Misplaced Pages

Maladzyechna: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 13:23, 30 May 2006 editLigulem (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers28,245 edits <ref> after punctuation, not before← Previous edit Latest revision as of 18:38, 31 October 2024 edit undoMellk (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users59,215 edits −Category:Maladzyechna District; −Category:Populated places in Minsk Region; −Category:Towns in Belarus; +Category:Maladzyechna using HotCat 
(347 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox settlement
]
| settlement_type = ]
]
| name = Maladzyechna
'''Maładečna''' (also spelled: '''Maladzechna''') ({{lang-be|Маладэ́чна, Маладзе́чна}}, {{lang-ru|Молоде́чно}}, {{lang-pl|Mołodeczno}}) is a city in the ] of ], an administrative center of the Maładečna district. It is located 72 km northwest of ], at {{coor dm|54|19|N|26|51|E|}}. Located on the Usza River, it has been a settlement since ] when it was part of the ].
| other_name = Molodechno
| native_name = {{native name|be|Маладзечна|italics=off}}<br/>{{native name|ru|Молодечно|italics=off}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Park in Maladziečna 2.jpg{{!}}Park
| image2 = Maladzyechna, Belarus - panoramio (24).jpg{{!}}Prytytskaha Street
| image3 = Молодечно, Молодечненский район, Минская область, Беларусь 80.jpg{{!}}College
}}
| image_caption = From top, left to right: Park, Prytytskaha Street, College
| image_flag = Flag_of_Maladzechna%2C_Belarus.svg
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Maładečna, Belarus.svg
| flag_size = 150
| shield_size = 75
| pushpin_map = Belarus
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = ]
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| subdivision_type2 = ]
| subdivision_name2 = ]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| established_title = First mentioned
| established_date = 16 December 1388
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 30
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/|archive-date=2 April 2024|website=belsat.gov.by|access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref>
| population_total = 89,068
| population_metro =
| population_est =
| population_est_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = +3
| coordinates = {{coord|54|19|15|N|26|51|26|E|region:BY|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m =
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 222301-10
| area_code = +375 176
| blank_name = License plate
| blank_info = 5
| website =
| footnotes =
}}


'''Maladzyechna'''<!--See WP:BELARUSIANNAMES--> or '''Molodechno''' ({{langx|be|Маладзечна|Maladziechna}},{{efn|].}} {{IPA-be|maɫaˈdzʲetʂna|IPA}}; {{langx|ru|Молодечно}}; {{langx|pl|Mołodeczno}}) is a town in ], ].<ref name="pop"/> It serves as the administrative centre of ] (and formerly of ] from 1944 to 1960).<ref name="pop"/> Maladzyechna is located {{convert|72|km}} northwest of ]. In 2006, it had an estimated population of 98,514 inhabitants.<ref name="Gazeteer">{{cite web|author=Stefan Helders |title=Maladziečna |year=2005 |work=World Gazetteer |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-43&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&geo=519572686 |access-date=2006-06-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209142702/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-43&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&geo=519572686 |archive-date=2013-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, it has a population of 89,068.<ref name="pop"/>
Near Maładečna there is a VLF-transmitter for transmitting ].


Located on the ], it has been a settlement since 1388 when it was part of the ]. It was also home to the ] facility ].
== History ==


== History==
The fortification on the right bank of the Usza was first mentioned in ], although it is probable it was erected even before that date. Rectangular earthworks with stone walls 3,5 metres high and 11 metres wide formed the basis of the future castles and military camps formed on that location.<ref name="Rzecz-pospolita">{{pl icon}} {{cite web | author=Piotr Bielerzewski | title=Mołodeczno | publisher= | year=2004 | work=Rzeczpospolita Wirtualna | url=http://rzecz-pospolita.com/molodeczno.php3 | accessdate=2006-05-16 }}</ref> The town itself was first mentioned the following year in a document issued by ], Prince of ], who on ] assured his tributary fidelity to King ] and ]. In ] the place was donated by King ] to certain Michael of Mstislav, on the condition that the latter provided a safe river passage for the nobles and hunters dwelling in the area. The privilege was further confirmed on ], ]<ref name="Słownik">{{en icon}} {{pl icon}} {{cite book | author = | coauthors = | title =Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich | year =1885 | editor =Filip Sulimierski, Bronisław Chlebowski, Władysław Walewski | pages =960 | volume=VI | publisher =Wł. Walewski | location =Warsaw | url =http://www.polishroots.org/slownik/molodeczno.htm | format = | accessdate =2006-05-16 }}</ref>
{{refimprove section|date=September 2024}}
===Early history===
The ] on the right bank of the {{ill|Usha (river)|ru|Уша (приток Вилии)|lt=Usha River}} was first mentioned in 1388, although it is probable it was erected even before that date. Rectangular earthworks with stone walls 3,5 metres high and 11 metres wide formed the basis of the future castles and military camps formed on that location.<ref name="Rzecz-pospolita">{{cite web |author=Piotr Bielerzewski |title=Mołodeczno |year=2004 |work=Rzeczpospolita Wirtualna |url=http://rzecz-pospolita.com/molodeczno.php3 |access-date=2006-05-16 |language=pl}}</ref> The town itself was first mentioned the following year in a document issued by ], Prince of ], who on December 16 assured his tributary fidelity to his cousin, King ] and ].<ref name=sgk/>


