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			{{Short description\|German-American anarcho-capitalist academic (born 1949)}}
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			{{use dmy dates\|date=August 2020}}
	{{Infobox economist		{{Infobox economist
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	\| name = Hans-Hermann Hoppe		\| name = Hans-Hermann Hoppe
	\| image = Hans-Hermann-Hoppe.jpg~~\|300px123~~		\| image = Hans-Hermann Hoppe 2024 (cropped).jpg
	\| caption = ~~Hans-Hermann~~ Hoppe		\| caption = Hoppe in 2024
	\| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1949\|9\|2}}		\| birth_date = {{Birth date and age\|1949\|9\|2\|df=y}}
	\| birth_place = ], ]		\| birth_place = ], ]
			\| spouse = Gülçin Imre Hoppe<ref>{{cite magazine\|last=Deist\|first=Jeff\|date=March–April 2020\|title=Vol 6, No 2\|url=https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Austrian%20March%20April%202020_0.pdf\|magazine=The Austrian\|location=Auburn, AL\|page=12\|publisher=Mises Institute\|access-date=18 January 2022\|archive-date=18 November 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118090249/https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Austrian%20March%20April%202020_0.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Margaret Rudelich (div.)<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Block \|first1=Walter E. \|last2=Futerman \|first2=Alan G. \|date=May 2024 \|title=Rejoined to Hoppe on Israel Versus Hamas \|url=https://www.meste.org/mest/MEST_Najava/XXIV_Block_Futerman.pdf \|journal=MEST Journal \|volume= \|issue= \|pages=1–57 \|access-date=May 8, 2024\|quote="Hoppe is himself divorced. This, presumably, renders him 'abnormal and perverse.' Also, this is hypocrisy."}}</ref>
	\| nationality = ]
			\| field = {{plainlist \|
	\| field = ], ]
			* ]
	\| influences = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]
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	\|influenced = ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]{{Citation needed\|date=May 2013}}
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			\| influences = {{hlist\|]\|]\|]\|]\|]\|]\|]\|]\|]\|]}}
			\| institutions = Business school of ]<br>]<br>]
	\| alma_mater = ]		\| alma_mater = ]
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	\| contributions = ], Analysis of ] and ]s theory
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	\| awards = The Frank T. and Harriet Kurzweg Award (2004){{cn\|date=May 2013}}<br>The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize (2006)<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize\|url=http://mises.org/page/1475/Mises-Institute-Awards#Schlarbaum\|work=Mises Institute Awards\|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute}}</ref><br>Franz Cuhel Memorial Prize (2009)<ref name="Bell1"/>
			\| awards = The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize (2006)<ref>{{cite news\|title=The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize\|url=https://mises.org/page/1475/Mises-Institute-Awards#Schlarbaum\|work=Mises Institute Awards\|date=18 August 2014\|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute\|author1=Kanopiadmin\|access-date=13 September 2014\|archive-date=10 November 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110151603/http://mises.org/page/1475/Mises-Institute-Awards#Schlarbaum\|url-status=live}}</ref><br>Franz Cuhel Memorial Prize (Prague Conference on Political Economy 2009)<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525041259/http://www.cevroinstitut.cz/en/Section/pcpe/history+of+pcpe/ \|date=25 May 2015 }}, ], Prague</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=September 2023\|reason=needed for ]}}
			\|signature = Hans-Hermann Hoppe signature.svg
			\| website = http://www.hanshoppe.com
	}}		}}
			{{Libertarianism US\|people}}
	'''Hans-Hermann Hoppe''' ({{IPA-de\|ˈhɔpə\|lang}}; born September 2, 1949) is a German-born ] ] and an ] who describes himself as an advocate of ].<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Block\|first=Walter\|title=Review of Hans-Hermann Hoppe, The Economics and Ethics of Private Property\|journal=Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines\|year=1996\|month=March\|volume=7\|issue=1\|quote="These two are truly 'hard acts to follow'. But with the publication of ''The Economics and Ethics Private Property'', Hoppe bids fair to one day claiming the mantle of worthy successor to these two pathbreaking thinkers."\|doi=10.2202/1145-6396.1205}}</ref><ref name="Bell1">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thedailybell.com/1936/Anthony-Wile-with-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-Western-style-Democracy.html\|publisher=The Daily Bell\|last=Wile\|first=Anthony\|title=Dr. Hans-Hermann Hoppe on the Impracticality of One-World Government and the Failure of Western-style Democracy\|date=March 27, 2011}}</ref> He has written several books and his website lists translations of his writing into various foreign languages.<ref> - (hanshoppe.com)</ref> He is Professor Emeritus with the College of Business at the ],<ref name="UNLV cat">{{cite web\|title=UNLV Catalog\|url=http://catalog.unlv.edu/mime/media/3/1819/Business.pdf\|accessdate=19 April 2013\|page=47}}</ref> and currently resides in ].<ref name="Bell1"/> Hoppe's views have generated controversy among his colleagues.
			{{Conservatism US\|intellectuals}}
			{{anarcho-capitalism sidebar\|people}}
			{{Austrian School sidebar\|people}}
			'''Hans-Hermann Hoppe''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|h\|ɒ\|p\|ə}};<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625142751/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUzkZaD1xDs \|date=25 June 2017 }}<!--at 1:49--></ref> {{IPA\|de\|ˈhɔpə\|lang}}; born 2 September 1949) is a ] academic associated with ] economics, ], ], and ] to ].<ref name=":2">{{cite book\|first=David A.\|last=Dieterle\|title=Economic Thinkers: A Biographical Encyclopedia\|publisher=Greenwood\|date=2013\|isbn=978-0313397462\|page=145}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal \|last1=Olsen \|first1=Niklas \|last2=Slobodian \|first2=Quinn \|date=April 2022 \|title=Locating Ludwig von Mises: Introduction \|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855166 \|journal=] \|language=en \|volume=83 \|issue=2 \|pages=257–267 \|doi=10.1353/jhi.2022.0012 \|pmid=35603613 \|s2cid=248987154 \|issn=1086-3222 \|access-date=31 August 2023 \|archive-date=31 May 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531140710/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855166 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last1=Plehwe \|first1=Dieter \|title=Nine Lives of Neoliberalism \|last2=Slobodian \|first2=Quinn \|publisher=Verso \|year=2020 \|isbn=9781788732550 \|location=London \|pages=16}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book \|last=Hawley \|first=George \|title=Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism \|publisher=University Press of Kansas \|year=2017 \|isbn=9780700625796 \|location=United States \|pages=167–170 \|quote=In order to restore private property rights and truly erode the state, libertarians must actually be "radical and uncompromising conservatives". He insisted that libertarians must always favor the right to discriminate, even on the basis of race, and further argued that as long as states exist, states should have the right to restrict or completely ban foreign immigration.}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> He is professor emeritus of economics at the ] (UNLV), senior fellow of the ] think tank, and the founder and president of the ].<ref name="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">{{cite web\|url=https://www.mises.org/profile/hans-hermann-hoppe\|title=Hans-Hermann Hoppe\|date=20 June 2014\|publisher=]\|access-date=22 August 2016\|archive-date=13 November 2019\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113010941/https://mises.org/profile/hans-hermann-hoppe\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNLV cat">{{cite web\|title=UNLV Catalog\|url=http://catalog.unlv.edu/mime/media/3/1819/Business.pdf\|access-date=19 April 2013\|page=47\|archive-date=5 June 2010\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605222237/http://catalog.unlv.edu/mime/media/3/1819/Business.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>

			Hoppe has written extensively in opposition to democracy, notably in his 2001 book '']''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book \|last=Slobodian \|first=Quinn \|author-link=Quinn Slobodian \|title=Crack-Up Capitalism: Market Radicals and the Dream of a World Without Democracy \|date=2023 \|publisher=Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company \|isbn=978-1-250-75390-8 \|edition=First \|location=New York}}</ref><ref name="gordondemocracy" /><ref name=":9" /> The book favors exclusionary "covenant communities" that are "founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin".<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal \|last=Jensen \|first=Jacob \|date=April 2022 \|title=Repurposing Mises: Murray Rothbard and the Birth of Anarchocapitalism \|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855169 \|url-status=live \|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas \|language=en \|volume=83 \|issue=2 \|pages=332 \|doi=10.1353/jhi.2022.0015 \|issn=1086-3222 \|pmid= 35603616\|s2cid= 248985277\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712160927/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/855169 \|archive-date=July 12, 2022 \|access-date=April 17, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> A section of the book favoring exclusion of democrats and homosexuals from society helped popularize Hoppe on the ].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name="Snyder" />
	==Career==
	Hoppe was born in ], ], did undergraduate studies at ]<ref> (1 October 2011)</ref> and received his MA and PhD degrees from ].<ref name="UNLV cat"/> He was a post-doctoral fellow at the ], in ], from 1976 to 1978 and earned his ] in Foundations of Sociology and Economics from the University of Frankfurt in 1981. In 1986, after a succession of teaching jobs in Europe, he moved from Germany to the United States, where he was associated with ].<ref name=rallo>{{cite web\|title=Juan Ramón Rallo interviews Mises Institute scholar Hans-Hermann Hoppe at the Instituto Juan de Mariana's\|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=AETnctIcpVI#t=302s}}</ref> until the latter's death in January 1995. Hoppe was a Professor in the School of Business at ], until his retirement in 2008.<ref name="Bell1"/>

			Hoppe was a protégé of ], who established him at UNLV, where Hoppe taught from 1986 to 2008.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2004, a student's complaint about Hoppe's lecture comments regarding homosexuals and ] led to an investigation and non-disciplinary letter to Hoppe by UNLV, which was subsequently withdrawn after a controversy over ].<ref name="Snyder" />
	Hoppe is a Distinguished Fellow of the ], which has published much of his work He has been editor of various Mises Institute periodicals. In 2006, he founded The Property & Freedom Society.<ref></ref>

			Hoppe founded the ] in 2006; among the speakers at the organization's conferences in Turkey, some have been ].<ref name=":23">Mower, Lawrence (May 11, 2007). '']''</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
	==Argumentation ethics==
	{{Main\|Argumentation ethics}}
	Hoppe stated a theory which he named ] in an attempt to establish an ] and ] justification for ] ethics.<ref name=libertymag> with comments from ], ], ], ] and ] and from Hans-Hermann Hoppe.(], November 1988) </ref>

			==Early life and education==
	Hoppe stated his view in the publication ] in September 1988. In the following issue, the publication carried a number of comments, followed by a response to the comments from Hoppe. In his comment, Murray Rothbard wrote that Hoppe's theory was, "a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular" and that Hoppe, "has managed to transcend the famous is/ought, fact/value dichotomy that has plagued philosophy since the days of the Scholastics, and that had brought modern libertarianism into a tiresome deadlock".<ref name=libertymag/>
			], whom Hoppe called his ] and master]]Hoppe was born in ], ].<ref name=":12" />

			Hoppe completed his undergraduate studies at ]<ref name=":12"> {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003232639/http://thegodthatfailed.org/2011/10/01/jeff-tucker-interviews-hans-hermann-hoppe/\|date=3 October 2011}} (1 October 2011)</ref> and received his MA and PhD degrees from ].<ref name="UNLV cat" /> He studied under ], a leading German intellectual of the post-WWII era, but came to reject Habermas's ideas and European leftism generally.<ref>], introduction to Hoppe's ''A Short History of Man'' (2015), Auburn, Mississippi: Mises Institute, p. 9</ref>
	==''Democracy: The God That Failed''==

	{{Austrian School sidebar\|expanded=People}}
			He was a post-doctoral fellow at the ], in ], from 1976 to 1978 and earned his ] in Foundations of Sociology and Economics from the University of Frankfurt in 1981.
	{{Libertarianism sidebar}}

			== Career ==
			Afterward he taught in West Germany and Italy.<ref name=":2" /> From 1986<ref name=":1" /> until his retirement in 2008,<ref name=":2" /> Hoppe was a professor in the School of Business at ]. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the ], a libertarian think tank that is publisher of much of his work, and was editor of various Mises Institute periodicals.<ref>Hans Herman Hoppe, '' {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126121624/http://mises.org/books/economicsethics.pdf \|date=26 November 2013 }}'', Second Edition, ], p. xii, {{ISBN\|978-0945466406}}.</ref>

			Hoppe has said that ] was his "principal teacher, mentor and master".<ref name="Bell1">{{cite web\|url=http://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/1936/Anthony-Wile-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-the-Failure-of-Western-style-Democracy/\|publisher=The Daily Bell\|last=Wile\|first=Anthony\|title=Dr. Hans-Hermann Hoppe on the Impracticality of One-World Government and the Failure of Western-style Democracy\|date=27 March 2011\|access-date=26 March 2015\|archive-date=12 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912140049/http://www.thedailybell.com/exclusive-interviews/1936/Anthony-Wile-Dr-Hans-Hermann-Hoppe-on-the-Impracticality-of-One-World-Government-and-the-Failure-of-Western-style-Democracy/\|url-status=live}}</ref> Hoppe came to the United States through Rothbard on a scholarship from the ], and Rothbard also established Hoppe at UNLV.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last1=Slobodian \|first1=Quinn \|title=Mutant Neoliberalism: Market Rule and Political Rupture. \|last2=Plehwe \|first2=Dieter \|publisher=Fordham University Press \|year=2019 \|isbn=9780823285730 \|editor-last=William Callison, Zachary Manfredi \|location=United Kingdom \|pages=2019 \|chapter=Neoliberals Against Europe}}</ref> Hoppe said he was "working and living side-by-side with him, in constant and immediate personal contact," and said that from 1985 until Rothbard's 1995 death, he considered Rothbard his "dearest fatherly friend".<ref>Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1995). L. Rockwell (Ed.), from '' {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123150626/http://www.mises.org/books/memoriam.pdf \|date=23 January 2014 }}''. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 33–37</ref>

			=== Mises Institute and John Randolph Club ===

			The ] was founded in 1982 by ], ], and Murray Rothbard,<ref>{{cite web \|date=19 September 2018 \|title=The Story of the Mises Institute \|url=https://mises.org/wire/story-mises-institute \|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute \|access-date=30 January 2022 \|archive-date=23 August 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823180918/https://mises.org/wire/story-mises-institute \|url-status=live }}</ref> following a split between the ] and Rothbard, who had been one of the founders of the Cato Institute.<ref>{{cite web \|date=27 April 2012 \|title=Think Tanks and Liberty \|url=https://mises.org/library/think-tanks-and-liberty \|publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute \|access-date=30 January 2022 \|archive-date=26 August 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826113217/https://mises.org/library/think-tanks-and-liberty \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline\|date=June 2023}} After Rothbard's death in 1996, Hoppe was a leading anarcho-capitalist figure at the Mises Institute.<ref name=":4" />

			Hoppe was active in the ], a far-right alliance of ] and ] that was organized by Rothbard and associated with the ].<ref name=":1" /> The club was known for promoting ]ist and ] views in the 1990s.<ref name=":1" />

			===Property and Freedom Society===
			{{Main\|Property and Freedom Society}}

			In 2006, Hoppe founded The Property and Freedom Society (PFS), with annual conferences in ]. It and the Mises Institute represent a ] challenge to the ] and ] of think tanks.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1vbd2mv \|title=Market Civilizations \|date=2022-05-24 \|publisher=Zone Books \|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1vbd2mv \|isbn=978-1-942130-68-0 \|s2cid=249073465 \|editor-last=Slobodian \|editor-first=Quinn \|editor-last2=Plehwe \|editor-first2=Dieter}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> Figures of the ] and the American ] have attended PFS conferences.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book \|last=Wasserman \|first=Janek \|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvnwbxwf \|title=The Marginal Revolutionaries \|date=2019-09-24 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=978-0-300-24917-0 \|pages=281\|doi=10.2307/j.ctvnwbxwf \|s2cid=203312066 }}</ref> Quinn Slobodian and Dieter Plehwe describe Hoppe as a "racialist right-wing libertarian", and Slobodian writes that the conferences have included members of the former ] along with "new advocates of stateless libertarianism and racial secession".<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" />

			On the fifth anniversary of PFS, Hoppe reflected on its goals: "On the one hand, positively, it was to explain and elucidate the legal, economic, cognitive and cultural requirements and features of a free, state-less natural order. On the other hand, negatively, it was to unmask the State and showcase it for what it really is: an institution run by gangs of murderers, plunderers and thieves, surrounded by willing executioners, propagandists, sycophants, crooks, liars, clowns, charlatans, dupes and useful idiots – an institution that dirties and taints everything it touches."<ref name="4H PFS">{{cite web \|last=Hoppe \|first=Hans Hermann \|title=The Property And Freedom Society – Reflections After Five Years \|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/1970/01/hans-hermann-hoppe/my-life-on-the-right/ \|access-date=6 September 2013 \|publisher=lewrockwell.com \|archive-date=28 June 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628180012/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/1970/01/hans-hermann-hoppe/my-life-on-the-right/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

			Hoppe was criticized for inviting ] speakers such as ] and ] ] to speak at the PFS.<ref name=":23"/><ref name="Ganz" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web \|last=Piggott \|first=Stephen \|date=June 9, 2016 \|title=PayPal Co-Founder Peter Thiel to Address White Nationalist-Friendly "Property and Freedom Society" Conference in September \|url=https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/06/09/paypal-co-founder-peter-thiel-address-white-nationalist-friendly-%E2%80%9Cproperty-and-freedom \|access-date=2023-08-30 \|website=] \|language=en \|archive-date=2 February 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080809/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/06/09/paypal-co-founder-peter-thiel-address-white-nationalist-friendly-%E2%80%9Cproperty-and-freedom \|url-status=live }}</ref> Describing the PFS, the Southern Poverty Law Center said in 2016 that "in Hoppe one can see the connection between the ultra-Libertarians and white nationalists".<ref name=":3" /> '']'' in 2017 described the annual PFS meeting as "Davos, but for racists".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web \|last=Read \|first=Simon Van Zuylen-Wood, Noreen Malone, Max \|date=2017-04-30 \|title=Beyond Alt: Understanding the New Far Right \|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/04/beyond-alt-understanding-the-new-far-right.html \|access-date=2023-08-28 \|website=Intelligencer \|language=en-us \|archive-date=16 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816005024/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/04/beyond-alt-understanding-the-new-far-right.html \|url-status=live }}</ref> Slobodian wrote in 2023 that "prophets of racial and social breakdown share the stage with investment advisors and financial consultants" at the conferences.<ref name=":1" />

			==Views==

			=== On democracy ===
	{{Main\|Democracy: The God That Failed}}		{{Main\|Democracy: The God That Failed}}

			Hoppe's book '']'', published in 2001, argues that democracy is a cause of civilizational decline.<ref>{{Cite book \|first= \|title=Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2019 \|isbn=9780190877606 \|editor-last=Sedgwick \|editor-first=Mark \|location=United States \|pages=191 \|chapter=Mencius Moldbug and Neoreaction}}</ref> Passages in the book oppose ] and favor "natural elites".<ref name=":1" /> In the book, Hoppe blames democratic forms of government for various social and economic problems, and attributes democracy's failures to pressure groups which seek to increase government expenditures and regulations. Hoppe proposes alternatives and remedies, including ], decentralization of government, and "complete freedom of contract, occupation, trade and migration".<ref>R.M. Pearce, {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828060727/http://www.nationalobserver.net/2003_autumn_br5.htm \|date=28 August 2023 }}, ], No. 56, Autumn 2003.</ref> Hoppe argues that monarchy would preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy.<ref name="gordondemocracy">], {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919231436/http://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=199 \|date=19 September 2014 }}, "The Mises Review" of ], Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2002; Volume 8, Number 1.</ref> The book helped popularize Hoppe in the ], particularly a section of the book that called for the exclusion of political rivals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web \|last=Ketcham \|first=Christopher \|date=2021-02-04 \|title=What the Far-Right Fascination With Pinochet's Death Squads Should Tell Us \|url=https://theintercept.com/2021/02/04/pinochet-far-right-hoppean-snake/ \|access-date=2023-08-13 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=3 July 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703015036/https://theintercept.com/2021/02/04/pinochet-far-right-hoppean-snake/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	In 2001, Hoppe published '']'' which examines the failures of modern democracies including unemployment, astronomical public debt and bankrupt social security systems. He blames pressure groups seeking increased government expenditures and regulations. Hoppe proposes alternatives and remedies, including ], decentralization of government to regions, and "complete freedom of contract, occupation, trade and migration introduced".<ref>R.M. Pearce, , ], No. 56, Autumn 2003.</ref>

			Janek Wasserman writes that Hoppe "reimagined the Austrian legacy as one of authoritarianism, conservatism, antidemocracy, and anti-Enlightenment".<ref name=":9" /> ] called the approaches of Hoppe and his Mises Institute colleague ] "a fascist fist in a libertarian glove".<ref name=":9" /> The political scientist George Hawley writes that Hoppe "may be the most important bridge between libertarianism and the Alt-Right".<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hawley \|first=George \|title=Making Sense of the Alt-Right \|publisher=Columbia University Press \|year=2017 \|location=United States}}</ref> Hawley notes that Hoppe has argued that "libertarians must actually be radical conservatives", and that libertarians must favor a right to ], including on the basis of ].<ref name=":10" />
	Regarding the "covenant entailed in a libertarian (proprietary) community" which he envisions, Hoppe wrote: "There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a libertarian social order. They will have to be physically separated and removed from society. Likewise, in a covenant founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin, there can be no tolerance toward those habitually promoting life-styles incompatible with this goal.They – the advocates of alternative, non-family and kin-centred lifestyles such as, for instance, individual hedonism, parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or communism – will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a libertarian order."<ref>Hans-Hermann Hoppe, ''Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order'',Transaction Publishers, 2001, </ref> Commenting on this passage, Martin Snyder of the ] said Hoppe's words will disturb "hose with a better memory than Hoppe for segregation, apartheid, internment facilities and concentration camps, for yellow stars and pink triangles".<ref name="Snyder"/>

			In Hoppe's view, Wasserman writes, "the successes of the ] age—and the Austrian school—were not the product of liberal predominance or cosmopolitan virtues but of the ancien régime and its restrictive social order".<ref name=":9" /> Regarding democracy and the arts, Hoppe argued in 2013 that "democracy leads to the subversion and ultimately disappearance of the notion of beauty and universal standards of beauty. Beauty is swamped and submerged by so-called ']'."<ref>Fonseca, Joel (1 August 2013). {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704215655/https://www.mises.org.br/Article.aspx?id=1644 \|date=4 July 2022 }}. Mises Institute Brazil</ref>
	], a colleague of Hoppe's at the ], wrote that Hoppe's comments calling for "homosexuals and others to be banned from polite society" was "exceedingly difficult to reconcile it with libertarianism" because "the libertarian philosophy would support the rights of both groups to act
	in such manners."<ref>] (]), , undated, published at ] website, p. 22-23.</ref> ] wrote that Hoppe was referring to "private, covenant-based communities—in particular the ones based on more traditional, culturally-conservative heterosexual-family-based norms—who would tend to 'be intolerant of advocates of' ideas incompatible with, or openly hostile to, or 'contrary to the very purpose of' the norms of such a traditionalist covenant."<ref>] , ], 27 May 2010.</ref>

			Reviewing ''Democracy: The God That Failed'', ], a colleague of Hoppe's at the ], wrote that Hoppe's arguments shed light "on historical occurrences, from wars to poverty to inflation to interest rates to crime". While Hoppe concedes that 21st-century democracies are more prosperous than the monarchies of old, Hoppe argues that if nobles and kings replaced today's political leaders, their ability to take a long-term view of a country's well-being would "improve matters", Block wrote. Block shared what he called minor criticisms of Hoppe's theses regarding ]s, immigration and the gap between libertarianism and conservatism.<ref>], , ], Vol. 61, No. 3, July 2002.</ref>
	==Views on immigration==
	In his 1999 article "A Libertarian Case for Free Immigration" Walter Block mentioned one of Hoppe's positions on immigration. Hoppe writes that if immigrants are attracted to the United States because of the welfare state "this is not an argument against immigration but rather against the welfare state."<ref>Block, Walter. "", ''Journal of Libertarian Studies''. Vol. 13, No. 2. 1999,. </ref>

			Alberto Benegas-Lynch Jr., a professor of economics at the ] who is associated with the libertarian ],<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828093425/https://www.cato.org/people/alberto-benegas-lynch\|date=28 August 2023}} Cato.org</ref> criticized Hoppe's thesis that monarchy is preferable to democracy.<ref name="Reply2ABL">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1997). {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324222342/https://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf \|date=24 March 2023 }}. Published in Gerard Radnitzky, ed., ''Values and the Social Order'', Vol. 3 (Aldershot: Avebury, 1997).</ref> Benegas-Lynch provided evidence that modern monarchies tend to be far poorer than modern democracies. In response, Hoppe argued that comparing mostly African monarchies with mostly European democracies led to a distortion.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Hoppe\|first=Hans-Hermann\|date=1997\|title=On Theory and History. Reply to Benegas-Lynch Jr.\|url=http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf\|journal=Values and the Social Order\|volume=3\|pages=1–8\|via=HansHoppe.com\|access-date=26 February 2014\|archive-date=24 March 2023\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324222342/https://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/benegas.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=June 2023}}
	==Academic freedom controversy==
	On March 4, 2004, during a lecture in a course on money and banking at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Hoppe stated that, in part owing to the fact that they are generally childless, homosexuals do not plan for the future to the same extent as heterosexuals. Hoppe said that homosexuals, like the very young and the very old, are more present-oriented with respect to their behavioral patterns, and also stated some economists believed that ]' "spend it now" philosophy was influenced by his homosexuality. A student later formally accused Hoppe of creating a "hostile classroom environment".<ref name=Lake>Richard Lake, , ], February 05, 2005.</ref>

			Asked by '']'' in 2021 about his incorporation into far-right ]s celebrating political murder, Hoppe responded that the question was ignorant, writing, "I have been an intellectual champion of private property right, free markets, freedom of contract and association, and peace", and, "What do I know? There are lots of crazy people out there!"<ref name=":13" />
	An investigation was conducted and the university's provost, ], issued Hoppe a non-disciplinary letter of instruction on February 9, 2005, with a finding that he had "created a hostile or intimidating educational environment in violation of the University's policies regarding discrimination as to sexual orientation."<ref>{{cite web\|last=Alden, III\|first=Raymond W.\|title=Findings and non-disciplinary letter of instruction\|url=http://www.mises.org/pdf/hoppeletter.pdf\|authorlink=Raymond W. Alden III\|date=February 9, 2005}}</ref>

			=== Covenant communities and discrimination ===
	Hoppe appealed the decision, saying the university had "blatantly violated its contractual obligations" toward him and described the action as "frivolous interference with my right to academic freedom".<ref>Justin Chomintra, '''', ''The Rebel Yell''{{Unreliable source\|date=May 2013}}, February 10, 2005; reprinted by ] at Mises.org, February 10, 2005.</ref> He was represented by the ]. ACLU attorney Allen Lichtenstein said "The charge against professor Hoppe is totally specious and without merit".<ref name=Lake/>
			In ''Democracy: The God That Failed,'' Hoppe argues in favor of property owners' right to establish communities with exclusive criteria for admission and acceptance.<ref name="pp. 216–2182" /><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police\|title=My Battle With The Thought Police\|last=kanopiadmin\|date=11 April 2005\|newspaper=Mises Institute\|access-date=16 October 2017\|archive-date=26 September 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926200243/https://mises.org/library/my-battle-thought-police\|url-status=live}}</ref> Hoppe describes a society of "]" made up of residents who have signed an agreement defining the nature of that community. Hoppe believes that these covenant communities should have the right to certain forms of discrimination, including the physical separation of people whose lifestyle is deemed incompatible with the norms of that community.{{cn\|date=May 2024}} He writes that "There would be little or no 'tolerance' and 'openmindedness' so dear to ]. Instead, one would be on the right path toward restoring the freedom of association and exclusion implied in the institution of ]".<ref name="Hoppe211">Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (2001). ''Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order'', Transaction Publishers, p. 211. {{ISBN\|1412815290}}</ref><ref name=":5">Block, Walter (2007). {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601200940/https://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/29/rp_29_10.pdf \|date=1 June 2023 }}. Reason Papers.</ref>

			Hoppe writes: "In a covenant concluded among proprietor and community tenants for the purpose of protecting their private property, no such thing as a right to free (unlimited) speech exists, . . . naturally no one is permitted to advocate ideas contrary to the very purpose of the covenant of preserving and protecting private property, such as democracy and communism. There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a libertarian social order. They will have to be physically separated and expelled from society. Likewise, in a covenant founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin, there can be no tolerance toward those habitually promoting lifestyles incompatible with this goal. They – the advocates of alternative, non-family and kin-centered lifestyles such as, for instance, individual hedonism, parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or communism – will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a libertarian order."<ref name="pp. 216–2182">Hoppe, ''Democracy: The God That Failed'', </ref><ref name="Snyder" />
	Acting upon the appeal on February 18, 2005, ], President of UNLV, decided that the veracity of Hoppe's views, and the fact that they were controversial, should not be cause for reprimanding him. She dismissed the discrimination complaint against Hoppe and the non-disciplinary letter was withdrawn from Hoppe's personnel file.<ref name="Snyder">{{cite journal\|last=Snyder\|first=Martin D.\|title=Birds of a Feather?\|journal=Academe\|date=March 1, 2005\|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-829841891.html\|accessdate=April 17, 2013, from ]\|publisher=American Association of University Professors}}</ref> She wrote:
	{{quotation\|UNLV, in accordance with policy adopted by the Board of Regents, understands that the freedom afforded to Professor Hoppe and to all members of the academic community carries a significant corresponding academic responsibility. In the balance between freedoms and responsibilities, and where there may be ambiguity between the two, academic freedom must, in the end, be foremost.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Statement of Dr. Carol Harter, President of UNLV, regarding Professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe\|url=http://www.mises.org/pdf/harterstatement.pdf\|author=Carol Harter\|authorlink=Carol Harter\|date=February 18, 2005}}</ref>}}

			Commenting on this passage, Martin Snyder of the ] said Hoppe's words will disturb "hose with a better memory than Hoppe for segregation, apartheid, internment facilities and concentration camps, for yellow stars and pink triangles".<ref name="Snyder" /> ] describes Hoppe as calling for homosexuals and others to be banned from polite society, and says of Hoppe's statement: "it is stark, it is well written, it is radical...it is still exceedingly difficult to reconcile with libertarianism."<ref>] (]), {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011107/http://www.mises.org/journals/scholar/block15.pdf \|date=21 October 2014 }}, undated, published at ] website, pp. 22–23.</ref>
	Hoppe later wrote about the incident and the UNLV investigation in an article entitled "My Battle With the Thought Police".<ref>Hans-Hermann Hoppe, , ], April 12, 2005</ref> Martin Snyder of the ] wrote that Hoppe should not be "punished for freely expressing his opinions."<ref name="Snyder"/>

			=== Support for immigration restrictions ===
			Although a self-described anarcho-capitalist who favors abolishing the nation-state, Hoppe also garners controversy due to his support for governmental enforcement of ]s, which critics argue is at odds with libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Ganz">{{cite news \|last=Ganz \|first=John \|date=19 September 2017 \|title=Perspective – Libertarians have more in common with the alt-right than they want you to think \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/ \|access-date=16 October 2017 \|newspaper=] \|via= \|archive-date=7 August 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807155429/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/19/libertarians-have-more-in-common-with-the-alt-right-than-they-want-you-to-think/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Hoppe argues that as long as states exist, they should impose some restrictions on immigration. He has equated free immigration to "forced integration" which violates the rights of native peoples, since if land were privately owned, immigration would not be unhindered but would only occur with the consent of private property owners.<ref name="migrations">Hans Hoppe, {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828083808/https://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/hermann-hoppe1.html \|date=28 August 2023 }}, ], 1999.</ref>

			Hoppe's Mises Institute colleague ] has characterized Hoppe as an "anti-open immigration activist" who argues that, though all public property is "stolen" by the state from ]s, "the state compounds the injustice when it allows immigrants to use property, thus further "invading" the private property rights of the original owners".<ref name="mises2">Anthony Gregory and Walter Block On {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817034202/http://mises.org/journals/jls/21_3/21_3_2.pdf \|date=17 August 2014 }}, ], Volume 21, No. 3, Fall 2007, pp. 25–42.</ref> However, Block rejects Hoppe's views as incompatible with libertarianism. He argues that Hoppe's logic implies that flagrantly unlibertarian laws such as regulations on prostitution and drug use "could be defended on the basis that many tax-paying property owners would not want such behavior on their own private property".<ref name="BlockLaborEcon">{{cite book \|last1=Block \|first1=Walter \|title=Labor Economics From A Free Market Perspective: Employing The Unemployable \|page=225 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mXICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 \|access-date=13 July 2018 \|isbn=978-9814475860 \|year= 2008 \|publisher=World Scientific }}</ref> Another libertarian author, Simon Guenzl, writing for ''Libertarian Papers,'' argues that: "supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Guenzl\|first=Simon\|date=23 June 2016\|title=Public Property and the Libertarian Immigration Debate\|journal=Libertarian Papers\|volume= 8\|quote=I conclude that supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society.}}</ref>

			In terms of specific immigration restrictions, Hoppe argued that an appropriate policy will require immigrants to the United States to display proficiency in English in addition to "superior (above-average) intellectual performance and character structure as well as a compatible system of values".<ref>Walter Block and Gene Callahan, {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510220132/http://www.walterblock.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/block-callahan_right-immigrate-2003.pdf \|date=10 May 2023 }}, ], October–December 2003.</ref> He suggested that these criteria would lead to a "systematic pro-European immigration bias". Jacob Hornberger of the ''Future of Freedom Foundation'' argued that the immigration test Hoppe advocated would probably be prejudiced against Latin American immigrants to the United States.<ref>Jacob Hornberger, {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017160823/https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/lets-stick-traditional-american-values/ \|date=17 October 2022 }}, The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1 February 2000.</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=June 2023}}

			== Remarks about homosexuals and academic investigation ==
			{{Overly detailed\|nosplit=y\|details=details of the chronology should be summarized\|date=September 2023}}
			]
			Hoppe's statements and ideas concerning ] and ] have repeatedly provoked controversy among his libertarian peers and his colleagues at UNLV. Following a 4 March 2004, lecture on ] at the ] (UNLV), a student complained that Hoppe created a hostile classroom environment by asserting that homosexuals tend to be more shortsighted than heterosexuals in their ability to save money and plan economically, in part because they tend not to have children.<ref name="Snyder_a">{{Cite news \| issn = 0190-2946 \| volume = 91 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 127 \| last = Snyder \| first = Martin \| title = Birds of a Feather? \| work = Academe \| quote=So what ignited the controversy in Nevada? In March 2004, a student formally accused Hoppe of creating a hostile classroom environment during a lecture on time preference, a notion in economics identifying individuals' varying degrees of willingness to defer the immediate consumption of goods in favor of saving and investment. Hoppe opined that certain demographic groups, for instance homosexuals, tend to be more shortsighted in their economic outlook than those who have children.}}</ref> Hoppe also suggested that ]'s homosexuality might explain his economic views, with which Hoppe disagreed.<ref>{{Cite news \| issn = 0190-2946 \| volume = 91 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 127 \| last = Snyder \| first = Martin \| title = Birds of a Feather? \| work = Academe \| quote=He also suggested that the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes might be explained by Keynes's reputed homosexuality.}}</ref> Hoppe also stated that very young and very old people, and couples without children, were less likely to plan for the future. Hoppe told a reporter that the comments lasted only 90 seconds of a 75-minute class, no students questioned the comments, and that in 18 years of giving the lecture he had not received a complaint about them. At the request of university officials, Hoppe apologized to the class. He said, "Italians tend to eat more spaghetti than Germans, and Germans tend to eat more sauerkraut than Italians" and said that he was speaking in generalities. Thereafter, Hoppe told the reporter, the student alleged that Hoppe did not take the complaint seriously and filed a formal complaint. Hoppe told the reporter that he felt as if he was the victim in the incident and that the student should have been told to "grow up".<ref name="Lake">Richard Lake, {{cite web \|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Feb-05-Sat-2005/news/25808494.html \|title=UNLV accused of limiting free speech \|access-date=15 May 2013 \|url-status=bot: unknown \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050209040615/http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Feb-05-Sat-2005/news/25808494.html \|archive-date=9 February 2005 }} ], 5 February 2005.</ref>

			An investigation was conducted, and the university's provost, ], issued Hoppe a non-disciplinary letter of instruction on 9 February 2005, with a finding that he had "created a hostile or intimidating educational environment in violation of the University's policies regarding discrimination as to sexual orientation". Alden also instructed Hoppe to "... cease mischaracterizing opinion as objective fact" and said that Hoppe's opinion was not supported by peer-reviewed academic literature.<ref name="alden2005">{{cite news\|last=Alden, III\|first=Raymond W.\|title=Findings and non-disciplinary letter of instruction\|newspaper=Mises Institute\|url=https://www.mises.org/pdf/hoppeletter.pdf\|author-link=Raymond W. Alden III\|date=9 February 2005\|access-date=13 September 2014\|archive-date=14 January 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114191328/http://www.mises.org/pdf/hoppeletter.pdf\|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=June 2023}}

			Hoppe appealed the decision, saying the university had "blatantly violated its contractual obligations" toward him, and described the action as "frivolous interference with my right to academic freedom".<ref>Justin Chomintra, '' {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112107/http://archive.mises.org/3137/the-thought-police-and-hoppe/ \|date=3 September 2013 }}'', ''The Rebel Yell'', 10 February 2005; reprinted by ] at Mises.org, 10 February 2005.</ref> He was represented by the ], which threatened legal action.<ref name="LVSFeb8">{{cite news\|title=Efforts to punish UNLV professor gains exposure\|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/08/effort-to-punish-unlv-professor-gains-exposure/#axzz2UBIVranP\|access-date=23 May 2013\|newspaper=]\|date=8 February 2005\|archive-date=1 February 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174148/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/08/effort-to-punish-unlv-professor-gains-exposure/#axzz2UBIVranP\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lake" /> The Nevada ACLU executive director said, "We don't subscribe to Hans' theories and certainly understand why some students find them offensive ... But academic freedom means nothing if it doesn't protect the right of professors to present scholarly ideas that are relevant to their curricula".<ref name="Lake" /> Alden's decision was picked up by ] and several blogs and libertarians organized a campaign to contact the university.<ref name="LVSFeb8" /> The university received two weeks of bad publicity and the Interim Chancellor (]) ] expressed concerns about "any attempts to thwart free speech".<ref>{{cite news\|title=Exoneration sought for UNLV professor\|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/21/exoneration-sought-for-unlv-professor/#axzz2UBIVranP\|access-date=23 May 2013\|newspaper=]\|date=21 February 2005\|archive-date=1 February 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174151/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/21/exoneration-sought-for-unlv-professor/#axzz2UBIVranP\|url-status=live}}</ref>

			Jim Rogers rejected Hoppe's request for a one-year paid sabbatical.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Rogers nixes Hoppe sabbatical\|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/23/rogers-nixes-hoppe-sabbatical/#axzz2UBIVranP\|access-date=23 May 2013\|newspaper=]\|date=23 February 2005\|archive-date=9 April 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409055207/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/feb/23/rogers-nixes-hoppe-sabbatical/#axzz2UBIVranP\|url-status=live}}</ref> UNLV President ] acted upon Hoppe's appeal on 18 February 2005, deciding that Hoppe's views, even if non-mainstream or controversial, should not be cause for reprimanding him. She dismissed the discrimination complaint against Hoppe, and the non-disciplinary letter was withdrawn from Hoppe's personnel file.<ref name="Snyder">{{Cite journal \|last=Snyder \|first=Martin D. \|date=2005 \|title=State of the Profession: Birds of a Feather? \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40253419 \|journal=Academe \|volume=91 \|issue=2 \|pages=127 \|doi=10.2307/40253419 \|jstor=40253419 \|issn=0190-2946 \|quote="In his 2001 book Democracy: The God That Failed, the Chronicle of Higher Education reports, Hoppe maintains that in a libertarian Utopia dissidents would be unwelcome: "There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a libertarian social order. They will have to be physically separated and removed from society."}}</ref> She wrote, "In the balance between freedoms and responsibilities, and where there may be ambiguity between the two, academic freedom must, in the end, be foremost."<ref>{{cite web \|author=Carol Harter \|author-link=Carol Harter \|date=February 18, 2005 \|title=Statement of Dr. Carol Harter, President of UNLV, regarding Professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe \|url=https://www.mises.org/pdf/harterstatement.pdf \|access-date=13 September 2014 \|archive-date=31 March 2005 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331230511/https://www.mises.org/pdf/harterstatement.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=June 2023}}

			Hoppe later wrote about the incident and the UNLV investigation in an article entitled "My Battle With the Thought Police".<ref name="ThoughtPolice">Hans-Hermann Hoppe, , ] web site, 12 April 2005.</ref> Martin Snyder of the ] wrote that he should not be "punished for freely expressing his opinions".<ref name="Snyder" />

			Various controversies about ], including the Hoppe matter and remarks made by ] President ], prompted the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, to hold a conference on academic freedom in October 2005.<ref>The role of ] was included during the conference. {{cite news\|title=Teachers' tenure on front burner\|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/oct/13/teachers-tenure-on-front-burner/#axzz2UBIVranP\|access-date=23 May 2013\|newspaper=]\|date=13 October 2005\|archive-date=31 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010326/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2005/oct/13/teachers-tenure-on-front-burner/#axzz2UBIVranP\|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 UNLV proposed a new policy that included the encouragement of reporting by people who felt that they had encountered bias.<ref name="Hsu">The proposed policy defined "bias incidents" as "'verbal, written, or physical acts of intimidation, coercion, interference, frivolous claims, discrimination, and sexual or other harassment motivated, in whole or in part, by bias" based on characteristics including actual or perceived race, religion, sex (including gender identity or gender expression or a pregnancy-related condition), physical appearance and political affiliation.' {{cite news\|last=Hsu\|first=Charlotte\|title=ACLU airs free speech concerns on bias policy: Faculty express concern; UNLV official says proposal would encourage expression\|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/apr/25/aclu-airs-free-speech-concerns-bias-policy/#axzz2UBIVranP\|access-date=23 May 2013\|newspaper=]\|date=25 April 2009\|archive-date=31 October 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031004609/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/apr/25/aclu-airs-free-speech-concerns-bias-policy/#axzz2UBIVranP\|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed policy was criticized by the Nevada ACLU and some faculty members who remembered the Hoppe incident as adverse to academic freedom.<ref name="Hsu" /><ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200613/http://media.lasvegassun.com/media/pdfs/blogs/documents/2009/04/24/unlv_bias_policy.pdf \|date=29 October 2013 }}, ], Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, Department of Police Services, Office of the Vice President for Diversity and Inclusion Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes.</ref>

			==Argumentation ethics==
			]{{Third-party\|section\|date=July 2023}}
			In the September 1988 issue of ],<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Hoppe \|first=Hans-Hermann \|date=September 1988 \|title=The Ultimate Justification of the Private Property Ethic \|url=http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf \|journal=Liberty \|volume=2 \|issue=1 \|pages=20–22 \|quote=The mere fact that an individual argues presupposes that he owns himself and has a right to his own life and property. This provides a basis for libertarian theory radically different from both natural rights theory and utilitarianism. \|access-date=16 July 2013 \|archive-date=9 December 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209153242/http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_September_1988.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> Hoppe attempted to establish an '']'' and ] justification for libertarian ethics by devising a new theory which he named ''argumentation ethics''.<ref name="libertymag">{{cite journal \|author=Symposium \|date=November 1988 \|title=Hans-Hermannn Hoppe's Argumentation Ethics: Breakthrough or Buncombe? \|url=http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf \|journal=Liberty \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=44–54 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012233723/http://www.libertyunbound.com/sites/files/printarchive/Liberty_Magazine_November_1988.pdf \|archive-date=2017-10-12}}</ref> Hoppe asserted that any argument which in any respect purports to contradict libertarian principles is logically incoherent.<ref> {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731150816/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_2/20_2_3.pdf \|date=31 July 2014 }}, Robert Murphy and Gene Callahan. Relevant text on Page 3: "Therefore, concludes that the libertarian view of property rights is the only one that can possibly be defended by rational argument."</ref>

			Hoppe argued that, in the course of having an argument about politics (or indeed any subject), people assume certain norms of argumentation, including a prohibition on initiating violence. Hoppe then extrapolated this argument to political life in general, arguing that the norms governing argumentation should apply in all political contexts. Hoppe claimed that, of all political philosophies, only anarcho-capitalist libertarianism prohibits the initiation of aggressive violence (the ]); therefore, any argument for any political philosophy other than anarcho-capitalist libertarianism is logically incoherent.{{Third-party inline\|date=June 2023}}

			In the following issue, ''Liberty'' published comments by ten libertarians,<ref name="blog.mises">{{cite web \|last=Kinsella \|first=Stephan \|author-link=Stephan Kinsella \|date=March 13, 2009 \|title=Revisiting Argumentation Ethics \|url=https://www.stephankinsella.com/2009/03/revisiting-argumentation-ethics/ \|work=Mises Economics Blog \|publisher=] \|quote= number of thinkers weighed in, including ], ... ], ... ], ... ], ... ], ... ], ...], and others.... \|access-date=11 September 2022 \|archive-date=28 August 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828083808/https://www.stephankinsella.com/2009/03/revisiting-argumentation-ethics/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> followed by a rejoinder from Hoppe.<ref name="libertymag" /> In his comment for ''Liberty'', Hoppe's friend and Mises Institute supervisor Murray Rothbard wrote that Hoppe's theory was "a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular" and that Hoppe "has managed to transcend the famous is/ought, fact/value dichotomy that has plagued philosophy since the days of the Scholastics, and that had brought modern libertarianism into a tiresome deadlock".<ref name="libertymag" /> However, the majority of Hoppe's colleagues surveyed by ''Liberty'' rejected his theory. In his response, Hoppe derided his critics as "]".<ref name="libertymag" />{{Third-party inline\|date=July 2023\|reason=independent source needed for ]}}

			Mises Institute Senior Fellow Roderick T. Long stated that Hoppe's ''a priori'' formulation of libertarianism denied the fundamental principle of Misesean ]. On the issue of utilitarianism, Long wrote, "Hoppe's argument, if it worked, would commit us to recognizing and respecting libertarian rights regardless of what our goals are – but as a praxeologist, I have trouble seeing how any practical requirement can be justified apart from a means-end structure."<ref name="Long Hoppriori">{{cite web \|last=Long \|first=Roderick T. \|title=The Hoppriori Argument \|url=http://praxeology.net/unblog05-04.htm#10 \|access-date=26 August 2013 \|archive-date=24 October 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024064542/http://praxeology.net/unblog05-04.htm#10 \|url-status=live }}</ref> Libertarian philosopher ] rejected Hoppe's argument, saying, "Hoppe's argument illicitly conflates a ], and so fails."<ref>{{cite web \|author=Jason Brennan \|date=2013-12-12 \|title=Hoppe's Argumentation Ethics Argument Refuted in Under 60 Seconds \|url=https://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2013/12/hoppes-argumentation-ethics-argument-refuted-in-under-60-seconds/ \|access-date=2019-12-27 \|publisher=Bleeding Heart Libertarians \|archive-date=18 February 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218144516/https://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2013/12/hoppes-argumentation-ethics-argument-refuted-in-under-60-seconds/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=July 2023\|reason=independent source needed for ]}}

			Another critic{{Who\|date=July 2023}} argued that Hoppe had not provided any non-circular reasons why we "have to regard moral values as something that ''must'' be regarded as being established through (consensual) argument instead of 'mere' subjective preferences for situations turning out in certain ways". In other words, the theory relies "on the existence certain intuitions, the acceptance of which cannot itself be the result of 'value-free' reasoning."<ref>J. Mikael Olsson, {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131001145/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:775605/FULLTEXT01.pdf \|date=31 January 2021 }}, Stockholm Studies in Politics 161, p. 157, 161.</ref>{{Third-party inline\|date=July 2023\|reason=independent source needed for ]}}

			== Influence ==
			Hoppe was an influence on the ] ] blogger ], also known as Mencius Moldbug.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Tait \|first=Joshua \|title=Key thinkers of the radical right: behind the new threat to liberal democracy \|date=2019 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=978-0-19-087760-6 \|editor-last=Sedgwick \|editor-first=Mark \|location=New York, NY \|pages=187–203 \|chapter=Mencius Moldbug and Neoreaction}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Lanard \|first=Noah \|date=September 7, 2022 \|title=Newly uncovered emails show Blake Masters' long history of hating democracy \|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/09/blake-masters-anti-democratic-stanford-emails-arizona-kelly-thiel/ \|access-date=2023-08-13 \|website=] \|language=en-US \|archive-date=7 September 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907151821/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/09/blake-masters-anti-democratic-stanford-emails-arizona-kelly-thiel/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

			], the president of Argentina, has cited Hoppe as one of his major influences and has recommended his bibliography in the past, despite recent grievances between both about the ideologic purity of ] and the ] for a libertarian on a democratic system.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Agra \|first=Rubén Folguera \|date=2024-04-14 \|title="Mi norte son Rothbard y Hoppe": Javier Milei se reafirma en sus convicciones libertarias \|url=https://www.libremercado.com/2024-04-14/mi-norte-son-rothbard-y-hoppe-javier-milei-se-reafirma-publicamente-en-sus-convicciones-libertarias-7116082/ \|access-date=2024-10-15 \|website=Libre Mercado \|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dura crítica de Hans- Hermann Hoppe a Javier Milei: lo tildó de "showman y payaseco" \|url=https://www.ambito.com/politica/dura-critica-hans-hermann-hoppe-javier-milei-lo-tildo-showman-y-payaseco-n6067417 \|access-date=2024-10-15 \|website=www.ambito.com}}</ref>

			== Personal life ==
			Hoppe resides in Turkey with his wife Gülçin Imre Hoppe, an Austrian school economist and hotelier.<ref name="Hans-Hermann Hoppe" /><ref>Salihovic, Elnur (2015). Major Players in the Muslim Business World. Universal Publishers.</ref><ref name=":1" />

	==Selected works==		==Selected works==

	===Books===		===Books (authored)===
			'''German'''
	* ''Handeln und Erkennen'' (Bern, 1976) ISBN 978-3261019004 {{OCLC\|2544452}}
	* ''~~Kritik~~ ~~der~~ ~~kausalwissenschaftlichen~~ ~~Sozialforschung~~'' (~~Westdeutscher~~ ~~Verlag,~~ ~~1983~~) ISBN 978-~~3531116242~~ {{OCLC\|~~10432202~~}}		* ''Handeln und Erkennen'' (in German). Bern (1976). {{ISBN\|978-3261019004}}. {{OCLC\|2544452}}.
			* (in German). Opladen: ] (1983). {{ISBN\|978-3531116242}}. {{OCLC\|10432202}}.
	* ''Eigentum, Anarchie und Staat'' (Westdeutscher Verlag, 1987) ISBN 978-3531118116 {{OCLC\|18226538}}
			* (in German). Opladen: ] (1987). {{ISBN\|978-3531118116}}. {{OCLC\|18226538}}.
	* '']'' (], 1989) ISBN 0-89838-279-3. <small>()</small>
	* ''Economic Science and the Austrian Method'' (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1995) ISBN 0-945466-20-X. <small>()</small>
	* '']: the economics and politics of monarchy, democracy and natural order''. (Transaction Publishers, 2001) ISBN 0-7658-0868-4 {{OCLC\|46384089}}
	* '']'' (2nd edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006) ISBN 0-945466-40-4
	* Editor and contributor: '']'' (Ludwig von Mises Institute, October 2003) ISBN 978-0945466376 {{OCLC\|53401048}}. <small>()</small> Includes writings by L.M. Bassani, ], ], ], B. Lemennicier, G. Radnitsky, ], L.J. Sechrest, J.R. Hummel, ] and J.G. Hulsmann.

			'''English'''
	===Articles===
			* ] (1988). {{ISBN\|0898382793}}. from {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724074122/https://mises.org/library/theory-socialism-and-capitalism-audiobook \|date=24 July 2022 }} narrated by Jim Vann.
	* to '']'' by Murray Rothbard (also in )
			* Auburn, AL: ] (1995). {{ISBN\|094546620X}}. {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724074124/https://mises.org/library/economic-science-and-austrian-method-audiobook-0 \|date=24 July 2022 }}, narrated by Gennady Stolyarov II.
	* {{cite journal\|last=Hoppe\|first=Hans Hermann\|title=On the Ultimate Justification of the Ethics of Private Property\|journal=Liberty\|year=1988\|month=September\|volume=2\|url=http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/hoppe_ult_just_liberty.pdf}}
			* ] New Brunswick, NJ: ] (2001). {{ISBN\|0765808684}}. {{OCLC\|46384089}}.
	* {{cite journal\|last=Hoppe\|first=Hans Hermann\|title=In Defense of Extreme Rationalism: Thoughts on D. McCloskey's ''The Rhetoric of Economics''\|url=http://mises.org/journals/rae/pdf/rae3_1_16.pdf}}
			* Auburn, AL: ], 2006. {{ISBN\|0945466404}}.
	* {{cite journal\|last=Hoppe\|first=Hans Hermann\|title=breakthrough or buncombe?\|journal=Liberty\|coauthors=Murray N. Rothbard, David Friedman, Leland Yeager, David Gordon, Douglas Rasmussen\|year=1988\|month=September\|volume=2\|url=http://www.hanshoppe.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/liberty_symposium.pdf}}
			* ''].'' Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Judy \|date=2021-07-22 \|title=Economy, Society, and History \|url=https://mises.org/library/economy-society-and-history-0 \|access-date=2023-09-30 \|website=Mises Institute \|language=en}}</ref>
	* {{cite journal\|last=Hoppe\|first=Hans Hermann\|title=Small is Beautiful and Efficient: The Case for Secession\|journal=Telos\|year=1996\|month=Spring\|volume=107\|url=http://www.telospress.com}}

			===Books (edited)===
			* ] (2003). {{ISBN\|978-0945466376}}. {{OCLC\|53401048}}.

			===Book contributions===
			* . In: '']'', by ]. ] (1998). {{ISBN\|978-1610166645}}.
			* In: Auburn, AL: ] (2003), pp. 335–368. {{ISBN\|978-0945466376}}. {{OCLC\|53401048}}. narrated by George Pickering.

			=== Articles ===
			{{Cleanup list\|section\|date=June 2023}}
			* '']'', vol. 2, no. 1 (September 1988): 20–22.
			* '']'', vol. 2, no. 2 (November 1988): 44–54. Symposium proceedings featuring ], D. Friedman, L. Yeager, D. Gordon and D. Rasmussen.
			* "Socialism: A Property or Knowledge Problem?" '']'', vol. 9 (March 1996): 143–149. {{doi\|10.1007/BF01101888}}.
			* "Small is Beautiful and Efficient: The Case for Secession." '']'', vol. 107 (Spring 1996).
			* "The Libertarian Case for Free Trade and Restricted Immigration." '']'', vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998). ].
			* with ]. '']'', vol. 15 (2002): 225–236.
			* ''Mises Daily'' (12 April 2005). ].

			===Book reviews===
			* Review of ''The Rhetoric of Economics'' by ]. '']'', vol. 3 (1989): 179–214.

			===Collected works===
			* Jacob, Thomas (editor). . Hamburg: ] ] (2021). "Views, insights and provocations from interviews and speeches by Prof. Hans-Hermann Hoppe."

			== See also ==
			{{Portal\|Anarchism\|Economics\|Libertarianism\|Politics}}
			{{cols\|colwidth=16em}}
			* ]
			* ]
			* ] of Economics
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			{{colend}}

	== References ==		== References ==
Line 80:		Line 191:

	== External links ==		== External links ==
	{{Commons category\|Hans-Hermann Hoppe}}
	{{wikiquote\|Hans-Hermann Hoppe}}		{{wikiquote\|Hans-Hermann Hoppe}}
	*		{{Commons and category\|Hans-Hermann Hoppe}}
	*		* {{official website\|http://www.hanshoppe.com/ }}
			*
			*
	** – '']'' (essays honoring Hoppe from the Mises Institute)
			* Hoppe's archives at
	*
	* Hoppe's archives at

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			{{Political philosophy}}
	{{Authority control\|VIAF=85301120\|LCCN=n83197723}}
	{{Persondata
	\|NAME= Hoppe, Hans-Hermann
	\|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
	\|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Austrian School economist
	\|DATE OF BIRTH= September 2, 1949
	\|PLACE OF BIRTH= Peine, Germany
	\|DATE OF DEATH=
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Latest revision as of 12:14, 24 December 2024

German-American anarcho-capitalist academic (born 1949)

Hans-Hermann Hoppe
Hoppe in 2024
Born	(1949-09-02) 2 September 1949 (age 75) Peine, West Germany
Movement	Anarcho-capitalism Cultural conservatism Paleolibertarianism
Spouse(s)	Gülçin Imre Hoppe Margaret Rudelich (div.)

Academic career
Field	Politics Economics Epistemology Philosophy and economics Culture
Institutions	Business school of University of Nevada, Las Vegas Mises Institute Property and Freedom Society
School or tradition	Austrian School Continental philosophy
Alma mater	Goethe University Frankfurt
Influences	Kant Haller Molinari Mises Jouvenel Kuehnelt-Leddihn Lorenzen Apel Rothbard Habermas
Contributions	Argumentation ethics Capitalist critique of democracy
Awards	The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize (2006) Franz Cuhel Memorial Prize (Prague Conference on Political Economy 2009)

Website	http://www.hanshoppe.com
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Hans-Hermann Hoppe (/ˈhɒpə/; German: [ˈhɔpə]; born 2 September 1949) is a German-American academic associated with Austrian School economics, anarcho-capitalism, right-wing libertarianism, and opposition to democracy. He is professor emeritus of economics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), senior fellow of the Mises Institute think tank, and the founder and president of the Property and Freedom Society.

Hoppe has written extensively in opposition to democracy, notably in his 2001 book Democracy: The God That Failed. The book favors exclusionary "covenant communities" that are "founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin". A section of the book favoring exclusion of democrats and homosexuals from society helped popularize Hoppe on the far-right.

Hoppe was a protégé of Murray Rothbard, who established him at UNLV, where Hoppe taught from 1986 to 2008. In 2004, a student's complaint about Hoppe's lecture comments regarding homosexuals and time preference led to an investigation and non-disciplinary letter to Hoppe by UNLV, which was subsequently withdrawn after a controversy over academic freedom.

Hoppe founded the Property and Freedom Society in 2006; among the speakers at the organization's conferences in Turkey, some have been white nationalists.

Early life and education

Murray Rothbard, whom Hoppe called his mentor and master

Hoppe was born in Peine, West Germany.

Hoppe completed his undergraduate studies at Saarland University and received his MA and PhD degrees from Goethe University Frankfurt. He studied under Jürgen Habermas, a leading German intellectual of the post-WWII era, but came to reject Habermas's ideas and European leftism generally.

He was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, from 1976 to 1978 and earned his habilitation in Foundations of Sociology and Economics from the University of Frankfurt in 1981.

Career

Afterward he taught in West Germany and Italy. From 1986 until his retirement in 2008, Hoppe was a professor in the School of Business at University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He is a Distinguished Fellow of the Mises Institute, a libertarian think tank that is publisher of much of his work, and was editor of various Mises Institute periodicals.

Hoppe has said that Murray Rothbard was his "principal teacher, mentor and master". Hoppe came to the United States through Rothbard on a scholarship from the Center for Libertarian Studies, and Rothbard also established Hoppe at UNLV. Hoppe said he was "working and living side-by-side with him, in constant and immediate personal contact," and said that from 1985 until Rothbard's 1995 death, he considered Rothbard his "dearest fatherly friend".

Mises Institute and John Randolph Club

The Mises Institute was founded in 1982 by Lew Rockwell, Burton Blumert, and Murray Rothbard, following a split between the Cato Institute and Rothbard, who had been one of the founders of the Cato Institute. After Rothbard's death in 1996, Hoppe was a leading anarcho-capitalist figure at the Mises Institute.

Hoppe was active in the John Randolph Club, a far-right alliance of paleolibertarians and paleoconservatives that was organized by Rothbard and associated with the Rockford Institute. The club was known for promoting secessionist and neo-Confederate views in the 1990s.

Property and Freedom Society

Main article: Property and Freedom Society

In 2006, Hoppe founded The Property and Freedom Society (PFS), with annual conferences in Bodrum, Turkey. It and the Mises Institute represent a paleolibertarian challenge to the Mont Pelerin Society and Atlas Network of think tanks. Figures of the European New Right and the American alt-right have attended PFS conferences. Quinn Slobodian and Dieter Plehwe describe Hoppe as a "racialist right-wing libertarian", and Slobodian writes that the conferences have included members of the former John Randolph Club along with "new advocates of stateless libertarianism and racial secession".

On the fifth anniversary of PFS, Hoppe reflected on its goals: "On the one hand, positively, it was to explain and elucidate the legal, economic, cognitive and cultural requirements and features of a free, state-less natural order. On the other hand, negatively, it was to unmask the State and showcase it for what it really is: an institution run by gangs of murderers, plunderers and thieves, surrounded by willing executioners, propagandists, sycophants, crooks, liars, clowns, charlatans, dupes and useful idiots – an institution that dirties and taints everything it touches."

Hoppe was criticized for inviting white nationalist speakers such as Jared Taylor and neo-Nazi Richard B. Spencer to speak at the PFS. Describing the PFS, the Southern Poverty Law Center said in 2016 that "in Hoppe one can see the connection between the ultra-Libertarians and white nationalists". Intelligencer in 2017 described the annual PFS meeting as "Davos, but for racists". Slobodian wrote in 2023 that "prophets of racial and social breakdown share the stage with investment advisors and financial consultants" at the conferences.

Views

On democracy

Main article: Democracy: The God That Failed

Hoppe's book Democracy: The God That Failed, published in 2001, argues that democracy is a cause of civilizational decline. Passages in the book oppose universal suffrage and favor "natural elites". In the book, Hoppe blames democratic forms of government for various social and economic problems, and attributes democracy's failures to pressure groups which seek to increase government expenditures and regulations. Hoppe proposes alternatives and remedies, including secession, decentralization of government, and "complete freedom of contract, occupation, trade and migration". Hoppe argues that monarchy would preserve individual liberty more effectively than democracy. The book helped popularize Hoppe in the far-right, particularly a section of the book that called for the exclusion of political rivals.

Janek Wasserman writes that Hoppe "reimagined the Austrian legacy as one of authoritarianism, conservatism, antidemocracy, and anti-Enlightenment". Steven Horwitz called the approaches of Hoppe and his Mises Institute colleague Joseph Salerno "a fascist fist in a libertarian glove". The political scientist George Hawley writes that Hoppe "may be the most important bridge between libertarianism and the Alt-Right". Hawley notes that Hoppe has argued that "libertarians must actually be radical conservatives", and that libertarians must favor a right to discrimination, including on the basis of race.

In Hoppe's view, Wasserman writes, "the successes of the fin-de-siecle age—and the Austrian school—were not the product of liberal predominance or cosmopolitan virtues but of the ancien régime and its restrictive social order". Regarding democracy and the arts, Hoppe argued in 2013 that "democracy leads to the subversion and ultimately disappearance of the notion of beauty and universal standards of beauty. Beauty is swamped and submerged by so-called 'modern art'."

Reviewing Democracy: The God That Failed, Walter Block, a colleague of Hoppe's at the Mises Institute, wrote that Hoppe's arguments shed light "on historical occurrences, from wars to poverty to inflation to interest rates to crime". While Hoppe concedes that 21st-century democracies are more prosperous than the monarchies of old, Hoppe argues that if nobles and kings replaced today's political leaders, their ability to take a long-term view of a country's well-being would "improve matters", Block wrote. Block shared what he called minor criticisms of Hoppe's theses regarding time preferences, immigration and the gap between libertarianism and conservatism.

Alberto Benegas-Lynch Jr., a professor of economics at the University of Buenos Aires who is associated with the libertarian Cato Institute, criticized Hoppe's thesis that monarchy is preferable to democracy. Benegas-Lynch provided evidence that modern monarchies tend to be far poorer than modern democracies. In response, Hoppe argued that comparing mostly African monarchies with mostly European democracies led to a distortion.

Asked by The Intercept in 2021 about his incorporation into far-right internet memes celebrating political murder, Hoppe responded that the question was ignorant, writing, "I have been an intellectual champion of private property right, free markets, freedom of contract and association, and peace", and, "What do I know? There are lots of crazy people out there!"

Covenant communities and discrimination

In Democracy: The God That Failed, Hoppe argues in favor of property owners' right to establish communities with exclusive criteria for admission and acceptance. Hoppe describes a society of "covenant communities" made up of residents who have signed an agreement defining the nature of that community. Hoppe believes that these covenant communities should have the right to certain forms of discrimination, including the physical separation of people whose lifestyle is deemed incompatible with the norms of that community. He writes that "There would be little or no 'tolerance' and 'openmindedness' so dear to left-libertarians. Instead, one would be on the right path toward restoring the freedom of association and exclusion implied in the institution of private property".

Hoppe writes: "In a covenant concluded among proprietor and community tenants for the purpose of protecting their private property, no such thing as a right to free (unlimited) speech exists, . . . naturally no one is permitted to advocate ideas contrary to the very purpose of the covenant of preserving and protecting private property, such as democracy and communism. There can be no tolerance toward democrats and communists in a libertarian social order. They will have to be physically separated and expelled from society. Likewise, in a covenant founded for the purpose of protecting family and kin, there can be no tolerance toward those habitually promoting lifestyles incompatible with this goal. They – the advocates of alternative, non-family and kin-centered lifestyles such as, for instance, individual hedonism, parasitism, nature-environment worship, homosexuality, or communism – will have to be physically removed from society, too, if one is to maintain a libertarian order."

Commenting on this passage, Martin Snyder of the American Association of University Professors said Hoppe's words will disturb "hose with a better memory than Hoppe for segregation, apartheid, internment facilities and concentration camps, for yellow stars and pink triangles". Walter Block describes Hoppe as calling for homosexuals and others to be banned from polite society, and says of Hoppe's statement: "it is stark, it is well written, it is radical...it is still exceedingly difficult to reconcile with libertarianism."

Support for immigration restrictions

Although a self-described anarcho-capitalist who favors abolishing the nation-state, Hoppe also garners controversy due to his support for governmental enforcement of immigration laws, which critics argue is at odds with libertarianism and anarcho-capitalism. Hoppe argues that as long as states exist, they should impose some restrictions on immigration. He has equated free immigration to "forced integration" which violates the rights of native peoples, since if land were privately owned, immigration would not be unhindered but would only occur with the consent of private property owners.

Hoppe's Mises Institute colleague Walter Block has characterized Hoppe as an "anti-open immigration activist" who argues that, though all public property is "stolen" by the state from taxpayers, "the state compounds the injustice when it allows immigrants to use property, thus further "invading" the private property rights of the original owners". However, Block rejects Hoppe's views as incompatible with libertarianism. He argues that Hoppe's logic implies that flagrantly unlibertarian laws such as regulations on prostitution and drug use "could be defended on the basis that many tax-paying property owners would not want such behavior on their own private property". Another libertarian author, Simon Guenzl, writing for Libertarian Papers, argues that: "supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society."

In terms of specific immigration restrictions, Hoppe argued that an appropriate policy will require immigrants to the United States to display proficiency in English in addition to "superior (above-average) intellectual performance and character structure as well as a compatible system of values". He suggested that these criteria would lead to a "systematic pro-European immigration bias". Jacob Hornberger of the Future of Freedom Foundation argued that the immigration test Hoppe advocated would probably be prejudiced against Latin American immigrants to the United States.

Remarks about homosexuals and academic investigation

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Hoppe's statements and ideas concerning race and homosexuality have repeatedly provoked controversy among his libertarian peers and his colleagues at UNLV. Following a 4 March 2004, lecture on time preference at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), a student complained that Hoppe created a hostile classroom environment by asserting that homosexuals tend to be more shortsighted than heterosexuals in their ability to save money and plan economically, in part because they tend not to have children. Hoppe also suggested that John Maynard Keynes's homosexuality might explain his economic views, with which Hoppe disagreed. Hoppe also stated that very young and very old people, and couples without children, were less likely to plan for the future. Hoppe told a reporter that the comments lasted only 90 seconds of a 75-minute class, no students questioned the comments, and that in 18 years of giving the lecture he had not received a complaint about them. At the request of university officials, Hoppe apologized to the class. He said, "Italians tend to eat more spaghetti than Germans, and Germans tend to eat more sauerkraut than Italians" and said that he was speaking in generalities. Thereafter, Hoppe told the reporter, the student alleged that Hoppe did not take the complaint seriously and filed a formal complaint. Hoppe told the reporter that he felt as if he was the victim in the incident and that the student should have been told to "grow up".

An investigation was conducted, and the university's provost, Raymond W. Alden III, issued Hoppe a non-disciplinary letter of instruction on 9 February 2005, with a finding that he had "created a hostile or intimidating educational environment in violation of the University's policies regarding discrimination as to sexual orientation". Alden also instructed Hoppe to "... cease mischaracterizing opinion as objective fact" and said that Hoppe's opinion was not supported by peer-reviewed academic literature.

Hoppe appealed the decision, saying the university had "blatantly violated its contractual obligations" toward him, and described the action as "frivolous interference with my right to academic freedom". He was represented by the American Civil Liberties Union, which threatened legal action. The Nevada ACLU executive director said, "We don't subscribe to Hans' theories and certainly understand why some students find them offensive ... But academic freedom means nothing if it doesn't protect the right of professors to present scholarly ideas that are relevant to their curricula". Alden's decision was picked up by Fox News and several blogs and libertarians organized a campaign to contact the university. The university received two weeks of bad publicity and the Interim Chancellor (Nevada System of Higher Education) Jim Rogers expressed concerns about "any attempts to thwart free speech".

Jim Rogers rejected Hoppe's request for a one-year paid sabbatical. UNLV President Carol Harter acted upon Hoppe's appeal on 18 February 2005, deciding that Hoppe's views, even if non-mainstream or controversial, should not be cause for reprimanding him. She dismissed the discrimination complaint against Hoppe, and the non-disciplinary letter was withdrawn from Hoppe's personnel file. She wrote, "In the balance between freedoms and responsibilities, and where there may be ambiguity between the two, academic freedom must, in the end, be foremost."

Hoppe later wrote about the incident and the UNLV investigation in an article entitled "My Battle With the Thought Police". Martin Snyder of the American Association of University Professors wrote that he should not be "punished for freely expressing his opinions".

Various controversies about academic freedom, including the Hoppe matter and remarks made by Harvard University President Lawrence Summers, prompted the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, to hold a conference on academic freedom in October 2005. In 2009 UNLV proposed a new policy that included the encouragement of reporting by people who felt that they had encountered bias. The proposed policy was criticized by the Nevada ACLU and some faculty members who remembered the Hoppe incident as adverse to academic freedom.

Argumentation ethics

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In the September 1988 issue of Liberty, Hoppe attempted to establish an a priori and value-neutral justification for libertarian ethics by devising a new theory which he named argumentation ethics. Hoppe asserted that any argument which in any respect purports to contradict libertarian principles is logically incoherent.

Hoppe argued that, in the course of having an argument about politics (or indeed any subject), people assume certain norms of argumentation, including a prohibition on initiating violence. Hoppe then extrapolated this argument to political life in general, arguing that the norms governing argumentation should apply in all political contexts. Hoppe claimed that, of all political philosophies, only anarcho-capitalist libertarianism prohibits the initiation of aggressive violence (the non-aggression principle); therefore, any argument for any political philosophy other than anarcho-capitalist libertarianism is logically incoherent.

In the following issue, Liberty published comments by ten libertarians, followed by a rejoinder from Hoppe. In his comment for Liberty, Hoppe's friend and Mises Institute supervisor Murray Rothbard wrote that Hoppe's theory was "a dazzling breakthrough for political philosophy in general and for libertarianism in particular" and that Hoppe "has managed to transcend the famous is/ought, fact/value dichotomy that has plagued philosophy since the days of the Scholastics, and that had brought modern libertarianism into a tiresome deadlock". However, the majority of Hoppe's colleagues surveyed by Liberty rejected his theory. In his response, Hoppe derided his critics as "utilitarians".

Mises Institute Senior Fellow Roderick T. Long stated that Hoppe's a priori formulation of libertarianism denied the fundamental principle of Misesean praxeology. On the issue of utilitarianism, Long wrote, "Hoppe's argument, if it worked, would commit us to recognizing and respecting libertarian rights regardless of what our goals are – but as a praxeologist, I have trouble seeing how any practical requirement can be justified apart from a means-end structure." Libertarian philosopher Jason Brennan rejected Hoppe's argument, saying, "Hoppe's argument illicitly conflates a liberty right with a claim right, and so fails."

Another critic argued that Hoppe had not provided any non-circular reasons why we "have to regard moral values as something that must be regarded as being established through (consensual) argument instead of 'mere' subjective preferences for situations turning out in certain ways". In other words, the theory relies "on the existence certain intuitions, the acceptance of which cannot itself be the result of 'value-free' reasoning."

Influence

Hoppe was an influence on the neoreactionary monarchist blogger Curtis Yarvin, also known as Mencius Moldbug.

Javier Milei, the president of Argentina, has cited Hoppe as one of his major influences and has recommended his bibliography in the past, despite recent grievances between both about the ideologic purity of Milei's administration and the praxis for a libertarian on a democratic system.

Personal life

Hoppe resides in Turkey with his wife Gülçin Imre Hoppe, an Austrian school economist and hotelier.

Selected works

Books (authored)

German

Handeln und Erkennen (in German). Bern (1976). ISBN 978-3261019004. OCLC 2544452.
Kritik der kausalwissenschaftlichen Sozialforschung (in German). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (1983). ISBN 978-3531116242. OCLC 10432202.
Eigentum, Anarchie und Staat Property, Anarchy, and the State (in German). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (1987). ISBN 978-3531118116. OCLC 18226538.

English

A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism. Kluwer Academic Publishers (1988). ISBN 0898382793. Archived from the original. Audiobook Archived 24 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine narrated by Jim Vann.
Economic Science and the Austrian Method. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute (1995). ISBN 094546620X. Audiobook Archived 24 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, narrated by Gennady Stolyarov II.
Democracy: The God That Failed: The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy and Natural Order. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers (2001). ISBN 0765808684. OCLC 46384089.
The Economics and Ethics of Private Property. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006. ISBN 0945466404.
Economy, Society, & History. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute, 2021.

Books (edited)

The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production. Ludwig von Mises Institute (2003). ISBN 978-0945466376. OCLC 53401048.

Book contributions

"Introduction." . In: The Ethics of Liberty, by Murray N. Rothbard. New York University Press (1998). ISBN 978-1610166645. Audiobook available.
"Government and the Private Production of Defense." In: The Myth of National Defense: Essays on the Theory and History of Security Production. Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2003), pp. 335–368. ISBN 978-0945466376. OCLC 53401048. Audiobook narrated by George Pickering.

Articles

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"On the Ultimate Justification of the Ethics of Private Property." Liberty, vol. 2, no. 1 (September 1988): 20–22.
"Symposium: Breakthrough or Buncombe?" Liberty, vol. 2, no. 2 (November 1988): 44–54. Symposium proceedings featuring Murray N. Rothbard, D. Friedman, L. Yeager, D. Gordon and D. Rasmussen.
"Socialism: A Property or Knowledge Problem?" Review of Austrian Economics, vol. 9 (March 1996): 143–149. doi:10.1007/BF01101888.
"Small is Beautiful and Efficient: The Case for Secession." Telos, vol. 107 (Spring 1996).
"The Libertarian Case for Free Trade and Restricted Immigration." Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1998). Center for Libertarian Studies.
"On Property and Exploitation," with Walter Block. International Journal of Value-Based Management, vol. 15 (2002): 225–236.
"My Battle with the Thought Police." Mises Daily (12 April 2005). Ludwig von Mises Institute.

Book reviews

"In Defense of Extreme Rationalism: Thoughts on D. McCloskey's The Rhetoric of Economics." Review of The Rhetoric of Economics by Donald McCloskey. Review of Austrian Economics, vol. 3 (1989): 179–214.

Collected works

Jacob, Thomas (editor). Hoppe Unplugged: Ansichten, Einsichten und Provokationen aus Interviews und Reden von Prof. Hans-Hermann Hoppe . Hamburg: tredition GmbH (2021). Online supplement. "Views, insights and provocations from interviews and speeches by Prof. Hans-Hermann Hoppe."

References

Kanopiadmin (18 August 2014). "The Gary G. Schlarbaum Prize". Mises Institute Awards. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
History of PCPE Archived 25 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, CEVRO Institute, Prague
Deist, Jeff (March–April 2020). "Vol 6, No 2" (PDF). The Austrian. Auburn, AL: Mises Institute. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
Block, Walter E.; Futerman, Alan G. (May 2024). "Rejoined to Hoppe on Israel Versus Hamas" (PDF). MEST Journal: 1–57. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Hoppe is himself divorced. This, presumably, renders him 'abnormal and perverse.' Also, this is hypocrisy.
"Hans-Hermann Hoppe: Why Democracy Fails" Archived 25 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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Jensen, Jacob (April 2022). "Repurposing Mises: Murray Rothbard and the Birth of Anarchocapitalism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 83 (2): 332. doi:10.1353/jhi.2022.0015. ISSN 1086-3222. PMID 35603616. S2CID 248985277. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
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^ Ketcham, Christopher (4 February 2021). "What the Far-Right Fascination With Pinochet's Death Squads Should Tell Us". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
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^ Slobodian, Quinn; Plehwe, Dieter (2019). "Neoliberals Against Europe". In William Callison, Zachary Manfredi (ed.). Mutant Neoliberalism: Market Rule and Political Rupture. United Kingdom: Fordham University Press. p. 2019. ISBN 9780823285730.
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"Alberto Benegas Lynch." Archived 28 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine Cato.org
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (1997). "On Theory and History. Reply to Benegas-Lynch Jr." Archived 24 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Published in Gerard Radnitzky, ed., Values and the Social Order, Vol. 3 (Aldershot: Avebury, 1997).
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^ Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, pp. 216–218
kanopiadmin (11 April 2005). "My Battle With The Thought Police". Mises Institute. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
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^ Guenzl, Simon (23 June 2016). "Public Property and the Libertarian Immigration Debate". Libertarian Papers. 8. I conclude that supporting a legitimate role for the state as an immigration gatekeeper is inconsistent with Rothbardian and Hoppean libertarian anarchism, as well as with the associated strategy of advocating always and in every instance reductions in the state's role in society.
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Block, Walter (2008). Labor Economics From A Free Market Perspective: Employing The Unemployable. World Scientific. p. 225. ISBN 978-9814475860. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Walter Block and Gene Callahan, Is There a Right to Immigration?: A Libertarian Perspective Archived 10 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Review, October–December 2003.
Jacob Hornberger, Let's Stick with Traditional American Values! Archived 17 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The Future of Freedom Foundation, 1 February 2000.
Snyder, Martin. "Birds of a Feather?". Academe. Vol. 91, no. 2. p. 127. ISSN 0190-2946. So what ignited the controversy in Nevada? In March 2004, a student formally accused Hoppe of creating a hostile classroom environment during a lecture on time preference, a notion in economics identifying individuals' varying degrees of willingness to defer the immediate consumption of goods in favor of saving and investment. Hoppe opined that certain demographic groups, for instance homosexuals, tend to be more shortsighted in their economic outlook than those who have children.
Snyder, Martin. "Birds of a Feather?". Academe. Vol. 91, no. 2. p. 127. ISSN 0190-2946. He also suggested that the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes might be explained by Keynes's reputed homosexuality.
^ Richard Lake, "UNLV accused of limiting free speech". Archived from the original on 9 February 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Las Vegas Review-Journal, 5 February 2005.
Alden, III, Raymond W. (9 February 2005). "Findings and non-disciplinary letter of instruction" (PDF). Mises Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
Justin Chomintra, Professor, ACLU may sue UNLV Archived 3 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Rebel Yell, 10 February 2005; reprinted by Stephen Kinsella at Mises.org, 10 February 2005.
^ "Efforts to punish UNLV professor gains exposure". Las Vegas Sun. 8 February 2005. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
"Exoneration sought for UNLV professor". Las Vegas Sun. 21 February 2005. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
"Rogers nixes Hoppe sabbatical". Las Vegas Sun. 23 February 2005. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Carol Harter (18 February 2005). "Statement of Dr. Carol Harter, President of UNLV, regarding Professor Hans-Hermann Hoppe" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2005. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
Hans-Hermann Hoppe, "My Battle With the Thought Police", Ludwig von Mises Institute web site, 12 April 2005.
The role of academic tenure was included during the conference. "Teachers' tenure on front burner". Las Vegas Sun. 13 October 2005. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ The proposed policy defined "bias incidents" as "'verbal, written, or physical acts of intimidation, coercion, interference, frivolous claims, discrimination, and sexual or other harassment motivated, in whole or in part, by bias" based on characteristics including actual or perceived race, religion, sex (including gender identity or gender expression or a pregnancy-related condition), physical appearance and political affiliation.' Hsu, Charlotte (25 April 2009). "ACLU airs free speech concerns on bias policy: Faculty express concern; UNLV official says proposal would encourage expression". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes (Final draft) Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, Department of Police Services, Office of the Vice President for Diversity and Inclusion Policy on Bias Incidents and Hate Crimes.
Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (September 1988). "The Ultimate Justification of the Private Property Ethic" (PDF). Liberty. 2 (1): 20–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2013. The mere fact that an individual argues presupposes that he owns himself and has a right to his own life and property. This provides a basis for libertarian theory radically different from both natural rights theory and utilitarianism.
^ Symposium (November 1988). "Hans-Hermannn Hoppe's Argumentation Ethics: Breakthrough or Buncombe?" (PDF). Liberty. 2 (2): 44–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2017.
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Kinsella, Stephan (13 March 2009). "Revisiting Argumentation Ethics". Mises Economics Blog. Ludwig von Mises Institute. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2022. number of thinkers weighed in, including Rothbard, ... Conway, ... D. Friedman, ... Machan, ... Lomasky, ... Yeager, ...Rasmussen, and others....
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Links to related articles

v t e Anarcho-capitalism
Origins	Aristotelianism Austrian school of economics Marginalism School of Salamanca Subjective theory of value Objectivism Classical liberalism French Liberal School Homestead principle Labor theory of property Physiocracy Individualist anarchism
Concepts	Anti-statism Civil rights Corporate governance Counter-economics Decentralization Departurism Deregulation Economic liberalism Evictionism Free market Free-market roads Free trade Freedom of contract Individualism Jurisdictional arbitrage Laissez-faire Land tenure Market anarchism Natural law Non-aggression principle Polycentric law Private defense (Army (Company / list), Intelligence, Investigator, Police, Security) Private property Privatization Propertarianism Property rights Right to property Self-ownership Spontaneous order Title-transfer theory of contract Voluntaryism
People	Bruce L. Benson Walter Block Bryan Caplan Gerard Casey Anthony de Jasay David D. Friedman Hans-Hermann Hoppe Michael Huemer Stephan Kinsella Nick Land Michael Malice Javier Milei Robert P. Murphy Wendy McElroy Lew Rockwell Murray Rothbard Joseph Salerno Jeffrey Tucker Tom Woods Curtis Yarvin
Works	The Market for Liberty (1970) For a New Liberty (1973) The Machinery of Freedom (1973) Defending the Undefendable (1976) The Ethics of Liberty (1982) To Serve and Protect (1998) Democracy: The God That Failed (2001) The Myth of the Rational Voter (2007) The Voluntary City (2002) The Problem of Political Authority (2012)
Issues	Abortion Anarchism Capital punishment Criticism Foreign affairs Immigration Inheritance Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Minarchism Objectivism Political parties Politics Theories of law
Related topics	Accelerationism Agorism Paleo-libertarianism Right-libertarianism Libertarianism in the United States Left-libertarianism
Category

v t e Austrian school economics
Influences	Classical economics French liberal school Frédéric Bastiat Jean-Baptiste Say Gustave de Molinari School of Salamanca
Founders	Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk Friedrich Hayek Carl Menger Ludwig von Mises Friedrich von Wieser
Other contributors	Bruce L. Benson Walter Block Peter Boettke Thomas DiLorenzo Frank Fetter Roger Garrison Gottfried Haberler Henry Hazlitt Robert Higgs Hans-Hermann Hoppe Steven Horwitz Jesús Huerta de Soto Israel Kirzner Ludwig Lachmann Peter Leeson Fritz Machlup Robert Murphy William H. Peterson David Prychitko Larry Reed George Reisman Richard Ritter von Strigl Murray Rothbard Joseph Salerno Mark Skousen Gerhard Tintner
See also	List of Austrian-school economists The Use of Knowledge in Society

Libertarianism

Origins

Schools

Libertarian capitalism (Right-libertarianism)	Anarcho-capitalism Autarchism Christian libertarianism Conservative libertarianism Consequentialist libertarianism Fusionism Libertarian transhumanism Minarchism Natural-rights libertarianism Neo-classical liberalism Bleeding-heart libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Propertarianism Voluntaryism
Libertarian socialism (Left-libertarianism)	Anarchism collectivist communist free-market agorism green individualist insurrectionary libertarian communism mutualism philosophical social syndicalist Autonomism Communalism Guild socialism Libertarian Marxism Syndicalism

Concepts

Philosophers

Left-wing	Bakunin Bookchin Camus Chomsky Cleyre Déjacque Fourier Godwin Goldman Guérin Hodgskin Kropotkin Marcuse Öcalan Proudhon Warren Tucker
Right-wing	Bastiat Block Brennan Emerson D. Friedman M. Friedman R. Friedman Goldwater Hayek Herbert Hoppe Jillette Kinsella Korwin-Mikke Lane Locke von Mises de Molinari Nock Nozick Paterson Rand Read Rothbard Simon Spencer Stossel
Other	George Hess Konkin III de La Boétie McElroy Paine Spooner Stirner Szasz Thoreau

Politicians

Issues

Works

Atlas Shrugged (1957)
The Market for Liberty (1970)
For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973)
Law, Legislation and Liberty (1973–1979)
Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
Free to Choose (1980)

Social philosophy