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Erwin SchrödingerForMemRS
Schrödinger in 1933
Born	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (1887-08-12)12 August 1887 Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	4 January 1961(1961-01-04) (aged 73) Vienna, Austria
Citizenship	Austria Ireland (1948–1961)
Alma mater	University of Vienna (PhD, Dr. habil.)
Known for	See list Schrödinger equation Schrödinger's cat Schrödinger field Schrödinger functional Schrödinger group Schrödinger method Schrödinger picture Schrödinger's pure-affine theory Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation Schrödinger–HJW theorem Robertson–Schrödinger uncertainty relation Cat state Coherent state Energy level Entropy and life Negentropy Interpretations of quantum mechanics Quantum biology Quantum entanglement Quantum steering Zitterbewegung
Spouse	Annemarie Bertel ​(m. 1920)​
Parents	Rudolf Schrödinger Georgine Bauer
Relatives	Terry Rudolph (grandson)
Awards	Haitinger Prize (1920) Matteucci Medal (1927) Nobel Prize in Physics (1933) Max Planck Medal (1937) ForMemRS (1949) Pour le Mérite (1956) Erwin Schrödinger Prize (1956)
Scientific career
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Breslau University of Zürich University of Berlin University of Oxford University of Graz Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies Ghent University
Thesis	Über die Leitung der Elektrizität auf der Oberfläche von Isolatoren an feuchter Luft (About the Conduction of Electricity on the Surface of Insulators in Moist Air) (1910)
Doctoral advisor	Friedrich Hasenöhrl
Other academic advisors	Franz S. Exner
Signature

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (UK: /ˈʃrɜːdɪŋə, ˈʃroʊdɪŋə/, US: /ˈʃroʊdɪŋər/; German: [ˈɛɐ̯vɪn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ]; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as Schroedinger or Schrodinger, was a Nobel Prize–winning Austrian and naturalized Irish physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum theory. In particular, he is recognized for postulating the Schrödinger equation, an equation that provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time. Schrödinger coined the term "quantum entanglement", and was the earliest to discuss it, doing so in 1932. He also anticipated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

In addition, he wrote many works on various aspects of physics: statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, physics of dielectrics, colour theory, electrodynamics, general relativity, and cosmology, and he made several attempts to construct a unified field theory. In his book What Is Life? Schrödinger addressed the problems of genetics, looking at the phenomenon of life from the point of view of physics. He also paid great attention to the philosophical aspects of science, ancient, and oriental philosophical concepts, ethics, and religion. He also wrote on philosophy and theoretical biology. In popular culture, he is best known for his "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment.

Spending most of his life as an academic with positions at various universities, Schrödinger, along with Paul Dirac, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his work on quantum mechanics, the same year he left Germany due to his opposition to Nazism. In his personal life, he lived with both his wife and his mistress which may have led to problems causing him to leave his position at Oxford. Subsequently, until 1938, he had a position in Graz, Austria, until the Nazi takeover when he fled, finally finding a long-term arrangement in Dublin, Ireland, where he remained until retirement in 1955, and where he sexually abused several minors.

Biography

Early years

Schrödinger was born in Erdberg [de], Vienna, Austria, on 12 August 1887, to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda Schrödinger (née Bauer) (daughter of Alexander Bauer  [de], professor of chemistry, TU Wien). He was their only child.

His mother was of half Austrian and half English descent; his father was Catholic and his mother was Lutheran. He himself was an atheist. However, he had strong interests in Eastern religions and pantheism, and he used religious symbolism in his works. He also believed his scientific work was an approach to divinity in an intellectual sense.

He was also able to learn English outside school, as his maternal grandmother was British. Between 1906 and 1910 (the year he earned his doctorate) Schrödinger studied at the University of Vienna under the physicists Franz S. Exner (1849–1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874–1915). He received his doctorate at Vienna under Hasenöhrl. He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.

Middle years

In 1914 Schrödinger achieved habilitation (venia legendi). Between 1914 and 1918 he participated in war work as a commissioned officer in the Austrian fortress artillery (Gorizia, Duino, Sistiana, Prosecco, Vienna). In 1920 he became the assistant to Max Wien, in Jena, and in September 1920 he attained the position of ao. Prof. (ausserordentlicher Professor), roughly equivalent to Reader (UK) or associate professor (US), in Stuttgart. In 1921, he became o. Prof. (ordentlicher Professor, i.e. full professor), in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland).

In 1921, he moved to the University of Zürich. In 1927, he succeeded Max Planck at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1933, Schrödinger decided to leave Germany because he strongly disapproved of the Nazis' antisemitism. He became a Fellow of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford. Soon after he arrived, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Paul Dirac. His position at Oxford did not work out well; his unconventional domestic arrangements, sharing living quarters with two women, were not met with acceptance. In 1934, Schrödinger lectured at Princeton University; he was offered a permanent position there, but did not accept it. Again, his wish to set up house with his wife and his mistress may have created a problem. He had the prospect of a position at the University of Edinburgh but visa delays occurred, and in the end he took up a position at the University of Graz in Austria in 1936. He had also accepted the offer of chair position at Department of Physics, Allahabad University in India.

In the midst of these tenure issues in 1935, after extensive correspondence with Albert Einstein, he proposed what is now called the "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment.

Later years

In 1938, after the Anschluss, Schrödinger had problems in Graz because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to Nazism. He issued a statement recanting this opposition. He later regretted doing so and explained the reason to Einstein: "I wanted to remain free – and could not do so without great duplicity". However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the University of Graz dismissed him from his post for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and was instructed not to leave the country. He and his wife, however, fled to Italy. From there, he went to visiting positions in Oxford and Ghent University.

In the same year he received a personal invitation from Ireland's Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera – a mathematician himself – to reside in Ireland and agreed to help establish an Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin. He moved to Kincora Road, Clontarf, Dublin, and lived modestly. A plaque has been erected at his Clontarf residence and at the address of his workplace in Merrion Square. Schrödinger believed that as an Austrian he had a unique relationship to Ireland. In October 1940, a writer from the Irish Press interviewed Schrödinger who spoke of Celtic heritage of Austrians, saying: "I believe there is a deeper connection between us Austrians and the Celts. Names of places in the Austrian Alps are said to be of Celtic origin." He became the Director of the School for Theoretical Physics in 1940 and remained there for 17 years. He became a naturalized Irish citizen in 1948, but also retained his Austrian citizenship. He wrote around 50 further publications on various topics, including his explorations of unified field theory.

In 1944, he wrote What Is Life?, which contains a discussion of negentropy and the concept of a complex molecule with the genetic code for living organisms. According to James D. Watson's memoir, DNA, the Secret of Life, Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the gene, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953. Similarly, Francis Crick, in his autobiographical book What Mad Pursuit, described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules.

Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955.

A manuscript "Fragment from an unpublished dialogue of Galileo" from this time resurfaced at The King's Hospital boarding school, Dublin after it was written for the School's 1955 edition of their Blue Coat to celebrate his leaving of Dublin to take up his appointment as Chair of Physics at the University of Vienna.

In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ad personam). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his scepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period, Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of wave–particle duality and promoted the wave idea alone, causing much controversy.

Tuberculosis and death

Schrödinger suffered from tuberculosis and several times in the 1920s stayed at a sanatorium in Arosa in Switzerland. It was there that he formulated his wave equation. On 4 January 1961, Schrödinger died of tuberculosis, aged 73, in Vienna. He left Anny a widow, and was buried in Alpbach, Austria, in a Catholic cemetery. Although he was not Catholic, the priest in charge of the cemetery permitted the burial after learning Schrödinger was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

Personal life

On April 6, 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie (Anny) Bertel.

When he migrated to Ireland in 1938, he obtained visas for himself, his wife and also another woman, Hilde March. March was the wife of an Austrian colleague and Schrödinger had fathered a daughter with her in 1934. Schrödinger wrote to the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera personally, so as to obtain a visa for March. In October 1939 the ménage à trois duly took up residence in Dublin. His wife, Anny (born 3 December 1896), died on 3 October 1965.

One of Schrödinger's grandchildren, Terry Rudolph, has followed in his footsteps as a quantum physicist, and teaches at Imperial College London.

Sexual abuse allegations

At the age of 39, Schrödinger tutored a 14-year-old girl named "Ithi" Junger. Walter Moore relates in his 1989 biography of Schrödinger that the lessons "included 'a fair amount of petting and cuddling'" and Schrödinger "had fallen in love with his pupil". Moore further relates that "not long after her seventeenth birthday, they became lovers". The relationship continued and in 1932 she became pregnant (then aged 20). "Erwin tried to persuade her to have the child; he said he would take care of it, but he did not offer to divorce Anny... in desperation, Ithi arranged for an abortion."

Moore describes Schrödinger having a 'Lolita complex'. He quotes from Schrödinger's diary from the time where he said that "men of strong, genuine intellectuality are immensely attracted only by women who, forming the very beginning of the intellectual series, are as nearly connected to the preferred springs of nature as they". A 2021 Irish Times article summarized this as a "predilection for teenage girls", and denounced Schrödinger as "a serial abuser whose behaviour fitted the profile of a paedophile in the widely understood sense of that term". Schrödinger's grandson and his mother were unhappy with the accusation made by Moore, and once the biography was published, their family broke off contact with him.

Carlo Rovelli notes in his book Helgoland that Schrödinger "always kept a number of relationships going at once – and made no secret of his fascination with preadolescent girls". In Ireland, Rovelli writes, he fathered children from two students identified in a Der Standard article as being a 26-year-old and a married political activist of unknown age. Moore's book described both of these episodes, giving the name Kate Nolan as a pseudonym for the first and naming the other as Sheila May, though neither were students. The book also described an episode of Schrödinger being "infatuated" with a twelve-year-old girl, Barbara MacEntee, while in Ireland. He desisted from attentions after a "serious word" from someone, and later "listed her among the unrequited loves of his life." This episode from the book was highlighted by the Irish Times article and others.

Walter Moore stated that Schrödinger's attitude towards women was "that of a male supremacist", but that he disliked the "official misogyny" at Oxford which socially excluded women. Helge Kragh, in his review of Moore's biography, said the "conquest of women, especially very young women, was the salt of life for this sincere romantic and male chauvinist".

The physics department of Trinity College Dublin announced in January 2022 that they would recommend a lecture theatre that had been named for Schrödinger since the 1990s be renamed in light of his history of sexual abuse, while a picture of the scientist would be removed, and the renaming of an eponymous lecture series would be considered.

Academic interests and life of the mind

Early in his life, Schrödinger experimented in the fields of electrical engineering, atmospheric electricity, and atmospheric radioactivity, but he usually worked with his former teacher Franz Exner. He also studied vibrational theory, the theory of Brownian motion, and mathematical statistics. In 1912, at the request of the editors of the Handbook of Electricity and Magnetism, Schrödinger wrote an article titled Dielectrism. That same year, Schrödinger gave a theoretical estimate of the probable height distribution of radioactive substances, which is required to explain the observed radioactivity of the atmosphere, and in August 1913 executed several experiments in Zeehame that confirmed his theoretical estimate and those of Victor Franz Hess. For this work, Schrödinger was awarded the 1920 Haitinger Prize (Haitinger-Preis) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Other experimental studies conducted by the young researcher in 1914 were checking formulas for capillary pressure in gas bubbles and the study of the properties of soft beta radiation produced by gamma rays striking a metal surface. The last work he performed together with his friend Fritz Kohlrausch. In 1919, Schrödinger performed his last physical experiment on coherent light and subsequently focused on theoretical studies.

Quantum mechanics

New quantum theory

In the first years of his career, Schrödinger became acquainted with the ideas of the old quantum theory, developed in the works of Einstein, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Arnold Sommerfeld, and others. This knowledge helped him work on some problems in theoretical physics, but the Austrian scientist at the time was not yet ready to part with the traditional methods of classical physics.

Schrödinger's first publications about atomic theory and the theory of spectra began to emerge only from the beginning of the 1920s, after his personal acquaintance with Sommerfeld and Wolfgang Pauli and his move to Germany. In January 1921, Schrödinger finished his first article on this subject, about the framework of the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization of the interaction of electrons on some features of the spectra of the alkali metals. Of particular interest to him was the introduction of relativistic considerations in quantum theory. In autumn 1922, he analyzed the electron orbits in an atom from a geometric point of view, using methods developed by his friend Hermann Weyl. This work, in which it was shown that quantum orbits are associated with certain geometric properties, was an important step in predicting some of the features of wave mechanics. Earlier in the same year, he created the Schrödinger equation of the relativistic Doppler effect for spectral lines, based on the hypothesis of light quanta and considerations of energy and momentum. He liked the idea of his teacher Exner on the statistical nature of the conservation laws, so he enthusiastically embraced the BKS theory of Bohr, Hans Kramers, and John C. Slater, which suggested the possibility of violation of these laws in individual atomic processes (for example, in the process of emission of radiation). Although the Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment soon cast doubt on this, the idea of energy as a statistical concept was a lifelong attraction for Schrödinger, and he discussed it in some reports and publications.

Creation of wave mechanics

In January 1926, Schrödinger published in Annalen der Physik the paper "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem" (Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem) on wave mechanics and presented what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. In this paper, he gave a "derivation" of the wave equation for time-independent systems and showed that it gave the correct energy eigenvalues for a hydrogen-like atom. This paper has been universally celebrated as one of the most important achievements of the twentieth century and created a revolution in most areas of quantum mechanics and indeed of all physics and chemistry. A second paper was submitted just four weeks later that solved the quantum harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor, and diatomic molecule problems and gave a new derivation of the Schrödinger equation. A third paper, published in May, showed the equivalence of his approach to that of Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and gave the treatment of the Stark effect. A fourth paper in this series showed how to treat problems in which the system changes with time, as in scattering problems. In this paper, he introduced a complex solution to the wave equation in order to prevent the occurrence of fourth- and sixth-order differential equations. Schrödinger ultimately reduced the order of the equation to one.

Schrödinger was not entirely comfortable with the implications of quantum theory referring to his theory as "wave mechanics". He wrote about the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics, saying, "I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it." (Just in order to ridicule the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, he contrived the famous thought experiment called Schrödinger's cat paradox and was said to have angrily complained to his students that "now the damned Göttingen physicists use my beautiful wave mechanics for calculating their shitty matrix elements.")

Work on a unified field theory

Following his work on quantum mechanics, Schrödinger devoted considerable effort to working on a unified field theory that would unite gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces within the basic framework of general relativity, doing the work with an extended correspondence with Albert Einstein. In 1947, he announced a result, "Affine Field Theory", in a talk at the Royal Irish Academy, but the announcement was criticized by Einstein as "preliminary" and failed to lead to the desired unified theory. Following the failure of his attempt at unification, Schrödinger gave up his work on unification and turned to other topics. Additionally, Schrödinger reportedly never collaborated with a major physicist for the remainder of his career.

Color

Schrödinger had a strong interest in psychology, in particular color perception and colorimetry (German: Farbenmetrik). He spent quite a few years of his life working on these questions and published a series of papers in this area:

• "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft", Annalen der Physik, (4), 62, (1920), 603–22 (Theory of Pigments with Highest Luminosity)
• "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen", Annalen der Physik, (4), 63, (1920), 397–456; 481–520 (Outline of a theory of colour measurement for daylight vision)
• "Farbenmetrik", Zeitschrift für Physik, 1, (1920), 459–66 (Colour measurement).
• "Über das Verhältnis der Vierfarben- zur Dreifarben-Theorie", Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 134, 471, (On The Relationship of Four-Color Theory to Three-Color Theory).
• "Lehre von der strahlenden Energie", Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie, Vol 2, Part 1 (1926) (Thresholds of Color Differences).

His work on the psychology of color perception follows the step of Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell and Hermann von Helmholtz in the same area. Some of these papers have been translated into English and can be found in: Sources of Colour Science, Ed. David L. MacAdam, MIT Press (1970) and in Erwin Schrödinger’s Color Theory, Translated with Modern Commentary, Ed. Keith K. Niall, Springer (2017). ISBN 978-3-319-64619-0 doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64621-3.

Interest in philosophy

Schrödinger had a deep interest in philosophy, and was influenced by the works of Arthur Schopenhauer and Baruch Spinoza. In his 1956 lecture "Mind and Matter", he said that "The world extended in space and time is but our representation." This is a repetition of the first words of Schopenhauer's main work. Schopenhauer's works also introduced him to Indian philosophy, more specifically to the Upanishads and Advaita Vedanta’s interpretation. He once took on a particular line of thought: "If the world is indeed created by our act of observation, there should be billions of such worlds, one for each of us. How come your world and my world are the same? If something happens in my world, does it happen in your world, too? What causes all these worlds to synchronize with each other?".

There is obviously only one alternative, namely the unification of minds or consciousnesses. Their multiplicity is only apparent, in truth there is only one mind. This is the doctrine of the Upanishads.

Schrödinger discussed topics such as consciousness, the mind–body problem, sense perception, free will, and objective reality in his lectures and writings.

Schrödinger's attitude with respect to the relations between Eastern and Western thought was one of prudence, expressing appreciation for Eastern philosophy while also admitting that some of the ideas did not fit with empirical approaches to natural philosophy. Some commentators have suggested that Schrödinger was so deeply immersed in a non-dualist Vedântic-like view that it may have served as a broad framework or subliminal inspiration for much of his work including that in theoretical physics. Schrödinger expressed sympathy for the idea of Tat Tvam Asi, stating "you can throw yourself flat on the ground, stretched out upon Mother Earth, with the certain conviction that you are one with her and she with you."

Schrödinger said that "Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else."

Legacy

The philosophical issues raised by Schrödinger's cat are still debated today and remain his most enduring legacy in popular science, while Schrödinger's equation is his most enduring legacy at a more technical level. Schrödinger is one of several individuals who have been called "the father of quantum mechanics". The large crater Schrödinger, on the far side of the Moon, is named after him. The Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics was founded in Vienna in 1992.

Schrödinger's portrait was the main feature of the design of the 1983–97 Austrian 1000-schilling banknote, the second-highest denomination.

A building is named after him at the University of Limerick, in Limerick, Ireland, as is the 'Erwin Schrödinger Zentrum' at Adlershof in Berlin and the Route Schrödinger at CERN, Prévessin, France.

Schrödinger's 126th birthday anniversary in 2013 was celebrated with a Google Doodle.

Awards and honors

• 1920: Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
• 1927: Matteucci Medal of the Accademia nazionale delle scienze
• 1931: Honorary membership of the Royal Irish Academy
• 1933: Nobel Prize in Physics for the formulation of the Schrödinger equation – shared with Paul Dirac
• 1937: Max Planck Medal of the German Physical Society
• 1949: Foreign membership of the Royal Society
• 1956: Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences

See also List of things named after Erwin Schrödinger.

Published works

• The List of Erwin Schrödinger's publications Archived 29 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, compiled by Auguste Dick, Gabriele Kerber, Wolfgang Kerber and Karl von Meyenn
• Science and the human temperament Allen & Unwin (1935), translated and introduced by James Murphy, with a foreword by Ernest Rutherford
• Nature and the Greeks and Science and Humanism Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 978-0-521-57550-8.
• The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Ox Bow Press (1995) ISBN 978-1-881987-09-3.
• Statistical Thermodynamics Dover Publications (1989) ISBN 978-0-486-66101-8.
• Collected papers Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984) ISBN 978-3-7001-0573-2.
• My View of the World Ox Bow Press (1983) ISBN 978-0-918024-30-5.
• Expanding Universes Cambridge University Press (1956).
• Space-Time Structure Cambridge University Press (1950) ISBN 978-0-521-31520-3.
• What Is Life? Macmillan (1944).
• What Is Life? & Mind and Matter Cambridge University Press (1974) ISBN 978-0-521-09397-2.

References

1. Heitler, W. (1961). "Erwin Schrödinger. 1887–1961". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 7: 221–226. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1961.0017.
2. Erwin Schrödinger at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
3. "Schrödinger" Archived 13 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
4. Bub, Jeffrey (2023), "Quantum Entanglement and Information", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 22 October 2023
5. Gribbin, John (2013). Erwin Schrodinger and the Quantum Revolution. Trade Paper Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-1118299265.
6. Arianrhod, Robyn (5 October 2017). "Einstein, Bohr and the origins of entanglement". cosmosmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
7. Christandl, Matthias (2006). The Structure of Bipartite Quantum States - Insights from Group Theory and Cryptography (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. pp. vi, iv. arXiv:quant-ph/0604183. Bibcode:2006PhDT.......289C.
8. Deutsch, David (2010). "Apart from Universes". In Saunders, Simon; Barrett, Jonathan; Kent, Adrian; Wallace, David (eds.). Many Worlds?: Everett, Quantum Theory, and Reality (PDF) (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 544. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560561.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-956056-1.
9. Allori, Valia; Goldstein, Sheldon; Tumulka, Roderich; Zanghì, Nino (1 March 2011). "Many Worlds and Schrödinger's First Quantum Theory". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 62 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1093/bjps/axp053. ISSN 0007-0882.
10. Heitler, W. (1961). "Erwin Schrodinger. 1887–1961". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 7: 221–226. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1961.0017. JSTOR 769408.
11. Walter J. Moore. Schrödinger: Life and Thought. Cambridge, England, UK: Press Syndicate of Cambridge University Press, 1989. p.194.
12. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Erwin Schrödinger", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
13. Schrodinger, Rudolf. "The International Plant Names Index". IPNI. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
14. ^ Physics 1922-1941. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1965. Erwin Schrödinger Biographical. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023 – via nobelprize.org.
15. Moore 1994, pp. 13–18.
16. Moore 1994, pp. 289–290 Quote: "In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. 'When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her – oh my good Lord – who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again – you cannot speak of it.' Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, 'By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were.' And in another place at about this same time: 'Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't.'"
17. Paul Halpern (2015). Einstein's Dice and Schrödinger's Cat. Perseus Books Group. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-465-07571-3. In the presentation of a scientific problem, the other player is the good Lord. He has not only set the problem but also has devised the rules of the game--but they are not completely known, half of them are left for you to discover or deduce. I am very astonished that the scientific picture of the real world around me is very deficient. It gives a lot of factual information, puts all our experience in a magnificently consistent order, but is ghastly silent about all that is really near to our heart, that really matters to us. It cannot tell us a word about red and blue, bitter and sweet, physical pain and physical delight; it knows nothing of beautiful and ugly, good or bad, God and eternity. Science sometimes pretends to answer questions in these domains, but the answers are very often so silly that we are not inclined to take them seriously. I shall quite briefly mention here the notorious atheism of science. The theists reproach it for this again and again. Unjustly. A personal God cannot be encountered in a world picture that becomes accessible only at the price that everything personal is excluded from it. We know that whenever God is experienced, it is an experience exactly as real as a direct sense impression, as real as one's own personality. As such He must be missing from the space-time picture. "I do not meet with God in space and time", so says the honest scientific thinker, and for that reason he is reproached by those in whose catechism it is nevertheless stated: "God is a Spirit." Whence came I and whither go I? That is the great unfathomable question, the same for every one of us. Science has no answer for it
18. Moore 1992, p. 4 Quote: "He rejected traditional religious beliefs (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic) not on the basis of any reasoned argument, nor even with an expression of emotional antipathy, for he loved to use religious expressions and metaphors, but simply by saying that they are naive." ... "He claimed to be an atheist, but he always used religious symbolism and believed his scientific work was an approach to the godhead."
19. Hoffman, D. (1987). Эрвин Шрёдингер. Мир. pp. 13–17.
20. Moore 1992, pp. 278 ff..
21. "Schrödinger, Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander" Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine in Deutsche Biographie
22. "Bombay University Names Refugee Scientist to Faculty". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 May 1940. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
23. Bhaumik, Mani L. (2017). "Is Schrödinger's Cat Alive?". Quanta. 6 (1): 75. arXiv:2211.17086. doi:10.12743/quanta.v6i1.68.
24. ^ Akhlesh Lakhtakia (1996). Models and Modelers of Hydrogen: Thales, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Sommerfeld, Goudsmit, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, Dirac, Sallhofer. World Scientific. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-981-02-2302-1.
25. ^ "Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
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28. Fergusson, Maggie (10 November 2016). Treasure Palaces: Great Writers Visit Great Museums. Profile. ISBN 978-1-78283-278-2 – via Google Books.
29. "Erwin Schrödinger blue plaque". openplaques.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
30. Moore 1992, p. 373.
31. Clary, David C. (2022). "Foreign Membership of the Royal Society: Schrödinger and Heisenberg?". Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science. 77 (3): 513–536. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2021.0082. S2CID 247599443.
32. "Erwin Schrödinger - Important Scientists – The Physics of the Universe". www.physicsoftheuniverse.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
33. Crick, Francis (1988). What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09137-7.
34. "Fragment from an unpublished dialogue of Galileo" manuscript
35. Ahlstrom, Dick (18 April 2012) 'Quantum humour' beams back after absence Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Irish Times
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38. Schrödinger, Are There Quantum Jumps, 1952. http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/Quantum_Jumps_I.pdf Archived 11 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
39. Moore 1992, p. 194.
40. ^ Moore 1992, p. 10.
41. Moore 1992, p. 482: "There was some problem about burial in the churchyard since Erwin was not a Catholic, but the priest relented when informed that he was a member in good standing of the Papal Academy, and a plot was made available at the edge of the Friedhof."
42. Moore 1992 discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".
43. ^ Ronan Fanning, Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power, Faber & Faber, 2015
44. Ryan, Greg (3 June 2013). "Searching for the Man Behind the Cat". The Brooklyn Rail. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
45. Gribbin 2012, p. .
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49. ^ "Erwin Schrödinger: Missbrauchstäter und/oder Rufmordopfer?". Der Standard (in Austrian German). Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
50. Rovelli, Carlo (2021). Helgoland: Making Sense of the Quantum Revolution. Translated by Segre, Erica; Carnell, Simon (First North American ed.). New York. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-593-32888-0. OCLC 1202306074.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
51. Moore 1989, chapter 10-11.
52. Moore 1989, chapter 10.
53. Moore 1989, chapter 8.
54. Kragh, Helge (1990). "Review of Schrödinger. Life and Thought". The British Journal for the History of Science. 23 (2): 231–233. ISSN 0007-0874. JSTOR 4026738. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
55. Corr, Julianne (25 January 2022). "Trinity to drop Schrödinger lecture theatre name over sex abuse". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
56. Salerno, Bella (8 February 2022). "Schrödinger Lecture Theatre to be renamed the Physics Lecture Theater". Trinity News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2022. The Schrödinger Lecture Theatre is to be renamed the Physics Lecture Theatre, as it was known during the early to mid 20th century. ... "...it was clear that a large majority of both staff and students now favour changing the name the lecture theatre in the Fitzgerald Building that has borne his name since the 1990s" ... "The current approach continues to honour the indisputable scientific contribution of Erwin Schrödinger, while acknowledging disturbing information – much of it from Schrödinger's own diaries – which is now also known." ... a portrait of Schrödinger will be removed from the Fitzgerald building.
57. Mehra, J.; Rechenberg, H. (1987). Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95179-9. OCLC 692702783.
58. Fischer, Earnst Peter (Autumn 1984). "We Are All Aspects of One Single Being: An Introduction to Erwin Schrödinger". Social Research. 51 (3). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 809–835. JSTOR 40970963. PMID 11616408. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024 – via JSTORE.
59. Jammer, Max (1989) . The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. New York: American Institute of Physics. ISBN 978-0-88318-617-6. OCLC 300417620.
60. Schrodinger, Erwin (1926). "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem". Annalen der Physik. 384 (4): 273–376. Bibcode:1926AnP...384..361S. doi:10.1002/andp.19263840404.
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62. Beller, Mara. “Matrix Theory before Schrodinger: Philosophy, Problems, Consequences.” Isis, vol. 74, no. 4, , 1983, pp. 469–91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/232208 Archived 6 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine. "The Gottingen-Copenhagen physicists, however, presented a united front. They cooperated intimately, each contributing extensively to the emergence of the new philosophy. The distribution of talents in the Gottingen-Copenhagen group could not have been better. The youthful vigor and brilliance of Heisenberg, together with the mathematical virtuosity of Dirac, Jordan, and Born, were balanced by Bohr's philosophical profundity and Pauli's penetrating critical mind."
63. Stone, A. Douglas (2013). "Confusion and Then Uncertainty." Einstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian. Princeton University Press, pp. 268–78, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgxvv.32."Ironically, Schrödinger was correct; his method was much more intuitive and visualizable than that of Heisenberg and Born, and it has become the overwhelmingly preferred method for presenting the subject. But with Born's probabilistic interpretation of the wave-function, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Bohr's mysterious complementarity principle, the 'Copenhagen interpretation' reigned supreme, and the term 'wave mechanics' disappeared; it was all quantum mechanics."
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65. Rechenberg, Helmut. "Werner Heisenberg: Die Sprache der Atome" Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 485, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-69222-5 Archived 28 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine. "Noch drastischer sollte Schrödinger seine Meinung im Züricher Seminar nach einem Vortrag über eine neue Arbeit der Konkurrenten ausgedrückt haben. Er setzte sich nachher leicht verzweifelt und verärgert auf die Straße und sagte: "Jetzt benützen die verdammten Göttinger meine schöne Wellenmechanik zur Ausrechnung ihrer Scheiß-Matrixelemente."
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Sources

• Moore, Walter J (1989). Schrödinger – Life and Thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43767-7. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
• Moore, Walter J (1992). Schrödinger – Life and Thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43767-7. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
• Moore, Walter J (1994). A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (Canto ed.). Cambridge University Press. Bibcode:1994les..book.....M. ISBN 978-0-521-46934-0.
• Gribbin, John (2012). Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution. Transworld. ISBN 978-1-4464-6571-4. Retrieved 11 February 2017.

External links

• Erwin Schrödinger and others on Austrian banknotes
• 1927 Solvay video with opening shot of Schrödinger on YouTube
• "biographie" (in German) or
• "Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics" (in English)
• Encyclopædia Britannica article on Erwin Schrödinger
• Erwin Schrödinger on Nobelprize.org with his Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1933 The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics
• Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics"
• Schrödinger Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC)
• The Discovery of New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory Nobel Banquet speech (in German)
• Annotated bibliography for Erwin Schrödinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• (in Italian) Critical interdisciplinary review of Schrödinger's "What Is life?"
• Newspaper clippings about Erwin Schrödinger in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• Schrödinger in Oxford by Sir David C Clary , World Scientific, 2022

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
1901–1925	1901: Röntgen 1902: Lorentz / Zeeman 1903: Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904: Rayleigh 1905: Lenard 1906: J. J. Thomson 1907: Michelson 1908: Lippmann 1909: Marconi / Braun 1910: Van der Waals 1911: Wien 1912: Dalén 1913: Kamerlingh Onnes 1914: Laue 1915: W. L. Bragg / W. H. Bragg 1916 1917: Barkla 1918: Planck 1919: Stark 1920: Guillaume 1921: Einstein 1922: N. Bohr 1923: Millikan 1924: M. Siegbahn 1925: Franck / Hertz
1926–1950	1926: Perrin 1927: Compton / C. Wilson 1928: O. Richardson 1929: De Broglie 1930: Raman 1931 1932: Heisenberg 1933: Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935: Chadwick 1936: Hess / C. D. Anderson 1937: Davisson / G. P. Thomson 1938: Fermi 1939: Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943: Stern 1944: Rabi 1945: Pauli 1946: Bridgman 1947: Appleton 1948: Blackett 1949: Yukawa 1950: Powell
1951–1975	1951: Cockcroft / Walton 1952: Bloch / Purcell 1953: Zernike 1954: Born / Bothe 1955: Lamb / Kusch 1956: Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957: C. N. Yang / T. D. Lee 1958: Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959: Segrè / Chamberlain 1960: Glaser 1961: Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962: Landau 1963: Wigner / Goeppert Mayer / Jensen 1964: Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965: Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966: Kastler 1967: Bethe 1968: Alvarez 1969: Gell-Mann 1970: Alfvén / Néel 1971: Gabor 1972: Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973: Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974: Ryle / Hewish 1975: A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
1976–2000	1976: Richter / Ting 1977: P. W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978: Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979: Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980: Cronin / Fitch 1981: Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982: K. Wilson 1983: Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984: Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985: von Klitzing 1986: Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987: Bednorz / Müller 1988: Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989: Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990: Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991: de Gennes 1992: Charpak 1993: Hulse / J. Taylor 1994: Brockhouse / Shull 1995: Perl / Reines 1996: D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997: Chu / Cohen-Tannoudji / Phillips 1998: Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999: 't Hooft / Veltman 2000: Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
2001– present	2001: Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002: Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003: Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004: Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005: Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006: Mather / Smoot 2007: Fert / Grünberg 2008: Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009: Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010: Geim / Novoselov 2011: Perlmutter / Schmidt / Riess 2012: Wineland / Haroche 2013: Englert / Higgs 2014: Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015: Kajita / McDonald 2016: Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017: Weiss / Barish / Thorne 2018: Ashkin / Mourou / Strickland 2019: Peebles / Mayor / Queloz 2020: Penrose / Genzel / Ghez 2021: Parisi / Hasselmann / Manabe 2022: Aspect / Clauser / Zeilinger 2023: Agostini / Krausz / L'Huillier 2024: Hopfield / Hinton

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