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{{short description|Turkish labor battalions (1941–1942)}}
{{Cleanup|date=October 2011}}
{{for|the Ottoman labour battalions in World War I|Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)}}
The incident of the '''Twenty Classes''' (]: ''Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri''<ref>Rıfat N. Bali, ''Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri: II. Dünya Savaşında Gayrimüslimlerin Askerlik Serüveni'', Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008, ISBN 978-975-9173-86-9. {{Tr icon}}</ref> literally: "Soldiers for Public works by drawing of twenty lots" or ''Yirmi Kur'a İhtiyatlar Olayı''<ref>Elçin Macar, ''İstanbul Rum Patrikhanesi'', İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003, ISBN 978-975-05-0118-0, {{Tr icon}}</ref><ref name=taraf>], , ''Taraf'', December 16, 2007. {{Tr icon}} ]"]</ref> literally: "Incident of the Reserve soldiers by drawing of twenty lots") was a so-called conscription used by the Turkish government to conscript the male non-Turkish minority population mainly consisting of Armenians, Greeks and Jews during ]. All of the twenty classes were consists of male minority population including the elders and mentally ills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noravank.am/upload/pdf/5.Ruben%20Melkonyan_02_2010.pdf |title=ON SOME PROBLEMS OF THE ARMENIAN NATIONAL MINORITY IN TURKEY |format=pdf |first=Ruben |last=Melkonyan |page=2}}</ref> They were given no weapons and quite often they did not even wear military uniforms. These non-Muslims were gathered in ] where no Turks were enlisted,. They were allegedly forced to work under very bad conditions. The prevailing and widespread point of view on the matter was that wishing to partake in the World War II, Turkey gathered in advance all unreliable non-Turkish men regarded as a "]". The incident of '''the Twenty Classes''' (]: ''Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri'',<ref>Rıfat N. Bali, ''Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri: II. Dünya Savaşında Gayrimüslimlerin Askerlik Serüveni'', Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008, {{ISBN|978-975-9173-86-9}}. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> literally: "Soldiers for Public works by drawing of twenty lots", or ''Yirmi Kur'a İhtiyatlar Olayı'',<ref>Elçin Macar, ''İstanbul Rum Patrikhanesi'', İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003, {{ISBN|978-975-05-0118-0}}, {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref name="taraf">], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217054648/http://www.taraf.com.tr/ayse-hur/makale-turk-schindleri-efsaneleri.htm|date=2011-02-17}}, ''Taraf'', December 16, 2007. {{in lang|tr}} ]"]</ref> literally: "Incident of the Reserve soldiers by drawing of twenty lots") was a ] used by the Turkish government during ] to conscript the male non-Muslim minority population mainly consisting of ], ], ] and ].


The conscription began in May 1941.<ref name=":0" /> All of the twenty classes were drawn from male minority populations and included the elderly and mentally ill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noravank.am/upload/pdf/5.Ruben%20Melkonyan_02_2010.pdf |title=ON SOME PROBLEMS OF THE ARMENIAN NATIONAL MINORITY IN TURKEY |first=Ruben |last=Melkonyan |page=2}}</ref> They were given no weapons but were gathered in ] for manufacture of ], building construction, construction and care of roads.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bali|first=Rifat|title=Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period|date=2012-04-13|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-61147-537-1|pages=12|language=en}}</ref> They were forced to work under very poor conditions. The prevailing and widespread point of view on the matter was that, anticipating entry to World War II, Turkey gathered, in advance, all unreliable male citizens of non-Muslim ethnic groups regarded as a potential "]" if Germany attacked Turkey, after it had also invaded its neighbors Greece and ].<ref name=":0" /> In July 1942, the men were released from their duty.<ref name=":0" />
⚫ One of the main intention of the Turkish government was to seize the assets of the minority population. The enslaved minorities bankrupted since they could not manage their business during the event and as a result they had to sell their companies and assets for almost free. After this event, two major events followed with almost same intentions ] and ].<ref name=Radikal>], , '']'', February 9, 2008. {{Tr icon}}</ref>

⚫ One of the main intentions of the Turkish government was to seize the ]. The conscripted minorities were bankrupted since they could not manage their businesses during the incident of the Twenty Classes and as a result they had to sell their companies and assets for nearly nothing. After this, there followed two major events with almost the same intentions: ] and ].<ref name=Radikal>], , '']'', February 9, 2008. {{in lang|tr}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
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* ] *]


==Sources== ==Sources==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


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Latest revision as of 22:29, 21 November 2024

Turkish labor battalions (1941–1942) For the Ottoman labour battalions in World War I, see Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire).

The incident of the Twenty Classes (Turkish: Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri, literally: "Soldiers for Public works by drawing of twenty lots", or Yirmi Kur'a İhtiyatlar Olayı, literally: "Incident of the Reserve soldiers by drawing of twenty lots") was a conscription used by the Turkish government during World War II to conscript the male non-Muslim minority population mainly consisting of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Jews.

The conscription began in May 1941. All of the twenty classes were drawn from male minority populations and included the elderly and mentally ill. They were given no weapons but were gathered in Aşkale Labor Camp for manufacture of military equipment, building construction, construction and care of roads. They were forced to work under very poor conditions. The prevailing and widespread point of view on the matter was that, anticipating entry to World War II, Turkey gathered, in advance, all unreliable male citizens of non-Muslim ethnic groups regarded as a potential "fifth column" if Germany attacked Turkey, after it had also invaded its neighbors Greece and Bulgaria. In July 1942, the men were released from their duty.

One of the main intentions of the Turkish government was to seize the assets of the minority population. The conscripted minorities were bankrupted since they could not manage their businesses during the incident of the Twenty Classes and as a result they had to sell their companies and assets for nearly nothing. After this, there followed two major events with almost the same intentions: Varlık Vergisi and Istanbul Pogrom.

See also

Sources

  1. Rıfat N. Bali, Yirmi Kur'a Nafıa Askerleri: II. Dünya Savaşında Gayrimüslimlerin Askerlik Serüveni, Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008, ISBN 978-975-9173-86-9. (in Turkish)
  2. Elçin Macar, İstanbul Rum Patrikhanesi, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003, ISBN 978-975-05-0118-0, p. 174. (in Turkish)
  3. Ayşe Hür, "'Türk Schindleri' efsaneleri" Archived 2011-02-17 at the Wayback Machine, Taraf, December 16, 2007. (in Turkish)
  4. ^ Bali, Rifat (2012-04-13). Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multi-Party Period. Lexington Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-61147-537-1.
  5. Melkonyan, Ruben. "ON SOME PROBLEMS OF THE ARMENIAN NATIONAL MINORITY IN TURKEY" (PDF). p. 2.
  6. Baskın Oran, "Azınlıklardan alınıp sermaye biriktirildi", Radikal, February 9, 2008. (in Turkish)
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