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{{short description|1995 book by Scott Lively and Kevin Abrams}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox book {{Infobox book
<!-- |italic title = (see above) --> <!-- |italic title = (see above) -->
| name = The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party | name = The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party
| image = ] | image = File:The Pink Swastika cover (5th ed).jpg
| caption = Cover of the fifth edition
| image_caption =
| author = ]<br />Kevin Abrams | authors = ]<br />Kevin Abrams
| title_orig = | title_orig =
| translator = | translator =
| illustrator = | illustrator =
| cover_artist = | cover_artist =
| country = | country = United States
| language = English | language = English
| series = | series =
| subject = ] | subject = ]
| genre = | published = 1995
| publisher = | publisher = Founders Publishing Corporation
| pub_date = 1995 | media_type = Print (paperback)
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = | pages =
| isbn = 978-0-9647609-0-5 | isbn = 978-0-9647609-0-5
| oclc = | oclc =
| dewey = | dewey =
| congress = | congress = DD256.5 .L55
| preceded_by = | preceded_by =
| followed_by = | followed_by =
}} }}


'''''The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party''''' is a 1995 ] book by ] and Kevin Abrams. Drawing on Samuel Igra's 1945 book '']'', Lively and Abrams argue that the crimes committed by homosexuals in the ] exceed the ] and that ] contributed to the extreme ] of ]. They contend that only feminine homosexuals were persecuted by the Nazis, while "butch" homosexuals formed the leadership cadre of the Nazi party. Historian ] criticized the book for lack of accuracy and "outright ] charges". The claim advanced by Igra, Lively, and Abrams that ] is rejected by most historians.
'''''The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party''''' is a book first published in 1995 by ] and Kevin Abrams.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RmUTAQAAMAAJ |title=The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party |first1=Scott |last1=Lively |first2=Kevin |last2=Abrams |publisher=Founders Publishing. Corporation |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-9647609-0-5}}</ref> The book drew criticism from historians.


==Summary== ==Authors==
The authors of the book are Kevin Abrams, <!-- "Kevin Abrams, who is identified as an Orthodox Jew residing in Israel" (Stein) --> and ], an American ] activist who worked for ] (loosely affiliated with the ]) and ].{{sfn|Stein|2016|pp=530–531}} Lively is best known for his international ]; he campaigned for the ] and his 2009 tour in ] was one of the motives for Uganda's so-called ].<ref name=Bostonmag>{{cite news |last1=Buell |first1=Spencer |title=11 Things to Know about Scott Lively, Charlie Baker's Primary Opponent |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2018/04/30/scott-lively/ |access-date=13 April 2020 |work=]|date=30 April 2018|quote=While we cannot say that homosexuals caused the Holocaust," he and colleague Kevin Abrams wrote in a thoroughly debunked 1995 book called The Pink Swastika, "we must not ignore their central role in Nazism. To the myth of the 'pink triangle'—the notion that all homosexuals in Nazi Germany were persecuted—we must respond with the reality of the 'pink swastika.'}}</ref> The book was published after ], an unsuccessful Oregon ] to repeal ].{{sfn|Jensen|2002|p=323, n. 19}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2012}}