In 1501, the Maladzyechna was donated by King ] to certain Michael of ], on the condition that the latter provided a safe river passage for the nobles and hunters dwelling in the area. The privilege was further confirmed on July 12, 1511.<ref name="Słownik">{{in lang|en|pl}} {{cite book |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich |year=1885 |editor1=Filip Sulimierski |editor2=Bronisław Chlebowski |editor3=Władysław Walewski |volume=VI |publisher=Wł. Walewski |location=Warsaw |url=http://www.polishroots.org/slownik/molodeczno.htm |access-date=2006-05-16 |page=960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221215122/http://www.polishroots.org/slownik/molodeczno.htm |archive-date=2006-02-21 }}</ref>
After Michael's heirless death, the locality passed through different hands until finally in ] it was acquired by Prince ], the ]. In ], that is the following year, a battle took place in the vicinity of the castle, in which the 40,000 men strong army of the ] defeated the forces of ]. In ] it was bought by ], the ]. Around that time the village had 1000 inhabitants. On ], ] Sapieha sold it to Stanisław Siemiott, the chamberlain of ], who then divided the villages surrounding Maładečna among his sons. Following a testament conflict between the descendantd of Siemiott and ], the Voivod of ], the town remained a property of the Gosiewski family. During their ownership of Maładečna the fortifications were extended and strengthened significantly by addition of several ]s. Around that time Maładečna started to be referred to as a town, eventhough it was officially a village and was not granted with a city charter. Nevertheless, it served as a centre of trade and commerce for the surrounding villages and also gained significant profits from transit between Lithuania and Poland. In ] the castle was one of the headquarters of the ] of King ], which led to its partial devastation in the effect of a battle between the Swedes and the Russian forces.


After Michael's heirless death, the locality passed through different hands until finally in 1567 it was acquired by Princess ], wife of Stafan Zbaraski, the ].<ref name=sgk/> In 1568, that is the following year, a battle took place in the vicinity of the castle, in which the 40,000 men strong army of the ] defeated the forces of ]. In 1617 it was bought by ], the ].<ref name=sgk/> Around that time the village had 1,000 inhabitants. On August 20, 1631, Sapieha sold it to Stanisław Szemiott, the chamberlain of ], who then divided the villages surrounding Maladziečna among his sons.<ref name=sgk/> Following a testament conflict between the descendants of Szemiott and ], the Voivode of ], the town remained a property of the Gosiewski family. During their ownership of Maladziečna the fortifications were extended and strengthened significantly by addition of several ]s. Around that time Maladziečna started to be referred to as a town, even though it was officially a village and was not granted with a city charter. Nevertheless, it served as a centre of trade and commerce for the surrounding villages and also gained significant profits from transit between Lithuania and Poland. In 1708 the castle was one of the headquarters of the ] of King ], which led to its partial devastation in the effect of a battle between the Swedes and the Russian forces.
On ], ] Bishop ], sold the town to the mighty ] family. Among the owners of the area were ] and ], the Castellan of ]. The Ogiński family became the main benefactors of the area, as they made it one of the main centres of their domain. They erected a new, classicist palace with notable frescoes, as well as a late renaissance church. It was also them to ask the king ] to grant the town with a city charter. Although it was not granted, in ] the monarch granted the town with the privilege of organization of two fairs a year and 2 markets every week. In mid-18th century the Ogiński's also founded a monastery of the ] there.


] church and monastery in 1928]]
Following the ], the area was annexed by ] and the palace was abandoned soon afterwards. The castle was also neglected. During the final stages of ] it was there that the ] made its last stand in former ]. In early November of ] ] gave his last orders to his marshals there, after which he left for ]. On ] of that year the Russian forces arrived at the French camp there and defeated the already-routed French forces led by ]. In the effect of the fights the town was completely demolished, as were the monastery and the castle. Because of that, in mid-19th century the town had not more than 500 inhabitants.
On September 18, 1711, Bishop ], sold the town to the mighty ] family.<ref name=sgk>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VI|year=1885|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=647}}</ref> Among the owners of the area were ] and ], the Castellan of ] (Lithuania). The Ogiński family became the main benefactors of the area, as they made it one of the main centres of their domain. They erected a new, classicist palace with notable frescoes, as well as a late renaissance church. It was also them to ask the king ] to grant the town with a city charter. Although it was not granted, in 1730 the monarch granted the town with the privilege of organization of two fairs a year and 2 markets every week. In mid-18th century the Ogiński's also founded a monastery of the ] there.<ref name=sgk/>


Within the ], Maladziečna was part of ].
It was not until the later part of the century that the town started to gradually recover. In ] a Russian-language school was opened there and in ] an Orthodox church of ] was built at the main town square. In ] it was linked to the world by the ]-] railway, which sparked a period of economic recovery of the entire region. In early ] an additional rail line was opened, linking ] and ] with ] and ]. This made the town a major railway junction and attracted many new settlers, in large part Jewish. By the outbreak of ] the town had already over 2,000 inhabitants.


===Late modern period===
During the war, the town was the headquarters of the Russian 10th Army of the Western Front. Between February and December of ] it was under German occupation, but was then seized by the ] forces during the ]. On ], ] the town was taken by the ] units led by Gen. ], during their advance towards Minsk. However, the town was again briefly occupied by the Russian forces in the course of the ]. Following the ] it was granted to Poland, but the border between Poland and the Soviet Union was only 30 kilometres to the east, which cut Mołodeczno, as the town was known in Polish, from much of its natural economical background. To counter the threat of economic decline, on ], ] the town was granted with ] and became a capital of a separate ] within the ].
In 1793, Maladziečna was acquired by the ] as a result of the ]. The palace was abandoned soon afterwards. The castle was also neglected. During the final stages of ] it was there that the ] made its last stand in former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In early November 1812 ] gave his last orders to his marshals there, after which he left for ]. On November 21 of that year the Polish-born Russian general ] arrived at the French camp there and defeated the already-routed French forces led by ]. In the effect of the fights the town was completely demolished, as were the monastery and the castle. Because of that, in mid-19th century the town had not more than 500 inhabitants.
]


It was not until the later part of the century that the town started to gradually recover. In 1864 a Russian-language school was opened there and in 1871 an ] church of ] was built at the main town square. In 1873 it was linked to the world by the ]–] railway, which sparked a period of economic recovery of the entire region. In early 20th century an additional rail line was opened, linking ] and ] with ] and ]. This made the town a major railway junction and attracted many new settlers, in large part Jewish. By the outbreak of World War I the town had already over 2,000 inhabitants.
In the effect of the ] and the ], the town was annexed by the ]. The ] expropriated the local school for teachers and set up one of its ]s there. After the ] the camp was set free, but at the same time the new German authorities sent most of the local Jewish inhabitants to the German concentration camps throughout the occupied Europe. In addition, the German Wehrmacht has set up the infamous ] for the Soviet prisoners of war there, in which at least 30,000 people were killed.<ref name="Rzecz-pospolita"/> On ], ] the town was yet again seized by the USSR. Following the ] it was annexed to the ]. Since ] it is a part of the ].


]
==Notes and references==
During the war, the town was the headquarters of the Russian 10th Army of the Western Front. Between February and December 1918 it was under German occupation, but was then seized by the ] forces during the ]. On July 4, 1919, the town was captured by the ] units led by Gen. ],<ref name="Rzecz-pospolita" /> during their advance towards Minsk. However, the town was again held by the Russian forces in the course of the ] between 12 July 1920 and 12 October 1920. Following the ] it was transferred to the ], but the border between Poland and the Soviet Union was only 30 kilometres to the east, which cut Mołodeczno, as the town was known in Polish, from much of its economical background.
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/Cite/Cite.php -->

<div class="references-small">
It became a ] of the Polish Army, with the 86th Infantry Regiment stationed there since 1922.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mieczkowski|first=Stanisław|title=Zarys historji wojennej 86-go mińskiego pułku piechoty|year=1929|location=Warszawa|language=pl|page=39}}</ref> To counter the threat of economic decline, it became a capital of separate ] (county) within the ] on April 1, 1927,<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. o zmianie granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego.|year=1925|volume=67|number=472}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 marca 1926 r. w sprawie niektórych zmian rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. o zmianie granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego.|year=1926|volume=26|number=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 14 stycznia 1927 r. w sprawie zmiany rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 marca 1926 r. o niektórych zmianach rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. w przedmiocie zmiany granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego.|year=1927|volume=8|number=62}}</ref> and on April 26, 1929, the town was granted with ] and its city limits were expanded.<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 kwietnia 1929 r. o zaliczeniu osady (miasteczka) Mołodeczno w powiecie mołodeczańskim, województwie wileńskiem w poczet miast i włączeniu do nowoutworzonego miasta niektórych osiedli.|year=1929|volume=33|number=308}}</ref>
::'''In-line:'''

<references/>
===World War II===
::'''General:'''
On 17 September 1939, Maladzyechna was ] and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the ]. On 4 December 1939, Maladzyechna became a part of the newly formed ] of the Byelorussian SSR. The ] expropriated the local school for teachers and set up one of its ]s there.
</div>

]
From 25 June 1941 until 5 July 1944, Maladzyechna was ] and administered as a part of the '']'' of '']''. On 13 and 18 July, the German '']'' and '']'' committed massacres of some 100 people, almost entirely Jews.<ref name=ushm>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Dean|first2=Martin|year=2012|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume II|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=1243|isbn=978-0-253-35599-7}}</ref> In June 1942, the ] was liquidated with some 700 Jews massacred near the city by the '']'', and then some 25–30 Jews from a local ] camp were massacred on 7 September 1942, and the camp was eventually dissolved in July 1943 with the remaining Jews deported to ].<ref name=ushm/> In addition, the German Wehrmacht has set up the infamous ] for the Soviet prisoners of war there, in which at least 30,000 people were killed.<ref name="Rzecz-pospolita" />

On 5 July 1944, the advancing ] recaptured Maladzyechna in the course of the ]. The town resumed its status as a part of the ]. The heavy damage that ] suffered during the war made it unsuitable to perform the role of the administrative centre, thus Maladzyechna, which was located only 20 kilometres away from Vileyka, became the new administrative centre when the civilian control was restored in the BSSR on 20 September 1944.

===Post-war period===
] also survived the 1954 reform which halved the amount of regions in the BSSR, but on 20 January 1960, the Region was disestablished, and the town of Maladzyechna became part of the modern ], in which it remains today as part of the Republic of Belarus.

== Sport ==
] of the ] is the local pro hockey team.

== Partner cities ==
]

* {{Flag icon|Russia}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Russia}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Russia}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Russia}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Moldova}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Bulgaria}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Germany}} ]
* {{Flag icon|Latvia}} ]

== Sights ==

Near Maladziečna there is a VLF-transmitter for transmitting ].

== Notable residents ==

* ] (1589, Maladziečna - 1635), son of ], Marshal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jan Stanisław Sapieha|url=http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/jan-stanislaw-sapieha-1589-1635-marszalek-wielki-litewski|access-date=2022-01-11|website=www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl|language=pl}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Maladziečna|Maladzyechna}}
{{Commonscat|Maladzechna}}
*
* *
* {{in lang|ru}}
*
* {{ru icon}} * {{in lang|ru}}
* {{in lang|ru}}
* {{in lang|ru}}

{{Minsk Region}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 18:38, 31 October 2024

Town in Minsk Region, Belarus
Maladzyechna Маладзечна (Belarusian)
Молодечно (Russian)Molodechno
Town
From top, left to right: Park, Prytytskaha Street, College
Flag of MaladzyechnaFlagCoat of arms of MaladzyechnaCoat of arms
Maladzyechna is located in BelarusMaladzyechnaMaladzyechna
Coordinates: 54°19′15″N 26°51′26″E / 54.32083°N 26.85722°E / 54.32083; 26.85722
CountryBelarus
RegionMinsk Region
DistrictMaladzyechna District
First mentioned16 December 1388
Area
 • Total30 km (10 sq mi)
Population
 • Total89,068
 • Density3,000/km (7,700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)
Postal code222301-10
Area code+375 176
License plate5
WebsiteOfficial site

Maladzyechna or Molodechno (Belarusian: Маладзечна, romanized: Maladziechna, IPA: [maɫaˈdzʲetʂna]; Russian: Молодечно; Polish: Mołodeczno) is a town in Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative centre of Maladzyechna District (and formerly of Molodechno Region from 1944 to 1960). Maladzyechna is located 72 kilometres (45 mi) northwest of Minsk. In 2006, it had an estimated population of 98,514 inhabitants. As of 2024, it has a population of 89,068.

