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	The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as it is commonly referred to, was probably the single greatest influence on ] ] ]. Influences on Golden Dawn concepts and work include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and medieval ]s. It was the focal point of the development and redevelopment of magical thinking in ]. In it, most concepts of magic and ritual that have since become core elements of ], ], Western Mystery schools and other forms of magical ] were first formulated.

	===Roots of the Golden Dawn Tradition===
	The fundamental basis of the Golden Dawn tradition is a collection of documents known as the Cipher Manuscripts, written in English using a classic occult cipher alphabet, which were discovered by Westcott around 1888 among the papers of the late Masonic scholar Kenneth Mackenzie. The Manuscripts give the specific outlines of the Grade Rituals of the Order, and prescribe a curriculum of specifically graduated teachings that encompass the ] ], ], ], ] and ].

	Considerable controversy surrounds the origins of the Cipher Manuscripts. Westcott claimed they were obtained from a German Adept of the Order named Fräulein Sprengel, who wrote letters to Westcott and Mathers granting them permission to establish the Order in England. Mathers later claimed that only the letters were forgeries, but it seems unlikely that Westcott or Mathers wrote the Manuscripts themselves, as some believe.

	Prominent Golden Dawn researchers (R.A. Gilbert, Darcy Kuntz, Carroll Runyon) theorize they were the result of the work of a group of Masonic scholars belonging to the ], a ] society limited to ]. Both Westcott and Mathers, and their original partner Dr. W.R. Woodman, were all members of the SRIA, which uses a Grade system almost identical to the one described in the Manuscripts. According to the theory, the system of the Manuscripts was developed by noted Masonic scholars Kenneth Mackenzie and Frederick Hockley, who were members of a special group within the SRIA called "The Society of Eight".

	===The Development and Diversification of the Tradition===
	Mathers eventually developed an Inner or Second Order with teachings considered beyond the scope of the Outer or First Order as described in the Manuscripts. Unlike the Outer Order, the Inner Order or "Rosæ Rubeæ et Aureæ Crucis" (R.R. et A.C.), taught practical magical techniques which were prohibited in the Outer Order.

	The original Golden Dawn orders dissolved into schisms, notably the separation of a large group of Second Order members from the leader of the Second Order, Macgregor Mathers. After a series of public scandals (resulting in the exposure of the once-secret Order), groups once affiliated with the Golden Dawn ceased using the name by 1903. Notable offshoots include the Alpha et Omega under Mathers, the Stella Matutina under Dr. Robert William Felkin and John William Brodie-Innes, and the Ancient and Rectified Rite under ].

	In 1909, ], a former member of the London Lodge and of Mathers' Alpha et Omega, began publishing the Outer Order rituals in his periodical, ''The Equinox''. The first article included a notice that more of the Golden Dawn's materiels would be published in future issues. He was sued by Mathers for copyright violation in 1910. On March 21st, the case was heard by three law lords. Mathers' counsel, Sir Frederick Lawrence, argued that Crowley had broken his oath of secrecy by publishing his former teacher's materials. The lords found for Crowley and awarded him court costs, on the grounds that Mathers had waited until the next issue of ''The Equinox'' was about to appear before taking action (instead of when the supposed breach first occurred), and further publication could do neither him nor his reputation any harm. Also, the ritual texts had already been entered into the public record during the aforementioned scandal trials of 1902.

	===The Modern Revival===
	The various offshoots of the original Order continued to function, and the Stella Matutina was joined by ] in the 1930s. Regardie had been Crowley's secretary from 1928 to 1930. After leaving Crowley's employ he wrote two books on Western Esotericism, ''The Tree of Life'' and ''A Garden of Pomegranates''. Regardie joined the Hermes Temple of the Stella Matutina in 1933 and became an Adept in 1934. In 1937, fearing the Order was falling into decay and wishing to preserve its teachings, he published a large part of the Stella Matutina documents in a series of four books, ''The Golden Dawn: The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Stella Matutina)''.

	Various versions of these rituals have been published by Llewellyn Books and New Falcon Publications, among others, continuously since the 1960s; thus the Golden Dawn's work played a major role in the occult revival of the 1960s and 70s.

	Regardie was involved in the reactivation of a portion of the Order in the ], though he never officially belonged to any of the various groups that established new Golden Dawn temples before his death in 1985.

	===Contemporary Golden Dawn Orders===
	Today, several organizations carry on the Golden Dawn tradition. Among these, the following are particularly significant:

	====The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Inc.)====
	''The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Inc.'', a non-profit religious foundation established in Florida, USA, by Charles 'Chic' and Tabitha Cicero and Adam Forrest, holds the United States trademark rights for "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn", and are the foremost proponents of the traditional Stella Matutina system. The Order was established in 1977 and worked with Regardie up until his death in 1985. The Ciceros have written numerous books on the Golden Dawn tradition, under the Llewellyn Books imprint, which also publishes the best selling version of Regardie's collection, "The Golden Dawn". The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Inc. has a number of affiliates and autonomous licensees, operating Golden Dawn temples worldwide. The affiliated Temples of HOGD Inc. generally adhere to the original teaching curriculum and ritual forms of the Order as described in Regardie's books. Some of the autonomous licensees have modified and/or expanded on the original forms while adhering to the general framework of the Cipher Manuscripts.

	====The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn/Rosicrucian Order of the A+O====
	''The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn/Rosicrucian Order of the A+O'', formerly known as the "Authentic Golden Dawn " is a private business founded in 1992 by Patricia Behman (aka Cris Monnastre, a student of Regardie's) and David John Griffin, both former members of Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Inc. Behman also operated an independent Temple during the 1980s in Los Angeles, in partnership with Peter Yorke and Laura Jennings. Introduced to Chic Cicero by Regardie, Behman formed a partnership with him and Adam Forrest and organized the incarnation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Inc.) that continues today. After leaving that organization in 1992 to form her own version with Griffin, she eventually dissolved the partnership with Griffin in 1998. Griffin's H.O.G.D. deviates from the traditions of the original Order of Westcott and Mathers (and Regardie), since it teaches all the previously published Inner Order materials and practices (notably by Regardie) in the Outer Order. It has substituted a new curriculum for the Inner Order based on traditional Hermetic Alchemy. The material taught in their Outer Order is described in "The Ritual Magic Manual: A Comprehensive Course in Practical Magic", by David John Griffin. Mr. Griffin holds the European Community trademark to the name "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn" registered with the Office of Harmonization in the Internal Market (O.H.I.M.), and has a contractual agreement with H.O.G.D. Inc. to use the name "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn" in the United States.

	====The Ordo Stella Matutina====
	'''' is a modern esoteric order that offers traditional Golden Dawn teachings. The primary vehicle for instruction over the internet is through the . The group offers traditional physical temple initiations as well as courses on Self-Initiation into the Golden Dawn Current. The Order's teachings primarily adhere to the original Stella Matutina versions, as taught by Dr. Felkin, and Dr. Israel Regardie, as well as teachings of the Traditional Golden Dawn and its primary founders; Dr. Willianm W. Westcott, Dr. Woodman, and S.L. MacGregor Mathers. The Order provides online instruction for distance members who do not live a nearby temple. They do not offer long-distance or Astral initiations. Students can work through the curriculum at their own pace and may receive initiations at one of the local temples or by using the Self-Initiation techniques outlined in the book entitled by of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Inc.

	====The Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn====
	''The Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn (E.O.G.D.)'' is a modern Golden Dawn Order founded by Robert Zink, Sonya Zink, John Brawl and Zack Ramsey in Fontana, California in the early 1990s. The original name of the order was Eternal Circle of Light and then Hermetic Order of the Eternal Golden Dawn. The name underwent change to "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn International". Under threat of a lawsuit over the use of the name "Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn International" in the USA, the group chose to go by the name "Hermetic Order of the Morning Star International" for a number of years. After being granted a license by HOGD, Inc., they then again changed their name to "Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn". The E.O.G.D. has several Temples and Sanctuaries and study groups around the world. In addition to these local groups, the E.O.G.D. offers teaching and on-line classes for correspondence members. The E.O.G.D. is well-known for long-distance or "astral" initiations of correspondence members, a practice they claim is based on the ] statement: "That which is above is from that which is below, and that which is below is from that which is above, working the miracles of one."

	====Whare Ra====
	While most temples of the Alpha et Omega and the Stella Matutina became dormant by the end of the 1930s, the exceptions were the Hermes Temple in Bristol which continued until World War II, and the Whare Ra temple in New Zealand which lasted into the late 1970's. In the early 1980s, the Whare Ra Temple was re-organized by ] and ], and continued operation until the present. The Zalewskis have written several books on the Golden Dawn (also published by Llewellyn Books).

	==See also==
	*]
	*] (A.A.)
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	==References==
	* Ithell Colquhoun, The Sword of Wisdom, a Biography of S.L. Macgregor Mathers and the Golden Dawn
	* Cicero, Chic and Tabitha, "The Essential Golden Dawn" (Llewellyn, 2003) ISBN 0738703109
	* Greer, Mary K. ''Women of the Golden Dawn''. (Park Street, ]) ISBN 0892815167.
	* Griffin, David John, , The Ritual Magic Manual: A Complete Course in Practical Magic (Golden Dawn Press, 1999) ISBN 0395925037
	* Gilbert, RA. ''The Golden Dawn: Twilight of the Magicians''. The Aquarian Press, ]. ISBN 0850302781.
	* Howe, Ellic. ''The Magicians of the Golden Dawn: A Documentary History of a Magical Order 1887-1923''. Samuel Weiser (1978). ISBN 0877283699. (Widely regarded by historians as the definitive history of the Golden Dawn.)
	* Regardie, Israel, et. al., eds., ''The Golden Dawn: A Complete Course in Practical Ceremonial Magic'' (Llewellyn, ]) ISBN 0875426638

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