According to the authors, ] found in the ] contributed to the extreme ] of ]. The title of the book, as well as the book itself, is a reference to a book by ] called ''The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals'', a book detailing ] in the Nazi Party and the homosexual victims of Nazism. Lively and Abrams also take up the subject of Nazism in America and discuss the ]. The book states that many leaders in the German Nazi regime, including ] himself, were homosexual and says that eight of the top ten ]s in the US were homosexuals.<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=|title=People & Events|url=http://old.mbherald.com/38-21/pe.html?view=p|date=1999-11-05|accessdate=2007-06-14|quote=In their controversial book, The Pink Swastika, Scott Lively and Kevin Abrams assert that many leading members of the Nazi party in Germany were homosexuals. They also state that eight of the top ten serial killers in the US were homosexuals, including Donald Garvey, ], Patrick Wayne Kearney, Bruce Davis and ]. The Apr. 22 '']'' reported that the ] killers 'professed to be ]s'. – RTV Bulletin, Western Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=4225|title=Religious Right Groups Involved in Antigay Incidents|publisher=]|accessdate=2007-06-14|quote=the controversial book, The Pink Swastika, |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061215005808/http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=4225 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> One significant research source for the writing of ''The Pink Swastika'' was the book, ''Germany's National Vice'', written by Samuel Igra, and Scott Lively refers to it as "the 1945 version of ''The Pink Swastika''."<ref>{{cite video
==Content==
| people = ]
The book was first published in 1995 by Founders Publishing Corporation. In 2017, the authors released the fifth edition, published by Veritas Aeterna Press.<ref name="annotated" />{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=9}} They state that their motivation for writing the book is to respond to the "myth of the ']{{'"}}<ref name="Bostonmag" /> and the "]".{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=17}} One significant source for ''The Pink Swastika'' was Samuel Igra's '']'' (1945).{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=19}} Among other things, Igra claimed that "there is a causal connection between mass sexual perversion" and ] during both world wars.{{sfn|Woods|1998|page=}} The book attempts to synthesize Igra's allegations that German militarism had a ] foundation with the ] theories popularized by American author ] in her book, ''The Nazis and the Occult'' (1977).{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=19}} The claim advanced by Igra, Lively, and Abrams that ] has been frequently asserted,{{sfn|Woods|1998|page=}} but is rejected by most historians.{{sfn|Wackerfuss|2015|pp=343–344}}{{sfn|Jensen|2002|pp=322–323}}
| year =

| title = Scott Lively speaks about his book, The Pink Swastika
In ''The Pink Swastika'', Abrams and Lively argue that homosexuals were the "true inventors of ] and the guiding force behind many ]"{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=9}} and that "there was far more brutality, ], ] and murder committed against innocent people by Nazi deviants and homosexuals than there ever was against homosexuals."{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=17}} The authors claim that only "femme" homosexuals were persecuted, and even they did not fare as badly as other Nazi victims, while "butch" homosexuals—including ], ], ], ], and ]—formed the core leadership of the Nazi regime.{{sfn|Stein|2016|p=530}} They claim that leaders of the '']'' scouting movement "recruited countless young men into the homosexual lifestyle" and that the '']''—the Nazi party's original paramilitary wing—also engaged in ].{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|pp=83, 108}} Chapters of the book address issues such as ] and his '']'', ], the '']'', ] and the ], and ].{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=27}}
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBG7bUBqbj8&feature=player_detailpage#t=2664s
| format =
| medium =
| language =
| trans_title =
| publisher =
| location =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
| accessdate =
| time = 26'15''
| id =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| quote =
| ref =
}}</ref>


==Reception== ==Reception==
In his book '']'' about homosexuality in the ''Sturmabteilung'', American historian ] described the authors as "a pair of anti-gay political activists" who "tried to rebrand the ] as a pink swastika". He situates the book within 1990's ]s in the ] and noted that Lively's allegations of "]" have gained "wide popularity on the ]" as well as in Russia and ]. Wackerfuss considers that there are "numerous and persuasive criticisms of misuse of the ]".{{sfn|Wackerfuss|2015|p=341}} He criticized ''The Pink Swastika''{{'s}} "outright homophobic charges"{{sfn|Wackerfuss|2015|p=318}} and recommended ''The Annotated Pink Swastika'' (an internet publication of the Citizens Allied for Civic Action)<ref name=annotated>{{cite web |title=The Annotated Pink Swastika |url=http://www.qrd.org/qrd/religion/anti/annotated.pink.swastika |website=Queer Resources Directory |publisher=Citizens Allied for Civic Action |access-date=14 April 2020 |date=9 August 1997}}</ref><ref name="Fordham" /> as "a useful guide to the errors and inaccuracies{{nbsp}}... the text is deconstructed page by page to reveal its many flaws".{{sfn|Wackerfuss|2015|p=}} German historian Martin Göllnitz called the book's argument "completely untenable" because it relies on fabrications like the claim that Röhm's SA was the product of the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Revolution in Kiel – Revolutionsangst in der Geschichte|series=Kieler Schriften zur Regionalgeschichte: Band 8|publisher={{ill|Wachholtz Verlag|de}}|date=2021|chapter=Homophobie und Revolutionsangst. Die politische Dramaturgie des 30. Juni 1934|first=Martin |last=Göllnitz|trans-chapter=Homophobia and fear of revolution. The political dramaturgy of June 30, 1934 |trans-title= Revolution in Kiel - fear of revolution in history|url=https://www.wachholtz-verlag.de/out/media/10.5771-9783529094569.pdf|page=229}}</ref>
Erik N. Jensen regards the authors' linkage of homosexuality and Nazism as the recurrence of a "pernicious myth", originating in 1930s attacks on Nazism by ]s and ]s and "long since dispelled" by "serious scholarship".<ref name=jensen>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/sex.2002.0008 |author=Erik N. Jensen |date=January/April 2002 |title=The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |volume=11 |issue=1/2 |pages=319&ndash;349, pp. 322&ndash;323 and n. 19 }}</ref> Jensen sees the book as coming about in "the aftermath of an ] ] to repeal ]".<ref name=jensen/> Dorthe Seifert cites it as a response to increasing awareness of Nazi persecution of homosexuals.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2979/HIS.2003.15.2.94 |author=Dorthe Seifert |date=Fall 2003 |title=Between Silence and License: The Representation of the National Socialist Persecution of Homosexuality in Anglo-American Fiction and Film |journal=History and Memory |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=94&ndash;129, p. 94 }}</ref> Christine L. Mueller argues that the historical record does not support Abrams' assertions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Other Side of the Pink Triangle: Still a Pink Triangle |url=http://www.pink-triangle.org/ptps/revresp.html |date=October 24, 1994 |accessdate=2008-11-08}}</ref> Bob Moser, writing for the ], says the book was promoted by anti-gay groups and that historians agree its premise is "utterly false".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Intelligence Report |publisher=] |issue=117 |year=2005 |month=Spring |title=Making Myths |author=Bob Moser |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?sid=328 }}</ref>


