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{{short description|1907 shooting of civilians by Austro-Hungarian troops in present-day Ružomberok, Slovakia}}
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{{POV|date=October 2013}}
⚫ The '''Černová massacre''' (or '''Černová tragedy''', {{lang-sk|Černovská tragédia}}, {{lang-hu|Csernovai tragédia}} or '''Csernova Affair'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oakes|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Roman|first2=Eric|title=Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (European Nations)|accessdate=17 July 2011|year=2003|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-8160-4537-2|page=456|chapter=Historical dictionary A-Z}}</ref>) was a shooting that happened in Csernova, ] (today ], part of ], ]) on 27 October 1907 in which 15 people were killed and many were wounded after gendarmes fired into a crowd of people gathering for the consecration of the local church. The shootings sparked protests in European and American press and turned world's attention to the treatment of minorities in the Hungarian part of ].

⚫ The '''Černová massacre''' (or '''Černová tragedy''', {{langx|sk|Černovská tragédia}}, {{langx|hu|Csernovai tragédia}} or '''Csernova Affair'''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oakes|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Roman|first2=Eric|title=Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (European Nations)|year=2003|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=978-0-8160-4537-2|page=|chapter=Historical dictionary A-Z|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/austriahungarysu0000roma/page/456}}</ref>) was a shooting that took place in Csernova, ] (today Černová, part of ], ]) on 27 October 1907 in which 15 people were killed and many were wounded after ] fired into a crowd of people gathering for the consecration of the local Catholic church. The shootings sparked protests in European and American press and turned the world's attention to the treatment of minorities in the Hungarian part of ].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}}


==Outline of the events== ==Outline of the events==
===Pretext=== ===Pretext===
⚫ On the initiative of ], the Slovak parish priest of nearby ] (Rózsahegy) and a native of Černová, people of the city decided to raise money for the construction of a new church.<ref name="setonWatson">{{cite book|last=Seton Watson|first=Christopher, Hugh|title=The Making of a New Europe: : R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungría|year=1981|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Austria|page=53|isbn=9780416747300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb8OAAAAQAAJ&q=cernova&pg=PA53}}</ref> The locals raised 80,000 crowns,<ref name="setonWatson"/> and minor donations were received from ] as well. The construction started in April 1907 and by the autumn, the church was ready for consecration.<ref name="cernova">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cernova.sk/|title=Stránky mestskej časti Černová|website=www.cernova.sk}}</ref>


⚫ The locals wanted the church to be consecrated by Hlinka, however, he was at the time suspended by bishop Sándor Párvy and sentenced to two years of imprisonment due to his pan-Slavic agitation during the election campaign of 1906 and the subsequent conviction of ].<ref name="Kamusella">{{cite book|last=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|title=The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=556}}</ref> Hlinka vaiwed the consecration, had no knowledge of this. The people of Černová thus demanded the consecration to be postponed until Hlinka would be able to perform the ceremony. The bishopric denied their request and two ]-speaking priests were appointed in his stead:<ref name="nedelsky">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tR3gzo_4f88C&q=massacre+cernova&pg=PA61|title=Defining the Sovereign Community: The Czech and Slovak Republics|last=Nedelsky|first=Nadya|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2009|page=61|isbn=978-0812241655}}</ref> first, Canon Anton Kurimsky, and after his refusal, Dean Martin Pazurik of Likavka.
⚫ On the initiative of ], the Slovak parish priest of nearby ] and a native of Černová, people of Černová decided to raise money for the construction of a new church.<ref name="setonWatson">{{cite book|last=Seton Watson|first=Christopher, Hugh|title=The Making of a New Europe: : R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungría|year=1981|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Austria|page=53|url=http://books.google.cz/books?id=Jb8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=cernova&hl=en&sa=X&ei=X8m9UYabBcTItQa0z4DgDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=cernova&f=false}}</ref> The locals raised 80,000 crowns<ref name="setonWatson"/> and the collections received minor<ref name="nedelsky">{{cite book|last=Nedelsky|first=Nadya|title=Defining the Sovereign Community: The Czech and Slovak Republics|year=2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|page=61|url=http://books.google.cz/books?id=tR3gzo_4f88C&pg=PA61&dq=massacre+cernova&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JCO-UayaNMixtAbmwYDwDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=massacre%20cernova&f=false}}</ref> donations from the ] as well. The construction started in April 1907 and by the autumn, the church was ready for consecration.<ref name="cernova">http://www.cernova.sk/sublinks/cernovska_masakra1.html {{sk icon}}</ref>


