Revision as of 01:24, 24 June 2013 editMichaelmch (talk | contribs)19 editsm Truth Seeker← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 11:13, 23 October 2024 edit undoBridget (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers41,218 edits Reverted 1 edit by 70.108.14.141 (talk): You need to support this statement with a sourceTags: Twinkle Undo | ||
(741 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|American white supremacist (1923–2010)}} | |||
{{}}{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see ] --> | |||
{{Infobox person <!-- for more information see ] --> | |||
| name = Eustace Mullins | |||
| name = Eustace Mullins | |||
| image = | |||
| image = File:Eustace.mullins.screen.capture.jpg | |||
| alt = | |||
| image_size = | |||
| caption = | |||
| alt = | |||
| birth_name = | |||
| caption = | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1923|03|09|}} | |||
| birth_name = Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. | |||
| birth_place = ], USA | |||
| |
| birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1923|03|09|}} | ||
| |
| birth_place = ], U.S. | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2010|2|2|1923|3|9}} | |||
| occupation = Writer | |||
| death_place = ], U.S. | |||
| alma_mater = | |||
| occupation = Writer | |||
| spouse = | |||
| known_for = ], ], ] | |||
| influences = | |||
| notable_works = ''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve'' (1952)<br />''The Biological Jew'' (1967) | |||
| influenced = | |||
| party = ] | |||
| movement = ], ] | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{Antisemitism sidebar}} | |||
'''Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr.''' (March 9, 1923 – February 2, 2010)<ref></ref> was an American ], ] conspiracy theorist, propagandist,<ref name = "jta"/> ], and writer. A disciple of the poet ],<ref name=antisemite> | |||
'''Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr.''' (March 9, 1923 – February 2, 2010)<ref></ref> was a populist American political writer, biographer, and ].<ref name="Rupert">{{cite book|last=Rupert|first=Mark|title=Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18925-5|pages=105, 122, 164}}</ref><ref name="Kintz">{{cite book|last1=Kintz|first1=Linda|last2=Lesage|first2=Julia|title=Media, culture, and the religious right|year=1998|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-3085-1|page=260}}</ref><ref name="Dittmer">{{cite book|last=Barkun|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Barkun|editor=Jason Dittmer, Tristan Sturm|title=Mapping the end times: American evangelical geopolitics and apocalyptic visions|year=2010|publisher=]|isbn=978-0-7546-7601-0|page=124|chapter=Chapter 5: The 'New World Order' and American Exceptionalism}}</ref><ref name="adl2010-02-04">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/eustace_mullins_dies.htm|title=Eustace Mullins, Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theorist, Dies at Age 86|date=2010-02-04|publisher=]|accessdate=11 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Aune">{{cite book|last=Aune|first=James Arnt|title=Selling the Free Market: The Rhetoric of Economic Correctness|year=2002|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-57230-757-5 |page=134}}</ref><ref name="BerletPRA">{{cite web|url=http://www.publiceye.org/research/training/conspiracism.html|title=Rumor, Demonization, Scapegoating, Conspiracism, and Scare-Mongering are not Investigative Journalism|last=Berlet|first=Chip|coauthors=Matthew N. Lyons|publisher=]|accessdate=11 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=Barkun2006p52/> His most famous work is ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve''. Along with ], he is generally regarded as one of the most influential authors in the genre of ]. | |||
*{{cite book|author1=Paul F. Boller Jr. Emeritus Professor of History Texas Christian University|author2=Oklahoma John George Jr. Professor of Political Science and Sociology Central State University|title=They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38FMh2mlLa8C&pg=PT150|date=18 May 1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802222-0|page=150|quote=...the disordered imagination of longtime anti-semite Eustace Mullins, a disciple of poet Ezra Pound.}} | |||
*{{cite book|author=Daniel Levitas|title=The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right|url=https://archive.org/details/terroristnextdoo00levi|url-access=registration|date=23 November 2002|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-29105-1|page=|quote=...the Christian Credit Society was endorsed by Eustace Mullins, a lifelong anti-semite and Holocaust denier.}} | |||
*{{cite book|editor1=Linda Kintz|editor2=Julia Lesage|title=Media, Culture, and the Religious Right|url=https://archive.org/details/mediaculturer00kint|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-3085-1|page=|chapter=Who is Mediating the Storm|author=Chip Berlet|quote=...Chuck Harder used notorious anti-Semite Eustace Mullins as an expert on the Federal Reserve}} | |||
*{{cite book|title=Out Spoken Ferr Speech Stories|date = 10 October 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZkh6aE2658C&pg=PA206|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-510-11370-4|page=206|quote=...Eustace Mullins, an author of anti-Semitic tracts clothed as commentary on monetary policy, was invited to speak in a neighboring town.}} | |||
*{{cite book|last=Rupert|first=Mark|title=Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order|url=https://archive.org/details/ideologiesglobal00rupe_962|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18925-5|pages=, 122|quote='...and even provided a forum for the noxious antiSemitic conspiracist, Eustace Mullins.' (p.122) 'Spotlight has published the commentaries of Eustace Mullins, a notorious antiSemitic writer...' (p. 105)}} | |||
*{{cite news|title=Pick a Conspiracy, any Conspiracy Theory|publisher=]|date=September 25, 2002|page=D-1|author=Dennis Roddy|quote=That Eustace Mullins is both a conspiracy theorist and a raving anti-Semite is not necessarily a judgment on Smith.}} | |||
*{{cite news|title=Conference cancels speaker after anti-Semitic allegations|publisher=]|date=February 23, 2001|author=Andrea Baillie|page=C07|quote=...the Virginia-based author has also written books denying the Holocaust and praising the Nazis.}} | |||
*{{cite news|title=Kula Shaker star regrets flirtation with fascism|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/kula-shaker-star-regrets-flirtation-with-fascism-1268113.html|publisher=The Independent on Sunday|date=April 20, 1997|author=Matthew Kalman|quote=They shared a platform at the Wembley Conference Centre with the notorious anti-semitic propagandist Eustace Mullins...}} | |||
*{{cite book|last=Aune|first=James Arnt|title=Selling the Free Market: The Rhetoric of Economic Correctness|year=2002|publisher=]|isbn=978-1-57230-757-5 |page=134}} | |||
*{{cite news|title=Nazi Propaganda Permeates Anti-Israel Movement|publisher=The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=October 29, 2012|author=Jeffery Goldberg|page=A-7|quote=The first time I met the anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins was at a conference I was covering of Holocaust deniers, neo-Nazis and paranoiacs...}} | |||
*{{cite news|title=Free Gaza group: Zionists operated concentration camps|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=October 5, 2012|author=Benjamin Weinthal|quote=...conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins, who propagates the views that Jews are responsible for the Holocaust and are admirers of Hitler.}} | |||
*{{cite news|title=Networks of hate|publisher=Jerusalem Post|date=August 6, 1999|author=Thomas O'Dwyer|page=06A|quote=Eustace Mullins, a grandfather of paranoid antisemites, proved that the Oklahoma City bombing was carried out by the Anti-Defamation League.}} | |||
</ref> his best-known work is ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve'', in which he alleged that several high-profile bankers had conspired to write the ] for their own nefarious purposes, and then induced ] to enact it into law. The ] described him as "a one-man organization of hate".<ref name="staunton"/> | |||
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
], June 5, 1966]] | |||
Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr. was born in ], the third child of Eustace Clarence Mullins (1899–1961) and his wife Jane Katherine Muse (1897–1971). His father was a salesman in a retail clothing store. | |||
Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr. was born in ], the third child of Eustace Clarence Mullins (1899–1961) and his wife Jane Katherine Muse (1897–1971). His father was a salesman in a retail clothing store. He said he was educated at ], ], and the ], although the ] was unable to verify his attendance at any of them, with the exception of one summer session at NYU in 1947.<ref>, retrieved August 31, 2016.</ref> | |||
In December 1942 he enlisted in the military as a Warrant Officer at ]. He was a veteran of the ], serving thirty-eight months during ]. | |||
Eustace Mullins was educated at ], ], the ] and the Institute of Contemporary Arts (]) | |||
In 1949 Mullins worked at the Institute for Contemporary Arts in ] where he met ]'s wife ], who introduced him to her husband. Pound was at the time incarcerated in ]. Mullins visited the poet frequently, and for a time acted as his secretary. Later, he wrote a biography, ''This Difficult Individual Ezra Pound'' (1961), which literary critic ] describes as "prejudiced and often melodramatic".<ref>Nadel, Ira. (2010b). "The Lives of Pound". in Ira Nadel (ed). ''Ezra Pound in Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-51507-8}}. pp. 161–162</ref> According to Mullins it was Pound who set him on the course of research that led to his writing ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve''.<ref>Foreword to ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve'' by Eustace Mullins, Bridger House Publications, 2009</ref> | |||
In December 1942, at ] he enlisted in the military as a Warrant Officer. He was a veteran of the ], with thirty-eight months active service during ]. | |||
