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{{Short description|Ideology that claims the Baloch people are a distinct nation}}
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] in 2003.]]
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'''Baloch nationalism''' ({{langx|bal|بلۏچی راجدۏستی|translit=Balòci ràjdòsti}}) is an ideology that asserts that the ], an ] ] native to ], ] and ], form a distinct ]. The origins of modern Baloch nationalism coupled with the ] involving various militant organizations, go back to the period of the ] and subsequent ], when ], the largest Baloch ], ] to the ].<ref name="rafisheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |date=2018 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref>
]]]
'''Baloch nationalism''' is a movement that claims the ], an ethno-linguistic group mainly found in ], ] and ] are a distinct nation. The movement propagates the view that Muslims are not a nation (the opposite of the concept behind the creation of Pakistan) and that ethnic loyalty must surpass religious loyalty.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}


==Baloch ethnicity and nationalism==
⚫ The Baloch nationalist movement's demands have ranged from greater cultural, economic and political rights, to political autonomy, to outright secession from Pakistan and the creation of an independent state of Balochistan. The movement is secular and heavily influenced by leftist Marxist ideology, like its other counterparts in other parts of Pakistan and India, leaning towards anti-Islamism.
Baloch people are an ] ethnic group native to southeastern ], southwestern ] and southern ].


⚫ The Baloch nationalist movement's demands have ranged from greater cultural, economic and political rights, to political autonomy, to outright ] and the creation of an independent state of Balochistan. The movement is ] and was originally inspired by ] liberation movements.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2013/04/balochistan-the-state-versus-the-nation?lang=en|date=11 April 2013|publisher=The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|access-date=9 November 2024 |title=Balochistan: The State Versus the Nation }}</ref>
In Pakistan, there have been several uprisings by Baloch nationalists that have all been suppressed by the Pakistan military (see: '']'').


The movement claims to receive considerable support from the ] in ], the ], ], ], and other countries. Pakistan has repeatedly made claims that the Baloch nationalists have received funding from ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ia.rediff.com/www/news/2006/jan/06baluch.htm|title=India supporting Baluchistan violence: Pak|date=6 January 2006|publisher=Ia.refiff.com|access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> although these have been denied by ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/US/US-bails-out-India-from-Balochistan-wrangle/articleshow/4839468.cms|title=US bails out India from Balochistan wrangle|work=The Times of India|date=31 July 2009 |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref> Similarly, Afghanistan has acknowledged providing covert support to the Baloch nationalist militants. In the 1960s and 1970s, the ] provided sanctuary to Baloch militants. The Republic of Afghanistan had established training camps in ] to train Baloch militants and also to provide arms and ammunition.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzGTDAAAQBAJ&q=daoud+khan+baloch&pg=PT104|last=Sirrs|first=Owen L.|title=Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317196082}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Newton|first=Michael|title=Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia|page=106|publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=2014|isbn=9781610692861|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&q=Daoud+khan|quote=By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.}}</ref>
The Baloch nationalist movement includes not only speakers of the ], but Baloch leaders have tried to absorb the ] of Balochistan, the ancient-most civilization of Balochistan, in the movement too as land populated by the Brahuis is vital for a separate Balochistan to survive.<ref>Rajshree Jetly "Baluch Ethnicity and Nationalism (1971–81): An Assessment" (] p.13)</ref>

The Baloch nationalist movement claims to receive considerable support from the ] in ], the ], ], ], and other countries. Pakistan has repeatedly made claims that the Baloch nationalists have received funding from ],<ref>http://ia.rediff.com/www/news/2006/jan/06baluch.htm</ref> although these have been denied by ].<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/US/US-bails-out-India-from-Balochistan-wrangle/articleshow/4839468.cms</ref>


==Modern Baloch nationalism== ==Modern Baloch nationalism==
Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the ] based in ] in 1929, led by ], ] and others.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite news |last= Khosa|first= Tariq|date=20 July 2020|title=Baloch Nationalism|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1570090|newspaper=Dawn| access-date= 11 January 2023}}</ref> In November 1929, Yousaf Aziz Magsi published an article stating the aims of the group, namely:
], ], ]]]
#Unification and independence of Balochistan;
Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan (Organisation for Unity of the Baloch) based in ] in the 1920s, led by ], ] and others. The aim of the group was to establish political and constitutional reform in the ]; end of ]; abolition of the ]i-] system; and for the eventual unification of all Baloch lands into an independent state.<ref name="breseeg">''Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development'', Taj Mohammad Breseeg, 2004</ref> Simultaneously with the formation of the Anjuman, Baloch intellectuals in ] formed a nationalist organisation, called the ].<ref name="breseeg" />
#A democratic, socialist system guided by Islamic universalism;
#Abolition of the ]i-] system;
#Free, compulsory education for the Baloch, and equality for Baloch women;
#Promotion of ].<ref name="breseeg">''Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development'', Taj Mohammad Breseeg, 2004</ref><ref name="Dawn"/>]


Simultaneously with the formation of the Anjuman, Baloch intellectuals in ] formed a nationalist organisation, called the Baloch League.<ref name="breseeg"/>
⚫ In February 1937, the Anjuman reorganised and became the ], carrying on the Anjuman's political agenda of an independent united state of Balochistan.<ref name="breseeg" /> The party was dominated by more secular-minded, anti-imperialist and populist elements, such as ], ] and Abdul Aziz Kurd. When parliamentary elections were held in the State of Kalat, the party was the largest winners with a considerable majority.<ref name="breseeg" />


⚫ In February 1937, the Anjuman reorganised and became the ], carrying on the Anjuman's political agenda of an independent united state of Balochistan. They demanded the independence of the ancient ], which was later incorporated into Pakistan in 1955.<ref name="breseeg"/> The party was dominated by more secular-minded, anti-imperialist and populist elements, such as ], ] and Abdul Aziz Kurd. When parliamentary elections were held in the State of Kalat, the party was the largest winner with a considerable majority.<ref name="breseeg"/>
==Independent Balochistan==

Under the partition agreement, reached shortly after Mountbatten published his June 3 Plan, most of Balochistan had already joined Pakistan, by treaties or tribal referendum, but the Khan of Kalat, a state which was around 23% of modern Baluchistan, wanted to be the ruler of an independent, albeit land locked state. Eventually a Standstill Agreement was reached between the two parties and the British Viceroy. Following the talks, a communique was issued on August 11, 1947 stating that:
In 2017, the World Baloch Organisation placed advertisements on taxis in ] to say ''#FreeBalochistan'' along with slogans such as "Stop enforced disappearances" and "Save the Baloch people". These were initially allowed but later denied permission by ]. The World Baloch Organisation claimed that this was a result of pressure from the Pakistani Government after the British High Commissioner in Islamabad was summoned to appear before the Pakistani Foreign Secretary.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mortimer|first=Caroline|date=6 November 2017|title=TfL removes 'Free Balochistan' adverts from London black cabs after pressure from Pakistani government|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/pakistan-london-black-cabs-adverts-free-balochistan-remove-condemned-a8040641.html|work=The Independent|location=UK|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref>
<blockquote>

#The Government of Pakistan recognizes Kalat as an independent sovereign state in treaty relations with the British Government with a status different from that of other princely states.
== Support for separatism in Pakistan's Balochistan ==
#Legal opinion will be sought as to whether or not agreements of leases will be inherited by the Pakistan Government.
A survey in 2009 by the ] found that 58% of respondents in Balochistan chose "Pakistani" as their primary mode of identification, 32% chose their ethnicity and 10% chose both equally.<ref name="PEW">{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Pakistani Public Opinion – Chapter 2. Religion, Law, and Society |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/08/13/chapter-2-religion-law-and-society/ |work=Pew Research Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506131650/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/08/13/chapter-2-religion-law-and-society/ |archive-date=6 May 2024 |quote=In Baluchistan, the southwestern territory with rugged terrain and sparse population, 32% say they identify themselves first by their ethnicity and 58% say they identify themselves first as Pakistanis.}}</ref>
#Meanwhile, a Standstill Agreement has been made between the Government of Pakistan and the Khan of Kalat.

#Discussions will take place between Pakistan and Kalat at Karachi at an early date with a view to reaching decisions on Defence, External Affairs and Communications(currency was not mentioned as it was understood that the ] was to be used in Kalat, as a successor to its previous currency,the British Indian Rupee).<ref name="breseeg" />
In 2012, Gallup conducted a survey for the United Kingdom's ] that revealed that only 37 percent of Baloch were in favour of ]. Amongst ] ] population support for independence was even lower at 12 percent. 67 percent of Balochistan's population favoured greater provincial ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grare |first=Frédéric |date=11 April 2013 |title=Balochistan: The State Versus the Nation |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/11/balochistan-state-versus-nation-pub-51488 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819185619/https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/04/11/balochistan-state-versus-nation-pub-51488 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |website=] |quote=According to a July 2012 survey, only 37 percent of the Baloch favor independence, and a mere 12 percent of Balochistan’s Pashtuns favor that option. However, 67 percent of the total population supports greater provincial autonomy.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2012 |title=Only 37% Baloch favour independence: UK survey |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/only-37-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819184930/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/only-37-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |archive-date=19 August 2023 |website=]}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Parliamentary elections were held in the state, in which the ] won a majority. However, Baloch(or Kalat) nationalists insist that the government forced the Khan to sign the ] on March 27, 1948. The move was condemned by the Kalat parliament, which saw itself weakening as a legislative body, and, in July 1948, the Khan's brother, ], led the first armed revolt against the Pakistani government. The prince was originally a powerful governor of parts of Kalat, but that position ended with accession to Pakistan. Many Former British Colonies abolished Principality of the Colonial Era


==See also== ==See also==
⚫ *]
*]
*]
*]
*]
⚫ *]
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==Sources== ==Sources==
* In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Selig Harrison, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1981 *In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Selig Harrison, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1981
* , International Security, Vol. 5 No. 3 (Winter 1980-1981) pp 152–163 * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025232027/http://www.scribd.com/doc/15573449/Baluch-Nationalism-and-Superpower-Rivalry |date=2012-10-25 }}, International Security, Vol. 5 No. 3 (Winter 1980-1981) pp 152–163
* , Paul Titus and Nina Swidler, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp.&nbsp;47–69 *, Paul Titus and Nina Swidler, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp.&nbsp;47–69


==External links== ==External links==
* , Frederic Grare, ], Paper No. 65, January 2006 *, Frederic Grare, ], Paper No. 65, January 2006
* *
* , ], Asia Report N°119, 14 September 2006 *, ], Asia Report N°119, 14 September 2006
{{Stateless nationalism in Asia}}

{{Baloch nationalism}} {{Baloch nationalism}}
{{Nationalism in South Asia}} {{Nationalism in South Asia}}
{{Ethnic nationalism}} {{Ethnic nationalism}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Baloch Nationalism}} ]
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Latest revision as of 22:18, 22 December 2024

Ideology that claims the Baloch people are a distinct nation
Flag used by most Baloch nationalists and separatists, designed by Jumma Khan Marri in 2003.

Baloch nationalism (Balochi: بلۏچی راجدۏستی, romanized: Balòci ràjdòsti) is an ideology that asserts that the Baloch people, an Iranic ethnic group native to Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan, form a distinct nation. The origins of modern Baloch nationalism coupled with the insurgency in Balochistan involving various militant organizations, go back to the period of the partition of British India and subsequent independence of Pakistan, when Kalat, the largest Baloch princely state, acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan.

Baloch ethnicity and nationalism

Baloch people are an Iranic ethnic group native to southeastern Iran, southwestern Pakistan and southern Afghanistan.

The Baloch nationalist movement's demands have ranged from greater cultural, economic and political rights, to political autonomy, to outright secession and the creation of an independent state of Balochistan. The movement is secular and was originally inspired by Marxist-Leninist liberation movements.

The movement claims to receive considerable support from the Baloch diaspora in Oman, the UAE, Sweden, Norway, and other countries. Pakistan has repeatedly made claims that the Baloch nationalists have received funding from India, although these have been denied by India. Similarly, Afghanistan has acknowledged providing covert support to the Baloch nationalist militants. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Republic of Afghanistan provided sanctuary to Baloch militants. The Republic of Afghanistan had established training camps in Kandahar to train Baloch militants and also to provide arms and ammunition.

Modern Baloch nationalism

Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan based in Mastung in 1929, led by Yousaf Aziz Magsi, Abdul Aziz Kurd and others. In November 1929, Yousaf Aziz Magsi published an article stating the aims of the group, namely:

  1. Unification and independence of Balochistan;
  2. A democratic, socialist system guided by Islamic universalism;
  3. Abolition of the sardari-jirga system;
  4. Free, compulsory education for the Baloch, and equality for Baloch women;
  5. Promotion of Baloch culture.
    Flag of Balochistan, which was introduced and used by Baloch Liberation Army as the national flag of Balochistan. Currently it is one of the popular symbols of the freedom movement in the region.

Simultaneously with the formation of the Anjuman, Baloch intellectuals in Karachi formed a nationalist organisation, called the Baloch League.

In February 1937, the Anjuman reorganised and became the Kalat State National Party, carrying on the Anjuman's political agenda of an independent united state of Balochistan. They demanded the independence of the ancient Khanate of Kalat, which was later incorporated into Pakistan in 1955. The party was dominated by more secular-minded, anti-imperialist and populist elements, such as Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Mir Gul Khan Naseer and Abdul Aziz Kurd. When parliamentary elections were held in the State of Kalat, the party was the largest winner with a considerable majority.

In 2017, the World Baloch Organisation placed advertisements on taxis in London to say #FreeBalochistan along with slogans such as "Stop enforced disappearances" and "Save the Baloch people". These were initially allowed but later denied permission by Transport for London. The World Baloch Organisation claimed that this was a result of pressure from the Pakistani Government after the British High Commissioner in Islamabad was summoned to appear before the Pakistani Foreign Secretary.

Support for separatism in Pakistan's Balochistan

A survey in 2009 by the Pew Research Center found that 58% of respondents in Balochistan chose "Pakistani" as their primary mode of identification, 32% chose their ethnicity and 10% chose both equally.

In 2012, Gallup conducted a survey for the United Kingdom's Department for International Development that revealed that only 37 percent of Baloch were in favour of independence. Amongst Balochistan's Pashtun population support for independence was even lower at 12 percent. 67 percent of Balochistan's population favoured greater provincial autonomy.

See also

References

  1. Sheikh, Salman Rafi (2018). The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-02068-8.
  2. "Balochistan: The State Versus the Nation". The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 11 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  3. "India supporting Baluchistan violence: Pak". Ia.refiff.com. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  4. "US bails out India from Balochistan wrangle". The Times of India. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  5. Sirrs, Owen L. (2016). Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317196082.
  6. Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 9781610692861. By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
  7. ^ Khosa, Tariq (20 July 2020). "Baloch Nationalism". Dawn. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  8. ^ Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Taj Mohammad Breseeg, 2004
  9. Mortimer, Caroline (6 November 2017). "TfL removes 'Free Balochistan' adverts from London black cabs after pressure from Pakistani government". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  10. "Pakistani Public Opinion – Chapter 2. Religion, Law, and Society". Pew Research Center. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 6 May 2024. In Baluchistan, the southwestern territory with rugged terrain and sparse population, 32% say they identify themselves first by their ethnicity and 58% say they identify themselves first as Pakistanis.
  11. Grare, Frédéric (11 April 2013). "Balochistan: The State Versus the Nation". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. According to a July 2012 survey, only 37 percent of the Baloch favor independence, and a mere 12 percent of Balochistan's Pashtuns favor that option. However, 67 percent of the total population supports greater provincial autonomy.
  12. "Only 37% Baloch favour independence: UK survey". Khaleej Times. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023.

Sources

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