⚫ The ceremony was to take place on 27 October 1907. The official procession arrived at the village accompanied by a squad of 15 gendarmes. It was protested against by the locals, who attempted to block its way to the church to prevent Pazurik from consecrating. The demonstration was peaceful in nature <ref name="gleiman">{{cite book|last=Gleiman|first=Lubomir|title=From the Maelstrom: A Pilgrim's Story of Dissent and Survival in the Twentieth Century|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|page=30|isbn=9781452020174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJQPu99K_d0C&q=cernova+hlinka&pg=PA30}}</ref><ref name="elMallakh">{{cite journal|last=El Mallakh|first=Dorothea H.|title=The Slovak autonomy movement, 1935-1939: a study in unrelenting nationalism|journal=East European Quarterly|year=1979|isbn=9780914710493|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8hnAAAAMAAJ&q=cernova+hlinka}}</ref> although some accounts report stone-throwing at a member of the gendarme escort.<ref name="setonWatson"/> Outnumbered and in panic<ref name="holec" /> the gendarme leader ] Ján Ladiczky,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ujszo.com/velemeny/a-kilencvenot-eve-ujra-es-ujra-eldordulo-cernovai-sortuz |title=A kilencvenöt éve újra és újra "eldördülő" černovái sortűz |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 October 2002 |website=ujszo.com |publisher=ÚjSZÓ}}</ref><ref name="holec" /> an ethnic Slovak,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mno.hu/portal/593281?answerID=4488|title=Slota újabb kirohanása: tovább sértegeti a magyarokat}}</ref> ordered his squad to open fire into the crowd without prior warning<ref name="setonWatson"/> killing 15 of the protesting villagers, seriously wounding 12 and lightly injuring 40.<ref name="cernova"/><ref name="nedelsky"/><ref name=holecSME>{{cite web|title=Historik: Ospravedlnenie Maďarov za Černovú by nebolo produktívne|url=http://www.sme.sk/c/6113458/historik-ospravedlnenie-madarov-za-cernovu-by-nebolo-produktivne.html|publisher=Petit Press}}</ref>
⚫ The locals wanted the church to be consecrated by Hlinka, however, he was at the time suspended by bishop Sándor Párvy and sentenced to two years of imprisonment due to his pro-Slovak agitation during the election campaign of 1906 and the subsequent conviction of ].<ref name="Kamusella">{{cite book|last=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|title=The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe|year=2009|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=556}}</ref> The people of Černová thus demanded the consecration to be postponed until Hlinka would be able to perform the ceremony. The bishopry denied their request and two ] speaking priests<ref name="nedelsky"/> were appointed in his stead. First Canon Anton Kurimsky and after his refusal, Dean Martin Pazurik of Likavka.


The majority of the members of the ] gendarmes involved in the shooting were of ] origin (five persons from the total seven), and they performed the shootings not because of any ethnic reason, but they were obligated to do so according to the rules of their service.<ref name="holec"> Interview with Roman Holec, historian</ref><ref>{{cite journal| author = Csapó Csaba| date = January 2010| title = A csendőri szolgálat| journal = Rubicon| volume = XX| issue = 202| pages = 13}}</ref>
===The shooting===
⚫ The ceremony was to take place on 27 October. The official procession arrived at the village accompanied by a squad of 15 gendarmes. It was protested against by the locals, who attempted to block its way to the church to prevent Pazurik from consecrating. The demonstration was peaceful in nature <ref name="gleiman">{{cite book|last=Gleiman|first=Lubomir|title=From the Maelstrom: A Pilgrim's Story of Dissent and Survival in the Twentieth Century|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|page=30|url=http://books.google.cz/books?id=bJQPu99K_d0C&pg=PA30&dq=cernova+hlinka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Viq-UembGsbKtAav3oAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=cernova%20hlinka&f=false}}</ref> <ref name="elMallakh">{{cite journal|last=El Mallakh|first=Dorothea H.|title=The Slovak autonomy movement, 1935-1939: a study in unrelenting nationalism|journal=East European Quarterly|year=1979|url=http://books.google.cz/books?id=c8hnAAAAMAAJ&q=cernova+hlinka&dq=cernova+hlinka&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jSq-UZeEDMnlswaQ_IG4DA&redir_esc=y}}</ref> although some accounts report stone-throwing at a member of the gendarme escort.<ref name="setonWatson"/> In panic<ref name="holec" /> the gendarme leader ] Ján Ladiczky,<ref name="holec" /> an ethnic Slovak,<ref></ref> ordered his squad to open fire into the crowd without prior warning<ref name="setonWatson"/> killing 15 of the protesting villagers and injuring dozens more.<ref name="nedelsky"/> <ref name=holecSME>{{cite web|title=Historik: Ospravedlnenie Maďarov za Černovú by nebolo produktívne|url=http://www.sme.sk/c/6113458/historik-ospravedlnenie-madarov-za-cernovu-by-nebolo-produktivne.html|publisher=Petit Press}}</ref>

The ethnicity of the rest of the members of the ]<ref>{{cite book|last=Wingfield|first=Nancy Meriwether |title=reating the other: ethnic conflict and nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R43P5vJQDkoC&pg=PA170&dq=cernova+hungarian+gendarmes&ei=sCwVTIbhJ47ezQTE5bS9Cg&cd=5#v=onepage&q=cernova%20hungarian%20gendarmes&f=false}}</ref> gendarmes involved in the shooting is disputed, according to historian Roman Holec, the majority of them was of ] origin<ref name="holec"> Interview with Roman Holec, historian</ref>, while James Felak claim that they were ethnicity Magyars (Hungarians).<ref name="Felak 1994 12">{{cite book|last=Felak|first=James Ramon |title=At the price of the Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1929-1938|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|pages=12|year=1994}}</ref>


==Consequences== ==Consequences==
⚫ Hlinka's appeal against his 1906 verdict was rejected, thus, on 30 November 1907 Hlinka started to serve his jail term in the Csillagbörtön (''Star Prison''), ]. On the other hand, Hlinka appealed with success his suspension to the Holy See, so it was cancelled on 8 April 1909. When Hlinka left the prison, Bishop Párvy appointed him again to his Ružomberok parish, and Hlinka consecrated the church in Černová with Párvy's consent. The tragedy sparked protests in the ]an and US press and it turned the world's attention to the attitude to the minorities in Hungary.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial problems in Hungary|last=Seton-Watson|first=Robert|year=1908|author-link=Robert Seton-Watson}}</ref>


⚫ Today's Slovak politicians — especially the members of the ] interpret the event as "Hungarian gendarmes shooting at innocent Slovaks". With many of their claims regarding the events, the ] continues to perpetuate a "false myth of Černová".<ref> A szóvivő Rafael Rafaj aláírásával ellátott dokumentum annak ellenére ápolja tovább csernova hamis mítoszát, hogy egy évtizede már komoly, a legendákkal, tévhitekkel leszámoló monográfia szól az esetről egy szlovák történész, Roman Holec tollából.</ref> Some Slovak sources claim that the gendarmes were ethnic Hungarian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirschbaum|first=Joseph M. |title=Slovakia in the 19th & 20th centuries|publisher=Slovak World Congress|year=1978|pages=464}}</ref> even though there was a very small number of ethnic Hungarians in the region where the gendarmes were recruited. According to Slovak historian Roman Holec, professor at ], the majority of the gendarmes were Slovaks from ]. (According to the official 1910 census, over 90% of the population were ethnic Slovaks in that county.) They were nevertheless honored for the deed, because they were in the service of Hungarian state. The rioters were violent from lack of fear of getting shot (i.e. that the sergeant would refrain from giving an order of fire or use blanks). The gendarmes were shooting in all directions instead of aiming for feet or into the air (most victims died due to their head and chest injuries).<ref name="holec" /> Some sources claim there were 5 Slovakian and 2 Hungarian<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-27 |title=Egy elfelejtett sortűz nyomában |url=https://m.mult-kor.hu/20061027_egy_elfelejtett_sortuz_nyomaban |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Múlt-kor történelmi magazin |language=hu}}</ref> gendarmes, while some like ] historian Roman Holec claims all of them were Slovakians, proving the crime was not ].
⚫ Many attempted to capitalize politically on the events, Czech and Slovak nationalists in general, and Hlinka in particular. On the one hand, Hlinka's appeal against his 1906 verdict was rejected, thus, on November 30, 1907 Hlinka started to serve his jail term in the Csillagbörtön (''Star Prison''), ]. On the other hand, Hlinka appealed with success his suspension to the Holy See, so it was cancelled on 8 April 1909. When Hlinka left the prison, Bishop Párvy appointed him again to his Ružomberok parish, and Hlinka consecrated the church in Černová with Párvy's consent.

The tragedy sparked huge protests in the ]an and US press and it turned world's attention to the attitude to the minorities in Hungary. Important protesting European personalities included the Norwegian Nobel Prize holder ], the Oxford historian ], and the speaker of the Austrian parliament{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}.

⚫ Today's Slovak politicians — especially the members of the ] — even though all perpetrators were Slovaks, interpret the event as "Hungarian gendarmes shooting at innocent Slovaks" (during the legal actions after the massacre, some gendarmes refused to testify as witnesses, because the victims were their relatives){{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}. With many of their claims regarding the events, the ] continues to perpetuate a "false myth of Černová".<ref> A szóvivő Rafael Rafaj aláírásával ellátott dokumentum annak ellenére ápolja tovább csernova hamis mítoszát, hogy egy évtizede már komoly, a legendákkal, tévhitekkel leszámoló monográfia szól az esetről egy szlovák történész, Roman Holec tollából.</ref> Some Slovak sources claim that the gendarmes were ethnic Hungarian <ref name="Felak 1994 12"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Kirschbaum|first=Joseph M. |title=Slovakia in the 19th & 20th centuries|publisher=Slovak World Congress|year=1978|pages=464}}</ref> even though there was a very small number of ethnic Hungarians in the region where the gendarmes were recruited. According to Slovak historian Roman Holec, professor at ], the majority of the gendarmes were Slovaks from ]. (According to the official 1910 census, over 90% of the population were ethnic Slovaks in that county.) They were nevertheless honored for the deed, because they were in the service of Hungarian state. Both the rioters and the gendarmes can be held responsible for the massacre. The rioters were violent from lack of fear of getting shot (i.e. that the sergeant would refrain from giving an order of fire or use blanks). The gendarmes were shooting in all directions instead of aiming for feet or into the air (most victims died due to their head and chest injuries).<ref name="holec" />


==See also== ==See also==
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==References== ==References==

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Latest revision as of 20:18, 2 November 2024

1907 shooting of civilians by Austro-Hungarian troops in present-day Ružomberok, Slovakia

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The Černová massacre (or Černová tragedy, Slovak: Černovská tragédia, Hungarian: Csernovai tragédia or Csernova Affair) was a shooting that took place in Csernova, Kingdom of Hungary (today Černová, part of Ružomberok, Slovakia) on 27 October 1907 in which 15 people were killed and many were wounded after gendarmes fired into a crowd of people gathering for the consecration of the local Catholic church. The shootings sparked protests in European and American press and turned the world's attention to the treatment of minorities in the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary.

Outline of the events

Pretext

On the initiative of Andrej Hlinka, the Slovak parish priest of nearby Ružomberok (Rózsahegy) and a native of Černová, people of the city decided to raise money for the construction of a new church. The locals raised 80,000 crowns, and minor donations were received from Slovak Americans as well. The construction started in April 1907 and by the autumn, the church was ready for consecration.

The locals wanted the church to be consecrated by Hlinka, however, he was at the time suspended by bishop Sándor Párvy and sentenced to two years of imprisonment due to his pan-Slavic agitation during the election campaign of 1906 and the subsequent conviction of incitement. Hlinka vaiwed the consecration, had no knowledge of this. The people of Černová thus demanded the consecration to be postponed until Hlinka would be able to perform the ceremony. The bishopric denied their request and two Hungarian-speaking priests were appointed in his stead: first, Canon Anton Kurimsky, and after his refusal, Dean Martin Pazurik of Likavka.

The ceremony was to take place on 27 October 1907. The official procession arrived at the village accompanied by a squad of 15 gendarmes. It was protested against by the locals, who attempted to block its way to the church to prevent Pazurik from consecrating. The demonstration was peaceful in nature although some accounts report stone-throwing at a member of the gendarme escort. Outnumbered and in panic the gendarme leader sergeant Ján Ladiczky, an ethnic Slovak, ordered his squad to open fire into the crowd without prior warning killing 15 of the protesting villagers, seriously wounding 12 and lightly injuring 40.

The majority of the members of the Hungarian gendarmes involved in the shooting were of Slovak origin (five persons from the total seven), and they performed the shootings not because of any ethnic reason, but they were obligated to do so according to the rules of their service.

Consequences

Hlinka's appeal against his 1906 verdict was rejected, thus, on 30 November 1907 Hlinka started to serve his jail term in the Csillagbörtön (Star Prison), Szeged. On the other hand, Hlinka appealed with success his suspension to the Holy See, so it was cancelled on 8 April 1909. When Hlinka left the prison, Bishop Párvy appointed him again to his Ružomberok parish, and Hlinka consecrated the church in Černová with Párvy's consent. The tragedy sparked protests in the European and US press and it turned the world's attention to the attitude to the minorities in Hungary.

Today's Slovak politicians — especially the members of the Slovak National Party interpret the event as "Hungarian gendarmes shooting at innocent Slovaks". With many of their claims regarding the events, the Slovak National Party continues to perpetuate a "false myth of Černová". Some Slovak sources claim that the gendarmes were ethnic Hungarian. even though there was a very small number of ethnic Hungarians in the region where the gendarmes were recruited. According to Slovak historian Roman Holec, professor at Comenius University in Bratislava, the majority of the gendarmes were Slovaks from Liptó county. (According to the official 1910 census, over 90% of the population were ethnic Slovaks in that county.) They were nevertheless honored for the deed, because they were in the service of Hungarian state. The rioters were violent from lack of fear of getting shot (i.e. that the sergeant would refrain from giving an order of fire or use blanks). The gendarmes were shooting in all directions instead of aiming for feet or into the air (most victims died due to their head and chest injuries). Some sources claim there were 5 Slovakian and 2 Hungarian gendarmes, while some like Slovakian historian Roman Holec claims all of them were Slovakians, proving the crime was not ethnically motivated.

See also

References

  1. Oakes, Elizabeth; Roman, Eric (2003). "Historical dictionary A-Z". Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (European Nations). Facts on File. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8160-4537-2.
  2. ^ Seton Watson, Christopher, Hugh (1981). The Making of a New Europe: : R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungría. Austria: Taylor & Francis. p. 53. ISBN 9780416747300.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Stránky mestskej časti Černová". www.cernova.sk.
  4. Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 556.
  5. ^ Nedelsky, Nadya (2009). Defining the Sovereign Community: The Czech and Slovak Republics. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0812241655.
  6. Gleiman, Lubomir (2011). From the Maelstrom: A Pilgrim's Story of Dissent and Survival in the Twentieth Century. AuthorHouse. p. 30. ISBN 9781452020174.
  7. El Mallakh, Dorothea H. (1979). "The Slovak autonomy movement, 1935-1939: a study in unrelenting nationalism". East European Quarterly. ISBN 9780914710493.
  8. ^ Roman Holec szerint egyes politikusok régi mítoszokat próbálnak újraéleszteni Interview with Roman Holec, historian
  9. "A kilencvenöt éve újra és újra "eldördülő" černovái sortűz". ujszo.com. ÚjSZÓ. 29 October 2002.
  10. "Slota újabb kirohanása: tovább sértegeti a magyarokat".
  11. "Historik: Ospravedlnenie Maďarov za Černovú by nebolo produktívne". Petit Press.
  12. Csapó Csaba (January 2010). "A csendőri szolgálat". Rubicon. XX (202): 13.
  13. Seton-Watson, Robert (1908). Racial problems in Hungary.
  14. Egy elfelejtett sortűz nyomában A szóvivő Rafael Rafaj aláírásával ellátott dokumentum annak ellenére ápolja tovább csernova hamis mítoszát, hogy egy évtizede már komoly, a legendákkal, tévhitekkel leszámoló monográfia szól az esetről egy szlovák történész, Roman Holec tollából.
  15. Kirschbaum, Joseph M. (1978). Slovakia in the 19th & 20th centuries. Slovak World Congress. p. 464.
  16. "Egy elfelejtett sortűz nyomában". Múlt-kor történelmi magazin (in Hungarian). 2006-10-27. Retrieved 2024-05-25.

External links

49°05′30″N 19°15′20″E / 49.091742°N 19.255686°E / 49.091742; 19.255686

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