Mullins became a researcher at the ] in 1950 and helped Senator ] in making claims about ] funding sources.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EC286A56D051FA3&p_docnum=49&p_queryname=3|title=Sen. McCarthy Remembered|publisher=The Capitol Times (Madison, WI)|date=21 May 2001|page=3A|quote=Eustace Mullins, who was a researcher at the Library of Congress in 1950 when McCarthy asked him to look into who was financing the Communist Party, was the keynote speaker at a dinner Sunday evening sponsored by the Sen. Joseph McCarthy Educational Foundation.}}</ref> He later stated that he believed McCarthy had "started to turn the tide against world communism".<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701180259/http://scplweb.santacruzpl.org:2299/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=SPN.SP00&docId=CJ74854011&source=gale&srcprod=SP00&userGroupName=scruzpl&version=1.0 |date=July 1, 2007 }} (requires Santa Cruz Public Library log-in).</ref> Shortly after his first book, ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve'', came out in 1952, he was discharged by the Library of Congress.<ref>Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George, ''They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions'', ] (1989), p. 15.</ref> | |||
Mullins frequently visited poet ] during his period of incarceration in ] in ] between 1946 and 1959. According to Mullins it was Pound who set him on the course of research that led to his writing ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve''<ref>Foreword to ''The Secrets of The Federal Reserve'' by Eustace Mullins, Bridger House Publications, 2009</ref> | |||
From April 1953 until April 1954, Mullins was employed by the American Petroleum Industries Committee (APIC). He was cited in 1954 as a "neo-Fascist" by the ], which noted in particular his article "Adolph Hitler: An Appreciation", written in 1952, in which he compared Hitler to Jesus and described both as victims of Jews.<ref name = "jta">. jta.org (March 2, 1956), retrieved August 31, 2016.</ref> In 1956 he sued the APIC for breach of contract, charging that the group had hired him as a '']'' propagandist to undermine ], but failed to live up to a verbal agreement to pay him $25,000 for his covert services.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Zion Drive Denied By Group|publisher=]|date=March 6, 1956|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rvtXAAAAIBAJ&pg=1819%2C1473773}}</ref> The APIC responded that Mullins had been hired “as one of several economist-writers in a subordinate capacity", and denied that he had been employed “in any capacity at any time for the purpose he .″<ref name = "jta"/> The lawsuit, like many others filed by Mullins over the years, was eventually dismissed.<ref name="staunton"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920185601/https://stiffs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=358&start=0 |date=2016-09-20 }}. Published originally in the ''Staunton News-Leader'' (May 2, 2010), reproduced at stiffs.com, retrieved August 31, 2016.</ref> | |||
Mullins was a Truth Seeker | |||
]]] | |||
Mullins was a researcher at the ] in 1950 and worked with Senator ] investigating ] funding sources.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EC286A56D051FA3&p_docnum=49&p_queryname=3|title=Sen. McCarthy Remembered|publisher=The Capitol Times (Madison, WI)|date=21 May 2001|page=3A}}</ref> He later stated that he believed McCarthy had "started to turn the tide against world communism".<ref> (requires Santa Cruz Public Library log-in).</ref> Shortly after his first book came out in 1952, he was discharged by the Library of Congress.<ref>Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George, ''They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions'', ] (1989), p. 15.</ref> | |||
In the 1950s, Mullins |
In the 1950s, Mullins began his career as an author writing for ]’s antisemitic newspaper ''Common Sense'',<ref>{{cite book|author=Steven E Atkins|title=Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wf6-K_uVs8QC&pg=PA124|date=13 September 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-351-4|page=124}}</ref> which promoted the second edition of his book on the Federal Reserve, entitled ''The Federal Reserve Conspiracy'' (1954). Around this time, he also wrote for ]'s Chicago-based newsletter, ''Women's Voice''. He was a member of the ]<ref name="Livingstone2013">{{cite book|author=David Livingstone|title=Black Terror White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism and the New Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYy7TTmQoD4C&pg=PA409|date=16 June 2013|publisher=David Livingstone|isbn=978-1-4812-2650-9|page=606}}</ref> and wrote for its journal, ''The National Renaissance''.<ref name="Lee2013"/> In the 1990s and 2000s, he wrote for ''Criminal Politics''.<ref>"A good example of these other paths is Criminal Politics, where Lawrence Patterson and his cohorts, including Eustace Mullins and ], scour the world for evidence of conspiracies within the world's power structure." Danky, Jim, and John Cherney, "An outpouring of right-wing publications cover all social issues", ''St. Louis Journalism Review'', 25.n179 (Sept 1995): 27(1). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale.</ref><ref name="Anti-Defamation League 2010 Crim">{{cite web | title=Eustace Mullins, Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theorist, Dies at Age 86 | website=Anti-Defamation League | date=2010-02-02 | url=https://www.adl.org/news/article/eustace-mullins-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theorist-dies-at-age-86 | access-date=2021-09-10|quote=From at least 1993 through 2009, Mullins was a contributing editor to ''Criminal Politics'', an anti-Semitic conspiracy-oriented magazine. | ||
}}</ref> Mullins was on the editorial staff of the ] and became a contributing editor to the '']'', both published by ]'s ].<ref name="Feldman">{{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Matthew |last2=Rinaldi |first2=Andrea |year=2014 |chapter='Penny-wise...': Ezra Pound’s Posthumous Legacy to Fascism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Shekhovtsov |editor2-first=Anton |title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbLSBAAAQBAJ |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=48 |doi=10.1057/9781137396211 |isbn=9781137396211 |access-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> | |||
Mullins lived in ], in the house |
Mullins lived in ], in the house at 126 Madison Place<ref name=biojew>{{cite book|title=The Biological Jew|author=Eustace Mullins|url=https://archive.org/details/Mullinseustace-TheBiologicalJew1967Incl.Biblio.pdf|access-date=2 March 2014|year=1967|place=Staunton, VA}}</ref> where he grew up, from the mid 1970s through the end of his life.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Right Rebellious – Guru Wages a War of Words on Conservatism's Fringe | journal = Richmond Times-Dispatch | date = 10 May 1995 | author = Bill McKelway}}</ref> | ||
==Writings== | ==Writings== | ||
] | |||
In his Foreword to ''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve'' Mullins explains the circumstances by which he came to write his now famous investigation into the origins of the Federal Reserve System: | |||
===''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve''=== | |||
::In 1949, while I was visiting Ezra Pound who was a political prisoner at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Washington, D.C. (a Federal institution for the insane), Dr. Pound asked me if I had ever heard of the ]. I replied that I had not, as of the age of 25. He then showed me a ten dollar bill marked "Federal Reserve Note" and asked me if I would do some research at the ] on the Federal Reserve System which had issued this bill. Pound was unable to go to the Library himself, as he was being held without trial as a political prisoner by the United States government. After he was denied broadcasting time in the U.S., Dr. Pound broadcast from Italy in an effort to persuade people of the United States not to enter World War II. Franklin D. Roosevelt had personally ordered Pound’s indictment...<ref>''ibid''</ref> | |||
In the late 1940s, when the poet ] was incarcerated in ] on treason charges against the US, he corresponded with Mullins. In their correspondence, Mullins exclaimed "THE JEWS ARE BETRAYING US", in a letter written on Aryan League of America stationery. The two became friends and Mullins often visited the poet while he was detained.<ref name= tytell>Tytell, John (1987). Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano. New York: Anchor Press. {{ISBN|978-0-385-19694-9}}, pp. 304–14</ref> In his "Foreword" to ''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve'', Mullins explains the circumstances by which he came to write his investigation into the origins of the Federal Reserve System: "In 1949, while I was visiting Ezra Pound… asked me if I had ever heard of the ]. I replied that I had not, as of the age of 25. He then showed me a ten dollar bill marked "Federal Reserve Note" and asked me if I would do some research at the ] on the Federal Reserve System which had issued this bill."<ref name=tytell/> | |||
Mullins told Pound that he had little interest in such a research project because he was working on a novel. "My initial research" wrote Mullins, "revealed evidence of an international banking group which had secretly planned the writing of the ] and Congress’ enactment of the plan into law. These findings confirmed what Pound had long suspected. He said, 'You must work on it as a detective story.'"<ref name=tytell/> | |||
::Pound offered to supplement my income by ten dollars a week for a few weeks. My initial research revealed evidence of an international banking group which had secretly planned the writing of the ] and Congress’ enactment of the plan into law. These findings confirmed what Pound had long suspected. He said, "You must work on it as a detective story."<ref>''ibid''</ref> | |||
Mullins completed the manuscript during the course of 1950 when he began to seek a publisher. Eighteen publishers turned the book down without comment before the President of the ], Devin |
Mullins completed the manuscript during the course of 1950 when he began to seek a publisher. Eighteen publishers turned the book down without comment before the President of the ], Devin Garrity, told him, "I like your book but we can't print it ... Neither can anybody else in New York. You may as well forget about getting published."<ref name=tytell/> | ||
In 1952, the book was finally published by two of Pound's other disciples, ] and David Horton, under the title ''Mullins on the Federal Reserve''. In it, Mullins postulated a conspiracy among ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], the ], and other European and American bankers that led to the founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. He argued that the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 defies Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 5 of the ] by creating a "central bank of issue" for the United States. Mullins went on to claim that ], the Agricultural Depression of 1920, and the ] of 1929 were brought about by international banking interests to profit from conflict and economic instability. Mullins also cited ]'s staunch opposition to the establishment of a central bank in the United States. | |||
Eventually the book was published by two of Pound's disciples, John Kasper and David Horton, under the title ''Mullins on the Federal Reserve''. | |||
In an updated edition published in 1983 and retitled ''Secrets of the Federal Reserve'', Mullins argued that ] and the ] were fronts for the ]. He asserted that financial interests connected to the J. Henry Schroder Company and the Dulles brothers financed Adolf Hitler (in contrast to Pound's declaration that Hitler was a sovereign who disdained international finance.<ref>Pound, Ezra, and Leonard W. Doob. ''"Ezra Pound Speaking": Radio Speeches of World War II''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978.</ref> | |||
In ''Mullins on the Federal Reserve'' (1952), (the updated edition published in 1983 was called ''Secrets of the Federal Reserve'') Mullins argued that there was a conspiracy among ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], the ], and other European and American bankers which resulted in the founding of the ]. He argued that the ] of 1913 defies Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 5 of the ] by creating a "central bank of issue" for the United States. Mullins went on to claim that ], the Agricultural Depression of 1920, the ] of 1929 were brought about by international banking interests in order to profit from conflict and economic instability. Mullins also cited ]'s staunch opposition to the establishment of a central bank in the United States. | |||
). He called the ] "world monopolists", and claimed that ] bankers owned the Federal Reserve, since they owned much of the stock of its member banks. He attempted to trace stock ownership, as it changed hands via mergers and acquisitions, from the inception of the Federal Reserve in 1913 to the early 1980s.<ref></ref> | |||
In the last chapter of the book, he noted various Congressional investigations, and criticized the immense degree of power possessed by these few banks who owned majority shares in the Federal Reserve. He also criticized the ], attacking it as an international consortium produced by the Rockefeller-Rothschild alliance. In an appendix to the book, he delved further into the City of London, and criticized the ], which he claimed helps to conduct psychological warfare on the citizens of Britain and the United States. | |||
In the 1983 edition of his book, he argued that ] and the ] were fronts for the ]. In this edition, he also outlined how financial interests connected to the J. Henry Schroder Company and the Dulles brothers financed Adolf Hitler (in contrast to the claims of his mentor, Ezra Pound, that Hitler was a sovereign who was completely against the interests of international finance<ref>Pound, Ezra, and Leonard W. Doob. ''"Ezra Pound Speaking": Radio Speeches of World War II''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978.</ref> | |||
). He also alleged that the ] were world monopolists. He furthermore claimed that most of the stock of member banks that owned stock in the Federal Reserve was owned by ] bankers, since they owned much of the stock of the member banks. He attempted to trace stock ownership, as it changed hands via mergers and acquisitions, from the inception of the Federal Reserve in 1913 to the early 1980s.<ref></ref> | |||
Mullins dedicated ''Secrets of the Federal Reserve'' to George Stimpson and Ezra Pound. It became his best known book,<ref name="Goldwag2012">{{cite book|author=Arthur Goldwag|title=The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlMuXEWD8hoC|date=4 September 2012|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=978-0-307-74251-3|page=140|quote=Mullins was a frequent visitor to Ezra Pound when he was a political prisoner in St. Elizabeths Hospital, ... and his best-known book, ''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve'', was written at the poet's behest and with his material and intellectual support.}}</ref> and remains broadly influential in American far-right movements.<ref name=virginia/> A copy was reportedly found in ]'s library at his compound in ], along with ''Bloodlines of the Illuminati'' by ], another right-wing conspiracy theorist.<ref>{{Cite news|title = In Osama bin Laden Library: Illuminati and Bob Woodward|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/21/world/asia/bin-laden-bookshelf-list-released-by-us-intelligence-agency.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 2015-05-20|access-date = 2015-05-21|issn = 0362-4331|first = Matthew|last = Rosenberg}}</ref> | |||
In the last chapter of the book, he noted various Congressional investigations, and criticized the immense degree of power that these few banks who owned majority shares in the Federal Reserve possessed. He also criticized the ], attacking it as an international consortium produced by the Rockefeller-Rothschild alliance. In an appendix to the book, he delved further into the ], and criticized the ], which he claimed helps to conduct psychological warfare on the citizens of Britain and the United States. | |||
===Hitler and the Holocaust=== | |||
A central theme of Mullins' book is that the Federal Reserve allows bankers to monetize debt, creating it out of nothing by book entry, and thus they have enormous leverage over everyone else. Near the end of the book, he said of the Federal Reserve: | |||
Mullins' October 1952 article entitled "Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation" was mentioned in a report by the ].<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072349/http://debs.indstate.edu/u588n4_1954.pdf |date=2017-11-08 }}, p. 27</ref> In it, he espoused ] views and expressed the belief that America owed a debt to Hitler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation|author=Eustace Mullins|page=1|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/24860672/Adolf-Hitler-an-Appreciation-by-Eustace-Mullins|access-date=8 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603062326/http://www.scribd.com/doc/24860672/Adolf-Hitler-an-Appreciation-by-Eustace-Mullins|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref> The article first appeared in ''The National Renaissance'', journal of the ].<ref name="Lee2013"/> | |||
In a tract from 1984 called ''The Secret Holocaust'', Mullins stated that the accepted account of the ] is implausible, calling it a cover story for Jewish-led Soviet massacres of ] and ].<ref name="BushartCraig1999">{{cite book|author1=Howard L. Bushart|author2=John R. Craig|title=Soldiers of God: White Supremacists and Their Holy War for America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgdYXoTpg5YC|date=30 March 1999|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-0-7860-0649-6|pages=124, 233|quote=Mullins is the virulently anti-Jewish holocaust revisionist and author of ''The Secret Holocaust: A Primer for the Aryan Nations Movement'', in which Jews are blamed for the European slaughter during World War II and virtually every other atrocity that has ever happened in the world.(p.124) Eustace Mullins' 1984 ''The Secret Holocaust'' (Aryan Truth Network) makes the claim that the Holocaust never happened and offers controversial evidence to support the allegations that the photos taken in the death camps—supposedly of 'dead Jews'—were actually photos of dead Germans who were victims of the Jews.(p.233)}}</ref> In particular, Mullins argues that by the mid-1960s, in order to divert the world's attention away from this putative mass slaughter, "the Jews" had cooked up the story of the Holocaust, using "photographs of the bodies of their German victims, which are exhibited today in gruesome 'museums' in Germany as exhibits of dead Jews"<ref>{{cite book|author=Eustace Mullins|title=The Secret Holocaust|year=1983|publisher=Christian Vanguard|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/50825225/Eustace-Mullins-The-Secret-Holocaust|access-date=25 January 2014}}</ref> as evidence for their claims.<ref name="BushartCraig1999"/> | |||
{{quote|The Federal Reserve System is not Federal; it has no reserves; and it is not a system, but rather, a criminal syndicate. It is the product of criminal syndicalist activity of an international consortium of dynastic families comprising what the author terms "The World Order". The Federal Reserve system is a central bank operating in the United States. Although the student will find no such definition of a central bank in the textbooks of any university, the author has defined a central bank as follows: It is the dominant financial power of the country which harbors it. It is entirely private-owned, although it seeks to give the appearance of a governmental institution. It has the right to print and issue money, the traditional prerogative of monarchs. It is set up to provide financing for wars. It functions as a money monopoly having total power over all the money and credit of the people.}} | |||
===''The Biological Jew''=== | |||
Eustace Mullins dedicated ''Secrets of the Federal Reserve'' to George Stimpson and Ezra Pound. | |||
In 1968, Mullins authored the tract ''The Biological Jew'', which he claimed was an objective analysis of the forces behind the "decline" of Western Culture. He claimed that the main influence that people were overlooking in their analysis of world affairs was "parasitism".<ref name="Diamond1996">{{cite book|author= Sara Diamond|title=Facing the wrath: confronting the Right in dangerous times |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn-FAAAAMAAJ|year=1996 |publisher=Common Courage Press|isbn=978-1-56751-078-2|page=214}}</ref> | |||
===''The World Order''=== | |||
Mullins wrote a follow up to his work on the Federal Reserve in 1985, in a book called ''The World Order: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism'',<ref></ref> updated in 1992 as ''The World Order: Our Secret Rulers''. He argued that the Federal Reserve and other central banks were tools of a "Rothschild World system", centered in the City of London, which extended its power through organizations like the Royal Institute of International Affairs, various foundations, corporate conglomerates, intelligence agencies, etc. He proposed that Nations were not really governing powers, but rather, that the world was parasitically controlled by this interlock of banks, foundations, and corporations, which acted as a unified force, tending towards World monopoly. He furthermore proposed that this oligarchical apparatus was controlled by corrupt, dynastic families that had accumulated their wealth through trade in gold, slaves, and drugs. He claimed that as this consortium furthered its monopolistic ambitions, it would seek the establishment of a World Culture, eradicate ], impoverish everyone except themselves, and progressively turn the world into a police state. | |||
] describes Mullins' 1992 work ''The World Order: Our Secret Rulers'' as "a more openly anti-Semitic version of the ] theory". He writes: | |||
{{quote | Like his mentor , Mullins sees the world's evil as a product of financial manipulation, in which Jews play a central role. But as an explanation of world, as opposed to modern, history, his conspiracist vision makes the Illuminati merely a link in a much longer chain that extends back to the ancient Near East and forward to the nascent communist movement of the early Marx. ] himself is portrayed as a mere figurehead… Mullins sees the Illuminati as really run by Jews…".<ref name= Barkun2006p52>] (2006). ''A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America''. ]. p. 52.</ref>}} | |||
==Political activities== | |||
In 1985, Mullins also wrote ''A Writ for Martyrs'', in which he reproduced a large portion of his FBI file, which included a 1959 memo to J. Edgar Hoover from Alex Rosen, which suggested having Mullins forcibly committed for his political views. On this memo is a scribbled note from Hoover, saying the Mullins case was “top priority” and that FBI agents should “see that some action is taken.” It also produced facsimiles of his correspondence with the German and American governments regarding the burning of the German translation of his study of the Federal Reserve. | |||
Mullins was involved with a number of extremist right-wing and ] groups from the early 1950s through the 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Durham|title=The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC|year=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5486-0|page=124|quote=This is particularly the case for Nesta Webster, but also for Eustace Mullins, whose political career extends from his involvement in the minuscule pro-Nazi National Renaissance Party in the early 1950s to his influence on the modern Patriot movement in the 1990s}}</ref> These included the ] and ]'s<ref name="Lee2013">{{cite book|author=Martin A. Lee|title=The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRDeAAAAQBAJ|date=23 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-28131-1|pages=89–91|quote=James Madole, the nominal chief of the NRP, was a balding shipping clerk in his mid-forties who lived with his mother, a raving anti-Semite. (p. 89) Mullins occasionally joined NRP members at street-corner demonstrations, where he ranted about how the Jews had killed Eisenhower and replace him with a double whom they controlled. He peppered his speeches with snide remarks about ... the "Jew Deal" ... Mullins's roommate and intimate friend, Matt Koehl, was in charge of the NRP's Security Echelon Guard...(p. 90)}}</ref> organization, the ] (NRP).<ref name="Jackson2005"/> In the early 1950s Mullins regularly<ref name="Jackson2005"/> spoke in public at NRP demonstrations.<ref name="Lee2013"/> His then-roommate was ], later the leader of the ] but at that time head of the NRP's "Security Echelon Guard."<ref name="Lee2013"/> | |||
In the late 1950s Mullins also collaborated with "scientific racist" ], an associate editor of ]'s magazine, '']'', in theorizing Kuttner's ideas on white supremacy. They cofounded the Institute for Biopolitics in 1958 in order to popularize Kuttner's theories and their precursors in the work of ].<ref name="Jackson2005">{{cite book|author=John P. Jackson Jr. |title=Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYPSiy7Ns1sC|date=1 August 2005|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-4382-9|page=63|quote=Kuttner first worked out his ideas on biopolitics in a work with Eustace Mullins (born 1923). Mullins was a frequent speaker for the National Renaissance Party. ... In a 1956 press release, Mullins listed his organizational affiliations as including the National Renaissance party, executive directorship of the Aryan League of America, and the National Association for the Advancement of White People. ... Another of Mullins's pet projects was the Institute for Biopolitics, which seemed to consist of him and Kuttner. The institute issued a booklet titled the ''Biopolitics of Organic Materialism'', dedicated to Morley Roberts (1858–1942), a British novelist and writer...}}</ref> | |||
In 1988, Mullins wrote ''Murder by Injection'', where he argued that much of the United States was controlled by the Rockefellers, and that the "medical monopoly" exercised a pernicious influence on American life, intentionally making people sick and deliberately introducing poisons, rather than healing people. | |||
By the mid-1990s Mullins was "considered a national leader" in the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Militia Leader Urges Discreet Use of Force Says Guns, Bullets Should Be Last, Lowest Choice|publisher=The Spokesman-Review|date=April 16, 1995|author=Bill Morlin|page=B1|quote=Beckman and Mullins are considered national leaders in the antigovernment, constitutionalist movement}}</ref> He spoke regularly to militia groups across the United States during this time.<ref name=virginia>{{cite news|title=VA Militias Defend Their Rage and Fears|work=The Roanoke Times|date=April 30, 1995|page=A-1|author1=Margaret Edds|author2=David M. Poole|quote=Another Virginian, 72-year-old Staunton author Eustace Mullins, has lectured to militia groups all over the country about a vast conspiracy in which the federal government has become a pawn of private banks and the Federal Reserve. ... Mullins – whose 1952 book, "The History of the Federal Reserve," is a seminal work in the Far-Right community...}}</ref> ''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve'' provided, in part, the theoretical underpinning of the movement's conspiracy theories about a secretive cabal of wealthy families controlling the international monetary system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Conspiracy Theories are Groups' Lifeblood|publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Dennis B. Roddy|date=April 30, 1995|page=A-1|quote=Similarly, it is Eustace Mullins' book, 'The Secrets of the Federal Reserve,' that provides fodder for the movement's belief that a handful of wealthy internationalists control the money supply through the Fed. ... Mullins' books contend that the Federal Reserve was concocted in the early part of the century as a means for a handful of banking families to take control of the world money supply.}}</ref> | |||
In 1989, Mullins wrote ''The Rape of Justice'', where he argued that the United States legal system was fundamentally corrupt. | |||
==TruthSeeker== | |||
{{refimprove section|date=February 2011|talk= | |||
}} | |||
Many of Mullins' writings show a preoccupation with the idea that the Jews of the world are in a state of war with Christianity and Western civilization, and that Communism, Zionism, and International finance were Jewish tools to subjugate gentile populations. He also believed that in general the interaction between Jews and gentiles was ]. He believed that the ] were also parasitic,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EB1D21E2C572E3C&p_docnum=7&p_queryname=3|title=Science, religion beget bold beliefs|date=23 August 1993|author=Jim Carrier|publisher=The Denver Post|page=3B}}</ref> but that ultimately the World Order was controlled by Jews and that the end goal of this Jewish oligarchy is "World Zionism."{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} | |||
Mullins believed that the French Revolution and the Congress of Vienna were key events in which Jews, via conspiratorial machinations, overpowered Gentile governments.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} He believed that other key moments in the establishment of Jewish power were the creation of the Federal Reserve, the Bolshevik Revolution, and the establishment of the state of Israel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} | |||
Like Pound, he had sympathy for Fascism, because of its apparent anti-Usury and anti-Communist measures, though he later withdrew that sympathy, as he came to believe that without the Nazis, Zionism would never have been a powerful force, and that the Nazis were puppets of Jewish bankers, specifically ], who he claimed financed them to build up the Nazi war machine, as well as the leaders of the ] Bank, who were facilitated by the Dulles brothers, and that Nazi opposition to these bankers, insofar as it went beyond rhetoric, occurred only well after they had ascended to power. In his book ''Secrets of the Federal Reserve'', he also claimed that World War One was contrived and managed by a triumvirate consisting of ], ], ], and to a lesser extent, the leaders of Morgan banks, in the United States, and men like ] in Germany, so that they might increase their profit and power. He also claimed that these individuals would play a key role in financing the ].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} | |||
His October, 1952 article "Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation" was mentioned in a report by the ].<ref>, p. 27</ref> In it, he espoused anti-Semitic views and expressed the belief that America owes a debt to Hitler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation|author=Eustace Mullins|page=1|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/24860672/Adolf-Hitler-an-Appreciation-by-Eustace-Mullins|accessdate=8 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
In a tract called ''The Secret Holocaust'', Mullins stated that the account of the Nazi extermination of the Jews is implausible, and that it is a cover story for the Soviet massacres of Christians, which he believed was led by a conspiracy of "international Jews" and instigated for the purpose of killing Gentiles.<ref>{{cite book|author=Eustace Mullins|title=The Secret Holocaust|year=1983|publisher=Christian Vanguard|url=http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:uwrmlztz4sQJ:scholar.google.com/+%22eustace+mullins%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,47|accessdate=8 July 2012}}</ref> | |||
In 1968, Mullins authored the tract, ''The Biological Jew'', which he claimed was an objective analysis of the forces behind the "decline" of Western Culture. He claimed that the main influence that people were overlooking in their analysis of world affairs was "parasitism". He began by describing parasitism in the animal kingdom.<ref name=biojew>{{cite book|title=The Biological Jew|author=Eustace Mullins|url=http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:CWVwourW5wkJ:scholar.google.com/+%22eustace+mullins%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,47|accessdate=8 July 2012|year=1968|place=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|2-8}} He then commented on the work of the macro-historians ] and ]<ref name=biojew />{{rp|9}} (who he said was a ripoff of Spengler and a "shabbez-goi historian"), and proposed that if we look at society as if it were an organism, then the Jews would be equivalent to parasites overtaking that organism. He states that Jews "instinctively" want to control the world. He spent the rest of the book attacking Americans for their supposed docility and subservience to the Jews, and predicting that America would be in total cultural decline by the 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} | |||
In ''The Biological Jew'' he wrote about ] saying: "This religious ceremony of drinking the blood of an innocent gentile child is basic to the Jew's entire concept of his existence as a parasite, living off of the blood of the host."<ref>quoted in , Anti-Defamation League, retrieved May 22, 2013</ref> | |||
] describes Mullins' 1992 work ''The New World Order: Our Secret Rulers'' as "a more openly anti-Semitic version of the ] theory". He writes: | |||
<blockquote>Like his mentor , Mullins sees the world's evil as a product of financial manipulation, in which Jews play a central role. But as an explanation of world, as opposed to modern, history, his conspiracist vision makes the Illuminati merely a link in a much longer change that extends back to the ancient Near East and forward to the nascent communist movement of the early Marx. ] himself is portrayed as a mere figurehead... Mullins sees the Illuminati as really run by Jews...".<ref name=Barkun2006p52>] (2006). ''A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America''. ]. p. 52.</ref></blockquote> | |||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
While on a speaking tour in ] in January 2010, Mullins suffered a ]. He died on February 2, 2010, aged 86, in ]. | While on a speaking tour in ], in January 2010, Mullins suffered a ]. He died on February 2, 2010, aged 86, in ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eustace Mullins, Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theorist, Dies at Age 86 |url=https://www.adl.org/news/article/eustace-mullins-anti-semitic-conspiracy-theorist-dies-at-age-86 |website=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=16 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||
===Books=== | ===Books=== | ||
* ] Staunton, Virg.: Faith and Service Books (1967) | |||
* ''The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History'', Revelation Books, Staunton, Virginia, 1987, 242 pages, ISBN 0-9786517-1-5 (2007) | |||
* ] Staunton, Virg.: Revelation Books (1987). {{ISBN|0978651715}}. | |||
* ''The Federal Reserve Conspiracy'', Common Sense, Union, New Jersey, 1954, 144 pages | |||
* Union, NJ: Common Sense (1954). | |||
* ''Mullins' New History of the Jews'', The International Institute of Jewish Studies, ], 1978, reprint of 1968 edition. Quoting from the introduction: "... throughout the history of civilization, one particular problem of mankind has remained constant. In all of the vast records of peace and wars and rumors of wars, one great empire after another has had to come to grips with the same dilemma ... the Jews." | |||
* ''Mullins' New History of the Jews''. Staunton, Virg. (1978). | |||
* ''Murder by Injection: The Medical Conspiracy Against America'', The National Council for Medical Research, Staunton, Virginia, ISBN 0-88060-694-0 | |||
** Reprint of 1968 edition. Quoting from the introduction: "... throughout the history of civilization, one particular problem of mankind has remained constant. In all of the vast records of peace and wars and rumors of wars, one great empire after another has had to come to grips with the same dilemma ... the Jews." | |||
* ''My Life in Christ'', Faith and Service Books, Aryan League of America Staunton, Virginia, 1968, 90 pages | |||
* Staunton, Virg.: National Council for Medical Research. {{ISBN|0880606940}}. | |||
* ''The Rape of Justice: America's Tribunals Exposed'', Staunton, Virginia: National Commission for Judicial Reform, 1989 | |||
* ''My Life in Christ''. Staunton, Virg. (1968). | |||
* ''The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb'' | |||
* Staunton, Virg.: (1989). | |||
* ''The Secrets of the Federal Reserve'', 1952. Reprinted John McLaughlin, 1983, 208 pages, ISBN 0-9656492-1-0 | |||
* (Jun. 1998) | |||
* ''The Sedition Case'', Sons Of Liberty, 1985, ], 1985, Trade Paperback | |||
* ] Staunton, Virg.: Bankers Research Institute (1952). | |||
* ''This Difficult Individual: Ezra Pound'', Fleet Publishing Corporation, (1961) reprint, Noontide Press, ISBN 0-317-53248-0 | |||
** Reprinted: John McLaughlin (1983), 208 pages. {{ISBN|0965649210}}. | |||
* ''This Difficult Individual: Ezra Pound'', Angriff Press: ], 1961. With black & white photos of ] taken while incarcerated, 388 pages, cloth reprint (exactly as Fleet Press edition; bootlegged?) | |||
* '' |
* ''The Sedition Case''. Metairie, LA: Sons of Liberty (1985). | ||
* ]. New York: ]; Hollywood, Calif.: ] (1961). {{OCLC|1151457592}}. | |||
* ''A Writ for Martyrs'', OTU Christ Church, 1985, Soft Cover, 223 pages | |||
** Reprinted: ]. {{ISBN|0317532480}}. | |||
* ''The World Order: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism'', Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute, 1985, 217 pages | |||
* (3rd Rev.). Metairie, Calif.: Sons of Liberty (1984). {{ISBN|0895621002}}. by William Anderson. | |||
* ''The World Order: Our Secret Rulers'', Staunton, Virginia: Ezra Pound Institute, 1992, 294 pages | |||
* ] (1995). | |||
* ''A Writ for Martyrs'' (1985). {{LCCN|85060639}}. | |||
* [[iarchive:EustaceMullins-TheWorldOrderAStudyInTheHegemonyOfParasitism1985| | |||
''The World Order: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism''.]] Staunton, Virg.: (1985). | |||
*] Staunton, Virg.: (1992) | |||
==See also== | |||
*] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Line 113: | Line 123: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{External links|section|date=July 2020}} | |||
* at ] | |||
{{commons category|Eustace Mullins}} | |||
*] via ] | |||
**] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | |||
*] at ] | |||
* {{OCLC|815253657}}. | |||
*]. | |||
*] (48 min). Interview with Mullins on the Federal Reserve. | |||
* ] | |||
{{Neo-Nazism}} | |||
{{Historical revisionism}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{Authority control|VIAF=114658137}} | |||
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. --> | |||
| NAME = Mullins, Eustace | |||
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = | |||
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 30, 1923 | |||
| PLACE OF BIRTH = ], USA | |||
| DATE OF DEATH = February 2, 2010 | |||
| PLACE OF DEATH = ] | |||
}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mullins, Eustace}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Mullins, Eustace}} | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] | |||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | ] | ||
] | |||
] |
Latest revision as of 11:13, 23 October 2024
American white supremacist (1923–2010)Eustace Mullins | |
---|---|
Born | Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. (1923-03-09)March 9, 1923 Roanoke, Virginia, U.S. |
Died | February 2, 2010(2010-02-02) (aged 86) Hockley, Texas, U.S. |
Occupation | Writer |
Known for | Antisemitism, Holocaust denial, conspiracy theory |
Notable work | The Secrets of the Federal Reserve (1952) The Biological Jew (1967) |
Political party | National Renaissance Party |
Movement | Neo-fascism, constitutional militia movement |
Eustace Clarence Mullins Jr. (March 9, 1923 – February 2, 2010) was an American white supremacist, antisemitic conspiracy theorist, propagandist, Holocaust denier, and writer. A disciple of the poet Ezra Pound, his best-known work is The Secrets of The Federal Reserve, in which he alleged that several high-profile bankers had conspired to write the Federal Reserve Act for their own nefarious purposes, and then induced Congress to enact it into law. The Southern Poverty Law Center described him as "a one-man organization of hate".
Life
Eustace Clarence Mullins, Jr. was born in Roanoke, Virginia, the third child of Eustace Clarence Mullins (1899–1961) and his wife Jane Katherine Muse (1897–1971). His father was a salesman in a retail clothing store. He said he was educated at Ohio State University, New York University, and the University of North Dakota, although the FBI was unable to verify his attendance at any of them, with the exception of one summer session at NYU in 1947.
In December 1942 he enlisted in the military as a Warrant Officer at Charlottesville, Virginia. He was a veteran of the United States Army Air Forces, serving thirty-eight months during World War II.
In 1949 Mullins worked at the Institute for Contemporary Arts in Washington, D.C. where he met Ezra Pound's wife Dorothy, who introduced him to her husband. Pound was at the time incarcerated in St. Elizabeth's Hospital for the Mentally Ill. Mullins visited the poet frequently, and for a time acted as his secretary. Later, he wrote a biography, This Difficult Individual Ezra Pound (1961), which literary critic Ira Nadel describes as "prejudiced and often melodramatic". According to Mullins it was Pound who set him on the course of research that led to his writing The Secrets of The Federal Reserve.
Mullins became a researcher at the Library of Congress in 1950 and helped Senator Joseph McCarthy in making claims about Communist Party funding sources. He later stated that he believed McCarthy had "started to turn the tide against world communism". Shortly after his first book, The Secrets of The Federal Reserve, came out in 1952, he was discharged by the Library of Congress.
From April 1953 until April 1954, Mullins was employed by the American Petroleum Industries Committee (APIC). He was cited in 1954 as a "neo-Fascist" by the House Un-American Activities Committee, which noted in particular his article "Adolph Hitler: An Appreciation", written in 1952, in which he compared Hitler to Jesus and described both as victims of Jews. In 1956 he sued the APIC for breach of contract, charging that the group had hired him as a sub rosa propagandist to undermine Zionism, but failed to live up to a verbal agreement to pay him $25,000 for his covert services. The APIC responded that Mullins had been hired “as one of several economist-writers in a subordinate capacity", and denied that he had been employed “in any capacity at any time for the purpose he .″ The lawsuit, like many others filed by Mullins over the years, was eventually dismissed.
In the 1950s, Mullins began his career as an author writing for Conde McGinley’s antisemitic newspaper Common Sense, which promoted the second edition of his book on the Federal Reserve, entitled The Federal Reserve Conspiracy (1954). Around this time, he also wrote for Lyrl Clark Van Hyning's Chicago-based newsletter, Women's Voice. He was a member of the National Renaissance Party and wrote for its journal, The National Renaissance. In the 1990s and 2000s, he wrote for Criminal Politics. Mullins was on the editorial staff of the American Free Press and became a contributing editor to the Barnes Review, both published by Willis Carto's Liberty Lobby.
Mullins lived in Staunton, Virginia, in the house at 126 Madison Place where he grew up, from the mid 1970s through the end of his life.
Writings
The Secrets of the Federal Reserve
In the late 1940s, when the poet Ezra Pound was incarcerated in St. Elizabeths Hospital on treason charges against the US, he corresponded with Mullins. In their correspondence, Mullins exclaimed "THE JEWS ARE BETRAYING US", in a letter written on Aryan League of America stationery. The two became friends and Mullins often visited the poet while he was detained. In his "Foreword" to The Secrets of the Federal Reserve, Mullins explains the circumstances by which he came to write his investigation into the origins of the Federal Reserve System: "In 1949, while I was visiting Ezra Pound… asked me if I had ever heard of the Federal Reserve System. I replied that I had not, as of the age of 25. He then showed me a ten dollar bill marked "Federal Reserve Note" and asked me if I would do some research at the Library of Congress on the Federal Reserve System which had issued this bill."
Mullins told Pound that he had little interest in such a research project because he was working on a novel. "My initial research" wrote Mullins, "revealed evidence of an international banking group which had secretly planned the writing of the Federal Reserve Act and Congress’ enactment of the plan into law. These findings confirmed what Pound had long suspected. He said, 'You must work on it as a detective story.'"
Mullins completed the manuscript during the course of 1950 when he began to seek a publisher. Eighteen publishers turned the book down without comment before the President of the Devin-Adair Publishing Company, Devin Garrity, told him, "I like your book but we can't print it ... Neither can anybody else in New York. You may as well forget about getting published."
In 1952, the book was finally published by two of Pound's other disciples, John Kasper and David Horton, under the title Mullins on the Federal Reserve. In it, Mullins postulated a conspiracy among Paul Warburg, Edward Mandell House, Woodrow Wilson, J.P. Morgan, Benjamin Strong, Otto Kahn, the Rockefeller family, the Rothschild family, and other European and American bankers that led to the founding of the U.S. Federal Reserve System. He argued that the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 defies Article 1, Section 8, Paragraph 5 of the United States Constitution by creating a "central bank of issue" for the United States. Mullins went on to claim that World War I, the Agricultural Depression of 1920, and the Great Depression of 1929 were brought about by international banking interests to profit from conflict and economic instability. Mullins also cited Thomas Jefferson's staunch opposition to the establishment of a central bank in the United States.
In an updated edition published in 1983 and retitled Secrets of the Federal Reserve, Mullins argued that Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and the House of Morgan were fronts for the Rothschilds. He asserted that financial interests connected to the J. Henry Schroder Company and the Dulles brothers financed Adolf Hitler (in contrast to Pound's declaration that Hitler was a sovereign who disdained international finance. ). He called the Rothschilds "world monopolists", and claimed that City of London bankers owned the Federal Reserve, since they owned much of the stock of its member banks. He attempted to trace stock ownership, as it changed hands via mergers and acquisitions, from the inception of the Federal Reserve in 1913 to the early 1980s.
In the last chapter of the book, he noted various Congressional investigations, and criticized the immense degree of power possessed by these few banks who owned majority shares in the Federal Reserve. He also criticized the Bilderberg Group, attacking it as an international consortium produced by the Rockefeller-Rothschild alliance. In an appendix to the book, he delved further into the City of London, and criticized the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, which he claimed helps to conduct psychological warfare on the citizens of Britain and the United States.
Mullins dedicated Secrets of the Federal Reserve to George Stimpson and Ezra Pound. It became his best known book, and remains broadly influential in American far-right movements. A copy was reportedly found in Osama bin Laden's library at his compound in Abbottabad, along with Bloodlines of the Illuminati by Fritz Springmeier, another right-wing conspiracy theorist.
Hitler and the Holocaust
Mullins' October 1952 article entitled "Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation" was mentioned in a report by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In it, he espoused antisemitic views and expressed the belief that America owed a debt to Hitler. The article first appeared in The National Renaissance, journal of the National Renaissance Party.
In a tract from 1984 called The Secret Holocaust, Mullins stated that the accepted account of the Holocaust is implausible, calling it a cover story for Jewish-led Soviet massacres of Christians and anti-communists. In particular, Mullins argues that by the mid-1960s, in order to divert the world's attention away from this putative mass slaughter, "the Jews" had cooked up the story of the Holocaust, using "photographs of the bodies of their German victims, which are exhibited today in gruesome 'museums' in Germany as exhibits of dead Jews" as evidence for their claims.
The Biological Jew
In 1968, Mullins authored the tract The Biological Jew, which he claimed was an objective analysis of the forces behind the "decline" of Western Culture. He claimed that the main influence that people were overlooking in their analysis of world affairs was "parasitism".
The World Order
Michael Barkun describes Mullins' 1992 work The World Order: Our Secret Rulers as "a more openly anti-Semitic version of the Illuminati theory". He writes:
Like his mentor , Mullins sees the world's evil as a product of financial manipulation, in which Jews play a central role. But as an explanation of world, as opposed to modern, history, his conspiracist vision makes the Illuminati merely a link in a much longer chain that extends back to the ancient Near East and forward to the nascent communist movement of the early Marx. Weishaupt himself is portrayed as a mere figurehead… Mullins sees the Illuminati as really run by Jews…".
Political activities
Mullins was involved with a number of extremist right-wing and neofascist groups from the early 1950s through the 1990s. These included the National Association for the Advancement of White People and James H. Madole's organization, the National Renaissance Party (NRP). In the early 1950s Mullins regularly spoke in public at NRP demonstrations. His then-roommate was Matt Koehl, later the leader of the American Nazi Party but at that time head of the NRP's "Security Echelon Guard."
In the late 1950s Mullins also collaborated with "scientific racist" Robert Kuttner, an associate editor of Charles Lee Smith's magazine, The Truth Seeker, in theorizing Kuttner's ideas on white supremacy. They cofounded the Institute for Biopolitics in 1958 in order to popularize Kuttner's theories and their precursors in the work of Morley Roberts.
By the mid-1990s Mullins was "considered a national leader" in the constitutional militia movement. He spoke regularly to militia groups across the United States during this time. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve provided, in part, the theoretical underpinning of the movement's conspiracy theories about a secretive cabal of wealthy families controlling the international monetary system.
Death
While on a speaking tour in Columbus, Ohio, in January 2010, Mullins suffered a stroke. He died on February 2, 2010, aged 86, in Hockley, Texas.
Works
Books
- The Biological Jew. Staunton, Virg.: Faith and Service Books (1967)
- The Curse of Canaan: A Demonology of History. Staunton, Virg.: Revelation Books (1987). ISBN 0978651715.
- The Federal Reserve Conspiracy. Union, NJ: Common Sense (1954).
- Mullins' New History of the Jews. Staunton, Virg. (1978).
- Reprint of 1968 edition. Quoting from the introduction: "... throughout the history of civilization, one particular problem of mankind has remained constant. In all of the vast records of peace and wars and rumors of wars, one great empire after another has had to come to grips with the same dilemma ... the Jews."
- Murder by Injection: The Medical Conspiracy Against America. Staunton, Virg.: National Council for Medical Research. ISBN 0880606940.
- My Life in Christ. Staunton, Virg. (1968).
- The Rape of Justice: America's Tribunals Exposed. Staunton, Virg.: (1989).
- The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb. (Jun. 1998)
- The Secrets of the Federal Reserve: The London Connection. Staunton, Virg.: Bankers Research Institute (1952).
- Reprinted: John McLaughlin (1983), 208 pages. ISBN 0965649210.
- The Sedition Case. Metairie, LA: Sons of Liberty (1985).
- This Difficult Individual: Ezra Pound. New York: Fleet Publishing Corporation; Hollywood, Calif.: Angriff Press (1961). OCLC 1151457592.
- Reprinted: Noontide Press. ISBN 0317532480.
- War! War! War! (3rd Rev.). Metairie, Calif.: Sons of Liberty (1984). ISBN 0895621002. Afterword by William Anderson.
- Who Owns the TV Networks? (1995).
- A Writ for Martyrs (1985). LCCN 85-60639.
- The World Order: A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism. Staunton, Virg.: (1985).
- The World Order: Our Secret Rulers. Staunton, Virg.: (1992)
See also
References
- Canon Funeral Home Waller, Texas
- ^ Anti-semitic Propagandist Says He Was Hired by U.S. Oil Group. jta.org (March 2, 1956), retrieved August 31, 2016.
-
- Paul F. Boller Jr. Emeritus Professor of History Texas Christian University; Oklahoma John George Jr. Professor of Political Science and Sociology Central State University (18 May 1989). They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-19-802222-0.
...the disordered imagination of longtime anti-semite Eustace Mullins, a disciple of poet Ezra Pound.
- Daniel Levitas (23 November 2002). The Terrorist Next Door: The Militia Movement and the Radical Right. St. Martin's Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-312-29105-1.
...the Christian Credit Society was endorsed by Eustace Mullins, a lifelong anti-semite and Holocaust denier.
- Chip Berlet (1998). "Who is Mediating the Storm". In Linda Kintz; Julia Lesage (eds.). Media, Culture, and the Religious Right. U of Minnesota Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-8166-3085-1.
...Chuck Harder used notorious anti-Semite Eustace Mullins as an expert on the Federal Reserve
- Out Spoken Ferr Speech Stories. University of California Press. 10 October 2003. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-510-11370-4.
...Eustace Mullins, an author of anti-Semitic tracts clothed as commentary on monetary policy, was invited to speak in a neighboring town.
- Rupert, Mark (2000). Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order. Routledge. pp. 105, 122. ISBN 978-0-415-18925-5.
'...and even provided a forum for the noxious antiSemitic conspiracist, Eustace Mullins.' (p.122) 'Spotlight has published the commentaries of Eustace Mullins, a notorious antiSemitic writer...' (p. 105)
- Dennis Roddy (September 25, 2002). "Pick a Conspiracy, any Conspiracy Theory". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. D-1.
That Eustace Mullins is both a conspiracy theorist and a raving anti-Semite is not necessarily a judgment on Smith.
- Andrea Baillie (February 23, 2001). "Conference cancels speaker after anti-Semitic allegations". The Hamilton Spectator. p. C07.
...the Virginia-based author has also written books denying the Holocaust and praising the Nazis.
- Matthew Kalman (April 20, 1997). "Kula Shaker star regrets flirtation with fascism". The Independent on Sunday.
They shared a platform at the Wembley Conference Centre with the notorious anti-semitic propagandist Eustace Mullins...
- Aune, James Arnt (2002). Selling the Free Market: The Rhetoric of Economic Correctness. Guilford Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-57230-757-5.
- Jeffery Goldberg (October 29, 2012). "Nazi Propaganda Permeates Anti-Israel Movement". The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. A-7.
The first time I met the anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins was at a conference I was covering of Holocaust deniers, neo-Nazis and paranoiacs...
- Benjamin Weinthal (October 5, 2012). "Free Gaza group: Zionists operated concentration camps". Jerusalem Post.
...conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins, who propagates the views that Jews are responsible for the Holocaust and are admirers of Hitler.
- Thomas O'Dwyer (August 6, 1999). "Networks of hate". Jerusalem Post. p. 06A.
Eustace Mullins, a grandfather of paranoid antisemites, proved that the Oklahoma City bombing was carried out by the Anti-Defamation League.
- Paul F. Boller Jr. Emeritus Professor of History Texas Christian University; Oklahoma John George Jr. Professor of Political Science and Sociology Central State University (18 May 1989). They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-19-802222-0.
- ^ Staunton anti-Semite Mullins dies at 86 Archived 2016-09-20 at the Wayback Machine. Published originally in the Staunton News-Leader (May 2, 2010), reproduced at stiffs.com, retrieved August 31, 2016.