Sociologist ] states that ''The Pink Swastika'' "is a carefully constructed piece of political rhetoric, mixing serious scholarship with lies and outright distortions, truths with half-truths and falsehoods".{{sfn|Stein|2016|p=530}} According to Stein, the book is part of an effort to strip gays of their "victim" status in order to decrease support for ].{{sfn|Stein|2016|p=531}} Writing in '']'', historian Erik Jensen regards the authors' linkage of homosexuality and Nazism as the recurrence of a "pernicious myth", originating in 1930s attacks on Nazism by socialists and communists and which has been "long since dispelled" by "serious scholarship".{{sfn|Jensen|2002|pp=322&ndash;323 and n. 19}} According to ]'s ] on the ], "no serious historian takes the Lively/Abrams book seriously as anything other than evidence about the modern American far right".<ref name=Fordham>{{cite web |title=Holocaust {{!}} Internet History Sourcebooks |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/modsbook44.asp |publisher=] |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
Jonathan Zimmerman, an historian at ], wrote the claim that gay people helped bring Nazism to Germany "is a flat-out lie."<ref name="Zimmerman">{{cite journal |journal=]/History News Service |publisher= |issue= |date=August 27, 2011 |title=Did Nazis persecute gays, or were they gay themselves? |first=Jonathan |last=Zimmerman |url=http://www.bakersfield.com/opinion/forum/x254542695/Did-Nazis-persecute-gays-or-were-they-gay-themselves }}</ref> Zimmerman, points out that "Between 1933 and 1945, the Nazis arrested roughly 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most convicted gays were sent to prison; between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps, where they wore pink triangles to signify their supposed crime."<ref name="Zimmerman"/> He further notes, "To win their release from the camps, some gays were forced to undergo castration. Others were mutilated or murdered in so-called medical experiments by Nazi doctors, who insisted that homosexuality was a disease that could be 'cured'."<ref name="Zimmerman"/> In addition, "Hitler authorized an edict in 1941 prescribing the death penalty—yes, the death penalty—for SS and police members found guilty of gay activity."<ref name="Zimmerman"/>


Lively said that the book "indirectly forc the 'gays' to abandon the pink triangle as the primary symbol of their movement" and replace it with the ].{{sfn|Lively|Abrams|2017|p=3}}<ref name="gsn" /> In fact, the rainbow flag has been in use since 1978.<ref name=gsn>{{cite news |last1=Potts |first1=Andrew |title=Scott Lively to release new edition of his gay Nazi conspiracy theory book |url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/scott-lively-release-new-edition-his-gay-nazi-conspiracy-theory-book070414/ |access-date=13 April 2020 |work=Gay Star News |date=7 April 2014 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015457/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/scott-lively-release-new-edition-his-gay-nazi-conspiracy-theory-book070414 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The book has been promoted by some conservative Christian groups and ] advocates.<ref name="splc" /><ref name="Babits">{{cite news |last1=Babits |first1=Christopher |title=Finding Hitler (in All the Wrong Places?) |url=https://notevenpast.org/finding-hitler-in-all-the-wrong-places/ |website=Not Even Past |publisher=Department of History at the ] |access-date=14 April 2020 |date=11 January 2017}}</ref> For example, a representative of the Family Defense Council claimed that ''The Pink Swastika'' was "a thoroughly researched, eminently readable, demolition of the 'gay' myth, symbolized by the pink triangle, that the Nazis were anti-homosexual." Right-wing website '']'' also promoted ''The Pink Swastika'', stating that it "makes the case that the Nazi Party is best understood as a neo-pagan, homosexual cult".<ref>{{cite web |title=World Net Daily Signs on to Nazis-Were-Gays Tall Tale |url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2011/01/12/world-net-daily-signs-nazis-were-gays-tall-tale |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=13 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The ] asserts that the book's ]—] which denies documented facts—is comparable to ].<ref name="splc">{{cite web|first=Bob|last=Moser|title=Anti-Gay Religious Crusaders Claim Homosexuals Helped Mastermind the Holocaust |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2005/anti-gay-religious-crusaders-claim-homosexuals-helped-mastermind-holocaust |website=]|date=April 28, 2005|access-date=April 13, 2020 |language=en|quote=For decades now, "Holocaust revisionists" in the U.S. and Europe have published pseudo-scholarly papers and books claiming to prove that the Nazis never carried out a systematic extermination of Jews. In 1995, a book called The Pink Swastika made similar claims about the Nazis' treatment of homosexuals during the Holocaust.}}</ref>
However, according to Johann Hari: "The twisted truth is that gay men have been at the heart of every major fascist movement that ever was - including the gay-gassing, homo-cidal Third Reich. With the exception of Jean-Marie Le Pen, all the most high-profile fascists in Europe in the past thirty years have been gay. It's time to admit something. Fascism isn't something that happens out there, a nasty habit acquired by the straight boys. It is - in part, at least - a gay thing, and it's time for non-fascist gay people to wake up and face the marching music."
<ref=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/the-strange-strange-story_b_136697.html></REF>


==See also== ==See also==
* '']''
*]
*], executed in 1934 during the ]
*]
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


=== General sources ===
==External links==
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1353/sex.2002.0008 |first=Erik N.|last=Jensen |authorlink=Erik Jensen (historian) |date=2002 |title=The Pink Triangle and Political Consciousness: Gays, Lesbians, and the Memory of Nazi Persecution |journal=] |volume=11 |issue=1/2 |pages=319–349 |s2cid=142580540}}
The Strange, Strange Story of Gay Fascists. 10/21, 2008 by Johann Hari - Huffington Post
* {{cite book |last1=Lively |first1=Scott |last2=Abrams |first2=Kevin |authorlink1=Scott Lively |title=The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party |date=2017 |publisher=Veritas Aeterna Press |location=Springfield, MA |isbn=978-0123456786 |url=https://www.scottlively.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pink-Swastika-5th-Book-One-ebook.pdf }}
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/johann-hari/the-strange-strange-story_b_136697.html
* {{cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Arlene|authorlink=Arlene Stein |title=Whose Memories? Whose Victimhood? Contests for the Holocaust Frame in Recent Social Movement Discourse |journal=] |date=2016 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=519–540 |doi=10.2307/1389562 |language=en|jstor=1389562|s2cid=147317075}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wackerfuss |first1=Andrew |title=] |date=2015 |publisher=] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-939594-06-8 |pages= |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Gregory|authorlink=Gregory Woods |title=A History of Gay Literature: The Male Tradition |date=1998 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-08088-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgaylite00wood |url-access=registration |language=en}}


{{Authority control}}
* 5th (Internet) edition
* 4th edition
* 3rd edition
*, a fact check of the authors' sources, and corrects the more serious factual errors contained in the book.


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Latest revision as of 16:58, 23 September 2024

1995 book by Scott Lively and Kevin Abrams

The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party
Cover of the fifth edition
AuthorsScott Lively
Kevin Abrams
LanguageEnglish
SubjectNazi Germany
Published1995
PublisherFounders Publishing Corporation
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (paperback)
ISBN978-0-9647609-0-5
LC ClassDD256.5 .L55

The Pink Swastika: Homosexuality in the Nazi Party is a 1995 pseudohistorical book by Scott Lively and Kevin Abrams. Drawing on Samuel Igra's 1945 book Germany's National Vice, Lively and Abrams argue that the crimes committed by homosexuals in the Nazi Party exceed the persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and that homosexuality contributed to the extreme militarism of Nazi Germany. They contend that only feminine homosexuals were persecuted by the Nazis, while "butch" homosexuals formed the leadership cadre of the Nazi party. Historian Andrew Wackerfuss criticized the book for lack of accuracy and "outright homophobic charges". The claim advanced by Igra, Lively, and Abrams that homosexuals were responsible for Nazi atrocities is rejected by most historians.

Authors

The authors of the book are Kevin Abrams, and Scott Lively, an American right-wing activist who worked for Oregon Citizens Alliance (loosely affiliated with the Christian Coalition of America) and Abiding Truth Ministries. Lively is best known for his international anti-gay activism; he campaigned for the Russian gay propaganda law and his 2009 tour in Uganda was one of the motives for Uganda's so-called "Kill the Gays" bill. The book was published after Measure 9, an unsuccessful Oregon ballot measure to repeal gay rights.

Content

The book was first published in 1995 by Founders Publishing Corporation. In 2017, the authors released the fifth edition, published by Veritas Aeterna Press. They state that their motivation for writing the book is to respond to the "myth of the 'pink triangle'" and the "gay political agenda". One significant source for The Pink Swastika was Samuel Igra's Germany's National Vice (1945). Among other things, Igra claimed that "there is a causal connection between mass sexual perversion" and German war crimes during both world wars. The book attempts to synthesize Igra's allegations that German militarism had a homoerotic foundation with the Nazi occult theories popularized by American author Dusty Sklar in her book, The Nazis and the Occult (1977). The claim advanced by Igra, Lively, and Abrams that homosexuals were responsible for Nazi atrocities has been frequently asserted, but is rejected by most historians.

In The Pink Swastika, Abrams and Lively argue that homosexuals were the "true inventors of Nazism and the guiding force behind many Nazi atrocities" and that "there was far more brutality, rape, torture and murder committed against innocent people by Nazi deviants and homosexuals than there ever was against homosexuals." The authors claim that only "femme" homosexuals were persecuted, and even they did not fare as badly as other Nazi victims, while "butch" homosexuals—including Adolf Hitler, Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Goering, Heinrich Himmler, and Rudolf Hess—formed the core leadership of the Nazi regime. They claim that leaders of the Wandervogel scouting movement "recruited countless young men into the homosexual lifestyle" and that the Sturmabteilung—the Nazi party's original paramilitary wing—also engaged in homosexual recruitment. Chapters of the book address issues such as Magnus Hirschfeld and his Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, Adolf Brand, the Freikorps, Baldur von Schirach and the Hitler Youth, and Ernst Röhm.

Reception

In his book Stormtrooper Families about homosexuality in the Sturmabteilung, American historian Andrew Wackerfuss described the authors as "a pair of anti-gay political activists" who "tried to rebrand the brown shirt as a pink swastika". He situates the book within 1990's culture wars in the United States and noted that Lively's allegations of "gay fascism" have gained "wide popularity on the American right" as well as in Russia and Uganda. Wackerfuss considers that there are "numerous and persuasive criticisms of misuse of the historical method". He criticized The Pink Swastika's "outright homophobic charges" and recommended The Annotated Pink Swastika (an internet publication of the Citizens Allied for Civic Action) as "a useful guide to the errors and inaccuracies ... the text is deconstructed page by page to reveal its many flaws". German historian Martin Göllnitz called the book's argument "completely untenable" because it relies on fabrications like the claim that Röhm's SA was the product of the Weimar homosexual movement.

Sociologist Arlene Stein states that The Pink Swastika "is a carefully constructed piece of political rhetoric, mixing serious scholarship with lies and outright distortions, truths with half-truths and falsehoods". According to Stein, the book is part of an effort to strip gays of their "victim" status in order to decrease support for LGBT rights. Writing in Journal of the History of Sexuality, historian Erik Jensen regards the authors' linkage of homosexuality and Nazism as the recurrence of a "pernicious myth", originating in 1930s attacks on Nazism by socialists and communists and which has been "long since dispelled" by "serious scholarship". According to Fordham University's Internet History Sourcebook on the Holocaust, "no serious historian takes the Lively/Abrams book seriously as anything other than evidence about the modern American far right".

Lively said that the book "indirectly forc the 'gays' to abandon the pink triangle as the primary symbol of their movement" and replace it with the rainbow flag. In fact, the rainbow flag has been in use since 1978. The book has been promoted by some conservative Christian groups and conversion therapy advocates. For example, a representative of the Family Defense Council claimed that The Pink Swastika was "a thoroughly researched, eminently readable, demolition of the 'gay' myth, symbolized by the pink triangle, that the Nazis were anti-homosexual." Right-wing website World Net Daily also promoted The Pink Swastika, stating that it "makes the case that the Nazi Party is best understood as a neo-pagan, homosexual cult". The Southern Poverty Law Center asserts that the book's historical negationism—pseudohistory which denies documented facts—is comparable to Holocaust denial.

See also

References

Citations

  1. Stein 2016, pp. 530–531.
  2. ^ Buell, Spencer (30 April 2018). "11 Things to Know about Scott Lively, Charlie Baker's Primary Opponent". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 13 April 2020. While we cannot say that homosexuals caused the Holocaust," he and colleague Kevin Abrams wrote in a thoroughly debunked 1995 book called The Pink Swastika, "we must not ignore their central role in Nazism. To the myth of the 'pink triangle'—the notion that all homosexuals in Nazi Germany were persecuted—we must respond with the reality of the 'pink swastika.'
  3. Jensen 2002, p. 323, n. 19.
  4. ^ "The Annotated Pink Swastika". Queer Resources Directory. Citizens Allied for Civic Action. 9 August 1997. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  5. ^ Lively & Abrams 2017, p. 9.
  6. ^ Lively & Abrams 2017, p. 17.
  7. ^ Lively & Abrams 2017, p. 19.
  8. ^ Woods 1998, p. 251.
  9. Wackerfuss 2015, pp. 343–344.
  10. Jensen 2002, pp. 322–323.
  11. ^ Stein 2016, p. 530.
  12. Lively & Abrams 2017, pp. 83, 108.
  13. Lively & Abrams 2017, p. 27.
  14. Wackerfuss 2015, p. 341.
  15. Wackerfuss 2015, p. 318.
  16. ^ "Holocaust | Internet History Sourcebooks". Fordham University. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  17. Wackerfuss 2015, p. 347.
  18. Göllnitz, Martin (2021). "Homophobie und Revolutionsangst. Die politische Dramaturgie des 30. Juni 1934" [Homophobia and fear of revolution. The political dramaturgy of June 30, 1934]. Revolution in Kiel – Revolutionsangst in der Geschichte [Revolution in Kiel - fear of revolution in history] (PDF). Kieler Schriften zur Regionalgeschichte: Band 8. Wachholtz Verlag [de]. p. 229.
  19. Stein 2016, p. 531.
  20. Jensen 2002, pp. 322–323 and n. 19.
  21. Lively & Abrams 2017, p. 3.
  22. ^ Potts, Andrew (7 April 2014). "Scott Lively to release new edition of his gay Nazi conspiracy theory book". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  23. ^ Moser, Bob (April 28, 2005). "Anti-Gay Religious Crusaders Claim Homosexuals Helped Mastermind the Holocaust". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved April 13, 2020. For decades now, "Holocaust revisionists" in the U.S. and Europe have published pseudo-scholarly papers and books claiming to prove that the Nazis never carried out a systematic extermination of Jews. In 1995, a book called The Pink Swastika made similar claims about the Nazis' treatment of homosexuals during the Holocaust.
  24. Babits, Christopher (11 January 2017). "Finding Hitler (in All the Wrong Places?)". Not Even Past. Department of History at the University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  25. "World Net Daily Signs on to Nazis-Were-Gays Tall Tale". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

General sources

Categories: