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{{Short description|Opposition to legal rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people}}
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{{Gay rights}} {{LGBTQ rights}}

Opposition to ] for ], ], ], ] and ] (]) people exists throughout the world. LGBTQ rights opponents may be opposed to the ]; laws permitting ] or supporting ] and ], ], access to ], and access to ] and ] for ] individuals.

Organizations influential in ] opposition frequently oppose the enactment of laws making ] legal, the passage of anti-discrimination laws aimed at curtailing ], including in employment and housing, the passage of anti-bullying laws to protect LGBTQ minors, laws decriminalizing same-gender relationships, and other LGBTQ rights-related laws.<ref name="Fetner 2001">{{cite journal |author-last=Fetner |author-first=Tina |date=August 2001 |title=Working Anita Bryant: The Impact of Christian Anti-Gay Activism on Lesbian and Gay Movement Claims |journal=] |volume=48 |issue=3 |location=] and ] |publisher=] on behalf of the ] |pages=411–428 |doi=10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.411 |hdl=11375/21175 |issn=1533-8533 |s2cid=144876642|hdl-access=free }}</ref> These groups are often ] or ] in nature.{{refn|<ref name="Gannon 1981">{{cite journal |author-last=Gannon |author-first=Thomas M. |date=July–September 1981 |title=The New Christian Right in America as a Social and Political Force |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1981_num_52_1_2226 |journal=] |location=] |publisher=] |volume=26 |issue=52–1 |pages=69–83 |doi=10.3406/assr.1981.2226 |issn=0335-5985 |jstor=30125411 |access-date=2022-07-07 |archive-date=2018-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602141039/https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1981_num_52_1_2226 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McKeegan 1993">{{cite journal |author-last=McKeegan |author-first=Michele |date=Fall 1993 |title=The politics of abortion: A historical perspective |journal=] |publisher=] on behalf of the ] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=127–131 |doi=10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80245-2 |issn=1878-4321 |pmid=8274866 |s2cid=36048222}}</ref><ref name="Ibrahim 2016">{{cite journal |author-last=Ibrahim |author-first=Nur Amali |date=October 2016 |title=Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=58 |issue=4 |location=] and ] |publisher=] |pages=955–981 |doi=10.1017/S0010417516000499 |issn=1475-2999 |jstor=26293235 |s2cid=152039212}}</ref><ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Rehman |first1=Javaid |last2=Polymenopoulou |first2=Eleni |date=2013 |title=Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? ''Sharia'', Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2322&context=ilj |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=] |publisher=] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |issn=0747-9395 |oclc=52769025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721220600/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2322&context=ilj |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>}} Such opposition can be motivated by ],<ref name="Fetner 2001"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/> ],<ref name="Fetner 2001"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/> ],{{refn|<ref name="Fetner 2001"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/>}} animosity,{{refn|<ref name="Fetner 2001"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/><ref name="opinion">{{cite court |litigants= Romer v. Evans |vol=517 |reporter=U.S. |opinion=620 |date= 1996 |url= http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=U10179 }}</ref>}} ],{{refn|<ref name="Gannon 1981"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/><ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu"/>}} ],{{refn|<ref name="Gannon 1981"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/><ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu"/>}} ],{{refn|<ref name="Gannon 1981"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/><ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu"/>}} or other reasons.

According to the '']'', "] offers the most common intellectual defense for differential treatment of gays and lesbians".<ref name=Stanford>{{cite web |last1=Pickett |first1=Brent |title=Homosexuality |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=25 August 2020 |date=2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824200314/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ], Norwegian scholar and professor of ], and the ] have stated that religious belief underlies most forms of '''LGBTQ rights opposition'''.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Endsjø |author-first=Dag Øistein |date=May 2020 |title=The other way around? How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/83580/1/Endsjo-IJHR2020-The%2Bother%2Bway%2Baround%2BHow%2Bfreedom%2Bof%2Breligion%2Bmay%2Bprotect%2BLGBT%2Brights.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |publisher=] |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1681–1700 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2020.1763961 |doi-access=free |issn=1744-053X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719094132/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/83580/1/Endsjo-IJHR2020-The%2Bother%2Bway%2Baround%2BHow%2Bfreedom%2Bof%2Breligion%2Bmay%2Bprotect%2BLGBT%2Brights.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |quote=That religious beliefs lie at the heart of most of the opposition to LGBT rights is a generally known fact. As the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief noted in 2017,{{blockquote|in certain States where religion has been given ‘official’ or privileged status, other fundamental rights of individuals – especially women, religious minorities, and members of the LGBTI community – are disproportionately restricted or vitiated under threat of sanctions as a result of obligatory observation of State-imposed religious orthodoxy.}}}}</ref>

== History == == History ==
] members plunder the ] in preparation to ], May 1933]]
The first organized gay rights movement arose in the late nineteenth century in Germany. When the German Nazi party came to power in ], one of their first acts was to burn down the ], and begin a process to send ] to concentration camps. Fascism destroyed the organized gay rights movement, and it would not arise again until after the Second World War.
The first organized ] arose in the late nineteenth century in Germany.<ref name=chron>{{cite web|url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/CHR06.HTM|title=Archive for Sexology|work=hu-berlin.de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709054341/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/CHR06.HTM|archive-date=2008-07-09}}</ref>


In the 1920s and into the early 1930s, there were ] in cities like Berlin; German-Jewish sexologist ] was one of the most notable spokespeople for LGBTQ rights at this time. When the Nazi party came to power in 1933, one of the party's first acts was to burn down Hirschfeld's '']'', where many prominent Nazis had been treated for perceived sexual problems.<ref name="Lenz">{{cite book |quote=...not ten percent of those men who, in 1933, took the fate of Germany into their hands, were sexually normal |first=Ludwig L. |last=Lenz |title=The Memoirs of a Sexologist |location=New York |year=1954 |page=429}} quoted in {{cite journal |first=Erwin |last=Haeberle |title=Swastika, Pink Triangle, and Yellow Star – The Destruction of Sexology and the Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany |journal=The Journal of Sex Research |volume=17 |issue=3 |date=August 1981 |pages=270–287 |doi=10.1080/00224498109551120 |url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SWAST.HTM |via=Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin |access-date=2010-04-14 |archive-date=2010-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416025939/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SWAST.HTM |url-status=dead |jstor=3812563 |pmid=28135957 }}</ref> Initially tolerant to the homosexuality of ] and his followers, many ] were purged from the Nazi Party following the ] and the ] began to be enforced again, with gay men interned in ]s by 1938.<ref group=note>See ].</ref>
In the late ] - early ] a gay rights movement arose in large urban cities in America and Western Europe, and was opposed by most institutions in the society, and thus their was little need for any organized opposition to gay rights. It was not until, the ] of the ] and ] that certain institutions and some members of public became to support specific gay rights issues, that an organized movement arose to oppose gay rights.


Under the ] rule in Germany, the dismantling of rights for LGBTQ individuals was approached in two ways. By strengthening and re-enforcing existing laws that had fallen into disuse, male homosexuality was effectively re-criminalised; homosexuality was treated as a medical disorder, but at a social level rather than individual level intended to reduce the incidence of homosexuality. The treatment was a program of ], starting with ], then a system of working people to death in forced labour camps, and eventually refined by medical scientists to include ]. The driving force was the elimination of perceived ] at various levels – genetic, social, identity and practice, and the elimination of such genetic material in society. Lifton wrote about this in his book ''The Nazi Doctors'':<ref name="LIFTON">{{Cite book |last=Lifton |first=Robert |title=The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide |publisher=Basic Books |year=1986}}</ref>
During the sexual revolution, some radical gay rights organizations sought to abolish the ] laws, and the ] arose in the ] as an organization of gay male "]". In the ] the rise of the ]-] pandemic and greater public awareness about child abuse, contributed to a public backlash against gay rights issues, and forced gay rights organizations to formally rebuke ] and to advocate ] programs. While there is no evidence that homosexuals are any more likely to molest children, and in fact most credible studies done show that most child molestors are heterosexual, the stereotype that gay men and women had a predatory interest in children was a powerful tool for organizations that wanted to oppose gay rights legislation and reforms .


]. Spike occurs during ], and dropoff after partial repeal in 1969.]]
== Anita Bryant ==
<blockquote> sexology and defense of homosexuality were aspects of "sexual degeneration, a breakdown of the family and loss of all that is decent," and ultimately the destruction of the German Folk. medicine was to join in the great national healing mission, and the advance image of what Nazi doctors were actually to become: the healer turned killer. Sterilization policies were always associated with the therapeutic and regenerative principles of the biomedical vision: with the "purification of the national body" and the "eradication of morbid hereditary dispositions." Sterilization was considered part of "negative eugenics" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT042.shtml|title=Lifton' Nazi Doctors p.42|work=holocaust-history.org|access-date=2009-06-29|archive-date=2009-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718203340/http://www.holocaust-history.org/lifton/LiftonT042.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>
In the late ] gay rights organizations were making small gains in large urban centers in America such as ], ], and ]. Several states reformed their criminal code to decriminalize homosexuality between consenting adults in private, and some cities were passed local anti-discrimination laws that included protection based on ].


It is argued that the number of gay people who perished in the Holocaust was quite low in comparison to other ], and confined to Germany itself, based on estimates that of 50,000 gay people who came before the courts, between 5,000 and 15,000<ref name=ushm>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/traveling-exhibitions/nazi-persecution-of-homosexuals |title=Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals 1933–1945 |publisher=Ushmm.org |access-date=21 August 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114212332/http://www.ushmm.org/information/exhibitions/traveling-exhibitions/nazi-persecution-of-homosexuals |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaust-trc.org/homosx.htm |title=Homosexuals – Holocaust Teacher Resource Center |publisher=Holocaust-trc.org |access-date=21 August 2013 |archive-date=26 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926105718/http://www.holocaust-trc.org/homosx.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ended up in concentration camps. However, many of those who came before the courts were directed (or volunteered) to undergo sterilisation/castration; they would be included with others who, in line with the historic shift in German society (that started with ], and developed through ] to ], of homosexuality being seen as having a neurological, endocrinological or genetic basis), were treated for homosexuality as a medical rather than criminal matter.
] organized the first major opposition movement to gay rights in America, based on fundamentalist Christian values. The group used various slogans that played off the fear that gay people were interested in "recruiting" or molesting children into a "life-style." A common slogan of the campaign was "Homosexuals cannot reproduce — so they must recruit" or its variants, based on the underlying belief that a homosexual orientation is chosen. The Bryant campaign was successful in repealing many of the city anti-discrimination laws, and in proposing other citizen initiatives, such as a failed California ballot question designed to ban homosexuals or anyone who endorsed gay rights from being a public school teacher.


After the ], the ] became more intolerant of homosexuality,<ref>Michael Klarman: ''From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage''. Oxford University Press, 2013.</ref> but many gay men and lesbians decided to reveal their gay identities after meeting others in the military.<ref name=infoplease>{{cite web|title=Milestones in the Gay Rights Movement|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0194028.html|website=infoplease.com|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210001759/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0194028.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many gay bars and villages were created, and a whole gay ] formed.<ref name=infoplease/> Campaigns for gay rights began to develop, initially in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|title=1957: Homosexuality 'should not be a crime'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/4/newsid_3007000/3007686.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|date=4 September 1957|publisher=BBC|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=15 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215085041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/4/newsid_3007000/3007686.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Towards the end of the 1960s homosexuality began to be decriminalised and de-medicalised in areas such as the UK, New Zealand, Australia, North America and Europe, in the context of the ] and ] movements. Organized opposition to gay and lesbian rights began in the 1970s.<ref name=Himmelstein>Jerome Himmelstein, p. 97; Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Religious Right, p.49–50, Sara Diamond, ], Boston, MA</ref>
The name of this group was Save Our Children, and its most successful campaign resulted in the repealing of ] ] by an overwhelming margin of 69% to 31%. Soon after, legislation was passed outlawing adoption by non-heterosexual persons in Florida. In ], Dale County passed an anti-discrimination law that included the protection of people from discrimination based on ], but the ban on homosexuals adopting children remains on the books. The success of the Bryant campaigned encouraged the development of other organizations who opposed gay rights legislation on similar fear-based grounds.


==Public opinion==
From the late ] onwards, Christian fundamentalist organizations such as the ], ], ], and the ] found that opposition to gay rights based on Biblical teachings, and various anti-gay sterotypes was an effective tool to raise revenue for their organizations. They built strong lobbying organizations to oppose gay rights, as well as other "secular sins" such as ], ] and ]. These organizations aligned themselves with the ] as part of the party's ] to win ] votes in the traditionally socially conservative South.
{{Main|Societal attitudes toward homosexuality}}
Societal attitudes towards homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. All cultures have their own ]; some sanction same-sex love and sexuality, while others disapprove of such activities.<ref>Murray, Stephen O., ''Homosexualities'', University of Chicago 2000</ref>


According to The 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, "Throughout Western Europe and much of the Americas, there is widespread tolerance towards homosexuality. However, the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Israel stand apart from other wealthy nations on this issue; in each of these countries, fewer than half of those surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society. Meanwhile, in most of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, there is less tolerance toward homosexuality."<ref>{{cite web|title=World Publics Welcome Global Trade – But Not Immigration |url=http://pewglobal.org/files/pdf/258.pdf|website=pewglobal.org|publisher=The Pew Global Attitudes Project|access-date=14 February 2015|date=4 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205193757/http://pewglobal.org/files/pdf/258.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Fundamentalist Christian organizations followed a similar model in other nations. In the ] organizations opposed to gay rights succcesfully persuaded the ] ] to enact ], which banned public schools from "promoting homosexuality" or endorsing same-sex marriages. In the late ], the growing public education and support for gay rights legislation in America and many other developed countries forced the organizations opposed to gay rights to change their model.


However, a 2012 ] poll showed that a majority number of Americans are in favor of gay rights, such as same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/06/cnn-poll-americans-attitudes-toward-gay-community-changing/ |title=CNN Poll: Americans' attitudes toward gay community changing |publisher=politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com |date=6 June 2012 |access-date=21 August 2013 |archive-date=18 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018004647/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/06/cnn-poll-americans-attitudes-toward-gay-community-changing/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In late 2015, a poll of Japanese people also found that a majority supported same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/11/29/new-poll-shows-majority-of-japanese-support-marriage-equality/|title=New poll shows majority of Japanese support marriage equality|date=29 November 2015|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214090920/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/11/29/new-poll-shows-majority-of-japanese-support-marriage-equality/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Public opinion ==
In ], a national survey in that year found that more than 70% of respondents agreed with one of the assertions: ''"Homosexuals are dangerous as teachers or youth leaders because they try to get sexually involved with children"'' or ''"Homosexuals try to play sexually with children if they cannot get an adult partner."''


==Religious reasons for opposition==
Public perception has changed since. Gallup polls have found that increasing number of Americans would allow gay people to be elementary school teachers. For example, the proportion was 61% in 2003, compared to 27% in 1977.
{{Essay-like|section|date=July 2015}}
{{Main|Religion and homosexuality}}
{{see also|Human sexuality#Religious sexual morality}}
Many religions, including ones within the Eastern faiths and ], do not support homosexual sex. ],<ref>Strauss, Lehman, Litt.D., F.R.G.S. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203635/http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1302 |date=2007-04-15 }}.</ref> ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054718/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_rom.htm |date=2017-03-17 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2006)</ref> ],<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524174202/http://www.lds.org/hf/fhe/welcome/0,16785,4210-1,00.html |date=2013-05-24 }}, The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints. Home & Family.</ref> ],<ref>Shafran, Rabbi Avi. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006153527/http://www.jlaw.com/Commentary/maritalprob.html |date=2016-10-06 }}. Jewish Law Commentary: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues, and Secular Law.</ref> and ]<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055607/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_isla1.htm |date=2017-03-17 }}, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance (2005).</ref> view homosexual sex as a ] and hold that its practice and acceptance in society weakens moral standards.


=== Christian opposition ===
In another poll conducted in 1999, the belief that most gay men are likely to molest or abuse children was endorsed by only 19% of heterosexual men and 10% of heterosexual women. Even fewer &mdash; 9% of men and 6% of women &mdash; regarded most lesbians as child molesters.
] protesters against ] at the ] after '']'' (June 2015)]]
{{Main|Christianity and homosexuality|Christianity and transgender people|List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality|The Bible and homosexuality}}


Passages in the ] that prohibit man to "lie with mankind as with womankind"<ref group=note> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908032117/http://biblehub.com/kjv/leviticus/18.htm |date=2015-09-08 }} and {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901183407/http://biblehub.com/kjv/leviticus/20.htm |date=2015-09-01 }} (KJV).</ref> and the story of ] have historically been interpreted as condemning ]. Several ] passages have also been cited against male and female homosexuality.<ref group=note> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821235011/http://biblehub.com/kjv/romans/1.htm |date=2015-08-21 }} – these are often considered the only explicit references in the Bible discussing female homosexuality.</ref> Christians who take a conservative position on homosexuality endorse this reading of these passages in the belief that God is against same-sex sexual activity, while Christians who take a liberal position believe that these same passages refer to more specific situations, such as pedophilia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Lehti |first1= Andrew |date= November 2022|title= The Bible Never Condemned Homosexuality; it Condemned Pedophilia. The Papal Revision and Mandate of Translations of the Bible in the 16th Century by Pope Clement VIII and Pope Paul V.|url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365428877 |journal= ]|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.13140/RG.2.2.29803.62240 |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref> rape or abuse, and not homosexuality.<ref name=TolerancerefA>{{cite web|title=What the Bible says and means about homosexuality|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/homglance.htm|website=religioustolerance.org|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-date=29 June 2009|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629035053/http://www.religioustolerance.org/homglance.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest Christian body, the ], condemns homosexual acts as "gravely sinful" and "intrinsically disordered".<ref>Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal (Prefect). (1 October 1986). . '']''.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Vatican and homosexuality: reactions to the "Letter to the bishops of the Catholic Church on the pastoral care of homosexual persons" |url=https://archive.org/details/vaticanhomosexua00seli |url-access=registration |year=1988 |last1=Gramick |first1=Jeannine |last2=Nugent |first2=Robert |publisher=Crossroad | page = |isbn=9780824508647 }}</ref> The second-largest Christian body, the ], also condemns homosexual behaviour, as do many denominations of ].
The public was less willing to believe that most gay people were sexual predators, more gay characters were appearing in popular culture, and the murder of ] required the opponents to gay rights to change their model.


], the theory of ] has been employed by philosophers and theologians to justify its condemnation of homosexual behaviour.<ref>'']'' (2nd ed.). ]. 2019. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724064758/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P85.HTM#:~:text=2357%20 |date=2013-07-24 }}.</ref> The theologian ] maintained that homosexual practice was contrary to natural law, arguing that the primary natural end of the sexual act was procreation, and since said procreation is carried out from a process of sexual fertilization between a man and a woman, homosexual sex is contrary to the very end of said act.<ref>Blankenhorn, Fr. Bernhard; Droste, Sr. Catherine Joseph; Jindráček, Fr. Efrem; Legge, Fr. Dominic; White, Fr. Thomas Joseph (2015). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114165907/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26392514 |date=2023-01-14 }}. ''Angelicum'' '''92''' (3): 297-302. {{ISSN|1123-5772}}.</ref>
== New model ==
Many of the organizations opposed to gay rights began to soften their message, although some organizations such as the small church lead by ] continued a hardline message. Homosexuality became a problem to be overcome, akin to ], rather than something to be feared or loathed.


=== Islamic opposition ===
While the ] movement has been in existence since the ], it started to be a greater force in socially conservative organizations that wanted to oppose gay rights. Along with the ] movement, the focus on the opposition to gay rights often centers often around ] as many other gay rights issues such as anti-discrimination laws and the right to privacy have mainstream support. For example, when the ] ruled in ] that states could no longer criminalize consensual acts of ] between adults, many opponents of gay rights did not publically support sodomy laws, but rather opposed the ruling because it would lead to gay marriage. Under the new model of opposition, gay rights should still be opposed, but gay men and women need compassion and treatment for their problem.
{{Further|LGBT in Islam}}
] is regarded as criminal and forbidden in most ], according to ], and officially carries the ] in ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Day Against Death Penalty |url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=50&ZoneID=7&FileID=1111|website=ilga.org|publisher=ILGA Files|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029185853/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=50&ZoneID=7&FileID=1111|archive-date=29 October 2009|date=10 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Homosexuality and Islam|url=http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/islam.htm|website=religionfacts.com|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225546/http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/islam.htm|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


It carries the death penalty in ] under the ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reid |first1=Tim |title=Kandahar Comes Out of the Closet |url=http://glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/afghanistan/afnews007.htm |website=sodomylaws.org |access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911230539/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/afghanistan/afnews007.htm |date=12 January 2002 |archive-date=11 September 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> In ], openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws.<ref group=note>See: ].</ref> On the other hand, homosexuality has been legal in Turkey since 1858.<ref name="History">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595 |title=Where is it illegal to be gay? |access-date=11 February 2014 |work=BBC News |date=10 February 2014 |archive-date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601210145/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-25927595 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Boy Scouts of America ==
The ] excludes homosexuals and bisexuals from its organizations, both as Scouts and Scoutmasters. In ] the ] ruled in the case ]
that the organization can decide its own membership rules, but there is still a movement to try and persuade the organization to change its policy or allow local chapters to decide for themselves. While other youth-based organizations such as the ] club and ] do not have a ban, it is generally felt that the internal reason for the ban is the high level of support that the Boy Scouts of America receives from the ] (Mormon) and the ] churches.


In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments – e.g., fines, jail time, and ] – as alternatives, unless it feels that LGBT individuals are challenging state authority by engaging in ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dahir |first1=Mubarak |title=Is Beheading Really the Punishment for Homosexuality in Saudi Arabia? |url=http://glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/saudi_arabia/saudinews19.htm |website=sodomylaws.org |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030106001332/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/saudi_arabia/saudinews19.htm |archive-date= 6 January 2003 |date=December 2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Iran is perhaps the nation to execute the largest number of its citizens for homosexuality. Since the 1979 ] in Iran, the Iranian government has executed more than 4,000 people charged with homosexual acts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/homosexuality.html#Islam |title=Homosexuality and Religion |access-date=2009-02-01 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023246/http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/homosexuality.html#Islam |url-status=live }}</ref> Even though homosexuality is widespread amongst the ] in southern Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Farmer|first1=Ben|title=Paedophilia 'culturally accepted in south Afghanistan'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8257943/Paedophilia-culturally-accepted-in-south-Afghanistan.html|access-date=6 July 2015|work=telegraph.co.uk|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date=13 January 2011|location=Kabul|quote=American social scientists employed to help troops understand the local culture reported that homosexual sex was widespread among the Pashtun ethnic group in southern Afghanistan. Strict separation of men and women, coupled with poverty and the significant expense of getting married, contributed to young men turning to each other for sexual companionship.|archive-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192159/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8257943/Paedophilia-culturally-accepted-in-south-Afghanistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> after the fall of the Taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines, prison sentences, and ] violence.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}
== United States Armed Forces ==
The United States Armed Forces has a policy of ] where gay men and women are separated from the armed forces if they "tell", but that the armed forces is not supposed to "ask." While the policy is defended on fundamentalist grounds, it also argued that young avowed heterosexual men would not tolerate working with young avowed homosexuals and those lifting the ban would hurt the morale and unit cohension. The enforcement of this policy has been noted to fluctuate with shifting manpower requirements in times of conflict.


Most international human rights organizations, such as ] and ], condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. Muslim nations insist that such laws are necessary to preserve Islamic morality and virtue. Of the nations with a majority of Muslim inhabitants where homosexuality is criminalized, only Lebanon and Tunisia have organizations which are trying to get homosexuality legalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helem.net/|title=Helem English – !EXIST|work=helem.net|access-date=2009-02-01|archive-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008072431/http://www.helem.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Socialist and communist opposition ==
:For more information, see ].
Socialists and communists historically had a mixed record when it comes to gay rights issues. Authoritarian communist governments have generally opposed gay rights, while the more libertarian-socialists and democratic socialists have generally supported some gay rights issues.


== Libertarian opposition == === Asian religious opposition ===
{{Further|Homosexuality and Hinduism|Buddhism and sexual orientation|Homosexuality in China}}
:For more information, see ]
Among the ], including ], ], ] and ], teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions. Unlike the Abrahamic religions, homosexuality is not a 'sin' in Hindu philosophy,<ref>, Alexander Berzin</ref> while in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has stated that male-female relationships are intended by nature, though without condemning same-sex relationships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/1993/7/1_7.html|title=A Lesson on Life, Happiness; Anyone Can Achieve It, Says Dalai Lama to Seattle Crowd|author=Canada Tibet Committee|date=1 July 1993|work=World Tibet Network News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804014757/http://www.tibet.ca/en/wtnarchive/1993/7/1_7.html|archive-date=4 August 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gender-specific Temples like Aravan worship are dedicated to celebrate the non-heteronormative diverse Indigenous gender & sexuality in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism: beliefs about love and sex|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/relationships/sikhloveandsexrev2.shtml|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=BBC GCSE Bitesize|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323013057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/relationships/sikhloveandsexrev2.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, the Head Cleric of the ] condemned same-sex marriages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homosexuality and Sikhism|url=http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/queer-voices/homosexuality-and-sikhism/|website=gaylaxymag.com|date=26 May 2011|publisher=GayLaxy|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705135733/http://www.gaylaxymag.com/articles/queer-voices/homosexuality-and-sikhism/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807122801/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/world-sikh-group-against-gay-marriage-bill-1.536239 |date=2015-08-07 }}, ], Tuesday, 29 March 2005.</ref> Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body which allows people of diverse SOGIESC communities to marry under Hindu Marriage Law 1951.<ref name="Live Law">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children |date=23 April 2019|access-date=2020-08-16|archive-date=2019-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712083504/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discussions on Dharma|url=http://www.faithandthecity.org/issues/social/articles/Discussions_on_Dharma%20.shtml|publisher=Hinduism Today|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929021150/http://www.faithandthecity.org/issues/social/articles/Discussions_on_Dharma%20.shtml|archive-date=29 September 2011|date=October 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hinduism: beliefs about love and sex|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/relationships/hiloveandsexrev1.shtml|website=BBC.co.uk|publisher=BBC GCSE Bitesize|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131225017/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/relationships/hiloveandsexrev1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
] runs contrary to the mainstream gay rights movement on some, but not all, gay rights issues. While a libertarian perspective on gay rights endorses some gay rights positions, it also opposes gay rights when they involve anti-discrimination laws that impose government regulations on the private sector, religious organizations or private clubs. The ] filed a brief in support of discrimination against gays by the ] before the Supreme Court, and other libertarian organizations, such as the ], likewise oppose all gay rights that require government action.


== Fascist opposition == === Scientology opposition ===
{{Main|Scientology and sexual orientation}}
] political parties have been universal in their violent opposition to gay rights. Today, ] organizations and the ] also oppose gay rights, and advocate the ] or life sentences in prison or concentration camps for homosexuals.
] founder ] classified homosexuality as a mental illness and ] (then known as "sexual perversion"), citing contemporary psychiatric and psychological textbooks to support his view.<ref>"The sexual pervert (and by this term Dianetics, to be brief, includes any and all forms of deviation in Dynamic II such as homosexuality, lesbianism, sexual sadism, etc., and all down the catalog of ] and ]) is actually quite ill physically...he is very far from culpable for his condition, but he is also far from normal and extremely dangerous to society..." {{cite book | last=Hubbard | title=Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health | pages=122–123 | publisher=Church of Scientology of California | year=1978 | isbn=0-88404-000-3}}</ref> Gay people are designated a 1.1. on Hubbard's ], and Hubbard urged society to tackle the issue of "sexual perversion" (including homosexuality), calling it "of vital importance, if one wishes to stop immorality, and the abuse of children." In his book '']'', Hubbard called for drastic action to be taken, saying that: "Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations."<ref name="sos1">{{cite book | last=Hubbard | title=Science of Survival | pages= | publisher=Church of Scientology of California | year=1975 | isbn=0-88404-001-1 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/scienceofsurviva00lron_0/page/88 }} "Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations. One of the most effective measures of security that a nation threatened by war could take would be rounding up and placing in a ], away from society, any 1.1 individual who might be connected with government, the military, or essential industry; since here are people who, regardless of any record of their family's loyalty, are potential traitors, the very mode of operation of their insanity being betrayal. In this level is the slime of society, the sex criminals, the political subversives, the people whose apparently rational activities are yet but the devious writhings of secret hate."</ref>


A 2004 article in the '']'' reported that the Scientology defines marriage as the union between a man and a woman.<ref>{{cite news |title=About Scientology |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/07/18/Tampabay/About_Scientology.shtml |work=] |date=2004-07-18 <!-- |access-date=2006-09-02 --> |access-date=2015-07-06 |archive-date=2015-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708072837/http://www.sptimes.com/2004/07/18/Tampabay/About_Scientology.shtml |url-status=dead |quote=Scientology Positions: Gay marriage - Scientologists recognize marriage as a part of the second of eight dynamics of existence. The second dynamic includes all creative activity, including sex, procreation and child rearing. The Scientology marriage ceremony is traditional and addresses a union between a man and a woman.}}</ref> After 35 years of being a Scientologist, film producer and director ] publicly quit the ] over the organization's position on gay rights and a showdown with the Church's spokesperson over the ] on same-sex marriage.<ref name="wright-apostate">{{cite magazine |last=Wright |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Wright |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/02/14/the-apostate-lawrence-wright |title=The Apostate : Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology |magazine=] |date=February 14, 2011}}</ref>
==Anarchist & other opposition==
Most anarchists support gay rights, though there is one key exception: ]. ] is an ] ] variation on ], indebted to ], which opposes gay rights. Their primary objection is that the ethos dsseminated in the opposes special privileges for certain groups. Though they also have religious objections to homosexuality (regarding sex purely for procreation) as well.


==Opposition in different countries==
== See also ==
{{Essay-like|section|date=July 2015}}
*]

*]
=== Belarus ===
{{see also|LGBT rights in Belarus}}
A 2014 report prepared by the ], under the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government of 2010–2015, raised concerns about LGBT treatment in ]:
{{blockquote|The LGBT community suffered increased harassment from the regime in 2013. The Ministry of Justice denied registration to LGBT groups, and members of the LGBT community were regularly targeted by the security forces and brought in for questioning. The authorities threatened to stigmatise them by informing their colleagues, families, or friends of their sexual orientation. Gay clubs in Minsk and Vitebsk were raided, and those present were filmed and had their details collected. The clubs were then closed down.

Gay Pride week in Minsk was disrupted by the authorities who forced owners of venues, where events were due to be held, to withdraw at the last minute. Those events that did take place were raided by the police, and a request for a march through the city was turned down by the authorities.|title="LGBT rights", ''Corporate Report: Belarus – Country of Concern''|source=(UK ], October 2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Corporate Report: Belarus – Country of Concern |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/belarus-country-of-concern/belarus-country-of-concerndate=16| date = October 2014 |website=Gov.uk |publisher=] |access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref>}}

=== Malaysia ===
Same-sex relationships in Malaysia are ]. In 2018, Malaysian LGBT people faced government-enforced clampdowns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2160781/mahathirs-malaysia-accused-state-sponsored-homophobia-after|title=Mahathir's Malaysia accused of 'state-sponsored homophobia'|date=2018-08-22|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-date=2019-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085835/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2160781/mahathirs-malaysia-accused-state-sponsored-homophobia-after|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== India ===
{{see also|Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code}}
On October 6, 1860, sodomy was legally forbidden in ] according to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faithology.com/topics/homosexuality-in-hinduism|title=Homosexuality in Hinduism|work=Faithology|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706134350/http://www.faithology.com/topics/homosexuality-in-hinduism|url-status=live}}</ref> This was ruled unconstitutional in 2009 by the Delhi High Court, but reaffirmed on 11 December 2013 by a Supreme Court ruling.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|newspaper=]|date=11 December 2013|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216040454/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-india-rights-gay-idUSBRE9BA05620131211|url-status=live}}</ref>
It was again legalised by the Supreme Court on 6 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/06/india-supreme-court-strikes-down-sodomy-law |title=India: Supreme Court Strikes Down Sodomy Law |date=September 6, 2018 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419100447/https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/06/india-supreme-court-strikes-down-sodomy-law |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
Traditionally, Indonesians are ].<ref name="DW">{{cite web |url =http://www.dw.de/its-ok-to-be-gay-in-indonesia-so-long-as-you-keep-it-quiet/a-6456222 |title =It's OK to be gay in Indonesia so long as you keep it quiet |last =Gollmer |first =Anggatira |date =2 March 2011 |publisher =Deutsche Welle |access-date =17 March 2016 |archive-date =19 May 2015 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150519034043/http://www.dw.de/its-ok-to-be-gay-in-indonesia-so-long-as-you-keep-it-quiet/a-6456222 |url-status =live }}</ref> However, this level of tolerance is not extended towards the LGBT rights movements, which has faced fierce condemnation in the public sphere from Indonesian authorities. A wave of anti-LGBT rhetoric began in January 2016 when Higher Education Minister ] said LGBT people should be barred from university campuses.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news | work = Reuters | date = 8 March 2016 | title = Under attack, Indonesian LGBT groups set up safehouses, live in fear | author = Alisa Tang | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-gay-rights-idUSKCN0WB02Z | access-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035648/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-gay-rights-idUSKCN0WB02Z | url-status = live }}</ref> The Minister called for a ban on gay groups on university campuses after a group of ] (UI) students established a counselling and support group called the Support Group and Resource Center on Sexuality Studies (SGRC).<ref name="Tempo">{{cite news | title = Mahasiswa Beri Konseling LGBT, Begini Respons UI | newspaper = Tempo.co | date = 21 January 2016 | url = https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/01/21/079738146/mahasiswa-beri-konseling-lgbt-begini-respons-ui | language = id | access-date = 5 April 2016 | archive-date = 6 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170406082616/https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/01/21/079738146/mahasiswa-beri-konseling-lgbt-begini-respons-ui | url-status = live }}</ref> The group was meant as a counselling service, resource centre and support group on sexuality and gender issues, especially for LGBT youth and students, who often suffer from abuses, harassment, violence and discrimination regarding their gender and sexuality. SGRC sees LGBT people as human beings who need a friend and protection. The group, which sought to advocate for those who suffer from gender-based violence, explained that they do not "turn" or "encourage" people to be ], nor had they tried to "cure" gay people.<ref>{{cite web | date = 23 January 2016 | title = Support Group untuk LGBT di UI: Kami Tak Mendorong dan Menyembuhkan Orang dari Gay | author = Wisnu Prasetyo | work = detikNews | url = http://news.detik.com/berita/3125384/support-group-untuk-lgbt-di-ui-kami-tak-mendorong-dan-menyembuhkan-orang-dari-gay | language = id | access-date = 5 April 2016 | archive-date = 4 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190304015054/https://news.detik.com/berita/3125384/support-group-untuk-lgbt-di-ui-kami-tak-mendorong-dan-menyembuhkan-orang-dari-gay | url-status = live }}</ref> Amid the heat of the issue, the University of Indonesia refused to be held responsible for SGRC's actions and announced the group was not an officially registered student organisation.<ref name="Tempo"/> Another official pressured smartphone instant-messaging services to drop gay and lesbian-themed emoji, prompting one company to comply.<ref name="NYT-1">{{cite news | title = Anti-Gay Actions in Indonesia Threaten a Fragile Population | author = Jeffrey Hutton | date = 15 February 2016 | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/world/asia/indonesia-antigay-sentiment.html?_r=0 | access-date = 2 March 2017 | archive-date = 21 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180921103512/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/world/asia/indonesia-antigay-sentiment.html?_r=0 | url-status = live }}</ref>

], said it would not issue any edict condemning members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, Muhammadiyah's secretary-general, Abdul Mukti said. Muhammadiyah considered LGBT expression immoral, but that publicly condemning people affiliated with those identities and orientations would not help them return to normalcy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2016/03/11/national-scene-muhammadiyah-takes-soft-approach-lgbt.html | title=National scene: Muhammadiyah takes soft approach on LGBT - the Jakarta Post }}</ref> Other religious groups, such as ] and specifically ], have expressed their rejection of LGBT rights in Indonesia. Indonesian Catholic authorities have reiterated that Catholicism does not recognise ] but assured that, despite their perceived transgressions, LGBT people should be protected and not harmed.<ref>{{cite news | title = Sikap Gereja Katolik terhadap isu LGBT | date = 19 February 2016 | work = UCAN Indonesia | url = http://indonesia.ucanews.com/2016/02/19/sikap-gereja-katolik-terhadap-isu-lgbt/ | language = id | access-date = 16 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180914192901/http://indonesia.ucanews.com/2016/02/19/sikap-gereja-katolik-terhadap-isu-lgbt | archive-date = 14 September 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Indonesia Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) classifies homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism as ]. Referring to ''Law No.18/2014 on Mental Health'' and the association's Mental Health and Mental Disorder Diagnostic Guidelines, the PDSKJI categorises homosexual and bisexual Indonesians as "people with psychiatric problems" and transgender people as having "mental disorders".<ref>{{cite news | title = Indonesian psychiatrists label LGBT as mental disorders | author = Liza Yosephine | newspaper = The Jakarta Post | location = Jakarta | date = 24 February 2016 | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/24/indonesian-psychiatrists-label-lgbt-mental-disorders.html | access-date = 17 March 2016 | archive-date = 4 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181104072735/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/24/indonesian-psychiatrists-label-lgbt-mental-disorders.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Some military figures have used conspiracy theory rhetoric. Defense Minister ] called the LGBT movement a "]" to ] Indonesians, and claimed that it received "foreign funding",<ref name="Reuters"/> pointing to funds from ] organisations like ] or Western governments and foundations.

There have been a few incidents of LGBT people being harassed. LGBT groups are now working on setting up safe houses and draw up evacuation plans in case of need. In ], in February 2016, 23 LGBT activists were roughed up by police, who told local media they stopped them from holding a rally to avoid a clash with a hardline Muslim group holding an anti-LGBT protest nearby.<ref name="Reuters"/>

The chair of the ], ] mentioned in a statement that, "As a movement, the existence of LGBT must be opposed. We must limit its room to move. However, as individual people, they must be protected like any other citizen.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nurbianto|first=Bambang|date=2016-03-21|title=More political leaders speak out against LGBT|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/04/more-political-leaders-speak-out-against-lgbt.html|access-date=2022-01-20|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112826/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/04/more-political-leaders-speak-out-against-lgbt.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anthropologist Sharyn Graham Davies commented that the main focus of this opposition was that sexual and gender diversity may be tolerated but as long as LGBT people remain invisible in the Indonesian society and did not form a visible movement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davies|first=Sharyn Graham|date=2016-07-15|title=Indonesia's anti-LGBT panic|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/07/15/indonesias-anti-lgbt-panic/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=East Asia Forum|language=en|archive-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715013928/http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/07/15/indonesias-anti-lgbt-panic/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Sharyn Graham|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3662300386/GVRL?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GVRL&xid=ec358872|title=Global Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) History|publisher=Gale eBooks|year=2019|isbn=978-0-684-32554-5|pages=1717–1720|language=en|chapter=Waria|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527055937/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3662300386&v=2.1&it=r&sid=bookmark-GVRL&asid=ec358872|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, amid fierce hostilities, some officials – including former ], ] and former Political, Legal, and Security Affairs Minister ] — have defended the LGBT community. "Whoever they are, wherever they work, he or she continues to be an Indonesian citizen. They have the right to be protected as well," Panjaitan said.<ref name="Reuters"/> President ] has also expressed support for LGBT rights and has called on an end to discrimination.<ref name="joko">{{cite web | title = Indonesia's President Finally Speaks Out Against Worsening Anti-LGBT Discrimination | work = TIME.com | date = 20 October 2016 | url = http://time.com/4537925/indonesias-president-finally-speaks-out-against-worsening-anti-lgbt-discrimination | access-date = 2 November 2016 | archive-date = 28 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181228173221/http://time.com/4537925/indonesias-president-finally-speaks-out-against-worsening-anti-lgbt-discrimination/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Poland ===
{{see also|LGBT-free zone}}

Opposition to ] comes mainly from right-wing politics, such as the ruling in 2015-2023 ] party, and from the ], in which a majority of Poles are members. According to ]'s 2020 report, Poland ranks the lowest of European Union countries for LGBT rights. According to some opinion polls, opposition to LGBT rights has been diminishing, with support for ] rising from 52% in 2017 to 60% in 2019. The number of Poles who say that homosexuality should not be accepted in society dropped from 41% in 2001 to 24% in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilles |first1=Daniel |title=Poland's anti-LGBT campaign explained: 10 questions and answers |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/06/17/polands-anti-lgbt-campaign-explained-ten-questions-and-answers/ |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=Notes From Poland |date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815154500/https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/06/17/polands-anti-lgbt-campaign-explained-ten-questions-and-answers/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unrest feared as Poland Catholic church doubles down on anti-gay rhetoric |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/unrest-feared-poland-catholic-church-doubles-down-anti-gay-rhetoric-n1038656 |access-date=23 August 2020 |work=NBC News |agency=] |date=2 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812001914/https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/unrest-feared-poland-catholic-church-doubles-down-anti-gay-rhetoric-n1038656 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Russia ===
{{see also|LGBT rights in Russia}}
]
Opposition to the LGBT rights movement is very prevalent in ], including within the ]. President ] enacted laws in 2012 which criminalised education about LGBT issues, calling it "]". It banned telling minors that homosexuality was normal or natural.<ref name=Vice>{{cite web|title=Young and Gay in Putin's Russia – Full Length|url=https://www.vice.com/video/young-and-gay-in-putins-russia-full-length-vice|website=VICE.com|date=18 January 2014 |publisher=VICE News|access-date=2017-09-02|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031181357/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xdwpvk/young-and-gay-in-putins-russia-full-length-vice|url-status=live}}</ref> This was opposed by some nations with many members of the public in the U.S. and Western Europe calling for a ] of the ] in ]. However, President Putin assured that all athletes would be respected, regardless of their sexuality<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brydum|first1=Sunnivie|title=Putin Promises Gay Olympians Will Be "Comfortable" in Sochi|url=http://www.advocate.com/news/world-news/2013/10/28/putin-promises-gay-olympians-will-be-comfortable-sochi|access-date=6 April 2015|publisher=The Advocate|date=28 October 2013|archive-date=31 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331032652/http://www.advocate.com/news/world-news/2013/10/28/putin-promises-gay-olympians-will-be-comfortable-sochi|url-status=live}}</ref> and in the event, no boycott occurred.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caldwell|first1=Christopher|title=Why the west has not boycotted the Sochi Olympics|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ac73f5c6-69ac-11e3-aba3-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3WXeP80vV|website=FT.com|publisher=The Financial Times|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925102128/https://www.ft.com/content/ac73f5c6-69ac-11e3-aba3-00144feabdc0#axzz3WXeP80vV|url-status=live}}</ref>

The law passed has been described as taking Russia's LGBT community "from being a stigmatized fringe group to full-blown ]", and has been described as a major contributor to a wave of anti-gay violence by several ] organisations (such as '']''), which target gay teens online and meet up with them, posting on YouTube their acts of assault against the LGBT teens, which have even resulted in the death of several LGBT teens in Russia, which are rarely investigated by the authorities, defining them as "civil movements fighting the sins of society".<ref name=Vice/>

=== Georgia ===
On July 8, 2023, over 2,000 anti-LGBTQ+ protesters violently disrupted the LGBTQ+ Pride festival in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi. Homophobia remains widespread in Georgia, and several journalists were attacked during similar protests in Tbilisi two years ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-LGBTQ+ protesters break up Pride event in Georgian capital Tbilisi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/09/anti-lgbtq-protesters-break-up-pride-event-in-georgian-capital-tbilisi |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=the Guardian|date=9 July 2023 }}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{see also|LGBTQ rights in the United Kingdom|LGBTQ rights in Scotland}}
In 1988, the ], who were ], enacted ] which stated that ] must not "intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality" and that ]s should not "promote the teaching of the acceptability of homosexuality", describing families with gay parents as being in a "pretended family relationship".<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122112358/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880009_en_5.htm |date=2005-11-22 }}, section 28. Accessed 18 January 2015 on opsi.gov.uk.</ref> Research on the effect of suppressing information about sexuality awareness in schools showed a correspondence with increases in the level of homophobic bullying by peers, as well as increased incidence in depression and suicide amongst LGBT people trying to come to terms with their sexuality.<ref name = EPSTEIN>{{Cite book |last1 = Epstein | first1 = Debbie | last2 = O'Flynn |first2 = Sarah |last3 = Telford |first3 = David |title = Silenced Sexualities in Schools and Universities |publisher = Trentham Books |year = 2003 }}</ref> In 1987, Thatcher also declared that "hard left education authorities and extremist teachers" were indoctrinating the nation by teaching the younger generation "political slogans", "anti-racist mathematics" and telling their pupils that they have an "inalienable right to be gay", rather than "taught to respect traditional moral values".<ref name=MTFoundation/> She then went on to say that "all of those children are being cheated of a sound start in life—yes cheated!"<ref name=MTFoundation>{{cite web |title=Speech to Conservative Party Conference, 1987 Oct 9 |url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106941 |website=margaretthatcher.org |publisher=Margaret Thatcher Foundation |access-date=18 January 2015 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226213338/https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106941 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, despite opposition from socially liberal Conservatives such as later prime minister ],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/articles/dispatches/cameron+toff+at+the+top/328047.html |title=Cameron: Toff At The Top |work=channel4.com |access-date=2020-06-29 |archive-date=2020-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630090956/https://www.channel4.com/news/articles/dispatches/cameron+toff+at+the+top/328047.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Section 28 was repealed by the ] under ].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Scott|title=Ian McKellen: 'Margaret Thatcher misjudged the future with Section 28'|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/04/16/ian-mckellen-margaret-thatcher-misjudged-the-future-with-section-28/|website=pinknews.co.uk|date=16 April 2013|publisher=]|access-date=18 January 2015|quote=Section 28 was later removed from the statute book by Tony Blair's Labour government in 2003.|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214072829/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/04/16/ian-mckellen-margaret-thatcher-misjudged-the-future-with-section-28/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2009, Cameron, whilst campaigning for the 2010 general election, formally apologised for his party introducing the law, stating that it was a mistake and had been offensive to gay people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cameron-sorry-for-section-28-1728003.html|title=Cameron sorry for Section 28|work=The Independent|date=22 October 2011|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812040934/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cameron-sorry-for-section-28-1728003.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Pierce|first1=Andrew|title=David Cameron says sorry over Section 28 gay law|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/5710650/David-Cameron-says-sorry-over-Section-28-gay-law.html|website=Telegraph.co.uk|date=July 2009 |publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731111026/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/5710650/David-Cameron-says-sorry-over-Section-28-gay-law.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, ] was legalised under Cameron's premiership (despite his government voting against it)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2012-2013/0126/cbill_2012-20130126_en_1.htm|title=Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill|publisher=House of Commons|date=25 January 2013|access-date=28 January 2013|archive-date=28 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128053604/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/cbill/2012-2013/0126/cbill_2012-20130126_en_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> which Cameron described as "an important step forward" and said that he thought that "it is right that gay people should be able to get married too".<ref>{{cite web|title=Gay marriage an important step forward, says PM|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21325702|website=bbc.co.uk|publisher=BBC|access-date=14 February 2015|date=5 February 2013|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085836/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-21325702|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2010, the largest voice against LGBT equality in the UK came from the ] over the issue of same-sex marriage. Labour passed into law in 2005 the ability for same-sex couples to enter civil partnerships, but they could not take place in a church or be called a "marriage". The Church of England opposed the-then coalition Government's plans (this government came to an end in May 2015) to extend this to "full marriage rights."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/8221964/Coalition-ministers-consider-gay-marriage-plans.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226234838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/8221964/Coalition-ministers-consider-gay-marriage-plans.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2010 |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Tim |last=Ross |title=Coalition ministers consider gay marriage plans |date=24 December 2010}}</ref>

The ] has shifted its platform from recriminalisation to an extension of ]-style legislation, i.e. making it illegal to portray homosexuality positively in the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,11913,783675,00.html|title=Andrew Anthony meets Nick Griffin – From the Observer – The Observer|author=Andrew Anthony|work=The Guardian|date=September 2002|access-date=2007-04-29|archive-date=2007-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015165934/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,11913,783675,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, the ], a gay bar in ]'s ], was targeted up as part of a terrorist campaign by a former ] and ] (BNP) member, ]; three people were killed, and seventy maimed or injured by a nail bomb detonated in the pub.<ref name = DUNCAN>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/30/newsid_2499000/2499249.stm |work=BBC News |title=1999: Dozens injured in Soho nail bomb |date=30 April 1999 |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211204018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/30/newsid_2499000/2499249.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===United States===

==== History ====
{{main|LGBTQ history in the United States}}

===== 1950s and 1960s =====
{{see also|Stonewall riots#Background}}
] and ], leaders of the ]]]
In the 1950s in the ], open homosexuality was taboo. Legislatures in every state had passed laws against homosexual behavior well before this, most notably ]. During the ] politicians frequently described homosexuals as "subversives" who undermined national security and patriotism, and described them as ] or a Communist ]. During the ], ] used accusations of homosexuality as a ].<ref>Cuordileone, K. A. "'Politics in an Age of Anxiety': Cold War Political Culture and the Crisis in American Masculinity, 1949–1960" ''The Journal of American History'' 87 (2) (2000): 515–545</ref> Senator ] publicized fears that ] had obtained a list of closeted homosexuals in positions of power from ], which he believed Stalin intended to use to blackmail these men into working against the U.S. for the Soviet regime.<ref>Von Hoffman, Nicholas, ''Citizen Cohn'' Doubleday, 1988, pp 130</ref> In the ] produced by a Senate subcommittee titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government" said that "the pervert is easy prey to the blackmailer... It is an accepted fact among intelligence agencies that espionage organizations the world over consider sex perverts who are in possession of or have access to confidential material to be prime targets where pressure can be exerted." Along with that security-based concern, the report found homosexuals unsuitable for government employment because "those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons. In addition, there is an abundance of evidence to sustain the conclusion that indulgence in acts of sex perversion weakens the moral fiber of an individual to a degree that he is not suitable for a position of responsibility."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/context/employment.html|title=Who's Gay? What's Straight? – Employment Of Homosexuals And Other Sex Perverts In Government (1950) – Assault On Gay America – FRONTLINE – PBS|work=pbs.org|access-date=2017-09-02|archive-date=2017-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616210211/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/context/employment.html|url-status=live}}</ref> McCarthy and ] more often used the secrets of closeted gay American politicians as tools for blackmail than did foreign powers.<ref>Von Hoffman, Nicholas, ''Citizen Cohn'' Doubleday, 1988</ref>

The modern roots of the ]'s views on sexual matters were evident in the years 1950s–1960s, a period in which many ] ] viewed sexual promiscuity as not only excessive, but in fact as a threat to their ideal vision of the country.<ref name="Herman">{{cite book|last=Herman|first=Didi|url=https://archive.org/details/antigayagendaort00herm|title=The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-226-32764-8|location=Chicago, IL|url-access=registration|access-date=September 20, 2012}}</ref>{{rp|30}}

===== 1970s and 1980s =====
]
Beginning in the 1970s, conservative Christian protests against promiscuity began to surface, largely as a reaction to the "]" and an emerging prominence of sexual rights arising from '']'' and the ]. The Christian right proceeded to make sexuality issues a priority political cause.<ref name=Herman />{{rp|28}} ] organized ], a widespread campaign to oppose legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of ] in ].<ref name="Fetner 2001"/> The group argued that gay people were "]" or "]" in order to make them gay.<ref name="Fetner 2001"/> Bryant infamously claimed that "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children," and also claimed that "If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters."<ref name="At Any Cost">{{cite book|title= At Any Cost|url= https://archive.org/details/atanycost0000brya|url-access= registration|last= Bryant|first=Anita |author2=Green, Bob |year= 1978|publisher= Fleming H. Revell |location= Grand Rapids, Michigan, US|isbn= 9780800709402}}</ref> The Bryant campaign achieved success in repealing some city anti-discrimination laws, and proposed other citizen initiatives such as a ] designed to ban gay people or those who supported LGBT rights from holding public teaching jobs. Bryant's campaign attracted widespread opposition and ]s which put her out of business and destroyed her reputation.

From the late 1970s onwards, some ] ] such as the ], ], ], the ], and the ], along with right-wing Christian hate groups such as the ], have been outspoken against LGBT rights.<ref name="Gannon 1981"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Miller 2014">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Steven P. |year=2014 |title=The Age of Evangelicalism: America's Born-Again Years |chapter=Left, Right, Born Again |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWLwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |location=] |publisher=] |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199777952.003.0003 |pages=32–59 |isbn=9780199777952 |lccn=2013037929 |oclc=881502753 |access-date=2022-07-07 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416153432/https://books.google.com/books?id=cWLwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Durham 2000">{{cite book |last=Durham |first=Martin |year=2000 |chapter=The rise of the right |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&pg=PA1 |title=The Christian Right, the Far Right, and the Boundaries of American Conservatism |location=] and ] |publisher=] |pages=1–23 |isbn=9780719054860 |access-date=2022-07-07 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416153442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Late in 1979, a ] among conservative ] and ] ushered in the ] politically aligned with the ] that would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of the ].<ref name="Gannon 1981"/><ref name="McKeegan 1993"/><ref name="Miller 2014"/><ref name="Durham 2000"/>

During the ], LGBTQ communities were further ] as they became the focus of ], suffered ] and ], and were targeted with ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Westengard |first=Laura |year=2019 |chapter=Monstrosity: Melancholia, Cannibalism, and HIV/AIDS |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5unDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |title=Gothic Queer Culture: Marginalized Communities and the Ghosts of Insidious Trauma |location=] |publisher=] |pages=99–103 |isbn=978-1-4962-0204-8 |lccn=2018057900 |access-date=2022-07-07 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416153435/https://books.google.com/books?id=b5unDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Christian right champions itself as the "self-appointed conscience of American society". During the 1980s, the movement was largely dismissed by political pundits and mainstream religious leaders as "a collection of buffoonish has-beens". Later, it re-emerged, better organized and more focused, taking firm positions against abortion, pornography, sexual deviancy, and extreme feminism.<ref name=Kaplan>{{cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=George R.|title=Shotgun Wedding: Notes on Public Education's Encounter with the New Christian Right|journal=Phi Delta Kappan|date=May 1994|volume=75|issue=9}}</ref><ref name=Green>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Hohn|title=THE VALUES CAMPAIGN? The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections|year=2006|publisher=Georgetown University Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1589011083|editor=Green, John C. |editor2=Rozell, Mark J. |editor3=Wilcox, Clyde<!--|access-date=September 20, 2012-->}}</ref>{{rp|4}}

===== 1990s and 2000s =====
] protest in 2005]]

Influential Christian right organizations were at the forefront of the anti-gay rights movement in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, including Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and the ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Draper |first1=Electa |title=Focus on the Family focuses on homosexuals |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2008/10/22/focus-on-the-family-focuses-on-homosexuals/ |website=Denver Post |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=Herman />{{rp|15–16}} An important stratagem in Christian right anti-gay politics is in its rejection of "the edicts of a Big Brother" state, allowing it to profit from "a general feeling of discontent and demoralization with government". As a result, the Christian right has endorsed smaller government, restricting its ability to arbitrate in disputes regarding values and traditions. In this context, gay rights laws have come to symbolize the government's allegedly unconstitutional " with individual freedom".<ref name=Herman />{{rp|170–171}}

The central tenets of Focus on the Family and similar organizations, such as the Family Research Council, emphasise issues such as abortion and the necessity of gender roles. A number of organizations, including the New Christian Right, "have in various ways rejected liberal America in favor of the regulation of pornography, anti-abortion legislation, the criminalization of homosexuality, and the virtues of faithfulness and loyalty in sexual partnerships", according to sociologist ].<ref name=Petersen>{{cite journal|last=Petersen|first=David L.|title=Genesis and Family Values|journal= Journal of Biblical Literature|year=2005|volume=124|issue=1|pages=5–23|doi=10.2307/30040988|jstor=30040988}}</ref>

===== 2010s and 2020s =====

] in 2020 with a sign reading, "Save Our Kids from LGBT Indoctrination."]]

During the ], some Christian conservatives refrained from engaging in debates about sexual morality.<ref>Douthat, Ross, et al. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230000556/http://www.slate.com/articles/podcasts/gabfest/2018/02/the_florida_shooting_white_house_job_shake_ups_and_porn_on_the_political.html |date=2018-12-30 }} ''Political Gabfest''. Slate, February 15, 2018. ''Slate''. Start listening at 37:00.</ref> However, beginning in the early-2020s, an ] occurred in the United States. This ] ] against ] included ], ], ], ]s, ], ]s, and ].<ref>{{cite news |title=America's far right is increasingly protesting against LGBT people |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/01/13/americas-far-right-is-increasingly-protesting-against-lgbt-people |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524065520/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/01/13/americas-far-right-is-increasingly-protesting-against-lgbt-people |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== U.S. public opinion ====
{{see also|Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States}}
Public opinion has shifted towards increased acceptance of homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians since the late 1970s. According to the Gallup poll, the percentage of Americans who think that same-sex relations between consenting adults should be legal increased from 43% in 1977 to 59% in 2007.<ref name="gallup07">{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/27694/Tolerance-Gay-Rights-HighWater-Mark.aspx|title=Tolerance for Gay Rights at High-Water Mark|author=Gallup, Inc.|work=Gallup.com|date=29 May 2007|access-date=19 November 2008|archive-date=9 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109102649/http://www.gallup.com/poll/27694/Tolerance-Gay-Rights-HighWater-Mark.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1977, 56% of Americans thought that gay people should have equal rights in terms of job opportunities. {{as of|2007}}, that number has risen to 89%.<ref name=gallup07 /> In 1982, 34% thought that homosexuality should be considered "an acceptable alternative lifestyle". {{as of|2007}}, that number is 54%.<ref name="gallup07" /> In 1997, 27% of Americans thought that ]s should be legally valid. That number is 46% {{as of|2007|lc=y}}. In 1977, 13% of Americans thought that sexual orientation is "something a person is born with"; {{as of|2007|lc=y}}, that percentage increased to 42%.<ref name=gallup07 /> A poll conducted in 2013 showed a record high of 58% of the Americans supporting legal recognition for same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kludt, Tom|url=http://livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/entry/poll-new-high-of-58-percent-support-same|title=Poll:New High Of 58 Percent Support Same-Sex Marriage|publisher=livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com|date=18 March 2013|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-date=21 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321022813/http://livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/entry/poll-new-high-of-58-percent-support-same|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/03/18/gay-marriage-support-hits-new-high-in-post-abc-poll/|title=Gay marriage support hits new high in Post-ABC poll|newspaper=washingtonpost.com|date=18 March 2013|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327233137/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/03/18/gay-marriage-support-hits-new-high-in-post-abc-poll/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, a Washington Post-ABC News poll showed that 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage and a similar share were against state-by-state legalization.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/poll-gay-marriage-support-at-record-high/2015/04/22/f6548332-e92a-11e4-aae1-d642717d8afa_story.html|title=Poll: Gay-marriage support at record high|newspaper=washingtonpost.com|date=23 April 2015|access-date=24 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526171438/http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/poll-gay-marriage-support-at-record-high/2015/04/22/f6548332-e92a-11e4-aae1-d642717d8afa_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of acceptance and disapproval of homosexuality and have consistently found correlations with various demographic, psychological, and social variables. For example, studies (mainly conducted in the United States) have found that heterosexuals with positive attitudes towards homosexuality are more likely to be non-religious, politically liberal or moderate, young, female and have close personal contact with ] gay men and lesbians.<ref>Studies finding that heterosexual men usually exhibit more hostile attitudes toward gay men and lesbians than heterosexual women:
*Herek, G. M. (1994). ''Assessing heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.'' In "B. Greene and G.M. Herek (Eds.) Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1 Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications." Thousands Oaks, Ca: Sage.
*Kite, M.E. (1984). ''Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuals: A meta-analytic review.'' Journal of Homosexuality, 10 (1–2), 69–81.
*Morin, S., & Garfinkle, E. (1978). ''Male homophobia.'' Journal of Social Issues, 34 (1), 29–47.
*Thompson, E., Grisanti, C., & Pleck, J. (1985). ''Attitudes toward the male role and their correlates.'' Sex Roles, 13 (7/8), 413–427.
For other correlates, see:
*Larson et al. (1980) ''Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Homosexuality'', The Journal of Sex Research, 16, 245–257
*Herek, G. (1988), ''Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men'', '']'', 25, 451–477
*Kite, M.E., & Deaux, K., 1986. ''Attitudes toward homosexuality: Assessment and behavioral consequences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,'' 7, 137–162
*Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). ''Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals.'' Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105–1118.
See also: Lewis, Gregory B., ''Black-White Differences in Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights,'' Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 67, Number 1, Pp. 59–78</ref> They are also more likely to have positive attitudes towards other minority groups<ref>Herek, G.M. (1991). ''Stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men.'' In: J. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), "Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy" (pp. 60–80). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.</ref> and are less likely to support traditional gender roles.<ref>Kyes, K.B. & Tumbelaka, L. (1994). ''Comparison of Indonesian and American college students' attitudes toward homosexuality.'' Psychological Reports, 74, 227–237.</ref>

==== United States Armed Forces ====
{{Main|Don't ask, don't tell}}

Homosexual activity was a reason for expulsion from the United States Armed Forces from their very beginning, although that was not codified until 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/USA0103.pdf |title=Uniform Discrimination: The "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Policy of the U.S. Military |date=2003 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=May 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205150317/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/USA0103.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The "]" (DADT) policy that began in 1994 barred the military from questioning people about their sexual orientation, but maintained the barring of service members who had ]. The barring of homosexuals was removed altogether in December 2010 by President ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Study: Military gays don't undermine unit|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25575198|access-date=5 July 2015|work=NBC News|publisher=Associated Press|date=7 July 2008|archive-date=1 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601101555/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25575198/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Even before ], advocates for allowing gay people to ] pointed out that neither ] nor morale were affected when the ] admitted gay people into the military. A similar comparison has been made to the lack of negative consequences when African-Americans and women were admitted into the military.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/out_in_force.html|title=Out In Force|work=ucdavis.edu|access-date=2008-11-19|archive-date=2008-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215147/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/Rainbow/html/out_in_force.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Boy Scouts of America ====

The ] now accepts gay and bisexual people in its organizations. Previously, there was an exclusion enforced commonly for Scoutmasters, but also for scouts in leadership positions. Their rationale was that homosexuality is immoral and that Scouts are expected to have certain ] standards and values, as the ] and ] requires boys to be "morally straight".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scouting.org/BoyScouts.aspx |title=Boy Scouts |publisher=Scouting.org |access-date=21 August 2013 |archive-date=24 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524194043/http://www.scouting.org/BoyScouts.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Boy Scout organization did not view their policy as unjustly ], but instead defends their policy saying that, "Tolerance for diversity of values does not require abdication of one's own values".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scouting.org/media/positions/unitedway.html|title=Position statements: United Way|author=The Boy Scouts of America|work=scouting.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016025135/http://www.scouting.org/media/positions/unitedway.html|archive-date=16 October 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2000 the ] ruled in ] that the Boy Scouts of America is a ], and as such can decide its own membership rules.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/LAW/06/28/scotus.gay.boyscouts/ |title=Supreme Court says Boy Scouts can bar gay troop leaders |work=CNN |access-date=2020-06-29 |archive-date=2020-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128184911/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/LAW/06/28/scotus.gay.boyscouts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There is still a movement to try to persuade the organization to change its policy or allow local chapters to decide for themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoutingforall.org/data/layer02/mission.html|title=Scouting for All: Committed to Scouting, Open to Diversity. Working to end discrimination against gays, atheists, agnostics, other non-theists, and all other groups in the Boy Scouts of America.|work=scoutingforall.org|access-date=2009-03-21|archive-date=2009-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315042258/http://www.scoutingforall.org/data/layer02/mission.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, the ] passed the ] of 2005 to exempt the BSA from anti-discrimination laws, to require the ] to support scouting ]s (thus rendering ineffective a Federal Court injunction prohibiting this as an ] ] in violation of the ]) and to require ] or local governments that receive Community Development Block Grant money from the ] to allow BSA to have meetings in their facilities or on their property.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bsalegal.org/support-our-scouts-act-of-2005-261.asp |title=Support our scouts act of 2005 |publisher=BSALegal.org |date=30 December 2005 |access-date=21 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112130516/http://www.bsalegal.org/support-our-scouts-act-of-2005-261.asp |archive-date=12 January 2013 }}</ref>

The BSA historically has received much of its funding and support from religious groups noted for their opposition to the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Two-year anniversary of Supreme Court case|url=http://www.religionlink.org/tip_020624b.php|website=religionlink.org|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416213806/http://www.religionlink.org/tip_020624b.php|archive-date=16 April 2009|date=24 June 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some BSA local councils found that ]'s, municipalities', school districts' and businesses' support and funding was reduced because of their adherence to the BSA's policy on sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ffrf.org/timely/bsa.php|title=Boy Scouts Of America Practices Discrimination|publisher=Freedom From Religion Foundation|access-date=9 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207120637/http://ffrf.org/timely/bsa.php|archive-date=7 February 2005}}</ref> In order to continue receiving funding, local councils like New Jersey signed nondiscrimination agreements contrary to BSA National Council policy.<ref name="jersey">{{cite web|url=http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/njcouncil.html|title=United Way to Continue Aid to Central Jersey Scouts|work=NY Times|date=31 August 2001|access-date=3 November 2006|archive-date=26 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235709/http://www.bsa-discrimination.org/html/njcouncil.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/fact.html?record=1325|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626123129/http://www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/fact.html?record=1325|title=The Impact of the Boy Scouts of America's Anti-Gay Discrimination|archive-date=26 June 2006|work=lambdalegal.org}}</ref> Other outdoor-focused, youth-based organizations such as the ] club and ] do not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.

In most countries where Boy Scouts organizations exist homosexuality is not regarded as incompatible with scout values, and gay members are not excluded from activities;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoutingforall.org/data/layer02/international.html|title=Scouting for All: Committed to Scouting, Open to Diversity. Working to end discrimination against gays, atheists, agnostics, other non-theists, and all other groups in the Boy Scouts of America.|work=scoutingforall.org|access-date=2009-03-21|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728005932/http://www.scoutingforall.org/data/layer02/international.html|url-status=live}}</ref> this includes the ], where scouting was founded by ].

In July 2015, the Boy Scouts' executive board voted to end the ban on adult leaders who are openly gay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/27/us/boy-scouts-gay-leaders-feat/|title=Boy Scouts change policy on gay leaders|author=Todd Leopold, CNN|date=27 July 2015|work=CNN|access-date=23 August 2015|archive-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818080621/http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/27/us/boy-scouts-gay-leaders-feat|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBTQ|Politics|Society}}
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* "]", sexual subculture of ] who identify as heterosexual but secretly ]
* "]", slogan coined to encourage ] to stop support of ] people
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* ], a ] alleging conversion efforts targeting heterosexuals
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== Notes ==
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== References == == References ==
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Latest revision as of 02:54, 21 December 2024

Opposition to legal rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people
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Opposition to legal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people exists throughout the world. LGBTQ rights opponents may be opposed to the decriminalization of homosexuality; laws permitting civil unions or partnerships or supporting LGBT parenting and adoption, LGBT military members, access to assisted reproductive technology, and access to gender-affirming surgery and gender-affirming hormone therapy for transgender individuals.

Organizations influential in LGBTQ rights opposition frequently oppose the enactment of laws making same-sex marriage legal, the passage of anti-discrimination laws aimed at curtailing anti-LGBTQ discrimination, including in employment and housing, the passage of anti-bullying laws to protect LGBTQ minors, laws decriminalizing same-gender relationships, and other LGBTQ rights-related laws. These groups are often religious or socially conservative in nature. Such opposition can be motivated by homophobia, transphobia, bigotry, animosity, religion, moral beliefs, political ideologies, or other reasons.

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "natural law theory offers the most common intellectual defense for differential treatment of gays and lesbians". Dag Øistein Endsjø, Norwegian scholar and professor of Religious studies, and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief have stated that religious belief underlies most forms of LGBTQ rights opposition.

History

German Student Union members plunder the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in preparation to burn its books, May 1933

The first organized gay rights movement arose in the late nineteenth century in Germany.

In the 1920s and into the early 1930s, there were LGBTQ communities in cities like Berlin; German-Jewish sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld was one of the most notable spokespeople for LGBTQ rights at this time. When the Nazi party came to power in 1933, one of the party's first acts was to burn down Hirschfeld's Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, where many prominent Nazis had been treated for perceived sexual problems. Initially tolerant to the homosexuality of Ernst Röhm and his followers, many gay men were purged from the Nazi Party following the Night of the Long Knives and the Section 175 Laws began to be enforced again, with gay men interned in concentration camps by 1938.

Under the Nazi rule in Germany, the dismantling of rights for LGBTQ individuals was approached in two ways. By strengthening and re-enforcing existing laws that had fallen into disuse, male homosexuality was effectively re-criminalised; homosexuality was treated as a medical disorder, but at a social level rather than individual level intended to reduce the incidence of homosexuality. The treatment was a program of eugenics, starting with sterilisation, then a system of working people to death in forced labour camps, and eventually refined by medical scientists to include euthanasia. The driving force was the elimination of perceived degeneracy at various levels – genetic, social, identity and practice, and the elimination of such genetic material in society. Lifton wrote about this in his book The Nazi Doctors:

Graph of convictions under Germany's Paragraph 175. Spike occurs during Nazi era, and dropoff after partial repeal in 1969.

sexology and defense of homosexuality were aspects of "sexual degeneration, a breakdown of the family and loss of all that is decent," and ultimately the destruction of the German Folk. medicine was to join in the great national healing mission, and the advance image of what Nazi doctors were actually to become: the healer turned killer. Sterilization policies were always associated with the therapeutic and regenerative principles of the biomedical vision: with the "purification of the national body" and the "eradication of morbid hereditary dispositions." Sterilization was considered part of "negative eugenics"

It is argued that the number of gay people who perished in the Holocaust was quite low in comparison to other Holocaust victims, and confined to Germany itself, based on estimates that of 50,000 gay people who came before the courts, between 5,000 and 15,000 ended up in concentration camps. However, many of those who came before the courts were directed (or volunteered) to undergo sterilisation/castration; they would be included with others who, in line with the historic shift in German society (that started with Westphal, and developed through Krafft-Ebing to Magnus Hirschfeld, of homosexuality being seen as having a neurological, endocrinological or genetic basis), were treated for homosexuality as a medical rather than criminal matter.

After the Second World War, the United States became more intolerant of homosexuality, but many gay men and lesbians decided to reveal their gay identities after meeting others in the military. Many gay bars and villages were created, and a whole gay subculture formed. Campaigns for gay rights began to develop, initially in the UK. Towards the end of the 1960s homosexuality began to be decriminalised and de-medicalised in areas such as the UK, New Zealand, Australia, North America and Europe, in the context of the sexual revolution and anti-psychiatry movements. Organized opposition to gay and lesbian rights began in the 1970s.

Public opinion

Main article: Societal attitudes toward homosexuality

Societal attitudes towards homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general. All cultures have their own norms regarding appropriate and inappropriate sexuality; some sanction same-sex love and sexuality, while others disapprove of such activities.

According to The 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, "Throughout Western Europe and much of the Americas, there is widespread tolerance towards homosexuality. However, the United States, Japan, South Korea, and Israel stand apart from other wealthy nations on this issue; in each of these countries, fewer than half of those surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society. Meanwhile, in most of Africa, Asia and the Middle East, there is less tolerance toward homosexuality."

However, a 2012 CNN poll showed that a majority number of Americans are in favor of gay rights, such as same-sex marriage. In late 2015, a poll of Japanese people also found that a majority supported same-sex marriage.

Religious reasons for opposition

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Main article: Religion and homosexuality See also: Human sexuality § Religious sexual morality

Many religions, including ones within the Eastern faiths and Abrahamic faiths, do not support homosexual sex. Evangelical Christianity, Catholicism, Mormonism, Orthodox Judaism, and Islam view homosexual sex as a sin and hold that its practice and acceptance in society weakens moral standards.

Christian opposition

Conservative Christian protesters against same-sex marriage at the U.S. Supreme Court after Obergefell v. Hodges (June 2015)
Main articles: Christianity and homosexuality, Christianity and transgender people, List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality, and The Bible and homosexuality

Passages in the Old Testament that prohibit man to "lie with mankind as with womankind" and the story of Sodom and Gomorrah have historically been interpreted as condemning sodomy. Several Pauline passages have also been cited against male and female homosexuality. Christians who take a conservative position on homosexuality endorse this reading of these passages in the belief that God is against same-sex sexual activity, while Christians who take a liberal position believe that these same passages refer to more specific situations, such as pedophilia, rape or abuse, and not homosexuality. The largest Christian body, the Catholic Church, condemns homosexual acts as "gravely sinful" and "intrinsically disordered". The second-largest Christian body, the Eastern Orthodox Church, also condemns homosexual behaviour, as do many denominations of Protestantism.

Within the Catholic Church, the theory of natural law has been employed by philosophers and theologians to justify its condemnation of homosexual behaviour. The theologian Thomas Aquinas maintained that homosexual practice was contrary to natural law, arguing that the primary natural end of the sexual act was procreation, and since said procreation is carried out from a process of sexual fertilization between a man and a woman, homosexual sex is contrary to the very end of said act.

Islamic opposition

Further information: LGBT in Islam

Sodomy is regarded as criminal and forbidden in most Islamic countries, according to Sharia law, and officially carries the death penalty in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Brunei, Mauritania, Nigeria, and Yemen.

It carries the death penalty in Afghanistan under the Taliban. In Egypt, openly gay men have been prosecuted under general public morality laws. On the other hand, homosexuality has been legal in Turkey since 1858.

In Saudi Arabia, the maximum punishment for homosexuality is public execution, but the government will use other punishments – e.g., fines, jail time, and flagellation – as alternatives, unless it feels that LGBT individuals are challenging state authority by engaging in LGBT social movements. Iran is perhaps the nation to execute the largest number of its citizens for homosexuality. Since the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, the Iranian government has executed more than 4,000 people charged with homosexual acts. Even though homosexuality is widespread amongst the Pashtun ethnic group in southern Afghanistan, after the fall of the Taliban, homosexuality went from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines, prison sentences, and vigilante violence.

Most international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. Muslim nations insist that such laws are necessary to preserve Islamic morality and virtue. Of the nations with a majority of Muslim inhabitants where homosexuality is criminalized, only Lebanon and Tunisia have organizations which are trying to get homosexuality legalized.

Asian religious opposition

Further information: Homosexuality and Hinduism, Buddhism and sexual orientation, and Homosexuality in China

Among the religions that originated in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions. Unlike the Abrahamic religions, homosexuality is not a 'sin' in Hindu philosophy, while in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama has stated that male-female relationships are intended by nature, though without condemning same-sex relationships. Gender-specific Temples like Aravan worship are dedicated to celebrate the non-heteronormative diverse Indigenous gender & sexuality in Hinduism. In 2005, the Head Cleric of the Akal Takht condemned same-sex marriages. Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body which allows people of diverse SOGIESC communities to marry under Hindu Marriage Law 1951.

Scientology opposition

Main article: Scientology and sexual orientation

Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard classified homosexuality as a mental illness and paraphilia (then known as "sexual perversion"), citing contemporary psychiatric and psychological textbooks to support his view. Gay people are designated a 1.1. on Hubbard's emotional tone scale, and Hubbard urged society to tackle the issue of "sexual perversion" (including homosexuality), calling it "of vital importance, if one wishes to stop immorality, and the abuse of children." In his book Science of Survival, Hubbard called for drastic action to be taken, saying that: "Such people should be taken from the society as rapidly as possible and uniformly institutionalized; for here is the level of the contagion of immorality, and the destruction of ethics; here is the fodder which secret police organizations use for their filthy operations."

A 2004 article in the St. Petersburg Times reported that the Scientology defines marriage as the union between a man and a woman. After 35 years of being a Scientologist, film producer and director Paul Haggis publicly quit the Church of Scientology over the organization's position on gay rights and a showdown with the Church's spokesperson over the 2008 California Proposition 8 on same-sex marriage.

Opposition in different countries

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Belarus

See also: LGBT rights in Belarus

A 2014 report prepared by the United Kingdom, under the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government of 2010–2015, raised concerns about LGBT treatment in Belarus:

The LGBT community suffered increased harassment from the regime in 2013. The Ministry of Justice denied registration to LGBT groups, and members of the LGBT community were regularly targeted by the security forces and brought in for questioning. The authorities threatened to stigmatise them by informing their colleagues, families, or friends of their sexual orientation. Gay clubs in Minsk and Vitebsk were raided, and those present were filmed and had their details collected. The clubs were then closed down. Gay Pride week in Minsk was disrupted by the authorities who forced owners of venues, where events were due to be held, to withdraw at the last minute. Those events that did take place were raided by the police, and a request for a march through the city was turned down by the authorities.

— "LGBT rights", Corporate Report: Belarus – Country of Concern, (UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, October 2014)

Malaysia

Same-sex relationships in Malaysia are criminalised. In 2018, Malaysian LGBT people faced government-enforced clampdowns.

India

See also: Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code

On October 6, 1860, sodomy was legally forbidden in India according to Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code. This was ruled unconstitutional in 2009 by the Delhi High Court, but reaffirmed on 11 December 2013 by a Supreme Court ruling. It was again legalised by the Supreme Court on 6 September 2018.

Indonesia

Traditionally, Indonesians are quite tolerant towards LGBT people who keep quiet and stay discreet about their private lives. However, this level of tolerance is not extended towards the LGBT rights movements, which has faced fierce condemnation in the public sphere from Indonesian authorities. A wave of anti-LGBT rhetoric began in January 2016 when Higher Education Minister Mohamad Nasir said LGBT people should be barred from university campuses. The Minister called for a ban on gay groups on university campuses after a group of University of Indonesia (UI) students established a counselling and support group called the Support Group and Resource Center on Sexuality Studies (SGRC). The group was meant as a counselling service, resource centre and support group on sexuality and gender issues, especially for LGBT youth and students, who often suffer from abuses, harassment, violence and discrimination regarding their gender and sexuality. SGRC sees LGBT people as human beings who need a friend and protection. The group, which sought to advocate for those who suffer from gender-based violence, explained that they do not "turn" or "encourage" people to be gay, nor had they tried to "cure" gay people. Amid the heat of the issue, the University of Indonesia refused to be held responsible for SGRC's actions and announced the group was not an officially registered student organisation. Another official pressured smartphone instant-messaging services to drop gay and lesbian-themed emoji, prompting one company to comply.

Muhammadiyah, said it would not issue any edict condemning members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, Muhammadiyah's secretary-general, Abdul Mukti said. Muhammadiyah considered LGBT expression immoral, but that publicly condemning people affiliated with those identities and orientations would not help them return to normalcy. Other religious groups, such as Christianity and specifically Roman Catholicism, have expressed their rejection of LGBT rights in Indonesia. Indonesian Catholic authorities have reiterated that Catholicism does not recognise same-sex marriage but assured that, despite their perceived transgressions, LGBT people should be protected and not harmed.

The Indonesia Psychiatric Association (PDSKJI) classifies homosexuality, bisexuality and transgenderism as mental disorders. Referring to Law No.18/2014 on Mental Health and the association's Mental Health and Mental Disorder Diagnostic Guidelines, the PDSKJI categorises homosexual and bisexual Indonesians as "people with psychiatric problems" and transgender people as having "mental disorders".

Some military figures have used conspiracy theory rhetoric. Defense Minister Ryamizard Ryacudu called the LGBT movement a "proxy war" to brainwash Indonesians, and claimed that it received "foreign funding", pointing to funds from United Nations organisations like UNAIDS or Western governments and foundations.

There have been a few incidents of LGBT people being harassed. LGBT groups are now working on setting up safe houses and draw up evacuation plans in case of need. In Yogyakarta, in February 2016, 23 LGBT activists were roughed up by police, who told local media they stopped them from holding a rally to avoid a clash with a hardline Muslim group holding an anti-LGBT protest nearby.

The chair of the People's Consultative Assembly, Zulkifli Hasan mentioned in a statement that, "As a movement, the existence of LGBT must be opposed. We must limit its room to move. However, as individual people, they must be protected like any other citizen.” Anthropologist Sharyn Graham Davies commented that the main focus of this opposition was that sexual and gender diversity may be tolerated but as long as LGBT people remain invisible in the Indonesian society and did not form a visible movement. On the other hand, amid fierce hostilities, some officials – including former Governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama and former Political, Legal, and Security Affairs Minister Luhut Binsar Panjaitan — have defended the LGBT community. "Whoever they are, wherever they work, he or she continues to be an Indonesian citizen. They have the right to be protected as well," Panjaitan said. President Joko Widodo has also expressed support for LGBT rights and has called on an end to discrimination.

Poland

See also: LGBT-free zone

Opposition to LGBT rights in Poland comes mainly from right-wing politics, such as the ruling in 2015-2023 Law and Justice party, and from the Catholic Church in Poland, in which a majority of Poles are members. According to ILGA-Europe's 2020 report, Poland ranks the lowest of European Union countries for LGBT rights. According to some opinion polls, opposition to LGBT rights has been diminishing, with support for civil partnerships rising from 52% in 2017 to 60% in 2019. The number of Poles who say that homosexuality should not be accepted in society dropped from 41% in 2001 to 24% in 2019.

Russia

See also: LGBT rights in Russia
LGBT activists in Moscow, 2 March 2013

Opposition to the LGBT rights movement is very prevalent in Russia, including within the Kremlin. President Vladimir Putin enacted laws in 2012 which criminalised education about LGBT issues, calling it "gay propaganda". It banned telling minors that homosexuality was normal or natural. This was opposed by some nations with many members of the public in the U.S. and Western Europe calling for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. However, President Putin assured that all athletes would be respected, regardless of their sexuality and in the event, no boycott occurred.

The law passed has been described as taking Russia's LGBT community "from being a stigmatized fringe group to full-blown enemies of the state", and has been described as a major contributor to a wave of anti-gay violence by several neo-Nazi organisations (such as Occupy Paedophilia), which target gay teens online and meet up with them, posting on YouTube their acts of assault against the LGBT teens, which have even resulted in the death of several LGBT teens in Russia, which are rarely investigated by the authorities, defining them as "civil movements fighting the sins of society".

Georgia

On July 8, 2023, over 2,000 anti-LGBTQ+ protesters violently disrupted the LGBTQ+ Pride festival in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi. Homophobia remains widespread in Georgia, and several journalists were attacked during similar protests in Tbilisi two years ago.

United Kingdom

See also: LGBTQ rights in the United Kingdom and LGBTQ rights in Scotland

In 1988, the Conservative Party, who were in government at the time, enacted Section 28 which stated that local authorities must not "intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality" and that maintained schools should not "promote the teaching of the acceptability of homosexuality", describing families with gay parents as being in a "pretended family relationship". Research on the effect of suppressing information about sexuality awareness in schools showed a correspondence with increases in the level of homophobic bullying by peers, as well as increased incidence in depression and suicide amongst LGBT people trying to come to terms with their sexuality. In 1987, Thatcher also declared that "hard left education authorities and extremist teachers" were indoctrinating the nation by teaching the younger generation "political slogans", "anti-racist mathematics" and telling their pupils that they have an "inalienable right to be gay", rather than "taught to respect traditional moral values". She then went on to say that "all of those children are being cheated of a sound start in life—yes cheated!"

In 2003, despite opposition from socially liberal Conservatives such as later prime minister David Cameron, Section 28 was repealed by the Labour government under Tony Blair.

In June 2009, Cameron, whilst campaigning for the 2010 general election, formally apologised for his party introducing the law, stating that it was a mistake and had been offensive to gay people.

In 2013, same-sex marriage was legalised under Cameron's premiership (despite his government voting against it) which Cameron described as "an important step forward" and said that he thought that "it is right that gay people should be able to get married too".

As of 2010, the largest voice against LGBT equality in the UK came from the Church of England over the issue of same-sex marriage. Labour passed into law in 2005 the ability for same-sex couples to enter civil partnerships, but they could not take place in a church or be called a "marriage". The Church of England opposed the-then coalition Government's plans (this government came to an end in May 2015) to extend this to "full marriage rights."

The British National Party has shifted its platform from recriminalisation to an extension of section 28-style legislation, i.e. making it illegal to portray homosexuality positively in the media. In 1999, the Admiral Duncan pub, a gay bar in London's Soho, was targeted up as part of a terrorist campaign by a former National Socialist Movement and British National Party (BNP) member, David Copeland; three people were killed, and seventy maimed or injured by a nail bomb detonated in the pub.

United States

History

Main article: LGBTQ history in the United States
1950s and 1960s
See also: Stonewall riots § Background
Joseph McCarthy and Roy Cohn, leaders of the Lavender scare

In the 1950s in the United States, open homosexuality was taboo. Legislatures in every state had passed laws against homosexual behavior well before this, most notably anti-sodomy laws. During the Cold War politicians frequently described homosexuals as "subversives" who undermined national security and patriotism, and described them as Communist sympathisers or a Communist Fifth column. During the Lavender Scare, Joseph McCarthy used accusations of homosexuality as a smear tactic. Senator Kenneth Wherry publicized fears that Joseph Stalin had obtained a list of closeted homosexuals in positions of power from Adolf Hitler, which he believed Stalin intended to use to blackmail these men into working against the U.S. for the Soviet regime. In the 1950 report produced by a Senate subcommittee titled "Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government" said that "the pervert is easy prey to the blackmailer... It is an accepted fact among intelligence agencies that espionage organizations the world over consider sex perverts who are in possession of or have access to confidential material to be prime targets where pressure can be exerted." Along with that security-based concern, the report found homosexuals unsuitable for government employment because "those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons. In addition, there is an abundance of evidence to sustain the conclusion that indulgence in acts of sex perversion weakens the moral fiber of an individual to a degree that he is not suitable for a position of responsibility." McCarthy and Roy Cohn more often used the secrets of closeted gay American politicians as tools for blackmail than did foreign powers.

The modern roots of the Christian right's views on sexual matters were evident in the years 1950s–1960s, a period in which many conservative Christians in the United States viewed sexual promiscuity as not only excessive, but in fact as a threat to their ideal vision of the country.

1970s and 1980s
Brochure used by Save Our Children in 1977

Beginning in the 1970s, conservative Christian protests against promiscuity began to surface, largely as a reaction to the "permissive Sixties" and an emerging prominence of sexual rights arising from Roe v. Wade and the LGBT rights movement. The Christian right proceeded to make sexuality issues a priority political cause. Anita Bryant organized Save Our Children, a widespread campaign to oppose legislation prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The group argued that gay people were "recruiting" or "molesting children" in order to make them gay. Bryant infamously claimed that "As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children," and also claimed that "If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters." The Bryant campaign achieved success in repealing some city anti-discrimination laws, and proposed other citizen initiatives such as a failed California ballot question designed to ban gay people or those who supported LGBT rights from holding public teaching jobs. Bryant's campaign attracted widespread opposition and boycotts which put her out of business and destroyed her reputation.

From the late 1970s onwards, some conservative Christian organizations such as the Christian Broadcasting Network, Focus on the Family, Concerned Women for America, the American Family Association, and the Christian Coalition of America, along with right-wing Christian hate groups such as the Westboro Baptist Church, have been outspoken against LGBT rights. Late in 1979, a new religious revival among conservative Evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics ushered in the Republican coalition politically aligned with the Christian right that would reign in the United States between the years 1970s and 1980s, becoming another obstacle for the progress of the LGBTQ rights movement.

During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ communities were further stigmatized as they became the focus of mass hysteria, suffered isolation and marginalization, and were targeted with extreme acts of violence. The Christian right champions itself as the "self-appointed conscience of American society". During the 1980s, the movement was largely dismissed by political pundits and mainstream religious leaders as "a collection of buffoonish has-beens". Later, it re-emerged, better organized and more focused, taking firm positions against abortion, pornography, sexual deviancy, and extreme feminism.

1990s and 2000s
Westboro Baptist Church protest in 2005

Influential Christian right organizations were at the forefront of the anti-gay rights movement in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, including Focus on the Family, Family Research Council, and the Family Research Institute. An important stratagem in Christian right anti-gay politics is in its rejection of "the edicts of a Big Brother" state, allowing it to profit from "a general feeling of discontent and demoralization with government". As a result, the Christian right has endorsed smaller government, restricting its ability to arbitrate in disputes regarding values and traditions. In this context, gay rights laws have come to symbolize the government's allegedly unconstitutional " with individual freedom".

The central tenets of Focus on the Family and similar organizations, such as the Family Research Council, emphasise issues such as abortion and the necessity of gender roles. A number of organizations, including the New Christian Right, "have in various ways rejected liberal America in favor of the regulation of pornography, anti-abortion legislation, the criminalization of homosexuality, and the virtues of faithfulness and loyalty in sexual partnerships", according to sociologist Bryan Turner.

2010s and 2020s
Men protesting outside Disney World in 2020 with a sign reading, "Save Our Kids from LGBT Indoctrination."

During the presidency of Donald Trump, some Christian conservatives refrained from engaging in debates about sexual morality. However, beginning in the early-2020s, an anti-LGBT movement occurred in the United States. This conservative political backlash against LGBT rights included bathroom use restrictions, bans on gender transition, “don't say gay” laws, laws against drag performances, book bans, boycotts, and conspiracy theories around grooming.

U.S. public opinion

See also: Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

Public opinion has shifted towards increased acceptance of homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians since the late 1970s. According to the Gallup poll, the percentage of Americans who think that same-sex relations between consenting adults should be legal increased from 43% in 1977 to 59% in 2007. In 1977, 56% of Americans thought that gay people should have equal rights in terms of job opportunities. As of 2007, that number has risen to 89%. In 1982, 34% thought that homosexuality should be considered "an acceptable alternative lifestyle". As of 2007, that number is 54%. In 1997, 27% of Americans thought that same-sex marriages should be legally valid. That number is 46% as of 2007. In 1977, 13% of Americans thought that sexual orientation is "something a person is born with"; as of 2007, that percentage increased to 42%. A poll conducted in 2013 showed a record high of 58% of the Americans supporting legal recognition for same-sex marriage. In April 2015, a Washington Post-ABC News poll showed that 61% of Americans supported same-sex marriage and a similar share were against state-by-state legalization.

Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of acceptance and disapproval of homosexuality and have consistently found correlations with various demographic, psychological, and social variables. For example, studies (mainly conducted in the United States) have found that heterosexuals with positive attitudes towards homosexuality are more likely to be non-religious, politically liberal or moderate, young, female and have close personal contact with openly gay men and lesbians. They are also more likely to have positive attitudes towards other minority groups and are less likely to support traditional gender roles.

United States Armed Forces

Main article: Don't ask, don't tell

Homosexual activity was a reason for expulsion from the United States Armed Forces from their very beginning, although that was not codified until 1920. The "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy that began in 1994 barred the military from questioning people about their sexual orientation, but maintained the barring of service members who had come out. The barring of homosexuals was removed altogether in December 2010 by President Barack Obama.

Even before DADT was established, advocates for allowing gay people to openly serve pointed out that neither unit cohesion nor morale were affected when the UK admitted gay people into the military. A similar comparison has been made to the lack of negative consequences when African-Americans and women were admitted into the military.

Boy Scouts of America

The Boy Scouts of America now accepts gay and bisexual people in its organizations. Previously, there was an exclusion enforced commonly for Scoutmasters, but also for scouts in leadership positions. Their rationale was that homosexuality is immoral and that Scouts are expected to have certain moral standards and values, as the Scout Oath and Scout Law requires boys to be "morally straight". The Boy Scout organization did not view their policy as unjustly discriminatory, but instead defends their policy saying that, "Tolerance for diversity of values does not require abdication of one's own values".

In 2000 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale that the Boy Scouts of America is a private organization, and as such can decide its own membership rules. There is still a movement to try to persuade the organization to change its policy or allow local chapters to decide for themselves.

In 2005, the U.S. Congress passed the Support Our Scouts Act of 2005 to exempt the BSA from anti-discrimination laws, to require the Department of Defense to support scouting Jamborees (thus rendering ineffective a Federal Court injunction prohibiting this as an unconstitutional establishment of religion in violation of the First Amendment) and to require state or local governments that receive Community Development Block Grant money from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to allow BSA to have meetings in their facilities or on their property.

The BSA historically has received much of its funding and support from religious groups noted for their opposition to the gay rights movement. Some BSA local councils found that United Way's, municipalities', school districts' and businesses' support and funding was reduced because of their adherence to the BSA's policy on sexual orientation. In order to continue receiving funding, local councils like New Jersey signed nondiscrimination agreements contrary to BSA National Council policy. Other outdoor-focused, youth-based organizations such as the 4-H club and Girl Scouts of the USA do not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.

In most countries where Boy Scouts organizations exist homosexuality is not regarded as incompatible with scout values, and gay members are not excluded from activities; this includes the United Kingdom, where scouting was founded by Baden-Powell.

In July 2015, the Boy Scouts' executive board voted to end the ban on adult leaders who are openly gay.

See also

Notes

  1. See Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.
  2. Leviticus 18:22 Archived 2015-09-08 at the Wayback Machine and Leviticus 20:13 Archived 2015-09-01 at the Wayback Machine (KJV).
  3. Romans 1:25–28 Archived 2015-08-21 at the Wayback Machine – these are often considered the only explicit references in the Bible discussing female homosexuality.
  4. See: Cairo 52.

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