- Full text, FBI Archive, "Eustace C. Mullins", retrieved August 31, 2016.
- Nadel, Ira. (2010b). "The Lives of Pound". in Ira Nadel (ed). Ezra Pound in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51507-8. pp. 161–162
- Foreword to The Secrets of The Federal Reserve by Eustace Mullins, Bridger House Publications, 2009
- "Sen. McCarthy Remembered". The Capitol Times (Madison, WI). 21 May 2001. p. 3A.
Eustace Mullins, who was a researcher at the Library of Congress in 1950 when McCarthy asked him to look into who was financing the Communist Party, was the keynote speaker at a dinner Sunday evening sponsored by the Sen. Joseph McCarthy Educational Foundation.
- The Capital Times, Madison, WI, May 21, 2001, p. 3A. Full Text Newspapers. Thomson Gale Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (requires Santa Cruz Public Library log-in).
- Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George, They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions, Oxford University Press (1989), p. 15.
- "Anti-Zion Drive Denied By Group". Spokane Daily Chronicle. March 6, 1956.
- Steven E Atkins (13 September 2011). Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-59884-351-4.
- David Livingstone (16 June 2013). Black Terror White Soldiers: Islam, Fascism and the New Age. David Livingstone. p. 606. ISBN 978-1-4812-2650-9.
- ^ Martin A. Lee (23 October 2013). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. Taylor & Francis. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-1-135-28131-1.
James Madole, the nominal chief of the NRP, was a balding shipping clerk in his mid-forties who lived with his mother, a raving anti-Semite. (p. 89) Mullins occasionally joined NRP members at street-corner demonstrations, where he ranted about how the Jews had killed Eisenhower and replace him with a double whom they controlled. He peppered his speeches with snide remarks about ... the "Jew Deal" ... Mullins's roommate and intimate friend, Matt Koehl, was in charge of the NRP's Security Echelon Guard...(p. 90)
- "A good example of these other paths is Criminal Politics, where Lawrence Patterson and his cohorts, including Eustace Mullins and Fletcher Prouty, scour the world for evidence of conspiracies within the world's power structure." Danky, Jim, and John Cherney, "An outpouring of right-wing publications cover all social issues", St. Louis Journalism Review, 25.n179 (Sept 1995): 27(1). InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale.
- "Eustace Mullins, Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theorist, Dies at Age 86". Anti-Defamation League. 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
From at least 1993 through 2009, Mullins was a contributing editor to Criminal Politics, an anti-Semitic conspiracy-oriented magazine.
- Feldman, Matthew; Rinaldi, Andrea (2014). "'Penny-wise...': Ezra Pound's Posthumous Legacy to Fascism". In Jackson, Paul; Shekhovtsov, Anton (eds.). The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 48. doi:10.1057/9781137396211. ISBN 9781137396211. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
- Eustace Mullins (1967). The Biological Jew (PDF). Staunton, VA. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bill McKelway (10 May 1995). "Right Rebellious – Guru Wages a War of Words on Conservatism's Fringe". Richmond Times-Dispatch.
- ^ Tytell, John (1987). Ezra Pound: The Solitary Volcano. New York: Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0-385-19694-9, pp. 304–14
- Pound, Ezra, and Leonard W. Doob. "Ezra Pound Speaking": Radio Speeches of World War II. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978.
- Secrets of the Federal Reserve
- Arthur Goldwag (4 September 2012). The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right. Vintage Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-307-74251-3.
Mullins was a frequent visitor to Ezra Pound when he was a political prisoner in St. Elizabeths Hospital, ... and his best-known book, The Secrets of the Federal Reserve, was written at the poet's behest and with his material and intellectual support.
- ^ Margaret Edds; David M. Poole (April 30, 1995). "VA Militias Defend Their Rage and Fears". The Roanoke Times. p. A-1.
Another Virginian, 72-year-old Staunton author Eustace Mullins, has lectured to militia groups all over the country about a vast conspiracy in which the federal government has become a pawn of private banks and the Federal Reserve. ... Mullins – whose 1952 book, "The History of the Federal Reserve," is a seminal work in the Far-Right community...
- Rosenberg, Matthew (2015-05-20). "In Osama bin Laden Library: Illuminati and Bob Woodward". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- Preliminary Report on Neo-Fascist and Hate Groups Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine, p. 27
- Eustace Mullins. "Adolf Hitler: An Appreciation". p. 1. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- ^ Howard L. Bushart; John R. Craig (30 March 1999). Soldiers of God: White Supremacists and Their Holy War for America. Kensington Publishing Corporation. pp. 124, 233. ISBN 978-0-7860-0649-6.
Mullins is the virulently anti-Jewish holocaust revisionist and author of The Secret Holocaust: A Primer for the Aryan Nations Movement, in which Jews are blamed for the European slaughter during World War II and virtually every other atrocity that has ever happened in the world.(p.124) Eustace Mullins' 1984 The Secret Holocaust (Aryan Truth Network) makes the claim that the Holocaust never happened and offers controversial evidence to support the allegations that the photos taken in the death camps—supposedly of 'dead Jews'—were actually photos of dead Germans who were victims of the Jews.(p.233)
- Eustace Mullins (1983). The Secret Holocaust. Christian Vanguard. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- Sara Diamond (1996). Facing the wrath: confronting the Right in dangerous times. Common Courage Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-56751-078-2.
- Michael Barkun (2006). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. p. 52.
- Martin Durham (2000). The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism. Manchester University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7190-5486-0.
This is particularly the case for Nesta Webster, but also for Eustace Mullins, whose political career extends from his involvement in the minuscule pro-Nazi National Renaissance Party in the early 1950s to his influence on the modern Patriot movement in the 1990s
- ^ John P. Jackson Jr. (1 August 2005). Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education. NYU Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8147-4382-9.
Kuttner first worked out his ideas on biopolitics in a work with Eustace Mullins (born 1923). Mullins was a frequent speaker for the National Renaissance Party. ... In a 1956 press release, Mullins listed his organizational affiliations as including the National Renaissance party, executive directorship of the Aryan League of America, and the National Association for the Advancement of White People. ... Another of Mullins's pet projects was the Institute for Biopolitics, which seemed to consist of him and Kuttner. The institute issued a booklet titled the Biopolitics of Organic Materialism, dedicated to Morley Roberts (1858–1942), a British novelist and writer...
- Bill Morlin (April 16, 1995). "Militia Leader Urges Discreet Use of Force Says Guns, Bullets Should Be Last, Lowest Choice". The Spokesman-Review. p. B1.
Beckman and Mullins are considered national leaders in the antigovernment, constitutionalist movement
- Dennis B. Roddy (April 30, 1995). "Conspiracy Theories are Groups' Lifeblood". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. A-1.
Similarly, it is Eustace Mullins' book, 'The Secrets of the Federal Reserve,' that provides fodder for the movement's belief that a handful of wealthy internationalists control the money supply through the Fed. ... Mullins' books contend that the Federal Reserve was concocted in the early part of the century as a means for a handful of banking families to take control of the world money supply.
- "Eustace Mullins, Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theorist, Dies at Age 86". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
External links
This section's use of external links may not follow Misplaced Pages's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- FBI files via Archive.org
- The World Order at Internet Archive
- Eustace Mullins papers, 1966-1968. OCLC 815253657.
- Audio (mp3) archive.
- The Magical Money Machine (48 min). Interview with Mullins on the Federal Reserve.
- HUAC report on Neo-Fascist groups, including material on Mullins.
Historical negationism | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genocide denial / denial of mass killings and atrocities |
| ||||||||||||
Other whitewashing of governments | |||||||||||||
Other manifestations |
| ||||||||||||
Organizations |
| ||||||||||||
Publications |
| ||||||||||||
Conferences | |||||||||||||
Publishing houses | |||||||||||||
Legal status |
| ||||||||||||
Related |
| ||||||||||||
- 1923 births
- 2010 deaths
- American conspiracy theorists
- American male non-fiction writers
- American neo-Nazis
- American pamphleteers
- American people of Swiss-German descent
- American segregationists
- Blood libel
- People from Hockley, Texas
- People from Staunton, Virginia
- Military personnel from Virginia
- University of North Dakota alumni
- Washington and Lee University alumni
- American white separatists
- Writers from Roanoke, Virginia
- Writers from Texas
- United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II