Located on the Usha River, it has been a settlement since 1388 when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was also home to the Cold War facility Maladzyechna air base.

History

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Early history

The fortification on the right bank of the Usha River [ru] was first mentioned in 1388, although it is probable it was erected even before that date. Rectangular earthworks with stone walls 3,5 metres high and 11 metres wide formed the basis of the future castles and military camps formed on that location. The town itself was first mentioned the following year in a document issued by Kaributas, Prince of Severian Novgorod, who on December 16 assured his tributary fidelity to his cousin, King Władysław II Jagiełło and Jadwiga of Poland.

In 1501, the Maladzyechna was donated by King Sigismund I the Old to certain Michael of Mstsislaw, on the condition that the latter provided a safe river passage for the nobles and hunters dwelling in the area. The privilege was further confirmed on July 12, 1511.

After Michael's heirless death, the locality passed through different hands until finally in 1567 it was acquired by Princess Nastazja Zbaraska, wife of Stafan Zbaraski, the voivode of Trakai. In 1568, that is the following year, a battle took place in the vicinity of the castle, in which the 40,000 men strong army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeated the forces of Muscovy. In 1617 it was bought by Lew Sapieha, the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania. Around that time the village had 1,000 inhabitants. On August 20, 1631, Sapieha sold it to Stanisław Szemiott, the chamberlain of Samogitia, who then divided the villages surrounding Maladziečna among his sons. Following a testament conflict between the descendants of Szemiott and Aleksander Gosiewski, the Voivode of Smolensk, the town remained a property of the Gosiewski family. During their ownership of Maladziečna the fortifications were extended and strengthened significantly by addition of several bastions. Around that time Maladziečna started to be referred to as a town, even though it was officially a village and was not granted with a city charter. Nevertheless, it served as a centre of trade and commerce for the surrounding villages and also gained significant profits from transit between Lithuania and Poland. In 1708 the castle was one of the headquarters of the Swedish Army of King Charles XII of Sweden, which led to its partial devastation in the effect of a battle between the Swedes and the Russian forces.

Former Trinitarian church and monastery in 1928

On September 18, 1711, Bishop Bogusław Gosiewski, sold the town to the mighty Ogiński family. Among the owners of the area were Kazimierz Ogiński and Tadeusz Ogiński, the Castellan of Trakai (Lithuania). The Ogiński family became the main benefactors of the area, as they made it one of the main centres of their domain. They erected a new, classicist palace with notable frescoes, as well as a late renaissance church. It was also them to ask the king Sigismund II Augustus to grant the town with a city charter. Although it was not granted, in 1730 the monarch granted the town with the privilege of organization of two fairs a year and 2 markets every week. In mid-18th century the Ogiński's also founded a monastery of the Trinitarians there.

Within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Maladziečna was part of Minsk Voivodeship.

Late modern period

In 1793, Maladziečna was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Second Partition of Poland. The palace was abandoned soon afterwards. The castle was also neglected. During the final stages of Napoleon's invasion of Russia it was there that the Grande Armée made its last stand in former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In early November 1812 Napoleon Bonaparte gave his last orders to his marshals there, after which he left for Vilnius. On November 21 of that year the Polish-born Russian general Yefim Chaplits arrived at the French camp there and defeated the already-routed French forces led by Marshal Victor. In the effect of the fights the town was completely demolished, as were the monastery and the castle. Because of that, in mid-19th century the town had not more than 500 inhabitants.

Railway station in 1907

It was not until the later part of the century that the town started to gradually recover. In 1864 a Russian-language school was opened there and in 1871 an Orthodox church of Intercession of Our Most Holy Lady was built at the main town square. In 1873 it was linked to the world by the Minsk–Vilna railway, which sparked a period of economic recovery of the entire region. In early 20th century an additional rail line was opened, linking Saint Petersburg and Polotsk with Lida and Siedlce. This made the town a major railway junction and attracted many new settlers, in large part Jewish. By the outbreak of World War I the town had already over 2,000 inhabitants.

Polish triumphal arch from 1929, demolised in the 1960s

During the war, the town was the headquarters of the Russian 10th Army of the Western Front. Between February and December 1918 it was under German occupation, but was then seized by the Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War. On July 4, 1919, the town was captured by the Polish Army units led by Gen. Stanisław Szeptycki, during their advance towards Minsk. However, the town was again held by the Russian forces in the course of the Polish–Soviet War between 12 July 1920 and 12 October 1920. Following the Riga Peace Treaty it was transferred to the Second Polish Republic, but the border between Poland and the Soviet Union was only 30 kilometres to the east, which cut Mołodeczno, as the town was known in Polish, from much of its economical background.

It became a garrison town of the Polish Army, with the 86th Infantry Regiment stationed there since 1922. To counter the threat of economic decline, it became a capital of separate powiat (county) within the Wilno Voivodeship on April 1, 1927, and on April 26, 1929, the town was granted with city rights and its city limits were expanded.

World War II

On 17 September 1939, Maladzyechna was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1939, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. On 4 December 1939, Maladzyechna became a part of the newly formed Vileyka Region of the Byelorussian SSR. The NKVD expropriated the local school for teachers and set up one of its concentration camps there.

Mołodeczno in 1941

From 25 June 1941 until 5 July 1944, Maladzyechna was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland. On 13 and 18 July, the German Sonderkommando 7a and Einsatzkommando 9 committed massacres of some 100 people, almost entirely Jews. In June 1942, the Jewish ghetto was liquidated with some 700 Jews massacred near the city by the Sicherheitsdienst, and then some 25–30 Jews from a local forced labour camp were massacred on 7 September 1942, and the camp was eventually dissolved in July 1943 with the remaining Jews deported to Wilejka. In addition, the German Wehrmacht has set up the infamous Stalag 342 for the Soviet prisoners of war there, in which at least 30,000 people were killed.

On 5 July 1944, the advancing Red Army recaptured Maladzyechna in the course of the Vilnius Offensive. The town resumed its status as a part of the Byelorussian SSR. The heavy damage that Vileyka suffered during the war made it unsuitable to perform the role of the administrative centre, thus Maladzyechna, which was located only 20 kilometres away from Vileyka, became the new administrative centre when the civilian control was restored in the BSSR on 20 September 1944.

Post-war period

Molodechno Region also survived the 1954 reform which halved the amount of regions in the BSSR, but on 20 January 1960, the Region was disestablished, and the town of Maladzyechna became part of the modern Minsk Region, in which it remains today as part of the Republic of Belarus.

Sport

HC Dynama-Maladzechna of the Belarusian Extraleague is the local pro hockey team.

Partner cities

Church of the Holy Virgin

Sights

Near Maladziečna there is a VLF-transmitter for transmitting time signals.

Notable residents

Notes

  1. Official transliteration (2023).

References

  1. ^ "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  2. Stefan Helders (2005). "Maladziečna". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2006-06-02.
  3. ^ Piotr Bielerzewski (2004). "Mołodeczno". Rzeczpospolita Wirtualna (in Polish). Retrieved 2006-05-16.
  4. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VI (in Polish). Warszawa. 1885. p. 647.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. (in English and Polish) Filip Sulimierski; Bronisław Chlebowski; Władysław Walewski, eds. (1885). Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich. Vol. VI. Warsaw: Wł. Walewski. p. 960. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2006-05-16.
  6. Mieczkowski, Stanisław (1929). Zarys historji wojennej 86-go mińskiego pułku piechoty (in Polish). Warszawa. p. 39.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. o zmianie granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego., Dz. U., 1925, vol. 67, No. 472
  8. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 marca 1926 r. w sprawie niektórych zmian rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. o zmianie granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego., Dz. U., 1926, vol. 26, No. 158
  9. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 14 stycznia 1927 r. w sprawie zmiany rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 marca 1926 r. o niektórych zmianach rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 czerwca 1925 r. w przedmiocie zmiany granic powiatów na obszarze okręgu administracyjnego wileńskiego., Dz. U., 1927, vol. 8, No. 62
  10. Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 26 kwietnia 1929 r. o zaliczeniu osady (miasteczka) Mołodeczno w powiecie mołodeczańskim, województwie wileńskiem w poczet miast i włączeniu do nowoutworzonego miasta niektórych osiedli., Dz. U., 1929, vol. 33, No. 308
  11. ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Dean, Martin (2012). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume II. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 1243. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
  12. "Jan Stanisław Sapieha". www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-01-11.

External links

Subdivisions of Minsk Region, Belarus
Districts
(raiony)		 Coat of arms of Minsk Region
Cities and towns
Administrative center of Minsk Region but administratively separated
Categories: