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| ] | |||
| ] is an academic scholar on the Middle East and, since 2002, an a media commentator and blog pundit. His political comments and views have attracted lively controversy. | |||
| ==Cole's Views== | |||
| === On the war in Iraq === | |||
| Cole is a staunch critic of the ]'s policy in Iraq. He has been highly critical of the conduct of the American and British post-War efforts to rebuild Iraq and particularly its government. In particular, the decisions to disband the ], the treatment of prisoners in Iraq, and the details of the interim Constitution of Iraq have been problematic for Cole. As of May 2006, he believes Iraq is actually in a state of civil war and is not optimistic that large scale conflict between ]s, ]s, ], and ]s, or the breakup of Iraq similar to Yugoslavia could be avoided in the absence of the occupation forces. He has been highly skeptical of the war's value in combatting international terrorism and suggests it could increase terrorism by drawing into Iraqi and other Muslim recruits (Jihadists) who have been angered by the US invasion, and would otherwise have not become violent extremists. | |||
| In May 2004, Cole published an article in ] arguing that the U.S. invasion of Iraq has led to an increase in pan-Arab nationalism, creating alliances between the former Baathists and the religious nationalists that did not exist under Saddam Hussein. Cole warned: | |||
| :''The US envisaged its presence in Iraq as a grand nation-building exercise. How ironic that so many Iraqis are coming together with the goal of expelling the US. In the 19th century the Ottoman sultan, Abdulhamid II, and the reformer, Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, launched the pan-Islamic project - the unity of Sunnis and Shia against European imperialism - but it always failed. The US hyperpower seems finally to be nudging the movement from a dream into political reality. | |||
| In July 2005, Cole published an article in ] arguing that the war in Iraq has benefited Washington's main enemy Iran more than anyone else involved in the region: "The United States lacks the troops, but perhaps even more critically, it is now dependent on Iran to help it deal with a vicious guerrilla war that it cannot win. In the Middle East, the twists and turns of history tend to make strange bedfellows -- something the neocons, whose breathtaking ignorance of the region helped bring us to this place, are now learning to their dismay." | |||
| In May 2006, he published a critique of Bush's Iraq policy on his weblog, arguing that the effect of the U.S. invasion has been to give al-Qaeda a base of operations in Iraq: | |||
| :''The Bush Administration trumpets that a defeat of "al-Qaeda" in Iraq would be decisive for defeating terrorism in the world at large. But Bush and his policies led to there being anything like an effective Islamic radical terrorism in Iraq in the first place. The tiny Ansar al-Islam group that operated in the north before 2003 had been hunted by the Baath security and only survived because of the US no-fly zone that prevented Iraqi armor from being deployed against it. Bush has not shown any particular ability to put this genie, which he unleashed, back in the bottle. His war in Iraq has been an enormous boon to the international Salafi Jihadi movement, encouraging angry youths from all over the world to join it to fight to the US. Bush by his aggressive and inept policies is creating the phenomenon he says he is fighting, and so can never defeat it. | |||
| Cole critics have stated that he has made contradictory statements about the Iraqi invasion. For example, on March 19, 2003, on the eve of the invasion, he wrote approvingly of ]'s removal by force: "I remain convinced that, for all the concerns one might have about the aftermath, the removal of Saddam Hussein and the murderous ] regime from power will be worth the sacrifices that are about to be made on all sides" <ref>Cole, Juan Informed Comment, March 31, 2003</ref> Cole responded to these critics saying "My position on the war was in fact very complex. I thought it was a terrible idea, but declined to come out against it because I believed that if Saddam's genocidal regime could be removed by the international community in a legal way, that some good would have been accomplished. But the bottom line is that I thought a war would be legal only if the ] authorized it."<ref>Cole, Juan Informed Comment, June 12, 2005</ref> | |||
| === On the "Israel lobby" and US foreign policy=== | |||
| Cole has been a harsh critic of a group of current and former US government officials, which he alleges have ties to the ] Party. Cole believes these individuals cannot be trusted to put the interests of the US ahead of those of their alleged other loyalties. Charging that this group has dual loyalties, Cole writes: "I believe that ], for instance, has dual loyalties to the Israeli Likud Party and to the U.S. Republican Party. He thinks that their interests are completely congruent. And I also think that if he has to choose, he will put the interests of the Likud above the interests of the Republican Party.<br>I don't think there is anything a priori wrong with Feith being so devoted to the Likud Party. That is his prerogative. But as an American, I don't want a person with those sentiments to serve as the number 3 man in the Pentagon. I frankly don't trust him to put America first.<ref name="DualLoyal">Cole, Juan Informed Comment, September 09, 2004</ref> | |||
| Cole sees support in the controversial ] and ] 2006 working paper '']'' <ref name="IsraelLobbyComment">Cole, Juan. '''', ], April 19. 2006.</ref> | |||
| Cole has stated that, "political dual loyalties have nothing to do with any particular ethnicity".<ref name="DualLoyal">Cole, Juan Informed Comment, September 09, 2004</ref>. | |||
| Some critics see Cole's criticism of certain US government officials as holding dual loyalites as an "anti-semitic ]" and an example of ].<ref> by ] (FrontPageMagazine) December 7, 2004</ref> <ref name="DeclineOfMES"> Alexander H. Joffe, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2006 13(1)</ref> ], professor and Head of Mediterranean Studies at King's College London, writes: "Cole may express offense at '']'', but obsession with the supposed international influence of "world Zionism" resonates powerfully in his own writings." <ref name="Karsh">, by ] in the ]</ref> | |||
| Cole has responded that his US ] and Israeli "Likudnik" critics have used claims of "anti-semitism" against him not because they believe he is anti-semitic, but rather as a tool of intimidation due to his political views: "So this is the way it goes with the Likudniks. First they harass you and try to have you spied on. Then they threaten, bully and try to intimidate you. And if that fails and you show some spine, then they simply lie about you. (In this case the lies are produced by quoting half a passage, or denuding it of its context, or adopting a tone of pained indignation when quoting a perfectly obvious observation)... The thing that most pains me in all this is the use of the word 'anti-semite'." He has in turn accused his critics of "...encouraging a new kind of anti-semitism, which sees it as unacceptable that Jews should be liberals or should criticize Likud Party policies"<ref>Cole, Juan , Informed Comment, December 8, 2004</ref>. He has also made it clear that he does not feel most American Jews were in favor of the war in Iraq or support the interests of ], and states that, "no one should blame 'the Jews' for the Iraq War."<ref>Cole, Juan Informed Comment, June 20, 2005</ref> | |||
| Cole has since started a petition to ] to defend Mearsheimer and Walt from what he calls "baseless charges of ]".<ref name="Cole Petition">Cole, Juan. , April 27, 2006</ref> | |||
| ===On Israel=== | |||
| {{expandsect}} | |||
| Cole has stated that he views the state of ] as "a project of ] that is as legitimate as any other national project"<ref name="MisuseOfAntiSemitism">, Juan Cole, The History News Network, September 30 2006</ref>. Critic ], however, has argued out that Cole's position vis-a-vis Israel's existence is more ambiguous than this statement would suggest. Karsh points to a book review in which Cole wrote, "While one certainly cheers the British for giving refuge in Palestine to Jews fleeing Hitler, it would have been nobler yet to admit them to the British Isles rather than saddling a small, poor peasant country with 500,000 immigrants hungry to make the place their own." <ref name="Lewis">, Juan Cole, Global Dialogue, 27 January 2003</ref>. Karsh took exception to this statement, claiming that by it, Cole "makes clear that he thinks the Middle East would have been better off without the Jewish state. Discounting altogether the millenarian Jewish attachment to Palestine, so as to misrepresent Israel's creation as an ordinary colonialist project."<ref name="Karsh">, by ] in the ]</ref> | |||
| Cole believes that the United States, as Israel's "close ally and friend", should defend Israel from its enemies" <ref name="ArabAntiSemitism">'''', Juan Cole, December 14 2004</ref>, but at the same time he also claims that Israel's supporters in the US government "use the ] as Israel's Gurkha regiment, fighting elective wars on behalf of Tel Aviv", such as the war on Iraq."<ref name="Gurkha ">, by ] in ]</ref>. ] criticized this comment, claiming that "Suggestions that American Jewish officials desired 'someone else's boys' to fight is anti-Semitic and a common refrain in Cole's commentary"<ref name="DeclineOfMES"> Alexander H. Joffe, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2006 13(1)</ref>. | |||
| Cole is a vocal critic of some of Israel's policies claiming "Israel as a state is not perfect and cannot be above criticism in democratic societies, including practical criticism."<ref name="MisuseOfAntiSemitism"/> Specifically, Cole was critical of Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and in particular "Ariel Sharon's arrogant trampling on the basic human rights of Palestinians" during 2001 and 2002 and felt that "U.S. government keeps silent about Israeli human rights abuses."<ref name="MisuseOfAntiSemitism"/> With regards to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict Cole held the position in 2002 that the "main obstacle to a comprehensive peace has been Israel's refusal to give the Palestinians and the Syrians the same deal they gave Egypt."<ref name="ArabAntiSemitism"/> Cole has long advocated a comprehensive Middle East peace granting the Palestinians their own state on the West Bank and Gaza. He advocates peace treaties with full trade in accord with the ]. | |||
| ==Controversies== | |||
| ===Expertise=== | |||
| ] has challenged Cole's expertise on subjects he addresses in his blog: "Having done hardly any independent research on the twentieth-century Middle East, Cole's analysis of this era is essentially derivative, echoing the conventional wisdom among Arabists and ]s regarding Islamic and Arab history, the creation of the modern Middle East in the wake of World War I, and its relations with the outside world." <ref name="Karsh">, by ] in the ]</ref>. Critics have characterized Cole's extra-academic work as promoting, "] over ]" <ref name="DeclineOfMES"></ref><ref>, John Fund, ], Monday, April 24, 2006 </ref> | |||
| <ref>, Michael Rubin, ], Tuesday, April 18, 2006</ref> <ref>, Eliana Johnson and Mitch Webber, ], April 18, 2006</ref> Cole has also been criticized for altering his blog posts after they were demonstrated to contain incorrect historical information, while failing to indicate changes had been made<ref>, Martin Kramer, Sandbox blog, 10 July 2005</ref>. cited in <ref name="DeclineOfMES"></ref>. | |||
| ===Campus Watch "Dossier"=== | |||
| Cole threatened legal action against ] and historian ], after their organization, ], <ref>, Martin Kramer, Sandstorm blog, September 18, 2002</ref> published a "dossier" on Cole on their Web site. Cole asserted that the document (found online at)<ref>, Screenshot on </ref> incorrectly portrayed him as a supporter of Islamic extremism, exposed him to acts of violence, and thus constituted "stalking." | |||
| ===MEMRI=== | |||
| Cole was threatened with legal action by Yigal Carmon of for making what Carmon described as "patently false" claims about ], an organization led by Carmon. Cole called MEMRI, "a sophisticated anti-Arab propaganda machine...essentially on behalf of the Likud party of Israel..funded to the tune of $60 million a year by someone"<ref name="BinLadenThreat"> at Juan Cole's blog. November 02, 2004</ref> MEMRI's actual funding, as reported to the ] is less than $2 million a year.<ref></ref> In a personal letter to Cole, Carmon objected to Cole's statements, saying that they went, "beyond what could be considered legitimate criticism, and...qualify as slander and libel" and objected to Cole's "trying to paint MEMRI in a conspiratorial manner by portraying us as a rich, sinister group". Cole posted Carmon's letter on his blog, along with a suggestion that Carmon was threatening to sue not because he found Cole's remarks libelous, but out of an attempt to silence him using a ]. | |||
| <ref>. November 23, 2004</ref>" | |||
| ===Translation disputes=== | |||
| ====Osama Bin Laden Video==== | |||
| Right before the November 2004 US Presidential election, Osama bin Laden released a video in which he said:"...your security is not in the hands of Kerry, nor Bush, nor al-Qaeda. No. Your security is in your own hands. And every that doesn't play with our security has automatically guaranteed its own security." ], an organization specializing in producing translations of Arabic language and Farsi media, used the modern standard Arabic definition of "]" as "province or administrative district" (as in as in the Arabic name of the United States of America, الولايات الأمريكية المتح), to translate "wilayah" as "]" and suggested that bin Laden was attempting to speak to voters in individual states to influence their choice of candidate<ref> by Yigal Carmon. November 1, 2004</ref> . Cole attacked MEMRI's translation on his blog, calling it a "re-interpretation". He speculated that bin Laden was not using standard Arabic, but rather, either an archaic or a fundamentalists' sense of the word meaning "government", or that he might have lapsed into a local idiom in which "wilayah" might mean "city".<ref name="BinLadenThreat"> at Juan Cole's blog. November 02, 2004</ref>. ] translated the expression in question as "every state".<ref> at Al-Jazeera. 01 November 2004</ref> | |||
| ====Iranian President ]'s comments on Israel==== | |||
| In an October 26, 2005 speech, Iranian President Ahmadinehad referred to a statement that had been made by Imam ], calling it "very wise": "een rezhim-e ishghalgar-e Qods bayad az safheh-ye ruzgar mahv shavad." "Qods" is Farsi for Jerusalem. The phrase was translated by the ] as Israel,"must be wiped off the map". A similar translation was provided by the ], ]<ref></ref>, and Iran's official IRNA news agency <ref></ref>. Cole translated the phrase as, the occupation of Jerusalem, "must from the page of time." ] similarly translated the phrase as, 'This regime that is occupying Qods must be eliminated from the pages of history"<ref>'''' ], October 28, 2005</ref> The interpretation of this remark has been controversial. Some have interpreted it as a threat of an Iranian attack against Israel, while Cole has suggested it refers to an inevitable and grand historical process. ] has criticized Cole's translation for implying that Ahmadinejad believes that only Israel's "occupation" of Jerusalem needs to end, while most other translators say that he is suggesting the whole of Israel should be destroyed. <ref>, Christopher Hitchens, ], Tuesday, May 2, 2006</ref><ref name="Hitch"> Juan Cole, Informed Comment blog, May 03, 2006</ref>. Cole states that <ref name="Hitch"> Juan Cole, Informed Comment blog, May 03, 2006</ref> "Ahmadinejad...has condemned mass killing of any sort and was not threatening military action (he is in any case not in command of the Iranian military). He compares his hope for an end to any Zionist regime in geographical Palestine to Khomeini's prediction that the Soviet Union would one day vanish. It wasn't a hope to kill Soviet citizens, but a desire for regime change."<ref></ref> | |||
| == Cole and other pundits == | |||
| * - ] interview with Cole, ], ] | |||
| * | |||
| * , by ] in the ] | |||
| ** | |||
| * by Cole | |||
| **] responds in | |||
| * by Cole | |||
| **Ali of the blog ''Iraq The Model'' responds with | |||
| ***Cole | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
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