhill|2000}}
*'''γ''' {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}} * '''γ''' {{harvp|Hammer|2001}}
*'''δ''' {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}} * '''δ''' {{harvp|Karafet|2001}}
*'''ε''' {{harvnb|Semino|2000}} * '''ε''' {{harvp|Semino|2000}}
*'''ζ''' {{harvnb|Su|1999}} * '''ζ''' {{harvp|Su|1999}}
*'''η''' {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}} * '''η''' {{harvp|Capelli|2001}}
}} }}


==== Discussion ==== ====Discussion====


'''E-M215''' and '''E1b1b1''' are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the ] (YCC), for the clades defined by mutation M215 and M35 respectively, which can also be referred to as E-M215 and E-M35.<ref name=Karafet2008/> The nomenclature ''E3b'' (E-M215) and ''E3b1'' (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same ]s in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate ] of E-M215 in 2004.<ref name=Cruciani2004/> Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related ] within ] and ]. But in non-standard or older terminologies, E-M215 is for example approximately the same as "haplotype V", still used in publications such as {{Harvcoltxt|Gérard|Berriche|Aouizérate|Diéterlen|2006}}.<ref name=YCC/> '''E-M215''' and '''E1b1b1''' are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the ] (YCC), for the clades defined by mutation M215 and M35 respectively, which can also be referred to as E-M215 and E-M35.<ref name=Karafet2008>{{Harvcoltxt|Karafet|Mendez|Meilerman|Underhill|2008}}</ref> The nomenclature ''E3b'' (E-M215) and ''E3b1'' (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same ]s in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate ] of E-M215 in 2004.<ref name=Cruciani2004/> Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related ] within ] and ]. But in non-standard or older terminologies, E-M215 is for example approximately the same as "haplotype V", still used in publications such as {{Harvcoltxt|Gérard|Berriche|Aouizérate|Diéterlen|2006}}.<ref name=YCC>{{Harvcoltxt|Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC"|2002}}</ref>

====Phylogenetic trees====

Cladogram with the main subclades:

{{Clade
| label1= '''E1b1b''' ('''M215''')&nbsp;
| 1={{Clade
| label1= ]
| 1={{Clade
| label1= ]
| 1={{Clade
| label1= ]
| 1={{Clade
| 1=]
| 2=E-V65
| 3=]
| 4=]}}
| 2=E-V2729}}
| label2= ]
| 2={{Clade
| 1=]
| 2=]}} }}
| 2=E1b1b2 (M281)}} }}

The following ] is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. It includes all known subclades as of June 2015 (Trombetta et al. 2015)<ref name=isogg08>{{Harvcoltxt|ISOGG|2011}}</ref><ref name=Karafet2008/><ref name="YCC"/>

* '''E-M215''' (E1b1b)
** '''E-M215*'''. Rare or non-existent.
** '''E-M35''' (E1b1b1)
*** ''']''' (E1b1b1a)
**** '''E-V2009'''. Found in individuals in Sardinia and Morocco.
**** '''E-M78''' (E1b1b1a1). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Sicily. (Formerly "E1b1b1a".)
***** '''E-M78*'''
***** '''E-V1477'''. Found in Tunisian Jews.
***** '''E-V1083'''.
****** '''E-V1083*'''. Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
****** '''E-V13'''
****** '''E-V22'''
***** '''E-V1129'''
****** '''E-V12'''
******* '''E-V12*'''
******* '''E-V32'''
****** '''E-V264'''
******* '''E-V259'''. Found in North Cameroon.
******* '''E-V65'''
******** E-CTS194
*** ''']''' (E1b1b1b)<ref name="ISOGG 2015">ISOGG 2015</ref>
**** '''E-V257/L19''' (L19, V257) – E1b1b1b1<ref name="ISOGG 2015"/>
***** '''E-PF2431'''
***** '''E-M81''' (M81)
****** E-PF2546
******* E-PF2546*
******* E-CTS12227
******** E-MZ11
********* E-MZ12
******* E-A929
******** E-Z5009
********* E-Z5009*
********* E-Z5010
********* E-Z5013
********** E-Z5013*
********** E-A1152
******** E-A2227
********* E-A428
********* E-MZ16
******** E-PF6794
********* E-PF6794*
********* E-PF6789
********** E-MZ21
********** E-MZ23
********** E-MZ80
******** E-A930
******** E-Z2198/E-MZ46
********* E-A601
********* E-L351
**** '''E-Z830''' (Z830) – E1b1b1b2<ref name="ISOGG 2015"/>
***** ''']''' (M123)
****** '''E-M34''' (M34)
******* '''E-M84''' (M84)
******** '''E-M136''' (M136)
******* '''E-M290''' (M290)
******* '''E-V23''' (V23)
******* '''E-L791''' (L791,L792)
***** '''E-V1515'''. E-V1515 and its subclades are mainly restricted to eastern Africa.
****** '''E-V1515*'''
****** '''E-V1486'''
******* '''E-V1486*'''
******* '''E-V2881'''
******** '''E-V2881*'''
******** '''E-V1792'''
******** '''E-V92'''
******* '''E-M293''' (M293)
******** '''E-M293*'''
******** '''E-P72''' (P72)
******** '''E-V3065*'''
****** '''E-V1700'''
******* '''E-V42''' (V42)
******* '''E-V1785'''
******** '''E-V1785*'''
******** '''E-V6''' (V6)
*** '''E-V16/E-M281''' (E1b1b2). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.


==See also== ==See also==

{{wikiquote}} {{wikiquote}}


===Genetics=== ===Genetics===

{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
}} }}


===Y-DNA E Subclades=== ===Y-DNA E subclades===

{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*]
*] *]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * Haplogroup E-M215
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
*] * ]
* ]
}} }}


===Y-DNA Backbone Tree=== ===Y-DNA backbone tree===

{{Y-DNA}} {{Y-DNA}}


==Notes== ==Notes==

{{reflist|group="Note"}} {{reflist|group="Note"}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}}


{{Reflist|30em}}
==Additional Sources==

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* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|title=A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles|journal=Current Biology|volume=13|issue=11|pages=979–84|year=2003|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7|pmid=12781138|first1=Cristian|last2=Redhead|first2=Nicola|last3=Abernethy|first3=Julia K.|last4=Gratrix|first4=Fiona|last5=Wilson|first5=James F.|last6=Moen|first6=Torolf|last7=Hervig|first7=Tor|last8=Richards|first8=Martin|last9=Stumpf|first9=Michael P.H.|last10=Underhill|first10=Peter A.|last11=Bradshaw|first11=Paul|last12=Shaha|first12=Alom|last13=Thomas|first13=Mark G.|last14=Bradman|first14=Neal|last15=Goldstein|first15=David B.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..979C |hdl=20.500.11820/8acb01f3-a7c1-45f5-89de-b796266d651e|hdl-access=free}} also at
*{{Citation|last1=Caratti|year=2009|title=Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/907v531h2757w162/|doi=10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y|pmid=19430804|last2=Gino|first2=S.|last3=Torre|first3=C.|last4=Robino|first4=C.|volume=123|issue=4|pages=357–360}}
*{{Citation|last1=Capelli|year=2009|title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258|pmid=19156170|pmc=2947089|volume=17|issue=6|last2=Onofri|first2=Valerio|last3=Brisighelli|first3=Francesca|last4=Boschi|first4=Ilaria|last5=Scarnicci|first5=Francesca|last6=Masullo|first6=Mara|last7=Ferri|first7=Gianmarco|last8=Tofanelli|first8=Sergio|last9=Tagliabracci|first9=Adriano|pages=848–852}} * {{Citation|last1=Caratti|year=2009|title=Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application|journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine|doi=10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y|pmid=19430804|last2=Gino|first2=S.|last3=Torre|first3=C.|last4=Robino|first4=C.|volume=123|issue=4|pages=357–360|s2cid=5657112}}
* {{Citation|last1=Capelli|first1=Cristian|year=2009|title=Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.258|pmid=19156170|pmc=2947089|volume=17|issue=6|last2=Onofri|first2=Valerio|last3=Brisighelli|first3=Francesca|last4=Boschi|first4=Ilaria|last5=Scarnicci|first5=Francesca|last6=Masullo|first6=Mara|last7=Ferri|first7=Gianmarco|last8=Tofanelli|first8=Sergio|last9=Tagliabracci|first9=Adriano|last10=Gusmao|first10=Leonor|last11=Amorim|first11=Antonio|last12=Gatto|first12=Francesco|last13=Kirin|first13=Mirna|last14=Merlitti|first14=Davide|last15=Brion|first15=Maria|last16=Verea|first16=Alejandro Blanco|last17=Romano|first17=Valentino|last18=Cali|first18=Francesco|last19=Pascali|first19=Vincenzo|pages=848–852|display-authors=8}}
*{{Citation|last=Cinnioğlu|title=Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia|journal=Hum Genet|volume=114|year=2004|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/q884mpdr929yuye0/fulltext.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4|pages=127|pmid=14586639|first1=Cengiz|last2=King|first2=Roy|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Kalfoglu|first4=Ersi|last5=Atasoy|first5=Sevil|last6=Cavalleri|first6=Gianpiero L.|last7=Lillie|first7=Anita S.|last8=Roseman|first8=Charles C.|last9=Lin|first9=Alice A.|issue=2}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cinnioğlu|title=Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia|journal=Hum Genet|volume=114|year=2004|doi=10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4|pages=127–48|pmid=14586639|first1=Cengiz|last2=King|first2=Roy|last3=Kivisild|first3=Toomas|last4=Kalfoglu|first4=Ersi|last5=Atasoy|first5=Sevil|last6=Cavalleri|first6=Gianpiero L.|last7=Lillie|first7=Anita S.|last8=Roseman|first8=Charles C.|last9=Lin|first9=Alice A.|last10=Prince|first10=Kristina|last11=Oefner|first11=Peter J.|last12=Shen|first12=Peidong|last13=Semino|first13=Ornella|last14=Cavalli-Sforza|first14=L. Luca|last15=Underhill|first15=Peter A.|issue=2|s2cid=10763736|display-authors=8}}
*{{Citation|last1=Contu|year=2008|title=Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans|first1=Daniela|last2=Morelli|last3=Santoni|last4=Foster|last5=Francalacci|last6=Cucca|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001430|url=http://dizab.uniss.it/Francalacci/papers/Contu%20et%20al%20(2008)%20PLOS%20One%20-%20Y%20sardinia.pdf|pmid=18183308|pmc=2174525}}
* {{Citation|last1=Contu|year=2008|title=Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans|first1=Daniela|last2=Morelli|first2=Daniela|last3=Santoni|first3=Federico|last4=Foster|first4=Jamie W.|last5=Francalacci|first5=Paolo|last6=Cucca|first6=Francesco|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=1|pages=e1430|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001430|pmid=18183308|pmc=2174525|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1430C|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Cruciani |last2=Santolamazza|last3=Shen|last4=MacAulay|first1=Fulvio|first2=Piero|first3=Peidong|first4=Vincent|last5=Moral|first5=Pedro|last6=Olckers|first6=Antonel|last7=Modiano|first7=David|last8=Holmes|first8=Susan|title=A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes|journal=]|volume=70|issue=5|pages=1197–1214|year=2002|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B8JDD-4RH3CKT-C-J&_cdi=43612&_user=10&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2002&_sk=%23TOC%2343612%232002%23999299994%23677124%23FLA%23display%23Volume_70,_Issue_5,_Pages_i-ii,_1077-1388_(May_2002)%23tagged%23Volume%23first%3D70%23Issue%23first%3D5%23date%23(May_2002)%23&view=c&_gw=y&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzS&md5=49fa407673a5d86db8983413c144248a&ie=/sdarticle.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1086/340257|pmid=11910562|pmc=447595}}
*{{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|last3=Santolamazza|last4=Sellitto|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|journal=]|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|date=|year=2004|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1086/386294|month=May|pmid=15042509|pmc=1181964 }} * {{Citation|last1=Cruciani |last2=Santolamazza|last3=Shen|last4=MacAulay|first1=Fulvio|first2=Piero|first3=Peidong|first4=Vincent|last5=Moral|first5=Pedro|last6=Olckers|first6=Antonel|last7=Modiano|first7=David|last8=Holmes|first8=Susan|title=A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes|journal=]|volume=70|issue=5|pages=1197–1214|year=2002|doi=10.1086/340257|pmid=11910562|pmc=447595}}
*{{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|last3=Torroni|last4=Underhill|last5=Scozzari|title=Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers|journal=Human Mutation|volume=27|issue=8|pages=831|date=|year=2006|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/homepages/38515/pdf/916.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1002/humu.9445|pmid=16835895}} * {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|last3=Santolamazza|last4=Sellitto|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|journal=]|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|date=May 2004|url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509|pmc=1181964|access-date=2008-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626010050/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/hape3b.pdf|archive-date=2008-06-26|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|last3=Torroni|last4=Underhill|last5=Scozzari|title=Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers|journal=Human Mutation|volume=27|issue=8|pages=831–2|year=2006|doi=10.1002/humu.9445|pmid=16835895|s2cid=26886757|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|first2=R.|title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|date=|year=2007|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/6/1300|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049 |pmid=17351267|first1=F.|last3=Trombetta|first3=B.|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P.|last5=Sellitto|first5=D.|last6=Colomb|first6=E. B.|last7=Dugoujon|first7=J.-M.|last8=Crivellaro|first8=F.|last9=Benincasa|first9=T.}} Also see .
* {{Citation|last1=Cruciani|last2=La Fratta|first2=R.|title=Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|year=2007|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/6/1300|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010093322/https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/24/6/1300/984002/Tracing-Past-Human-Male-Movements-in-Northern|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049|pmid=17351267|first1=F.|last3=Trombetta|first3=B.|last4=Santolamazza|first4=P.|last5=Sellitto|first5=D.|last6=Colomb|first6=E. B.|last7=Dugoujon|first7=J.-M.|last8=Crivellaro|first8=F.|last9=Benincasa|first9=T.|last10=Pascone|first10=R.|last11=Moral|first11=P.|last12=Watson|first12=E.|last13=Melegh|first13=B.|last14=Barbujani|first14=G.|last15=Fuselli|first15=S.|last16=Vona|first16=G.|last17=Zagradisnik|first17=B.|last18=Assum|first18=G.|last19=Brdicka|first19=R.|last20=Kozlov|first20=A. I.|last21=Efremov|first21=G. D.|last22=Coppa|first22=A.|last23=Novelletto|first23=A.|last24=Scozzari|first24=R.|display-authors=8|doi-access=free}} Also see .
*{{Citation|last1=Di Gaetano|last2=Cerutti|first2=Francesca|last3=Crobu|first3=Carlo|last4=Robino|year=2009|title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v17/n1/full/ejhg2008120a.html|volume=17|issue=1|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120|pages=91–99|pmid=18685561|pmc=2985948}}
* {{Citation|last1=Di Gaetano|last2=Cerutti|first2=Francesca|last3=Crobu|first3=Carlo|last4=Robino|year=2009|title=Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=17|issue=1|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.120|pages=91–99|pmid=18685561|pmc=2985948}}
*{{Citation|last1=Ehret|year=2004|title=The Origins of Afroasiatic|journal=Science|volum=306|issue=5702|page=1680|url=http://wysinger.homestead.com/afroasiatic_-_keita.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c|volume=306|pmid=15576591|last2=Keita|first2=SO|last3=Newman|first3=P}}
* {{Citation|last1=Dugoujon|year=2009|url=http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Errico_Becoming_Eloquent_pdf.pdf|title=The Berber and the Berbers: Genetic and linguistic diversities|journal=Becoming Eloquent Advances in the Emergence of Language, Human Cognition, and Modern Cultures|pages=123–146|last2=Coudray|last3=Torroni|last4=Cruciani|last5=Scozzari|last6=Moral|last7=Louali|last8=Kossmann|editor1-last=d'Errico|editor2-last=Hombert|doi=10.1075/z.152.05ch4|isbn=978-90-272-3269-4|access-date=2013-01-26|archive-date=2016-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019104102/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_Errico_Becoming_Eloquent_pdf.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{Citation|last1=El-Sibai|year=2009|title=Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122553140/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x|pmid=19686289|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=Haber|first3=Marc|last4=Xue|first4=Yali|last5=Youhanna|first5=Sonia C.|last6=Wells|first6=R. Spencer|last7=Izaabel|first7=Hassan|last8=Sanyoura|first8=May F.|last9=Harmanani|first9=Haidar|volume=73|issue=6|pages=568–581}}
* {{Citation|last1=Ehret|first1=C.|year=2004|title=The Origins of Afroasiatic|journal=Science|issue=5702|page=1680|doi=10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c|volume=306|pmid=15576591|last2=Keita|first2=SO|last3=Newman|first3=P|s2cid=8057990}}
*{{Citation|last1=Firasat|year=2006|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|pages=121–126|pmid=17047675|pmc=2588664|issue=1|last2=Khaliq|first2=Shagufta|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Papaioannou|first4=Myrto|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A|last7=Ayub|first7=Qasim}}
*{{Citation|last1=Flores|title=Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2004_v12_p855.pdf|format=PDF|year=2004|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=12|pages=855–863|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225|pmid=15280900|issue=10|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=González|first3=Ana M|last4=Oefner|first4=Peter J|last5=Shen|first5=Peidong|last6=Pérez|first6=Jose A|last7=Rojas|first7=Antonio|last8=Larruga|first8=Jose M|last9=Underhill|first9=Peter A}} * {{Citation|last1=El-Sibai|first1=Mirvat|year=2009|title=Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast|journal=Annals of Human Genetics |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x|pmid=19686289|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=Haber|first3=Marc|last4=Xue|first4=Yali|last5=Youhanna|first5=Sonia C.|last6=Wells|first6=R. Spencer|last7=Izaabel|first7=Hassan|last8=Sanyoura|first8=May F.|last9=Harmanani|first9=Haidar|last10=Bonab|first10=Maziar Ashrafian|last11=Behbehani|first11=Jaafar|last12=Hashwa|first12=Fuad|last13=Tyler-Smith|first13=Chris|last14=Zalloua|first14=Pierre A.|last15=Genographic|first15=Consortium|volume=73|issue=6|pages=568–581|display-authors=8|pmc=3312577}}
*{{Citation|last1=Flores|year=2005|title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan|journal=J Hum Genet|volume=50|pages=435–441|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4|pmid=16142507|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=Larruga|first3=Jose M.|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M.|last5=Karadsheh|first5=Naif|last6=Gonzalez|first6=Ana M.|issue=9}} * {{Citation|last1=Firasat|year=2006|title=Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|pages=121–126|pmid=17047675|pmc=2588664|issue=1|last2=Khaliq|first2=Shagufta|last3=Mohyuddin|first3=Aisha|last4=Papaioannou|first4=Myrto|last5=Tyler-Smith|first5=Chris|last6=Underhill|first6=Peter A|last7=Ayub|first7=Qasim}}
*{{Citation|last1=Francalacci|year=2003|title=Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=121|pages=270–279|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10265|pmid=12772214|last2=Morelli|first2=L.|last3=Underhill|first3=P.A.|last4=Lillie|first4=A.S.|last5=Passarino|first5=G.|last6=Useli|first6=A.|last7=Madeddu|first7=R.|last8=Paoli|first8=G.|last9=Tofanelli|first9=S.|issue=3}} * {{Citation|last1=Flores|first1=Carlos|title=Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography|year=2004|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=12|pages=855–863|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225|pmid=15280900|issue=10|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=González|first3=Ana M|last4=Oefner|first4=Peter J|last5=Shen|first5=Peidong|last6=Pérez|first6=Jose A|last7=Rojas|first7=Antonio|last8=Larruga|first8=Jose M|last9=Underhill|first9=Peter A|s2cid=16765118|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Flores|year=2005|title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan|journal=J Hum Genet|volume=50|pages=435–441|doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4|pmid=16142507|last2=Maca-Meyer|first2=Nicole|last3=Larruga|first3=Jose M.|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M.|last5=Karadsheh|first5=Naif|last6=Gonzalez|first6=Ana M.|issue=9|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Fregel|last2=Gomes|last3=Gusmão|last4=González|year=2009|title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European|pmc=2728732|pmid=19650893|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181}}
* {{Citation|last1=Francalacci|first1=P.|year=2003|title=Peopling of Three Mediterranean Islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) Inferred by Y-Chromosome Biallelic Variability|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=121|pages=270–279|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10265|pmid=12772214|last2=Morelli|first2=L.|last3=Underhill|first3=P.A.|last4=Lillie|first4=A.S.|last5=Passarino|first5=G.|last6=Useli|first6=A.|last7=Madeddu|first7=R.|last8=Paoli|first8=G.|last9=Tofanelli|first9=S.|last10=Cal|first10=C.M.|last11=Ghiani|first11=M.E.|last12=Varesi|first12=L.|last13=Memmi|first13=M.|last14=Vona|first14=G.|last15=Lin|first15=A.A.|last16=Oefner|first16=P.|last17=Cavalli-Sforza|first17=L.L.|issue=3|display-authors=8}}
*{{citation|last1=Gérard|title=North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes|year=2006|journal=Human Biology|volume=78|issue=3|pages=307–316|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18328663|doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0045|pmid=17216803|last2=Berriche|first2=S|last3=Aouizérate|first3=A|last4=Diéterlen|first4=F|last5=Lucotte|first5=G}}
* {{Citation|last1=Fregel|first1=Rosa|last2=Gomes|first2=Verónica|last3=Gusmão|first3=Leonor|last4=González|first4=Ana M|last5=Cabrera|first5=Vicente M|last6=Amorim|first6=António|last7=Larruga|first7=Jose M|year=2009|title=Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|issue=1 |pages=181|pmc=2728732|pmid=19650893|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-181 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..181F |doi-access=free }}
*{{Citation|last1=Gonçalves|year=2005|title=Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=69|pages=443–454|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118682163/PDFSTART|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x|pmid=15996172|first1=R|last2=Freitas|first2=A|last3=Branco|first3=M|last4=Rosa|first4=A|last5=Fernandes|first5=AT|last6=Zhivotovsky|first6=LA|last7=Underhill|first7=PA|last8=Kivisild|first8=T|last9=Brehm|first9=A|issue=Pt 4}} Also http://wysinger.homestead.com/portugal.pdf
* {{citation|last1=Gérard|title=North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes|year=2006|journal=Human Biology|volume=78|issue=3|pages=307–316|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18328663|doi=10.1353/hub.2006.0045|pmid=17216803|last2=Berriche|first2=S|last3=Aouizérate|first3=A|last4=Diéterlen|first4=F|last5=Lucotte|first5=G|s2cid=13347549}}
* {{Citation|last1=Hammer |first=|last2=|first2=|title=Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation|journal=]|volume=164|issue=4|pages=1495–1509|year=2003|doi=|pmc=1462677|pmid=12930755}}
* {{Citation|last1=Gonçalves|year=2005|title=Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=69|pages=443–454|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118682163/PDFSTART|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x|pmid=15996172|first1=R|last2=Freitas|first2=A|last3=Branco|first3=M|last4=Rosa|first4=A|last5=Fernandes|first5=AT|last6=Zhivotovsky|first6=LA|last7=Underhill|first7=PA|last8=Kivisild|first8=T|last9=Brehm|first9=A|issue=Pt 4|hdl=10400.13/3018 |s2cid=3229760|hdl-access=free}}{{dead link|date=May 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*{{Citation|last1=Hassan |first=|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A.|title=Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316|date=|year=2008|url=http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/Hassan-Sudan-2008-AJPA.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658|first1=Hisham Y.|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca L.|last4=Ibrahim|first4=Muntaser E.}}
* {{Citation|last1=Hammer |title=Human population structure and its effects on sampling Y chromosome sequence variation|journal=]|volume=164|issue=4|pages=1495–1509|year=2003|doi=10.1093/genetics/164.4.1495|pmc=1462677|pmid=12930755}}
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*{{cite web|author=ISOGG|authorlink=ISOGG|coauthors=|title=Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2011|work=|publisher=International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG"|year=2011|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpE.html|ref={{harvid|ISOGG|2011}}|accessdate=}}
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* {{Citation|title=Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades – 2011|publisher=] (ISOGG)|year=2011|url=http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpE.html|ref={{harvid|ISOGG|2011}}}}{{clarify|reason=links to defunct 30 March 2018 version|date=June 2021}}
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* {{Citation|last1=Jobling|first1=M.A.|last2=Tyler-Smith|first2=C.|title=New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection|journal=Trends Genet.|volume=16|issue=8|pages=356–362|year=2000|doi=10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6|pmid=10904265 }}
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* {{Citation|last1=Karafet|last2=Mendez|first2=F. L.|title=New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree|journal=Genome Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=830–8|date=May 2008|url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1|doi=10.1101/gr.7172008|pmid=18385274|pmc=2336805|first1=T. M.|last3=Meilerman|first3=M. B.|last4=Underhill|first4=P. A.|last5=Zegura|first5=S. L.|last6=Hammer|first6=M. F.}}. Published online April 2, 2008. See also
}}
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*{{Citation|year=2005|title=Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation|journal=History in Africa|volume=32|pages=221–246|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1keita.html|last1=Keita|doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0013|last2=Boyce|first2=A. J. (Anthony J.)}}
* {{Citation|year=2005|title=Genetics, Egypt, and History: Interpreting Geographical Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation|journal=History in Africa|volume=32|pages=221–246|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_in_africa/v032/32.1keita.html|last1=Keita|first1=S. O. Y.|doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0013|last2=Boyce|first2=A. J. (Anthony J.)|s2cid=163020672}}
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* {{Citation|last1=King|last2=Özcan|first2=S. S.|title=Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=72|issue=2|pages=205–214|year=2008|url=http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/KingAHG-08-72-205.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x|pmid=18269686|first1=R. J.|last3=Carter|first3=T.|last4=Kalfoğlu|first4=E.|last5=Atasoy|first5=S.|last6=Triantaphyllidis|first6=C.|last7=Kouvatsi|first7=A.|last8=Lin|first8=A. A.|last9=Chow|first9=C-E. T.|last10=Zhivotovsky|first10=L. A.|last11=Michalodimitrakis|first11=M.|last12=Underhill|first12=P. A.|s2cid=22406638|display-authors=8|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052142/http://dirkschweitzer.net/E3b-papers/KingAHG-08-72-205.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-05}}
*{{Citation|title=Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages|journal=Antiquity|year=2002|volume=76|pages=707–14|last1=King|last2=Underhill }}
* {{Citation|title=Congruent distribution of Neolithic painted pottery and ceramic figurines with Y-chromosome lineages|journal=Antiquity|year=2002|volume=76|issue=293|pages=707–14|last1=King|last2=Underhill |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00091158|s2cid=160359661 }}
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* {{Citation|last1=Kujanova|last2=Pereira|last3=Fernandes|last4=Pereira|last5=Cerný|title=Near Eastern Neolithic Genetic Input in a Small Oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21078|pmid=19425100|year=2009|volume=140|issue=2|pages=336–346}}
*{{Citation|title=Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination|first1=Marie|last1=Lacan|first2=Christine|last2=Keyser|first3=François-Xavier|last3=Ricaut|first4=Nicolas|last4=Brucato|first5=Josep last5=Tarrús|first6=Angel|last6=Bosch|first7=Jean|last7=Guilaine|first8=Eric|last8=Crubézy|first9=Bertrand|last9=Ludes|journal=
* {{Citation|title=Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination|first1=Marie|last1=Lacan|first2=Christine|last2=Keyser|first3=François-Xavier|last3=Ricaut|first4=Nicolas|last4=Brucato|first5=Josep |last5=Tarrús|first6=Angel|last6=Bosch|first7=Jean|last7=Guilaine|first8=Eric|last8=Crubézy|first9=Bertrand|last9=Ludes|journal=PNAS|volume=108|issue=45|pages=18255–9|year=2011|doi=10.1073/pnas.1113061108|pmid=22042855|pmc=3215063|bibcode=2011PNAS..10818255L|doi-access=free}}
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*{{Citation|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M243 }} * {{Citation|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35|access-date=2009-06-26|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150956/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{Citation|last1=Luis |first=|last2=Rowold|first2=D|title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations|journal=]|volume=74|issue=3|pages=532–544|date=|year=2004|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1086/382286|pmid=14973781|pmc=1182266|first1=J|last3=Regueiro|first3=M|last4=Caeiro|first4=B|last5=Cinnioglu|first5=C|last6=Roseman|first6=C|last7=Underhill|first7=P|last8=Cavallisforza|first8=L|last9=Herrera|first9=R}}. (Also see ) * {{Citation|last1=Luis|last2=Rowold|first2=D|title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations|journal=]|volume=74|issue=3|pages=532–544|year=2004|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf|doi=10.1086/382286|pmid=14973781|pmc=1182266|first1=J|last3=Regueiro|first3=M|last4=Caeiro|first4=B|last5=Cinnioglu|first5=C|last6=Roseman|first6=C|last7=Underhill|first7=P|last8=Cavallisforza|first8=L|last9=Herrera|first9=R|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216123633/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf|archive-date=2012-02-16}}. (Also see )
*{{Citation|last1=Maca-Meyer|first1=N.|last2=Sánchez-Velasco|first2=P.|last3=Flores|first3=C. ''et al.''|author-separator=,|author-name-separator=|year=2003|title=Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)|url=|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=Pt 4|pages=329–339|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x|pmid=12914567|last4=Larruga|first4=JM|last5=González|first5=AM|last6=Oterino|first6=A|last7=Leyva-Cobián|first7=F|postscript=. }} * {{Citation|last1=Maca-Meyer|first1=N.|last2=Sánchez-Velasco|first2=P.|last3=Flores|first3=C. |display-authors=etal |name-list-style=vanc|year=2003|title=Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=67|issue=Pt 4|pages=329–339|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x|pmid=12914567|last4=Larruga|first4=JM|last5=González|first5=AM|last6=Oterino|first6=A|last7=Leyva-Cobián|first7=F|postscript=. |citeseerx=10.1.1.584.4253|s2cid=40355653}}
*{{Citation|year=2007|title=Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau|first1=Laise|last1=Martinez|last2=Underhill|last3=Zhivotovsky|last4=Gayden|last5=Moschonas|last6=Chow|last7=Conti|last8=Mamolini|last8=Cavalli-Sforza|last9=Herrera|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=15|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769|url= * {{Citation|date=April 1, 2007|title=Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau|first1=Laisel|last1=Martinez|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A|last3=Zhivotovsky|first3=Lev A|last4=Gayden|first4=Tenzin|last5=Moschonas|first5=Nicholas K|last6=Chow|first6=Cheryl-Emiliane T|last7=Conti|first7=Simon|last8=Mamolini|first8=Elisabetta|last9=Cavalli-Sforza|first9=L Luca|last10=Herrera|first10=Rene|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|issn=1018-4813|volume=15|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769|pmid=17264870|issue=4|pages=485–493|doi-access=free}}
* {{Citation|last1=Mendizabal|first1=Isabel|year=2008|title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba|journal=BMC Evol. Biol.|volume=8|page=213|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213|pmid=18644108|pmc=2492877|last2=Sandoval|first2=Karla|last3=Berniell-Lee|first3=Gemma|last4=Calafell|first4=Francesc|last5=Salas|first5=Antonio|last6=Martinez-Fuentes|first6=Antonio|last7=Comas|first7=David |issue=1 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..213M |doi-access=free }}
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*{{Citation|last1=Mendizabal|year=2008|title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba|journal=BMC Evol Biol.|volume=8|page=213|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213|pmid=18644108|pmc=2492877|last2=Sandoval|first2=Karla|last3=Berniell-Lee|first3=Gemma|last4=Calafell|first4=Francesc|last5=Salas|first5=Antonio|last6=Martinez-Fuentes|first6=Antonio|last7=Comas|first7=David}} * {{Citation|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|year=2001|title=The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East|journal=]|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1095–1112|doi=10.1086/324070|pmc=1274378|pmid=11573163|last2=Filon|first2=D|last3=Brinkmann|first3=B|last4=Majumder|first4=P|last5=Faerman|first5=M|last6=Oppenheim|first6=A}}
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*{{Citation|last1=Nebel|year=2001|title=The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East|journal=]|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1095–1112|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4R29JBW-M&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=311b0abad8d37d35a8776ade5baa84c4|doi=10.1086/324070|pmc=1274378|pmid=11573163|last2=Filon|first2=D|last3=Brinkmann|first3=B|last4=Majumder|first4=P|last5=Faerman|first5=M|last6=Oppenheim|first6=A}}
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*{{Citation|last1=Shlush|year=2008|title=The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002105|pages=e2105|pmid=18461126|pmc=2324201|editor1-last=Gemmell|editor1-first=Neil John|last2=Behar|first2=Doron M.|last3=Yudkovsky|first3=Guennady|last4=Templeton|first4=Alan|last5=Hadid|first5=Yarin|last6=Basis|first6=Fuad|last7=Hammer|first7=Michael|last8=Itzkovitz|first8=Shalev|last9=Skorecki|first9=Karl}} * {{Citation|last1=Shlush|year=2008|title=The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002105|pages=e2105|pmid=18461126|pmc=2324201|editor1-last=Gemmell|editor1-first=Neil John|last2=Behar|first2=Doron M.|last3=Yudkovsky|first3=Guennady|last4=Templeton|first4=Alan|last5=Hadid|first5=Yarin|last6=Basis|first6=Fuad|last7=Hammer|first7=Michael|last8=Itzkovitz|first8=Shalev|last9=Skorecki|first9=Karl|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2105S|doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last1=Solé-Morata |first1=Neus |last2=García-Fernández |first2=Carla |last3=Urasin |first3=Vadim |last4=Bekada |first4=Asmahan |last5=Fadhlaoui-Zid |first5=Karima |last6=Zalloua |first6=Pierre |last7=Comas |first7=David |last8=Calafell |first8=Francesc |title=Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81) |journal=Scientific Reports |date=21 November 2017 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15941 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y |pmid=29162904 |pmc=5698413 |bibcode=2017NatSR...715941S |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}
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*{{Citation|last1=Thomas|year=2006|title=Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|issue=273|url=http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3627|pages=2651–2657|volume=273|last2=Stumpf|first2=M. P.H|last3=Harke|first3=H.|pmid=17002951|pmc=1635457}}
* {{Citation|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/10/2180.full|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010214107/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/10/2180.full|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-10|journal=Mol Biol Evol|year=2007|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2180–2195|last1=Tishkoff|last2=Gonder|last3=Henn|last4=Mortensen|last5=Knight|title=History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation|pmid=17656633|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Trombetta|last2=Cruciani|last3=Sellitto|last4=Scozzari|title=A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073|year=2011|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016073|pmid=21253605|pmc=3017091|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|first1=Beniamino|first2=Fulvio|first3=Daniele|first4=Rosaria|pages=e16073}}
* {{Citation|last1=Thomas|year=2006|title=Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B|issue=1601|url=http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3627|pages=2651–2657|volume=273|last2=Stumpf|first2=M. P.H|last3=Harke|first3=H.|pmid=17002951|pmc=1635457|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305052141/http://publishing.royalsociety.org/media/proceedings_b/papers/RSPB20063627.pdf|archive-date=2009-03-05}}
*{{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2000|title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations|periodical=Nat Genet|volume=26|pages=358–361|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v26/n3/full/ng1100_358.html|doi=10.1038/81685|pmid=11062480|issue=3|last2=Shen|first2=Peidong|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A.|last4=Jin|first4=Li|last5=Passarino|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Yang|first6=Wei H.|last7=Kauffman|first7=Erin|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Bertranpetit|first9=Jaume}}
* {{Citation|last1=Trombetta|last2=Cruciani|last3=Sellitto|last4=Scozzari|title=A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073|year=2011|pmid=21253605|pmc=3017091|editor1-last=MacAulay|editor1-first=Vincent|first1=Beniamino|first2=Fulvio|first3=Daniele|first4=Rosaria|pages=e16073|bibcode=2011PLoSO...616073T|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2001|title=The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations|periodical=Ann Hum Genet|volume=65|pages=43–62|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AHG_2001_v65_p43.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x|pmid=11415522|last2=Passarino|first2=G.|last3=Lin|first3=A. A.|last4=Shen|first4=P.|last5=Mirazon Lahr|first5=M.|last6=Foley|first6=R. A.|last7=Oefner|first7=P. J.|last8=Cavalli-Sforza|first8=L. L.|issue=Pt 1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Trombetta |first1=Beniamino |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=July 2015 |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=1940–1950 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv118 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/7/7/1940/631621 |pmid=26108492 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=4524485 |oclc=5854174538 |s2cid=16352575 }}
*{{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2002|title=Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes|editor=Bellwood and Renfrew|booktitle=Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|isbn=1-902937-20-1|publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research|location=Cambridge}}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A.|year=2000|title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations|periodical=Nat Genet|volume=26|pages=358–361|doi=10.1038/81685|pmid=11062480|issue=3|last2=Shen|first2=Peidong|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A.|last4=Jin|first4=Li|last5=Passarino|first5=Giuseppe|last6=Yang|first6=Wei H.|last7=Kauffman|first7=Erin|last8=Bonné-Tamir|first8=Batsheva|last9=Bertranpetit|first9=Jaume|last10=Francalacci|first10=Paolo|last11=Ibrahim|first11=Muntaser|last12=Jenkins|first12=Trefor|last13=Kidd|first13=Judith R.|last14=Mehdi|first14=S. Qasim|last15=Seielstad|first15=Mark T.|last16=Wells|first16=R. Spencer|last17=Piazza|first17=Alberto|last18=Davis|first18=Ronald W.|last19=Feldman|first19=Marcus W.|last20=Cavalli-Sforza|first20=L. Luca|last21=Oefner|first21=Peter. J.|s2cid=12893406|display-authors=8}}
*{{Citation|title=Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations|journal=Annu. Rev. Genet.|year=2007|volume=41|pages=539–64|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407|last1=Underhill|last2=Kivisild|pmid=18076332|first2=Toomas}}
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2001|title=The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations|periodical=Ann Hum Genet|volume=65|pages=43–62|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x|pmid=11415522|last2=Passarino|first2=G.|last3=Lin|first3=A. A.|last4=Shen|first4=P.|last5=Mirazon Lahr|first5=M.|last6=Foley|first6=R. A.|last7=Oefner|first7=P. J.|last8=Cavalli-Sforza|first8=L. L.|issue=Pt 1|s2cid=9441236|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Weale|year=2002|title=Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration|periodical=Mol. Biol. Evol.|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1008–1021|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf|format=PDF|pmid=12082121 }}.
* {{Citation|last1=Underhill|year=2002|chapter=Inference of Neolithic Population Histories using Y-chromosome Haplotypes|editor=Bellwood, Peter |editor2=Renfrew, A. Colin |title=Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis |isbn=978-1-902937-20-5 |publisher=McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research |location=Cambridge}}
*{{Citation|last1=Weale|date=September 1, 2003|title=Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography|periodical=Genetics|volume=165|pages=229–234|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/165/1/229|issue=1|pmid=14504230|last2=Shah|first2=T|last3=Jones|first3=AL|last4=Greenhalgh|first4=J|last5=Wilson|first5=JF|last6=Nymadawa|first6=P|last7=Zeitlin|first7=D|last8=Connell|first8=BA|last9=Bradman|first9=N|pmc=1462739 }}
*{{Citation|author=Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC"|year=2002|title=A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups|periodical=Genome Research|volume=12|pages=339–348|url=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/339|issue=2|doi=10.1101/gr.217602|pmid=11827954|pmc=155271}} * {{Citation|title=Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations|journal=Annu. Rev. Genet.|year=2007|volume=41|pages=539–64|doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A.|last2=Kivisild|pmid=18076332|first2=Toomas}}
* {{Citation|last1=Weale|first1=M. E.|last2=Weiss|first2=D. A.|last3=Jager|first3=R. F.|last4=Bradman|first4=N.|last5=Thomas|first5=M. G.|year=2002|title=Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration|periodical=Mol. Biol. Evol.|volume=19|issue=7|pages=1008–1021|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029232827/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-10-29|pmid=12082121|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160|doi-access=free}}.
*{{Citation|last1=Zalloua|year=2008|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=82|issue=4|pages=873–882|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020|pmid=18374297|pmc=2427286|last2=Xue|first2=Yali|last3=Khalife|first3=Jade|last4=Makhoul|first4=Nadine|last5=Debiane|first5=Labib|last6=Platt|first6=Daniel E.|last7=Royyuru|first7=Ajay K.|last8=Herrera|first8=Rene J.|last9=Hernanz|first9=David F. Soria}}
*{{Citation|last1=Zalloua|year=2008|title=Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean|url=http://download.cell.com/AJHG/pdf/PIIS0002929708005478.pdf?intermediate=true|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|pages=633–642|volume=83|issue=5|pmid=18976729|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=El Sibai|first3=Mirvat|last4=Khalife|first4=Jade|last5=Makhoul|first5=Nadine|last6=Haber|first6=Marc|last7=Xue|first7=Yali|last8=Izaabel|first8=Hassan|last9=Bosch|first9=Elena|pmc=2668035}} * {{Citation|last1=Weale|date=September 1, 2003|title=Rare Deep-Rooting Y Chromosome Lineages in Humans: Lessons for Phylogeography|periodical=Genetics|volume=165|pages=229–234|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/165/1/229|issue=1|pmid=14504230|last2=Shah|first2=T|last3=Jones|first3=AL|last4=Greenhalgh|first4=J|last5=Wilson|first5=JF|last6=Nymadawa|first6=P|last7=Zeitlin|first7=D|last8=Connell|first8=BA|last9=Bradman|first9=N|last10=Thomas|first10=M. G.|doi=10.1093/genetics/165.1.229|pmc=1462739|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Wood| last2=Stover| last3=Ehret |last4=Destro-Bisol|title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics| year=2005| volume=13| issue=7| pages=867–876|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408| pmid=15856073| doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last1=Zerjal|year=1999|title=The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history; in Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R (eds): Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|pages=91–101}}
* {{Citation|author=Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC"|year=2002|title=A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups|periodical=Genome Research|volume=12|pages=339–348|issue=2|doi=10.1101/gr.217602|pmid=11827954|pmc=155271}}
*{{Citation|last1=Zhao|title=Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes|journal=Annals of Human Biology|year=2009|pages=1–14|doi=10.1080/03014460802558522|volume=36|pmid=19058044|pmc=2755252|last2=Khan|first2=Faisal|last3=Borkar|first3=Minal|last4=Herrera|first4=Rene|last5=Agrawal|first5=Suraksha|issue=1}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zalloua|first1=Pierre A.|year=2008|title=Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=82|issue=4|pages=873–882|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020|pmid=18374297|pmc=2427286|last2=Xue|first2=Yali|last3=Khalife|first3=Jade|last4=Makhoul|first4=Nadine|last5=Debiane|first5=Labib|last6=Platt|first6=Daniel E.|last7=Royyuru|first7=Ajay K.|last8=Herrera|first8=Rene J.|last9=Hernanz|first9=David F. Soria|last10=Blue-Smith|first10=Jason|last11=Wells|first11=R. Spencer|last12=Comas|first12=David|last13=Bertranpetit|first13=Jaume|last14=Tyler-Smith|first14=Chris|last15=Genographic|first15=Consortium|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zalloua|first1=Pierre A.|year=2008|title=Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|pages=633–642|volume=83|issue=5|pmid=18976729|last2=Platt|first2=Daniel E.|last3=El Sibai|first3=Mirvat|last4=Khalife|first4=Jade|last5=Makhoul|first5=Nadine|last6=Haber|first6=Marc|last7=Xue|first7=Yali|last8=Izaabel|first8=Hassan|last9=Bosch|first9=Elena|last10=Adams|first10=Susan M.|last11=Arroyo|first11=Eduardo|last12=López-Parra|first12=Ana María|last13=Aler|first13=Mercedes|last14=Picornell|first14=Antònia|last15=Ramon|first15=Misericordia|last16=Jobling|first16=Mark A.|last17=Comas|first17=David|last18=Bertranpetit|first18=Jaume|last19=Wells|first19=R. Spencer|last20=Tyler-Smith|first20=Chris|last21=Genographic|first21=Consortium|pmc=2668035|display-authors=8}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zerjal|year=1999|title=The use of Y-chromosomal DNA variation to investigate population history; in Papiha SS, Deka R, Chakraborty R (eds): Genomic diversity: applications in human population genetics|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|pages=91–101}}
* {{Citation|last1=Zhao|title=Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: A study of 560 Y chromosomes|journal=Annals of Human Biology|year=2009|pages=1–14|doi=10.1080/03014460802558522|volume=36|pmid=19058044|pmc=2755252|last2=Khan|first2=Faisal|last3=Borkar|first3=Minal|last4=Herrera|first4=Rene|last5=Agrawal|first5=Suraksha|issue=1}}
{{Refend}} {{Refend}}


===Sources for conversion tables===
==External links==

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*
* {{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Bing |last2=Xiao |first2=Junhua |last3=Underhill |first3=Peter |last4=Deka |first4=Ranjan |last5=Zhang |first5=Weiling |display-authors=4 |title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=December 1999 |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1718–1724 |doi=10.1086/302680 |pmid=10577926 |pmc=1288383 |ref={{harvid|Su|1999}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Shen |first2=Peidong |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A. |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Passarino |first5=Giuseppe |display-authors=4 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2000 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–361 |doi=10.1038/81685 |pmid=11062480 |s2cid=12893406 |ref={{harvid|Underhill|2000}}}}
{{refend}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-Dna)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-Dna)}}
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Latest revision as of 16:45, 16 October 2024

Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup "E3b" redirects here. For the Pennsylvania Railroad locomotive, see PRR E3b.
Haplogroup
  • E-M215
  • E1b1b
Geographic distribution of the haplogroup E1b1b
Possible time of origin47,500—22,400 BP
Coalescence age34,800 BP
Possible place of originNortheast Africa
AncestorE-P2
Descendants
Defining mutationsM215

E-M215 or E1b1b, formerly known as E3b, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M215 has two basal branches, E-M35 and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occurs at moderate frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in Ethiopia.

Origins

The origins of E-M215 were dated by Cruciani in 2007 to about 22,400 years ago in East Africa.

E1b1b1 origins map
E1b1b1 origins map

Ancient DNA

According to Lazaridis et al. (2016), Natufian skeletal remains from the ancient Levant predominantly carried the Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1b. Of the five Natufian specimens analyzed for paternal lineages, three belonged to the E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b), E1b1(xE1b1a1, E1b1b1b1) and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades (60%). Haplogroup E1b1b was also found at moderate frequencies among fossils from the ensuing Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, with the E1b1b1 and E1b1b1b2(xE1b1b1b2a, E1b1b1b2b) subclades observed in two of seven PPNB specimens (~29%). The scientists suggest that the Levantine early farmers may have spread southward into East Africa, bringing along Western Eurasian and Basal Eurasian ancestral components separate from that which would arrive later in North Africa.

Additionally, haplogroup E1b1b1 has been found in an ancient Egyptian mummy excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which dates from a period between the late New Kingdom and the Roman era. Fossils at the Iberomaurusian site of Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa in Morocco, which have been dated to around 5,000 BCE, also carried haplotypes related to the E1b1b1b1a (E-M81) subclade. These ancient individuals bore an autochthonous Maghrebi genomic component that peaks among modern North Africans, indicating that they were ancestral to populations in the area. The E1b1b haplogroup has likewise been observed in ancient Guanche fossils excavated in Gran Canaria and Tenerife on the Canary Islands, which have been radiocarbon-dated to between the 7th and 11th centuries CE. The clade-bearing individuals that were analysed for paternal DNA were inhumed at the Tenerife site, with all of these specimens found to belong to the E1b1b1b1a1 or E-M183 subclade (3/3; 100%).

Loosdrecht et al. (2018) analysed genome-wide data from seven ancient Iberomaurusian individuals from the Grotte des Pigeons near Taforalt in eastern Morocco. The fossils were directly dated to between 15,100 and 13,900 calibrated years before present. The scientists found that five male specimens with sufficient nuclear DNA preservation belonged to the E1b1b1a1 (M78) subclade, with one skeleton bearing the E1b1b1a1b1 parent lineage to E-V13, another male specimen belonged to E1b1b (M215*).

Distribution

In Africa, E-M215 is distributed in highest frequencies in the Horn of Africa and North Africa, specifically in the countries Somalia and Morocco, whence it has in recent millennia expanded as far south as South Africa, and northwards into Western Asia and Europe (especially the Mediterranean and the Balkans). E-M281 has been found in Ethiopia.

Almost all E-M215 men are also in E-M35. In 2004, M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation. In 2013, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found one individual in Khorasan, North-East Iran to be positive for M215 but negative for M35.

E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among Afroasiatic speakers. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the Afroasiatic Urheimat. Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Jewish male lineages are E-M35. Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18% to 20% of Ashkenazi and 8.6% to 30% of Sephardi Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.

E-M215 association with endurance

Moran et al. (2004) observed that among Y-DNA (paternal) clades borne by elite endurance athletes in Ethiopia, the haplogroup E3b1 was negatively correlated with elite athletic endurance performance, whereas the haplogroups E*, E3*, K*(xP), and J*(xJ2) were significantly more frequent among the elite endurance athletes.

Subclades

E-M35

Main article: Haplogroup E-M35

Haplogroup E-M35 is a subclade of E-M215.

E-M281

Main article: Haplogroup E-M281

Haplogroup E-M281 is a subclade of E-M215.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Discussion

E-M215 and E1b1b1 are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), for the clades defined by mutation M215 and M35 respectively, which can also be referred to as E-M215 and E-M35. The nomenclature E3b (E-M215) and E3b1 (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same haplogroups in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate subclade of E-M215 in 2004. Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related clades within haplogroup E and haplogroup DE. But in non-standard or older terminologies, E-M215 is for example approximately the same as "haplotype V", still used in publications such as Gérard et al. (2006).

Phylogenetic trees

Cladogram with the main subclades:

E1b1b (M215) 
E1b1b1 (M35)
E1b1b1a (V68)
E-M78

E-V12

E-V65

E-V13

E-V22

E-V2729

E1b1b1b (Z827)

E-M81

E-M123

E1b1b2 (M281)

The following phylogenetic tree is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. It includes all known subclades as of June 2015 (Trombetta et al. 2015)

  • E-M215 (E1b1b)
    • E-M215*. Rare or non-existent.
    • E-M35 (E1b1b1)
      • E-V68 (E1b1b1a)
        • E-V2009. Found in individuals in Sardinia and Morocco.
        • E-M78 (E1b1b1a1). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Sicily. (Formerly "E1b1b1a".)
          • E-M78*
          • E-V1477. Found in Tunisian Jews.
          • E-V1083.
            • E-V1083*. Found only in Eritrea (1.1%) and Sardinia (0.3%).
            • E-V13
            • E-V22
          • E-V1129
            • E-V12
              • E-V12*
              • E-V32
            • E-V264
              • E-V259. Found in North Cameroon.
              • E-V65
                • E-CTS194
      • E-Z827 (E1b1b1b)
        • E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) – E1b1b1b1
          • E-PF2431
          • E-M81 (M81)
            • E-PF2546
              • E-PF2546*
              • E-CTS12227
                • E-MZ11
                  • E-MZ12
              • E-A929
                • E-Z5009
                  • E-Z5009*
                  • E-Z5010
                  • E-Z5013
                    • E-Z5013*
                    • E-A1152
                • E-A2227
                  • E-A428
                  • E-MZ16
                • E-PF6794
                  • E-PF6794*
                  • E-PF6789
                    • E-MZ21
                    • E-MZ23
                    • E-MZ80
                • E-A930
                • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
                  • E-A601
                  • E-L351
        • E-Z830 (Z830) – E1b1b1b2
          • E-M123 (M123)
            • E-M34 (M34)
              • E-M84 (M84)
                • E-M136 (M136)
              • E-M290 (M290)
              • E-V23 (V23)
              • E-L791 (L791,L792)
          • E-V1515. E-V1515 and its subclades are mainly restricted to eastern Africa.
            • E-V1515*
            • E-V1486
              • E-V1486*
              • E-V2881
                • E-V2881*
                • E-V1792
                • E-V92
              • E-M293 (M293)
                • E-M293*
                • E-P72 (P72)
                • E-V3065*
            • E-V1700
              • E-V42 (V42)
              • E-V1785
                • E-V1785*
                • E-V6 (V6)
      • E-V16/E-M281 (E1b1b2). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia, Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T 
A0 A1 
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F-Y27277   F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT        K2 
I1   I2  J1   J2  L     T  K2e K2d K2c K2b   K2a
K2b1    P  K-M2313 
S   M     P1   NO1
P1c P1b P1a N O
R Q
Footnotes
  1. Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.
  2. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
  4. Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.
  6. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  7. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  8. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  10. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
  11. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
  12. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
  13. Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

Notes

  1. Cruciani et al. (2004): "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* paragroup." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E-M215. Semino et al. (2004): "This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35* in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35* lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*." For E-M215 Cruciani et al. (2007) reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in Cruciani et al. (2004), re-calibrating the same data.
  2. "Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." Behar et al. (2004)

References

  1. ^ Trombetta 2015.
  2. Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864.
  3. ^ Cruciani et al. (2007)
  4. "E-M215 YTree".
  5. Cruciani et al. (2004).
  6. Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
  7. Fregel; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". bioRxiv 10.1101/191569.
  8. Rodrı́guez-Varela; et al. (2017). "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans". Current Biology. 27 (1–7): 3396–3402.e5. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3396R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059. hdl:2164/13526. PMID 29107554.
  9. Van De Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias; Haak, Wolfgang; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (4 May 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. PMID 29545507. S2CID 206666517.
  10. ^ Cruciani et al. (2004)
  11. ^ Semino et al. (2004)
  12. Rosser et al. (2000)
  13. Firasat et al. (2006)
  14. Di Cristofaro, Julie; et al. (October 18, 2013). "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e76748. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...876748D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. ISSN 1932-6203. OCLC 5534533323. PMC 3799995. PMID 24204668. S2CID 16455960.
  15. Ehret, Keita & Newman (2004); Keita & Boyce (2005); Keita (2008).
  16. Behar et al. (2003)
  17. Behar et al. (2004)
  18. Shen et al. (2004)
  19. Adams et al. (2008)
  20. Nebel et al. (2001)
  21. ^ Moran, Colin N.; et al. (2004). "Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners". Human Genetics. 115 (6): 492–7. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y. PMID 15503146. S2CID 13960753. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  22. ^ Karafet et al. (2008)
  23. ^ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
  24. ISOGG (2011)
  25. ^ ISOGG 2015

Bibliography

Sources for conversion tables

Category: