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{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
| name = Tuchola | name = Tuchola
| image_flag = POL Tuchola flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Tuchola COA.svg | image_shield = POL Tuchola COA.svg
| image_skyline = Church-Tuchola.jpg | image_skyline = Plac Wolności w Tucholi.jpg
| image_caption = Church | image_caption = Old Town (''Stare Miasto'')
| pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_label_position = bottom
⚫ | subdivision_type = ]
| coordinates_region = PL
⚫ | subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = ] | subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ] | subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ] | subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ] | subdivision_name2 = ]
| subdivision_type3 = ] | subdivision_type3 = ]
| subdivision_name3 = ] | subdivision_name3 = ]
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 1287
| leader_title = Mayor | leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Tadeusz Henryk Kowalski | leader_name = Tadeusz Henryk Kowalski
Line 26: Line 28:
| timezone_DST = ] | timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +2
⚫ | coordinates = {{coord|53|36|N|17|51|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| latd = 53 | latm = 36 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 17 | longm = 51 | longs = | longEW = E
| postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 89-500,89-501 | postal_code = 89-500,89-501
| blank_name = ] | blank_name = ]
| blank_info = CTU | blank_info = CTU
| website = http://www.tuchola.pl }} | website = http://www.tuchola.pl
}}
⚫ '''Tuchola''' {{IPAc-pl|t|u|'|h|o|l|a}} ({{langx|de|Tuchel}}; {{langx|csb|Tëchòlô}}) is a town in the ] in northern ]. The ]n town, which is the seat of ], had a population of 13,418 {{As of|2013|lc=y}}.

⚫ '''Tuchola''' {{IPAc-pl|t|u|'|h|o|l|a}} ({{lang-de|Tuchel}}) is a ] in the ] in northern ]. The ]n town, which is the seat of ], had a population of 13,976 as of 2004.


== Geographical location == == Geographical location ==
Tuchola is located about 50 km north of ], close to the ]. Forest areas to the east and north of the town form the ] of ]. Tuchola lies about {{convert|50|km|0|abbr=off}} north of ], close to the ]. Forest areas to the east and north of the town form the ] of ].


==History== ==History==


] of Tuchola]]
Settlement around Tuchola dates to 980, while the town was first mentioned in 1287. The place was one of the strongholds of the count of ] ], who owned here a fortified domicile. In 1330 Tuchola came into possession of the ]. It received ] (]) in 1346 from ], the ] of the ].
Settlement around Tuchola dates from 980, while the town was first mentioned in 1287, when the local church was consecrated by the archbishop of Gniezno ].<ref name=tuch>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuchola.pl/strona-42-tuchola_przed_wiekami.html|title=Tuchola przed wiekami|website=Portal - Urząd Miejski Tuchola|access-date=11 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> It was part of medieval ] since the establishment of the state in the 10th century, and during its fragmentation it was ruled by the dukes of ]. The place was one of the strongholds of the count of ] ], who owned a fortified domicile in the area. In 1330 Tuchola came into possession of the ]. It received ] in 1346 from ], the ],{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} although it probably received ] before, when it was still part of the Kingdom of Poland.<ref name=tuch/> At that time, the town already had defensive walls, a castle, a town hall and the ] Church of St. Bartholomew.<ref name=tuch/>


After the Order's defeat in the ], a Polish-Lithuanian army conquered the town on November 5, 1410. The Order retained the town in the ]. At the end of the ] (1454–1466), however, Tuchel was ceded to Poland in the ] and became part of Polish ]. After the Order's defeat in the ] on July 14, 1410, a Polish-Lithuanian army recaptured the town on November 5, 1410, but the Order regained the town in the ] in 1411. In 1440 the town joined the ], which opposed Teutonic rule, and at the request of which King ] signed the act of re-incorporation of the town and region to the ] in 1454. The town became again part of Poland and Poles manned the castle.{{sfn|Górski|1962|p=53}} Tuchola became the seat of the local ]s, the first of which was {{interlanguage link|Mikołaj Szarlejski|pl|display=1}}. During the subsequent ], in 1464, a Polish-Teutonic battle was fought there, ending in a Polish victory.{{sfn|Górski|1962|p=54}} The Teutonic Order renounced claims to the town in the ] in 1466. Tuchola was a ] of the Polish Crown, administratively part of the ] in the province of ] in the larger ]. During the ] (1655–1660), the town and the castle were besieged by the Swedes five times, but to no avail.<ref name=tuch/>


During the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Royal Prussia was annexed by the ]. On May 17, 1781 the Church of St. Bartholomäus and vast parts of the town burned down. Under ] the town was built up again, and at this occasion the Protestants obtained a church in the town hall.<ref name="AEP" /> Tuchel became part of the Prussian-led ] in 1871. Around 1785 there existed 148 households inside Tuchel, and the town owned both the village of ] and the small estate named Wymislawe.<ref>]: ''Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen'', Part II: ''Topograpie von West-Preussen'', Marienwerder 1789, (in German).</ref> Under the ] in 1772, Tuchola, renamed ''Tuchel'', was annexed by the ]. On May 17, 1781, the Church of St. Bartholomew and vast parts of the town burned down. Around 1785 there existed 148 households inside Tuchel, and the town owned both the village of ] (then ''Kelpin'') and the small estate Wymysłowo (then named ''Wymislawe'').<ref>]: ''Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen'', Part II: ''Topograpie von West-Preussen'', Marienwerder 1789, (in German).</ref> During the reign of Prussian King ] (1740–1786), the town was built up again, and German Protestants obtained a church in the town hall.<ref name="AEP"/> In the early 19th century, during the ] and ], French, Polish, Prussian and Russian troops were stationed in the town. With the unification of Germany under Prussian hegemony in 1871, it became part of the ]. The Polish population was subject to ] policies, which intensified after 1871, however, various Polish organizations were founded in Tuchola in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=odw>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuchola.pl/strona-119-kalendarium_okno_do_wolnosci_1918_1920.html|title=Kalendarium "Okno do wolności" (1818 - 1920)|website=Portal - Urząd Miejski Tuchola|author=Paweł Redlarski|access-date=11 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> During ], a ] was established near the town, mostly for Romanians and Russians, but also Poles, Italians, French and British.


On November 24, 1918, almost two weeks after Poland's declaration of independence, a Polish rally was held in Tuchola.<ref name=odw/> In December, local German settlers protested against the creation of independent Poland.<ref name=odw/> Another Polish rally was held on January 12, 1919.<ref name=odw/> The next Polish rallies took place in 1919, and after the Poles celebrated the anniversary of the ], the Germans introduced ] in Tuchola, and searches were carried out in many Polish homes.<ref name=odw/> Following the 1919 ], the town was finally reintegrated with the ] in January 1920.
A ] was established near the town by Germany during ]. After the town was transferred to the ] in 1920 following the ], the camp became known as Camp No. 7 and existed until 1923. Beginning in the autumn of 1920 during ] thousands of captured ] men were placed in the camp of Тuchola . These ] (POWs) lived in dugouts and hunger, cold, and infectious diseases killed many of them. According to historians ] and ] up to 2000 prisoners died in the camp during its time in operation.<ref name="np">{{cite web | url=http://www.novpol.ru/index.php?id=498 | title=ПЛЕННЫЕ КРАСНОАРМЕЙЦЫ В ПОЛЬСКИХ ЛАГЕРЯХ (Red Army prisoners in the Polish camps) | publisher=Нoвaя Poльшa | date=October 2005 | accessdate=2013-04-19 | author=Pamyatnykh, Alex}}</ref>


The former German POW camp became known as Camp No. 7. Beginning in the autumn of 1920 during ], thousands of captured ] men were placed in the camp of Tuchola. These ] (POWs) lived in crude dugouts, and hunger, cold, and infectious diseases killed many. According to historians ] and ], up to 2,000 prisoners died in the camp before it was closed in 1923.<ref name="np">{{cite web | url=http://www.novpol.ru/index.php?id=498 | title=ПЛЕННЫЕ КРАСНОАРМЕЙЦЫ В ПОЛЬСКИХ ЛАГЕРЯХ (Red Army prisoners in the Polish camps) | publisher=Нoвaя Poльшa | date=October 2005 | access-date=2013-04-19 | author=Pamyatnykh, Alex}}</ref> These events tend to be used by some Russian historians, publicists and politicians, who falsely claim that 22,000 POWs died in the camp, also as a result of alleged executions, as part of Russian negationist ] propaganda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nowosci.com.pl/nasz-katyn-czyli-lagier-tuchola/ar/10944675|title=Nasz Katyń, czyli łagier Tuchola|website=Nowości Dziennik Toruński|author=Krzysztof Błażejewski|access-date=1 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bydgoszcz.tvp.pl/4561452/rosyjska-tv-w-obozie-pod-tuchola-masowo-gineli-czerwonoarmisci|title=Rosyjska TV: W obozie pod Tucholą masowo ginęli czerwonoarmiści|website=TVP3 Bydgoszcz|author=Agnieszka Raczyńska-Szperlak|access-date=11 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref>
Tuchola was annexed by ] during ]. After the defeat of the Nazis Tuchola reverted to Polish control.

] in 1939]]
During the ], which marked the beginning of ], Tuchola was captured by the Germans on September 2, 1939. Along with the rest of the region, was ] by ]. The ] entered the town to commit various ].<ref>Maria Wardzyńska, ''Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion'', ], Warszawa, 2009, p. 61 (in Polish)</ref> From mid-September 1939, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles from the town and county, who were initially imprisoned in the local courthouse, and after its overcrowding, they were deported to a temporary camp established in the nearby village of ].<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 168</ref> Some Poles were executed in Radzim, but more were murdered in ] (present-day district of Tuchola), where Germans carried out large massacres of Poles in October and November 1939, killing several hundreds people.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 169</ref> Among Poles massacred in Rudzki Most were teachers, school principals, merchants, craftsmen and local officials from Tuchola, including mayor Stanisław Saganowski, as well as farmers, priests, foresters, postmen, railwaymen, merchants, craftsmen and policemen from nearby villages.<ref>Wardzyńska, p. 170-171</ref> After the German defeat, the town reverted to Poland.
{{multiple image |align=right |caption_align=center |perrow=2 |total_width=350 |header=Architecture of Tuchola
| image1 = Tuchola rada powiatu.jpg
| image2 = Forsttechnikum Tuchel.jpg
| image3 = Pomnik - Mauzoleum ku czci osób zamordowanych w Rudzkim Moście - panoramio.jpg
| image4 = Tuchola church.jpg
| caption1 = Town Hall
| caption2 = Forestry school
| caption3 = Mausoleum of Poles murdered during the ] in ]
| caption4 = Saint James church
}}


=== Number of inhabitants by year === === Number of inhabitants by year ===
Line 57: Line 73:
! Number ! Number
|- |-
| 1772 || align="right" | 490 | 1772 || align="right" | 490
|- |-
| 1802 || align="right" | 1, 159 | 1802 || align="right" | 1,159
|- |-
| 1805 || align="right" | 1, 251 | 1805 || align="right" | 1,251
|- |-
| 1831 || align="right" | 1,283 | 1831 || align="right" | 1,283
Line 67: Line 83:
| 1837 || align="right" | 1,435 | 1837 || align="right" | 1,435
|- |-
| 1843 || align="right" | 1,801 | 1843 || align="right" | 1,801
|- |-
| 1865 || align="right" | 2,579 | 1865 || align="right" | 2,579
|- |-
| 1875 || align="right" | 2,780 | 1875 || align="right" | 2,780
Line 77: Line 93:
| 1890 || align="right" | 2,826 | 1890 || align="right" | 2,826
|- |-
| 1905 || align="right" | 3, 448 | 1905 || align="right" | 3,448
|- |-
| 1931 || align="right" | 5,477 | 1931 || align="right" | 5,477
|-- |--
| 1943 || align="right" | 7,086 | 1943 || align="right" | 7,086
Line 86: Line 102:
|} |}


Note that the above table is based on primary, possibly biased, sources.<ref>Ludwig von Baczko: ''Handbuch der Geschichte, Erdbeschreibung und Statistik Preussens'', Vol. II, Part 2, Königsberg and Leipzig 1803, (in German).</ref><ref>August Carl von Holsche: ''Geographie und Statistik von West-, Süd- und Neu-Ostpreußen. Nebst einer kurzen Geschichte des Königreichs Polen bis zu dessen Zertheilung''. Vol. 3, Berlin 1807, (in German).</ref><ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde'', Königsberg 1835, .</ref> <ref>W. F. C. Starke: ''Beiträge zur Kenntniß dere bestehenden Gerichtsverfassung und der neuesten Resutate der Justizverwaltung und des Preussischen Staates'', Vol. II, Part 1: ''Preußen, Posen, Pommern, Schlesien''. Berlin 1839, (in German).</ref><ref>''Archiv der Pharmacie'', Vol. XCII, Hannover 1845, (in German).</ref><ref>''Meyers Großes Konversatins-Lexikon'', 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leizig and Vienna 1909, pp. 791-792.</ref><ref name="VwG" >Michael Rademacher: '''' (2006) (in German).</ref><ref name="TH" >''Topographisch-statistisches Handbuch für den Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder'', Danzig 1868; see (in German).</ref> <ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde'', Königsberg 1835, .</ref><ref>Ludwig von Baczko: ''Handbuch der Geschichte, Erdbeschreibung und Statistik Preussens'', Vol. II, Part 2, Königsberg and Leipzig 1803, (in German).</ref><ref>August Carl von Holsche: ''Geographie und Statistik von West-, Süd- und Neu-Ostpreußen. Nebst einer kurzen Geschichte des Königreichs Polen bis zu dessen Zertheilung''. Vol. 3, Berlin 1807, (in German).</ref><ref>W. F. C. Starke: ''Beiträge zur Kenntniß dere bestehenden Gerichtsverfassung und der neuesten Resutate der Justizverwaltung und des Preussischen Staates'', Vol. II, Part 1: ''Preußen, Posen, Pommern, Schlesien''. Berlin 1839, (in German).</ref><ref>''Archiv der Pharmacie'', Vol. XCII, Hannover 1845, (in German).</ref><ref>''Meyers Großes Konversatins-Lexikon'', 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 791-792.</ref><ref name="VwG" >Michael Rademacher: '''' (2006) (in German).</ref><ref name="TH" >''Topographisch-statistisches Handbuch für den Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder'', Danzig 1868; see (in German).</ref>


==Education== ==Education==
*Higher School of Environmental Management ({{lang-pl|Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania Środowiskiem}}) *Higher School of Environmental Management ({{langx|pl|Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania Środowiskiem}})


==Famous residents== ==Famous residents==
*] (1850–1929), physician, pharmacologist, toxicologist in Berlin *] (1850–1929), physician, pharmacologist, toxicologist in Berlin
*] (1848–1911), German politician
*] (Senna Hoy) (1882–1914), anarchist author *] (Senna Hoy) (1882–1914), anarchist author
*] (1903–1955), ] officer
*] - ] rider and current member of ]. *] - ] rider and current member of ].
*] - popular TV journalist, and a Civic Platform Member of ]. *] - popular TV journalist, and a Civic Platform Member of ].

⚫ ==External links==
⚫ *
* {{pl icon}}


== Footnotes == == Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |last=Górski |first=Karol |title=Dzieje Tucholi i okolic do końca XVIII w. |year=1962 |publisher=] |location=] |language=pl }}

⚫ ==External links==
⚫ *


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]


⚫ {{coord|53|36|N|17|51|E|display=title}}
<br>
{{Tuchola County}} {{Tuchola County}}
{{Gmina Tuchola}} {{Gmina Tuchola}}

{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
]

]

Latest revision as of 05:54, 23 October 2024

See also: Tuchola, Greater Poland Voivodeship Place in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Tuchola
Old Town (Stare Miasto)Old Town (Stare Miasto)
Flag of TucholaFlagCoat of arms of TucholaCoat of arms
Tuchola is located in PolandTucholaTuchola
Coordinates: 53°36′N 17°51′E / 53.600°N 17.850°E / 53.600; 17.850
Country Poland
VoivodeshipKuyavian-Pomeranian
CountyTuchola
GminaTuchola
First mentioned1287
Government
 • MayorTadeusz Henryk Kowalski
Area
 • Total17.69 km (6.83 sq mi)
Population
 • Total20,185
 • Density1,100/km (3,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code89-500,89-501
Car platesCTU
Websitehttp://www.tuchola.pl

Tuchola (German: Tuchel; Kashubian: Tëchòlô) is a town in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland. The Pomeranian town, which is the seat of Tuchola County, had a population of 13,418 as of 2013.

Geographical location

Tuchola lies about 50 kilometres (31 miles) north of Bydgoszcz, close to the Tuchola Forests. Forest areas to the east and north of the town form the protected area of Tuchola Landscape Park.

History

Statue of Saint Margaret, the patron saint of Tuchola

Settlement around Tuchola dates from 980, while the town was first mentioned in 1287, when the local church was consecrated by the archbishop of Gniezno Jakub Świnka. It was part of medieval Poland since the establishment of the state in the 10th century, and during its fragmentation it was ruled by the dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania. The place was one of the strongholds of the count of Nowe Peter Swienca, who owned a fortified domicile in the area. In 1330 Tuchola came into possession of the Teutonic Order. It received Chełmno law in 1346 from Heinrich Dusemer, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, although it probably received town rights before, when it was still part of the Kingdom of Poland. At that time, the town already had defensive walls, a castle, a town hall and the Gothic Church of St. Bartholomew.

After the Order's defeat in the Battle of Grunwald on July 14, 1410, a Polish-Lithuanian army recaptured the town on November 5, 1410, but the Order regained the town in the First Peace of Thorn in 1411. In 1440 the town joined the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule, and at the request of which King Casimir IV Jagiellon signed the act of re-incorporation of the town and region to the Kingdom of Poland in 1454. The town became again part of Poland and Poles manned the castle. Tuchola became the seat of the local starosts, the first of which was Mikołaj Szarlejski [pl]. During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, in 1464, a Polish-Teutonic battle was fought there, ending in a Polish victory. The Teutonic Order renounced claims to the town in the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466. Tuchola was a royal town of the Polish Crown, administratively part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the province of Royal Prussia in the larger Greater Poland Province. During the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), the town and the castle were besieged by the Swedes five times, but to no avail.

Under the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Tuchola, renamed Tuchel, was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. On May 17, 1781, the Church of St. Bartholomew and vast parts of the town burned down. Around 1785 there existed 148 households inside Tuchel, and the town owned both the village of Kiełpin (then Kelpin) and the small estate Wymysłowo (then named Wymislawe). During the reign of Prussian King Frederick the Great (1740–1786), the town was built up again, and German Protestants obtained a church in the town hall. In the early 19th century, during the Napoleonic Wars and Polish national liberation fights, French, Polish, Prussian and Russian troops were stationed in the town. With the unification of Germany under Prussian hegemony in 1871, it became part of the German Empire. The Polish population was subject to Germanisation policies, which intensified after 1871, however, various Polish organizations were founded in Tuchola in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During World War I, a prisoner-of-war camp was established near the town, mostly for Romanians and Russians, but also Poles, Italians, French and British.

On November 24, 1918, almost two weeks after Poland's declaration of independence, a Polish rally was held in Tuchola. In December, local German settlers protested against the creation of independent Poland. Another Polish rally was held on January 12, 1919. The next Polish rallies took place in 1919, and after the Poles celebrated the anniversary of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, the Germans introduced martial law in Tuchola, and searches were carried out in many Polish homes. Following the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, the town was finally reintegrated with the Second Polish Republic in January 1920.

The former German POW camp became known as Camp No. 7. Beginning in the autumn of 1920 during Polish-Soviet war, thousands of captured Red Army men were placed in the camp of Tuchola. These prisoners of war (POWs) lived in crude dugouts, and hunger, cold, and infectious diseases killed many. According to historians Zbigniew Karpus and Waldemar Rezmer, up to 2,000 prisoners died in the camp before it was closed in 1923. These events tend to be used by some Russian historians, publicists and politicians, who falsely claim that 22,000 POWs died in the camp, also as a result of alleged executions, as part of Russian negationist Anti-Katyn propaganda.

Poles massacred by the Germans in Rudzki Most in 1939

During the invasion of Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II, Tuchola was captured by the Germans on September 2, 1939. Along with the rest of the region, was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Einsatzkommando 16 entered the town to commit various crimes against Poles. From mid-September 1939, Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles from the town and county, who were initially imprisoned in the local courthouse, and after its overcrowding, they were deported to a temporary camp established in the nearby village of Radzim. Some Poles were executed in Radzim, but more were murdered in Rudzki Most (present-day district of Tuchola), where Germans carried out large massacres of Poles in October and November 1939, killing several hundreds people. Among Poles massacred in Rudzki Most were teachers, school principals, merchants, craftsmen and local officials from Tuchola, including mayor Stanisław Saganowski, as well as farmers, priests, foresters, postmen, railwaymen, merchants, craftsmen and policemen from nearby villages. After the German defeat, the town reverted to Poland.

Architecture of TucholaTown HallForestry schoolMausoleum of Poles murdered during the German occupation in Rudzki MostSaint James church

Number of inhabitants by year

Year Number
1772 490
1802 1,159
1805 1,251
1831 1,283
1837 1,435
1843 1,801
1865 2,579
1875 2,780
1880 3,066
1890 2,826
1905 3,448
1931 5,477
1943 7,086
2012 20,185

Education

  • Higher School of Environmental Management (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania Środowiskiem)

Famous residents

Footnotes

  1. ^ "Tuchola przed wiekami". Portal - Urząd Miejski Tuchola (in Polish). Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  2. Górski 1962, p. 53.
  3. Górski 1962, p. 54.
  4. Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen, Part II: Topograpie von West-Preussen, Marienwerder 1789, p. 76, no. 2) (in German).
  5. ^ August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde, Königsberg 1835, p. 383–384, no. 16.
  6. ^ Paweł Redlarski. "Kalendarium "Okno do wolności" (1818 - 1920)". Portal - Urząd Miejski Tuchola (in Polish). Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  7. Pamyatnykh, Alex (October 2005). "ПЛЕННЫЕ КРАСНОАРМЕЙЦЫ В ПОЛЬСКИХ ЛАГЕРЯХ (Red Army prisoners in the Polish camps)". Нoвaя Poльшa. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  8. Krzysztof Błażejewski. "Nasz Katyń, czyli łagier Tuchola". Nowości Dziennik Toruński (in Polish). Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  9. Agnieszka Raczyńska-Szperlak. "Rosyjska TV: W obozie pod Tucholą masowo ginęli czerwonoarmiści". TVP3 Bydgoszcz (in Polish). Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  10. Maria Wardzyńska, Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion, IPN, Warszawa, 2009, p. 61 (in Polish)
  11. Wardzyńska, p. 168
  12. Wardzyńska, p. 169
  13. Wardzyńska, p. 170-171
  14. Ludwig von Baczko: Handbuch der Geschichte, Erdbeschreibung und Statistik Preussens, Vol. II, Part 2, Königsberg and Leipzig 1803, p. 69 (in German).
  15. August Carl von Holsche: Geographie und Statistik von West-, Süd- und Neu-Ostpreußen. Nebst einer kurzen Geschichte des Königreichs Polen bis zu dessen Zertheilung. Vol. 3, Berlin 1807, p. 110 (in German).
  16. W. F. C. Starke: Beiträge zur Kenntniß dere bestehenden Gerichtsverfassung und der neuesten Resutate der Justizverwaltung und des Preussischen Staates, Vol. II, Part 1: Preußen, Posen, Pommern, Schlesien. Berlin 1839, p. 158 (in German).
  17. Archiv der Pharmacie, Vol. XCII, Hannover 1845, p. 256 (in German).
  18. Meyers Großes Konversatins-Lexikon, 6th edition, Vol. 19, Leipzig and Vienna 1909, pp. 791-792.
  19. Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Provinz Westpreußen (2006) (in German).
  20. Topographisch-statistisches Handbuch für den Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder, Danzig 1868; see III. Kreis Konitz, pp. 50-51, entry no. 349 (in German).

References

  • Górski, Karol (1962). Dzieje Tucholi i okolic do końca XVIII w. (in Polish). Toruń: PWN.

External links

See also

Tuchola County
Seat
Urban-rural gmina
Rural gminas
Gmina Tuchola
Town and seat
Villages
Categories: