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{{wide image|Mur_nml.jpg|800px}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
| name = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie | name = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie
| image_skyline = Nml.jpg | image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|color=#ffffff
| imagesize = 250px
| photo1a = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, dawny kosciół ewangelicki.jpg{{!}}Rynek (Market Square)
| image_caption = Market Square
| photo2a = Brama Kurzętnicka.JPG{{!}}Brodnicka Gate
⚫ | photo2b = Nml bazylika.jpg{{!}}St. Thomas' Basilica
| photo3a = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, Rynek 1, Urząd Miasta.jpg{{!}}Town Hall
| photo3b = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, Rynek 2.jpg{{!}}Townhouses at the Market Square
| spacing = 2
| border = 0
| size = 266
⚫ }}
| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: Former Protestant church at the Market Square|Brodnicka Gate|St. Thomas' Basilica|Town Hall|Townhouses at the Market Square}}
| image_shield = POL Nowe Miasto Lubawskie COA.svg | image_shield = POL Nowe Miasto Lubawskie COA.svg
| image_flag = POL Nowe Miasto Lubawskie flag.svg
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_map = Poland#Poland Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
| pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_label_position = top
| coordinates_region = PL
| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_type = ]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = ] | subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|name=Warmian-Masurian}}
| subdivision_type2 = ] | subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ] | subdivision_name2 = ]
| subdivision_type3 = ] | subdivision_type3 = ]
| subdivision_name3 = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie <small>(urban gmina)</small> | subdivision_name3 = Nowe Miasto Lubawskie <small>(urban gmina)</small>
Line 23: Line 31:
| established_title3 = Town rights | established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = 1325 | established_date3 = 1325
| area_total_km2 = 11.61 | area_total_km2 = 11.37
| population_as_of = 2006 | population_as_of = 2016
| population_total = 11036 | population_total = 11062
| population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = ] | timezone = ]
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| timezone_DST = ] | timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +2
⚫ | coordinates = {{coord|53|25|32|N|19|35|16|E|region:PL_type:city|display=it}}
| latd = 53 | latm = 25 | lats = | latNS = N | longd = 19 | longm = 35 | longs = | longEW = E
| elevation_m = 82 | elevation_m = 82
| postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code_type = Postal code
Line 38: Line 46:
| blank_name = ] | blank_name = ]
| blank_info = NNM | blank_info = NNM
| blank_name_sec2 = ]
| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = ]s
| blank1_info_sec2 = ]
| website = }} | website = }}
'''Nowe Miasto Lubawskie''' {{IPAc-pl|'|n|o|w|e|-|'|m|J|a|s|t|o|-|l|u|'|b|a|f|s|k|J|e}} ({{Audio-de|Neumark in Westpreußen|De-Neumark.ogg}}) is a town in ], situated at river ]. The population is 11,104 (2004). Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is the capital of ] ({{lang-pl|powiat nowomiejski}}) and was assigned to the ] in 1999. '''Nowe Miasto Lubawskie''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈnɔvɛ ˈmjastɔ luˈbafskʲɛ|lang}}; {{langx|de|Neumark in Westpreußen}}) is a town in northern ], situated on the ]. The total population in June 2018 was 11,062. Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is the capital of ] in the ].


== Geographical location == == Geographical location ==
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is located on the r.h.s of the upper course of river ] in ], on a high ground in the valley of the Drwęca, about 15 kilometers south-west of the town of ], 70 kilometers south-west of the town of ] and 115 kilometers south-east of the regional center of ]. Nowe Miasto Lubawskie lies on the right (west) bank of the upper course of the ] in ] in the historic region of ], some 15&nbsp;km south-west of the town of ], 70&nbsp;km south-west of the town of ], and 120&nbsp;km south-east of the region's capital, ].
⚫ ]
]
]


== History == == History ==
]
The town's official webpage connects its early history with settlement by early Slavic peoples, and later settlement by ] who were conquered by Polish ruler ].<ref> O Mieście Urząd Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego</ref> In 1310 the ] acquired the region of Gdańsk Pomerania and Otto von Luttenberg, ] of ], founded the settlement in 1325.{{cn|date=April 2013}} It was known under the names ''Nuwenmarkt'', ''Novum Forum'' and ''Nowy Targ''.<ref> O Mieście Urząd Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego</ref> During the time span 1334–43 Neumark was the seat of a ] of the Teutonic Order.{{cn|date=April 2013}} It adopted ] in 1353. In Polish–Teutonic War of 1410 the town briefly became part of Poland due to result of local fighting, and remained so until the 1411 Peace Treaty. In 1454, the city joined the ], an association of cities and gentry that opposed the policies of the Order. Early history involved settlement by early Slavic peoples; later settlement was by ] who were conquered by Polish ruler ].<ref name="umnowemiasto.pl">{{cite web| url= http://www.umnowemiasto.pl/omiescie.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120204165016/http://www.umnowemiasto.pl/omiescie.html |archive-date= 2012-02-04 |title= O Mieście Urząd Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego| website= umnowemiasto.pl}}</ref> In 1310 the ] invaded and occupied the region of Gdańsk Pomerania and Otto von Luttenberg, ] of Culm (]), founded the settlement in 1325.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} It was known under the names ''Nuwenmarkt'', ''Novum Forum'' and ''Nowy Targ''.<ref name="umnowemiasto.pl"/> Between 1334–43 it was the seat of a ] of the Teutonic Order.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} It adopted ] in 1353.


After the ] (1466) the town, as part of the province of ] became part of ], where it remained until 1772. During the ], in 1581 the parish church, which is almost as old as the town itself, became evangelical.<{{cn|date=April 2013}} In 1772 the town had 101 occupied dwelling houses and 59 devastated{{clarify|date=April 2013}} building sites.{{cn|date=April 2013}} In the 18th century the town was still surrounded by a town wall and by a rampart, and the parish church was Catholic.<ref name="JFG" /> A Protestant church was built in 1824.{{cn|date=April 2013}} During the ], in 1410, the town briefly became part of ] due to result of local fighting, and remained so until the 1411 ]. In 1440, the town was a founding member of the ], an association of towns and gentry that opposed the policies of the Order and wanted the region to become part of Poland. In 1454, the association asked Polish King ] to incorporate the region into the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation in ] in 1454.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=]|language=pl|page=54}}</ref> In the ] (1466) the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the area, and the reincorporation of the town into the Kingdom of Poland was confirmed. Administratively, it was part of the ] in the province of ] (which after 1569 was itself part of the province of ]). During the ], in 1581 the parish church, which is almost as old as the town itself, became evangelical.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} In the 18th century the town was still surrounded by a town wall and by a rampart, and the parish church was Catholic.<ref name="JFG" /> A Protestant church was built in 1824.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}


In the ] in 1772 the town was annexed by the ], and as ''Neumark'' it was included to the newly formed province of ]. It was briefly regained by the Poles and was part of the short-lived Polish ] between 1807 and 1815, and later it, again, fell under Prussian rule. The population was subjected to ] policies. In October 1831, various Polish infantry units of the ] stopped in the town on the way to their internment places.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kasparek|first=Norbert|editor-last=Katafiasz|editor-first=Tomasz|year=2014|title=Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu|language=pl|location=Koszalin|publisher=Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie|page=138|chapter=Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację}}</ref> At the end of the 19th century, the town was capital of ] in the Prussian administrative district of ] in ], where it remained until 1919. According to the German census of 1890, the town had a population of 2,723, of which 800 (29.4%) were ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Westpreussen, Kreis Loebau|url=https://treemagic.org/rademacher/www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/dan_loebau.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-19|website=treemagic.org}}</ref> It had a ] and a ] church, a ], a court, a steam mill with grain trading, and (as of 1885) 2,678 inhabitants. The monastery Maria-Lonk was nearby. Around 1908 the town also had a dairy, an electric power plant, three sawmills and brickwork.<ref name="MKL" />
In the ] in 1772 Gdańsk Pomerania was incorporated into the ], and Neumark belonged now to the newly formed province of ].


Following ], in 1918, Poland regained independence, and after the ] became effective in January 1920, the town was reintegrated with Poland. Within the ], Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was the capital of Nowe Miasto County ({{langx|pl|powiat nowomiejski}}) in the Polish ].
At the end of the 19th century, the town was capital of ] in the Prussian administrative district of ] in ], where it remained until 1919. It had a ] and a ] church, a ], a court, a steam mill with grain trading, and (as of 1885) 2,678 inhabitants. The monastery Maria-Lonk was nearby. Around 1908 the town also had a dairy, an electric power plant, three sawmills and brickwork.<ref name="MKL" />
]
On 3 September 1939, during the German ] which started ], the town and area were captured and then ]. Afterwards 2,500 civilians were murdered in actions carried out by the ] and units made up from German minority's militia, the ].<ref name="umnowemiasto.pl"/> Under German occupation, from 26 October 1939 to 1945, Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was annexed directly to Germany and administratively made part of the Landkreis Löbau/Neumark in the newly formed province of ]. On 21 January 1945 the town was captured by the ]. After the war the town was restored to Poland, although with a ]-installed communist regime which stayed in power until the 1980s (see ]).
]


{{Historical populations|1789|809|1831|1188|1875|2371|1880|2742|1885|2678|1890|2723|1905|3800|1910|4144|1921|3721|1943|4884|2006|11036|2011|11162|footnote=Sources:<ref name="JFG">{{cite book| author-link= Johann Friedrich Goldbeck| first= Johann Friedrich |last= Goldbeck | title= Vollständige Topographie des Königreichs Preußen, Part II| place= Marienwerder| year= 1789| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SQw_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45| pages= 45–46| number= 5}}</ref><ref name="MKL" >{{cite book| title= Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon| edition= 6th | volume= 14| place= Leipzig and Vienna| year= 1908| pages= 565–566| number= 1}}</ref><ref name= "VWG">{{cite web| first= Michael |last= Rademacher| url= http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/dan_loebau.html |work= Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte |title= Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Löbau/Neumark| trans-title= German administrative history of the province of West Prussia, district of Löbau/Neumark| language= de|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130712100505/http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/dan_loebau.html |archive-date= 2013-07-12 | year= 2006}}</ref><ref name="AEP">{{cite book| first= August Eduard |last= Preuß| title= Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde| place= Königsberg| year= 1835| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L_sAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA436| page= 436| number= 43}}</ref>}}
Until 1920 Neumark belonged to ] in the administrative district of ] in the German ].


==Sports==
When after ] the ] became effective in January 1920, and the ] was created the town was incorporated into the ]. The city webpage notes 19 January 1920 as the "return of the city to the motherland".<ref> O Mieście Urząd Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego "Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, podobnie jak całe Prusy Królewskie, zostało zagarnięte przez państwo pruskie w wyniku traktatów rozbiorowych z 1772 roku, a powróciło do Macierzy dopiero 19 stycznia 1920 roku"</ref> During the ] Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was the capital of Nowe Miasto County ({{lang-pl|powiat nowomiejski}}) in the Polish ].
The local ] club is {{ill|Drwęca Nowe Miasto Lubawskie|pl}}. It competes in the lower leagues.

During the German ] in 1939 the town and the local area were occupied on 3 September. Afterwards 2,500 civilians were mass murdered in actions carried out by SS and units made up from German minority's militia, the ].<ref> O Mieście Urząd Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego</ref> From 26 October 1939 to 1945 Neumark belonged to Landkreis Löbau/Neumark in the province of ].

On 21 January 1945 the town was captured by the ]. After the war the town became part of the ].

=== Number of inhabitants by year ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Number
! Remarks
|-
| 1789 || align="right" | 809 || without the garnison (one squadron of a 1773 formed hussar regiment), mostly ]<ref name="JFG">]: ''Vollständige Topographie des Königreichs Preußen''. Teil II, Marienwerder 1789, </ref>
|-
| 1831 || align="right" | 1,188 || mostly Poles<ref name="AEP" >August Eduard Preuß: ''Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde''. Königsberg 1835, </ref>
|-
| 1875 || align="right" | 2,371<ref name="VWG" >Michael Rademacher: '''' (2006).</ref> ||
|-
| 1880 || align="right" | 2,742<ref name="VWG" /> ||
|-
| 1885 || align="right" | 2,678 ||
|-
| 1890 || align="right" | 2,723 || incl. 842 Protestants, 1,533 Catholics and 328 Jews (800 Poles)<ref name="VWG" />
|-
| 1905 || align="right" | 3,800 || incl. 1,125 Protestants and 297 Jews<ref name="MKL" >''Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon'', 6th edition, Vol. 14, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 565–566, no. 1).</ref>
|-
| 1910 || align="right" | 4,144{{cn|date=April 2013}}||
|-
| 1921 || align="right" | 3,721{{cn|date=April 2013}}|| incl. 250 Germans<ref>''Der Gro0e Brockhaus'', 15th edition, Vol. 13, Leipzig 1932, p. 313.</ref>
|-
| 1943 || align="right" | 4,884{{cn|date=April 2013}}||
|-
| 2006 || align="right" | 11,036 ||
⚫ |}


== Famous people == == Famous people ==
*], Polish economist and politician * ], Polish actress
* ], Polish economist and politician
⚫ *], Wehrmacht general.
* ], Polish footballer
* ] (1799–1881), American Orthodox rabbi
* Philip Newmark, father of ], Los Angeles pioneer and retailer
* {{illm|Harry von Posadowsky-Wehner|de}} (1869–1923), German military person
* ], Polish footballer
⚫ * ], German military person, Wehrmacht general
* {{illm|Leszek Werner|pl}} (1937–2014), Polish organist and music educator


==International relations== ==International relations==
Line 103: Line 90:


===Twin towns — Sister cities=== ===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is ] with: Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is ] with:
* {{flagicon|GER}} ], Germany
], ]
* {{flagicon|LTU}} ], Lithuania


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
<references />


==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category|Nowe Miasto Lubawskie}} {{commons category|Nowe Miasto Lubawskie}}
*{{pl icon}} *{{in lang|pl}}
*{{pl icon}} *{{in lang|pl}}
* *{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* *
*{{cite book |last1=Liek |first1=Gustav |title=Die Stadt Löbau in Westpreussen mit Berücksichtigung des Landes Löbau ("The city of Löbau/Lubawa, West Prussia with consideration for Löbau District", downloadable PDF) |date=1893 |publisher=Historischer Verein für den Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKRJAQAAMAAJ |language=de}}
⚫ {{Nowe Miasto County}}


{{Authority control}}
⚫ {{coord|53|25|N|19|36|E|region:PL_type:city|display=title}}

<br>
⚫ {{Nowe Miasto County}}


] ]

Latest revision as of 18:31, 23 October 2024

Place in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie
Rynek (Market Square)Brodnicka GateSt. Thomas' BasilicaTown HallTownhouses at the Market Square
  • From top, left to right: Former Protestant church at the Market Square
  • Brodnicka Gate
  • St. Thomas' Basilica
  • Town Hall
  • Townhouses at the Market Square
Flag of Nowe Miasto LubawskieFlagCoat of arms of Nowe Miasto LubawskieCoat of arms
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is located in PolandNowe Miasto LubawskieNowe Miasto LubawskieShow map of PolandNowe Miasto Lubawskie is located in Warmian-Masurian VoivodeshipNowe Miasto LubawskieNowe Miasto LubawskieShow map of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Coordinates: 53°25′32″N 19°35′16″E / 53.42556°N 19.58778°E / 53.42556; 19.58778
Country Poland
Voivodeship Warmian-Masurian
CountyNowe Miasto
GminaNowe Miasto Lubawskie (urban gmina)
Established1325
Town rights1325
Government
 • MayorJózef Blank
Area
 • Total11.37 km (4.39 sq mi)
Elevation82 m (269 ft)
Population
 • Total11,062
 • Density970/km (2,500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code13-300
Area code+48 56
Car platesNNM
Voivodeship roads
Websitewww.umnowemiasto.pl

Nowe Miasto Lubawskie (Polish: [ˈnɔvɛ ˈmjastɔ luˈbafskʲɛ]; German: Neumark in Westpreußen) is a town in northern Poland, situated on the River Drwęca. The total population in June 2018 was 11,062. Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is the capital of Nowe Miasto County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

Geographical location

Nowe Miasto Lubawskie lies on the right (west) bank of the upper course of the River Drwęca in Chełmno Land in the historic region of Pomerania, some 15 km south-west of the town of Lubawa, 70 km south-west of the town of Olsztyn, and 120 km south-east of the region's capital, Gdańsk.

History

Medieval Lubawska Gate (Brama Lubawska)

Early history involved settlement by early Slavic peoples; later settlement was by Old Prussians who were conquered by Polish ruler Bolesław Krzywousty. In 1310 the Teutonic Order invaded and occupied the region of Gdańsk Pomerania and Otto von Luttenberg, commander of Culm (Chełmno), founded the settlement in 1325. It was known under the names Nuwenmarkt, Novum Forum and Nowy Targ. Between 1334–43 it was the seat of a Vogt of the Teutonic Order. It adopted Kulm law in 1353.

During the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, in 1410, the town briefly became part of Poland due to result of local fighting, and remained so until the 1411 peace treaty. In 1440, the town was a founding member of the Prussian Confederation, an association of towns and gentry that opposed the policies of the Order and wanted the region to become part of Poland. In 1454, the association asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region into the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation in Kraków in 1454. In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the area, and the reincorporation of the town into the Kingdom of Poland was confirmed. Administratively, it was part of the Chełmno Voivodeship in the province of Royal Prussia (which after 1569 was itself part of the province of Greater Poland). During the Reformation, in 1581 the parish church, which is almost as old as the town itself, became evangelical. In the 18th century the town was still surrounded by a town wall and by a rampart, and the parish church was Catholic. A Protestant church was built in 1824.

In the First Partition of Poland in 1772 the town was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and as Neumark it was included to the newly formed province of West Prussia. It was briefly regained by the Poles and was part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw between 1807 and 1815, and later it, again, fell under Prussian rule. The population was subjected to Germanisation policies. In October 1831, various Polish infantry units of the November Uprising stopped in the town on the way to their internment places. At the end of the 19th century, the town was capital of Landkreis Löbau in the Prussian administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in West Prussia, where it remained until 1919. According to the German census of 1890, the town had a population of 2,723, of which 800 (29.4%) were Poles. It had a Lutheran and a Catholic church, a Progymnasium, a court, a steam mill with grain trading, and (as of 1885) 2,678 inhabitants. The monastery Maria-Lonk was nearby. Around 1908 the town also had a dairy, an electric power plant, three sawmills and brickwork.

Following World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence, and after the Treaty of Versailles became effective in January 1920, the town was reintegrated with Poland. Within the Second Polish Republic, Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was the capital of Nowe Miasto County (Polish: powiat nowomiejski) in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship.

A monument commemorating 150 Poles murdered by the Nazi Germans in the Bratian forest massacre [pl]

On 3 September 1939, during the German Invasion of Poland which started World War II, the town and area were captured and then occupied by Germany. Afterwards 2,500 civilians were murdered in actions carried out by the SS and units made up from German minority's militia, the Selbstschutz. Under German occupation, from 26 October 1939 to 1945, Nowe Miasto Lubawskie was annexed directly to Germany and administratively made part of the Landkreis Löbau/Neumark in the newly formed province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. On 21 January 1945 the town was captured by the Red Army. After the war the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime which stayed in power until the 1980s (see People's Republic of Poland).

Elementary school
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1789809—    
18311,188+46.8%
18752,371+99.6%
18802,742+15.6%
18852,678−2.3%
18902,723+1.7%
19053,800+39.6%
19104,144+9.1%
19213,721−10.2%
19434,884+31.3%
200611,036+126.0%
201111,162+1.1%
Sources:

Sports

The local football club is Drwęca Nowe Miasto Lubawskie [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

Famous people

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — Sister cities

Nowe Miasto Lubawskie is twinned with:

References

  1. ^ "O Mieście Urząd Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego". umnowemiasto.pl. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04.
  2. Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
  3. ^ Goldbeck, Johann Friedrich (1789). Vollständige Topographie des Königreichs Preußen, Part II. Marienwerder. pp. 45–46.
  4. Kasparek, Norbert (2014). "Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację". In Katafiasz, Tomasz (ed.). Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu (in Polish). Koszalin: Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie. p. 138.
  5. "Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Westpreussen, Kreis Loebau". treemagic.org. Retrieved 2021-01-19.
  6. ^ Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Vol. 14 (6th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna. 1908. pp. 565–566.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. Rademacher, Michael (2006). "Provinz Westpreußen, Kreis Löbau/Neumark" [German administrative history of the province of West Prussia, district of Löbau/Neumark]. Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte (in German). Archived from the original on 2013-07-12.
  8. Preuß, August Eduard (1835). Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg. p. 436.

External links

Gminas of Nowe Miasto County
Seat
Rural gminas
Categories: