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{{Short description|German historian, writer and politician (1769–1860)}}
{{1911POV}}
{{Expand German|topic=hist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Ernst Moritz Arndt
| image =Ernst Moritz Arndt (cropped).gif
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date ={{Birth date|df=y|1769|12|26}}
| birth_place =], ], ]
| death_date ={{Death date and age|df=y|1860|01|29|1769|12|26}}
| death_place =], ], ]
| nationality =German
| other_names =
| occupation =author, poet
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ]
| signature =Ernst Moritz Arndt Signature.gif
}}
'''Ernst Moritz Arndt''' (26 December 1769 – 29 January 1860) was a German nationalist historian, writer and poet. Early in his life, he fought for the abolition of ], later against ]ic dominance over Germany. Arndt had to flee to Sweden for some time due to his anti-French positions. He is one of the main founders of ] during the Napoleonic wars<ref>{{Cite book |last=Popper |first=Karl |title=Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-28589-5 |location=London |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> and the 19th century movement for ]. After the ], the forces of the restoration counted him as a ].


Arndt played an important role for the early national and liberal ] movement and for the unification movement, and his song "]" acted as an unofficial German national anthem.
'''Ernst Moritz Arndt''' (], ] - ], ]), was a ] patriotic author and poet. Early in his life, he fought for the abolition of ], later against ]ic dominance over Germany, and had to flee to Sweden for some time due to his anti-French positions. He is one of the main founders of German ] and the movement for German unification. After the ], the forces of the restauration counted him as a demagogue and he was only rehabilitated in 1840.


Long after his death, his anti-French propaganda was used again, in both World Wars. This, together with some strongly antisemitic and anti-Polish statements, has led to a highly critical view of Arndt today.
Arndt played an important role for the early national and liberal ] movement and for the unification movement, and his song "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?" acted as an inofficial anthem.

Long after his death, his anti-French war propaganda was used again by nationalists in both World Wars. This together with some strongly antisemitic statements has led to a rather ambivalent view of Arndt today.


==Early life and studies== ==Early life and studies==
Arndt was born at ] on the island of ], which at that time belonged to ], as the son of a prosperous farmer, and emancipated ] of the lord of the district, Count Putbus; his mother came of well-to-do German yeoman stock. In 1787 the family removed to the neighbourhood of Stralsund, where Arndt was enabled attend the academy. After an interval of private study he went in 1791 to the ] as a student of ] and history, and in 1793 removed to ], where he fell under the influence of ]. Arndt was born at Gross Schoritz (now a part of ] on the island of ]),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pohlsander |first=Hans A. |title=National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-03911-352-1 |location=Oxford |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref> then in ]. He was the son of a prosperous farmer and emancipated ] of the lord of the district, Count ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=Elizabeth Harriot |title=The Life and Times of Louisa, Queen of Prussia: With an Introductory Sketch of Prussian History, Vol. 1 |publisher=W. Isbister & Company |year=1878 |location=London |pages=213 |language=en}}</ref> His mother came of well-to-do German yeoman stock. In 1787 the family moved to ], where Arndt was able to attend the academy. After an interval of private study he went in 1791 to the ] as a student of theology and history, and in 1793 moved to ], where he came under the influence of the German idealist philosopher ].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Arndt, Ernst Moritz|volume=2|pages=627–628}}</ref>


On the completion of his university course he returned home, was for two years a private tutor in the family of Ludwig Koscgarten (1758-1818), pastor of Wittow, and having qualified for the ministry as a candidate of theology, assisted in the church services. At the age of twenty eight he renounced the ministry, and for eighteen months he led wandering life, visiting ], ], ], ] and ]. Returning homewards up the ], he was moved by the sight of the ruined castles along its banks to intense bitterness against France. The impressions of this journey he later described in ''Reisen durch einen Teil Deutschlands, Ungarns, Italiens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und 1799'' (1802-1804). After the completion of his university studies he returned home, and for two years was a private tutor in the family of Ludwig Koscgarten (1758–1818), pastor of ] on Rügen, and having qualified for the ministry as a candidate of theology, he assisted in church services. In 1800, he started teaching history at Greifswald.<ref name=":0" />


At the age of 28 he renounced the ministry, and for 18 months led a life of traveling, visiting ], ], Italy, France and ]. Turning homewards up the river ], he was moved by the sight of the ruined castles along its banks to intense bitterness against France. The impressions of this journey he later described in ''Travels in parts of Germany, Hungary, Italy and France in 1798 and 1799''.<ref name="EB1911" />
== Opposition of serfdom and Napoleonic rule ==
In ] he settled in Greifswald as ''privat-docent'' in history, and the same year published ''Über die Freiheit der alten Republiken''. In ] appeared ''Germanien und Europa'', a fragmentary ebullition, he himself called it, of his views on the French aggression. This was followed by one of the most remarkable of his books, ''Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Rügen'' (Berlin, 1803), a history of serfdom in ] and on ], which was so convincing an indictment that King ] in ] abolished the evil.


==Opposition to serfdom and Napoleonic rule==
Arndt had meanwhile risen from ''privat-docent'' to extraordinary professor, and in 1806 was appointed to the chair of history at the university. In this year he published the first part of his ''Geist der Zeit'', which, he flung down the gauntlet to ] and called on countrymen to rise and shake off the French yoke. So great is the excitement it produced that Arndt was compelled to take refuge in Sweden to escape the vengeance of Napoleon.
]]]
Originally a supporter of the ideas of the French revolution, Arndt dissociated himself from them when the ] of the ] became apparent. When Napoleon began to conquer Europe, this renunciation was transformed into visceral dislike.<ref name=Staas>{{Cite journal|title=Einheit durch Reinheit |first=Christian |last=Staas |language=de |journal=Zeit Geschichte |issue=3/2010 |pages=38–42}}</ref>


In 1800 he taught at the ] as an independent lecturer (''privatdocent'') in history, and the same year published ''Über die Freiheit der alten Republiken''. ''Germanien und Europa'' appeared in 1803, a "fragmentary outburst," as he himself called it, on his views on French aggression. This was followed by one of his most influential books, ''Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Rügen'' (Berlin, 1803), a history of serfdom in ] and on ], which was so convincing an indictment that King ] in 1806 abolished serfdom.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Settling in ], he obtained government employment, and devoted himself to the great cause which was nearest his art, and in pamphlets, poems and songs communicated his enthusiasm to his countrymen. ]'s heroic death at Stralsund compelled him to return to Germany and, under the disguise of Aßmann, teacher of languages, be reached ] in December.


Arndt had meanwhile risen from ''privatdocent'' to extraordinary professor, and in 1806 was appointed to the chair of history at the university. In this year he published the first part of his ''Geist der Zeit'', in which he flung down the gauntlet to ] and called on countrymen to rise and shake off the French yoke. So great was the excitement it produced that Arndt was compelled to take refuge in Sweden to escape the vengeance of Napoleon. Settling in ], he obtained government employment, and devoted himself to the great cause which was nearest his heart. In pamphlets, poems and songs, he communicated his enthusiasm for German independence to his countrymen. ]'s heroic death at Stralsund prompted him to return to Germany, and in disguise he reached ] in December.<ref name="EB1911"/>
] main building]]


]
In ] he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months. He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in close contact, with the first men of his time, such as ], ] and ], and in 1812 was summoned by the last named to ] to assist in the organization of the final struggle against France. Meanwhile, pamphlet after pamphlet, and his stirring patriotic songs, such as "Was ist das deutsche Vaterland?" "Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ," and "Was blasen Trompeten?" were on all lips.
In 1810 he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months. He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in close contact, with notable men of his time, such as ], ] and ], and in 1812 was summoned by the last named to ] to assist in the organization of the final struggle against France. Meanwhile, pamphlet after pamphlet, and his stirring patriotic songs, such as '']'', ''Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ,'' and ''Was blasen Trompeten?'' became widely popular.<ref name="EB1911"/> Composers such as ] also set his texts to music.


When, after the peace, the ] was founded in 1818, Arndt was appointed to impart of his ''Geist der Zeit'', in which he criticized the reactionary policy of the German powers. The boldness of his demands for reform offended the Prussian government, and in the summer in ] he was arrested and his papers confiscated. When, after the peace, the ] was founded in 1818, Arndt was appointed to teach from his ''Geist der Zeit'', in which he criticized the particularist policies of the German principalities. The boldness of his demands for reform offended the Prussian government, and in the summer in 1819 he was arrested and his papers confiscated. Although speedily liberated, he was in the following year, at the behest of the Central Commission of Investigation at ] – established in accordance with the reactionary ] – arraigned before a special tribunal. Although not found guilty, he was forbidden to exercise the functions of his professorship, although he was allowed to retain the ]. The next 20 years he passed in retirement and literary activity.<ref name="EB1911"/>


In 1840 he was reinstated in his professorship, and in 1841 was chosen rector of the university. The revolutionary outbreak of 1848 rekindled in the venerable patriot his old hopes and energies, and he took seat as one of the deputies to the National Assembly at Frankfurt. He participated in the deputation that offered the Imperial crown to ], and was indignant at the king's refusal to accept it, so he retired from public life. He continued to lecture and to write with freshness and vigor, and on his 90th birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and tokens of affection. He died at ] in January 1860, and was buried in Bonn's ''Alter Friedhof''. There are monuments to his memory at Schoritz on Rügen, at the University of Greifswald, and in Bonn.<ref name="EB1911"/>
Although speedily liberated, he was in the following year, at the instance of the Central Commission of Investigation at ], established in accordance with the Carlsbad Decrees, arraigned before a specially constituted tribunal. Although not found guilty, he was forbidden to exercise the functions of his professorship, but he was allowed to retain the ]. The next twenty years he passed in retirement and literary activity.


Arndt was married twice, first in 1800, his wife dying in the following year; a second time in 1817.<ref name="EB1911"/> His youngest son drowned in the Rhine in 1834.
In ] he was reinstated in his professorship, and in 1841 was chosen rector of the university. The revolutionary outbreak of ] rekindled in the venerable patriot his old hopes and energies, and he took seat as one of the deputies to the National Assembly at Frankfurt. He formed one of the deputation that offered the Imperial crown to ], and indignant at the king's refusal to accept it, he retired with the majority of von igerns adherents from public life.


==Ethnocentrism and attitude towards different ethnicities==
He continued to lecture and to write with freshness and vigour, and on his 90th birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and tokens of affection. He died at Bonn. Arndt was twice married, first in 1800, his wife dying in the following year; a second time in 1817. His youngest son drowned in the Rhine in 1834.
] following 1819]]
Like Fichte and ], Arndt began to envision the German nation as a society of ethnic homogeneity, drawing on the history of the German people, especially in the ]. His writings lack a specific political program, but instead cite external enemies. While "freedom" is often mentioned, the freedom Arndt envisioned was not that of a ] society, but rather of a romanticized national community. The French are denigrated as weakened, womanish and morally depraved, while supposed German virtues are extolled.<ref name=Staas/>


{{quote|"The Germans have not been bastardized by foreign peoples, have not become half-breeds, they more than many other peoples have remained in their native state of purity."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Werner |last=Ripper |title=Weltgeschichte im Aufriss|volume= 2| publisher=Verlag Diesterweg|location= Frankfurt |year=1978 | page=191 |isbn=3-425-07379-6 |language=de |quote=Die Deutschen sind nicht durch fremde Völker verbastardet, sie sind keine Mischlinge geworden, sie sind mehr als viele andere Völker in ihrer angeborenen Reinheit geblieben...}}</ref>}}
Arndts untiring labour for his country rightly won for him the title of the most German of all Germans. His lyric poems are not, however, all confined to politics. Many among the ''Gedichte'' are religious pieces of great of amy. Among his other works are ''Reise durch Schweden'' (1797); ''Nebenstunden, Beschreibung und Geschichte der Shetländischen Inseln und Orkaden'' (1820); ''Die Frage über die Niederlande'' (1831); ''Erinnerungen aus dem äusseren Leben'' (an autobiography, and the most valuable source of information for Arndt's life, 1840); ''Rhein und Ahrwanderungen'' (1846), ''Wanderungen and Wandlungen auf dem Reichsfreiherrn von Stein'' (1858), and ''Pro populo germanico'' (1854), which was originally intended to form the fifth part of the "Geist der Zeit".


]]]
Biographies have been written by E. Langenberg (1869) and Wilhelm Baur (1882); see also H. Meisner and R. Geerds, ''E. M. Arndt, Ein Lebensbild in Briefen'' (1898), and R. Thiele, ''B. M. Arndt'' (1894). There are monuments to his memory at Schoritz, his birthplace, and in Bonn, where he is buried.
These ideas led Arndt to generate anti-French propaganda during the Napoleonic conquest of the German states:
{{quote|"When I say I hate the French carelessness, I despise the French daintiness, I disapprove of the French loquacity and flightiness, I may pronounce a flaw, but it is a flaw that I share with all my people. I could likewise say I hate the English presumption, the English prudery, the English seclusiveness. These hated, despised, dispraised characteristics are not yet vices as such, from the peoples that they represent they may come with great virtues which I and my people are lacking. Therefore ... let us hate our Frenchmen, the infamizers and destroyers of our power and virginity, even more, now that we feel how they weaken and enervate our virtue and strength."<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ernst-moritz-arndt.de/zitate.htm|first=E.M. |last=Arndt|title=Geist der Zeit|volume=4 |location=Leipzig |page= 148|language=de|quote=Wenn ich sage, ich hasse den französischen Leichtsinn, ich verschmähe die französische Zierlichkeit, mir missfällt die französische Geschwätzigkeit und Flatterhaftigkeit, so spreche ich vielleicht einen Mangel aus, aber einen Mangel, der mir mit meinem ganzen Volke gemein ist. Ebenso kann ich sagen: Ich hasse den englischen Übermut, die englische Sprödigkeit, die englische Abgeschlossenheit. Diese gehassten und verachteten und getadelten Eigenschaften sind an sich noch keine Laster, sie hängen bei den Völkern, die sie tragen, vielleicht mit großen Tugenden zusammen, die mir und meinem Volke fehlen. Darum lasst uns die Franzosen nur recht frisch hassen, lasst uns unsre Franzosen, die Entehrer und Verwüster unserer Kraft und Unschuld, nur noch frischer hassen, wo wir fühlen, dass sie unsere Tugend und Stärke verweichlichen und entnerven.}}</ref>}}


Arndt also was prejudiced against Poles and other Slavs, and published an anti-Polish pamphlet in 1831 in which he castigated Polish "barbarity and wildness".<ref>Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identity and Cultural Differences
See also: ], ] (old German university named after him)
Keith Bullivant, Geoffrey Giles, Walter Pape, page 144 Jurgen Lieskounig "Branntweintrinkende Wilde" Beyond Civilization and Outside History: The Depiction of the Poles in Gustav Freytag's "Soll und Haben"</ref> During the liberal ], when the issue of reviving the Polish state was raised in ], Arndt declared that "tribes" of Slavs and Wends "have never done or been able to do anything lasting with respect to state, science, or art," and concluded: "At the outset I assert with world history that pronounces judgment the Poles and the whole Slavonic tribe are inferior to Germans."<ref>The apocalypse in Germany ] and Stephen D. Ricks page 112, University of Missouri Press 2001</ref>

He also warned of close contact with ]. He warned of the "thousands which by the Russian tyranny will now come upon us even more abounding from Poland" – "the impure flood from the East".<ref name=Zeit>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zeit.de/zeitlaeufte/fataler_patron?page=4 |title=Fataler Patron|language=de |first=Jörg |last=Schmidt |date=7 September 2009 |work=] |quote=Tausende, welche die russische Tyrannei uns nun noch wimmelnder jährlich aus Polen auf den Hals jagen wird,... die unreine Flut von Osten her.}}</ref> Moreover, he warned of a Jewish intellectual conspiracy, claiming that Jews had "usurped" half of literature.<ref name=Zeit/>

Arndt paired his antisemitism with his anti-French views, calling the French "the Jewish people" ("''das Judenvolk''"), or "refined bad Jews" ("''verfeinerte schlechte Juden''").<ref>{{Cite book|first=E.M. |last=Arndt|title=Noch ein Wort über die Franzosen und über uns |year=1814|page=13 ff}}</ref> In 1815 he wrote of the French: "Jews... I call them again, not only for their Jewish lists and their penny-pinching avarice, but even more because of their Jew-like sticking together."<ref>{{Cite book|first=E.M. |last=Arndt |title=Das Wort von 1814 und das Wort von 1815 über die Franzosen|year= 1815 |page=71 |quote=Juden... nenne ich sie wieder, nicht bloß wegen ihrer Judenlisten und ihres knickerigen Geitzes, sondern mehr noch wegen ihres judenartigen Zusammenklebens.}}</ref>

== Works ==<!-- This section is linked from ] -->
] depicting of Ernst Moritz Arndt]]
{{wikisource inline}}

===Poems and songs===
Arndt's lyric poems are not all confined to politics. Many among the ''Gedichte'' are religious pieces.<ref name="EB1911"/>This is a selection of his best-known poems and songs:

* Sind wir vereint zur guten Stunde ("When we are united in happy times")
* ] ("What is the fatherland of the Germans?")<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernst Moritz Arndt: Gedichte – Frühlingslied an die Frömmler|url=http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/gedichte-2227/1|website=Spiegel Online|access-date=14 February 2017|language=de}}</ref>
* ''What is the German's Fatherland?'' German Classics 1900 ]<ref>{{cite web|title=German Classics Book Reader|url=https://archive.org/stream/germanclassics00wilkgoog#page/n152/mode/1up|website=Archive.org|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
* ], better known as Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ ("The god who let iron grow") Melody written by ] (1785–1869).
* Zu den Waffen, zu den Waffen ("To arms, to arms")<ref>{{cite web|title=Ernst Moritz Arndt: Gedichte – Frühlingslied an die Frömmler|url=http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/gedichte-2227/1|website=Spiegel Online|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
* Kommt her, ihr seid geladen (Come here, you are invited), EG 213 (No. 213 in the current German Protestant hymnal ''{{lang|de|]}}'')
* Ich weiß, woran ich glaube ("I know what I believe in", EG 357)
* Die Leipziger Schlacht ("The ]", Deutsches Lesebuch für Volksschulen (German reader for elementary schools))

===Other selected works===
]
* ''Reise durch Schweden'' ("Voyage through Sweden", 1797)
*''Nebenstunden, Beschreibung und Geschichte der Shetländischen Inseln und Orkaden'' ("Description and history of the ] and ] Islands", 1820)
*''Die Frage über die Niederlande'' ("The Netherlands question", 1831)
*''Erinnerungen aus dem äusseren Leben'' (1840) An autobiography, and the most valuable source of information for Arndt's life. This is the basis of E. M. Seeley's ''Life and Adventures of E. M. Arndt'' (1879)
*''Rhein- und Ahrwanderungen'' ("Peregrinations along the ] and ]", 1846)
*''Meine Wanderungen und Wandlungen mit dem Reichsfreiherrn Heinrich Carl Friedrich vom Stein'' ("My peregrinations and metamorphoses together with ]", 1858)
*''Pro populo germanico'' (1854) Originally intended to form the fifth part of the ''Geist der Zeit''.

==Biographies==
*Schenkel (Elberfeld, 1869)
*E. Langenberg (Bonn, 1869)
*Wilhelm Baur (Hamburg, 1882)
*H. Meisner and R. Geerds, ''E. M. Arndt, Ein Lebensbild in Briefen'' (1898)
*R. Thiele, ''E. M. Arndt'' (1894).

==See also==
{{portalbar|Germany|Biography|Poetry}}
*]
*]
*] (old German university named after him until 2018)
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|last=Vanchena|first=Lorie A.|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/11524/vanchena_Americanization_Arndt.pdf?sequence=1|title=The Americanization of Ernst Moritz Arndt's Political Poetry in the Nineteenth Century|pages=209–228}}
*O.C. Hiss, ''Kleine Geschichte der geheimen Presse'', Vanitas Presse: Berlin, 1946 *O.C. Hiss, ''Kleine Geschichte der geheimen Presse'', Vanitas Presse: Berlin, 1946
*{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Arndt, Ernst Moritz}}


==External links== ==External links==
*{{gutenberg author|id=Ernst_Moritz_Arndt|name=Ernst Moritz Arndt}} {{Commons category|Ernst Moritz Arndt}}
* * {{Gutenberg author |id=2126| name=Ernst Moritz Arndt}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Ernst Moritz Arndt}}

* {{Librivox author |id=228}}
''This entry incorporates public domain text originally from the ].''
* {{LCAuth|n81076100|Ernst Moritz Arndt|75|ue}}


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Latest revision as of 12:33, 13 February 2024

German historian, writer and politician (1769–1860)
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Ernst Moritz Arndt
Born(1769-12-26)26 December 1769
Rügen, Swedish Pomerania, Holy Roman Empire
Died29 January 1860(1860-01-29) (aged 90)
Bonn, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)author, poet
Notable workDes Deutschen Vaterland
Signature

Ernst Moritz Arndt (26 December 1769 – 29 January 1860) was a German nationalist historian, writer and poet. Early in his life, he fought for the abolition of serfdom, later against Napoleonic dominance over Germany. Arndt had to flee to Sweden for some time due to his anti-French positions. He is one of the main founders of German nationalism during the Napoleonic wars and the 19th century movement for German unification. After the Carlsbad Decrees, the forces of the restoration counted him as a demagogue.

Arndt played an important role for the early national and liberal Burschenschaft movement and for the unification movement, and his song "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?" acted as an unofficial German national anthem.

Long after his death, his anti-French propaganda was used again, in both World Wars. This, together with some strongly antisemitic and anti-Polish statements, has led to a highly critical view of Arndt today.

Early life and studies

Arndt was born at Gross Schoritz (now a part of Garz on the island of Rügen), then in Swedish Pomerania. He was the son of a prosperous farmer and emancipated serf of the lord of the district, Count Putbus. His mother came of well-to-do German yeoman stock. In 1787 the family moved to Stralsund, where Arndt was able to attend the academy. After an interval of private study he went in 1791 to the University of Greifswald as a student of theology and history, and in 1793 moved to Jena, where he came under the influence of the German idealist philosopher Gottlieb Fichte.

After the completion of his university studies he returned home, and for two years was a private tutor in the family of Ludwig Koscgarten (1758–1818), pastor of Wittow on Rügen, and having qualified for the ministry as a candidate of theology, he assisted in church services. In 1800, he started teaching history at Greifswald.

At the age of 28 he renounced the ministry, and for 18 months led a life of traveling, visiting Austria, Hungary, Italy, France and Belgium. Turning homewards up the river Rhine, he was moved by the sight of the ruined castles along its banks to intense bitterness against France. The impressions of this journey he later described in Travels in parts of Germany, Hungary, Italy and France in 1798 and 1799.

Opposition to serfdom and Napoleonic rule

Arndt in his elder years; portrait by Julius Roeting

Originally a supporter of the ideas of the French revolution, Arndt dissociated himself from them when the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins became apparent. When Napoleon began to conquer Europe, this renunciation was transformed into visceral dislike.

In 1800 he taught at the University of Greifswald as an independent lecturer (privatdocent) in history, and the same year published Über die Freiheit der alten Republiken. Germanien und Europa appeared in 1803, a "fragmentary outburst," as he himself called it, on his views on French aggression. This was followed by one of his most influential books, Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Rügen (Berlin, 1803), a history of serfdom in Pomerania and on Rügen, which was so convincing an indictment that King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden in 1806 abolished serfdom.

Arndt had meanwhile risen from privatdocent to extraordinary professor, and in 1806 was appointed to the chair of history at the university. In this year he published the first part of his Geist der Zeit, in which he flung down the gauntlet to Napoleon and called on countrymen to rise and shake off the French yoke. So great was the excitement it produced that Arndt was compelled to take refuge in Sweden to escape the vengeance of Napoleon. Settling in Stockholm, he obtained government employment, and devoted himself to the great cause which was nearest his heart. In pamphlets, poems and songs, he communicated his enthusiasm for German independence to his countrymen. Schill's heroic death at Stralsund prompted him to return to Germany, and in disguise he reached Berlin in December.

Arndt in 1848

In 1810 he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months. He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in close contact, with notable men of his time, such as Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, August von Gneisenau and Heinrich Friedrich Karl Stein, and in 1812 was summoned by the last named to St Petersburg to assist in the organization of the final struggle against France. Meanwhile, pamphlet after pamphlet, and his stirring patriotic songs, such as Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?, Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ, and Was blasen Trompeten? became widely popular. Composers such as Pauliine Volkstein also set his texts to music.

When, after the peace, the University of Bonn was founded in 1818, Arndt was appointed to teach from his Geist der Zeit, in which he criticized the particularist policies of the German principalities. The boldness of his demands for reform offended the Prussian government, and in the summer in 1819 he was arrested and his papers confiscated. Although speedily liberated, he was in the following year, at the behest of the Central Commission of Investigation at Mainz – established in accordance with the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees – arraigned before a special tribunal. Although not found guilty, he was forbidden to exercise the functions of his professorship, although he was allowed to retain the stipend. The next 20 years he passed in retirement and literary activity.

In 1840 he was reinstated in his professorship, and in 1841 was chosen rector of the university. The revolutionary outbreak of 1848 rekindled in the venerable patriot his old hopes and energies, and he took seat as one of the deputies to the National Assembly at Frankfurt. He participated in the deputation that offered the Imperial crown to Frederick William IV, and was indignant at the king's refusal to accept it, so he retired from public life. He continued to lecture and to write with freshness and vigor, and on his 90th birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and tokens of affection. He died at Bonn in January 1860, and was buried in Bonn's Alter Friedhof. There are monuments to his memory at Schoritz on Rügen, at the University of Greifswald, and in Bonn.

Arndt was married twice, first in 1800, his wife dying in the following year; a second time in 1817. His youngest son drowned in the Rhine in 1834.

Ethnocentrism and attitude towards different ethnicities

Arndt's home in Bonn following 1819

Like Fichte and Jahn, Arndt began to envision the German nation as a society of ethnic homogeneity, drawing on the history of the German people, especially in the Middle Ages. His writings lack a specific political program, but instead cite external enemies. While "freedom" is often mentioned, the freedom Arndt envisioned was not that of a pluralistic society, but rather of a romanticized national community. The French are denigrated as weakened, womanish and morally depraved, while supposed German virtues are extolled.

"The Germans have not been bastardized by foreign peoples, have not become half-breeds, they more than many other peoples have remained in their native state of purity."

Arndt's desk, Stralsund

These ideas led Arndt to generate anti-French propaganda during the Napoleonic conquest of the German states:

"When I say I hate the French carelessness, I despise the French daintiness, I disapprove of the French loquacity and flightiness, I may pronounce a flaw, but it is a flaw that I share with all my people. I could likewise say I hate the English presumption, the English prudery, the English seclusiveness. These hated, despised, dispraised characteristics are not yet vices as such, from the peoples that they represent they may come with great virtues which I and my people are lacking. Therefore ... let us hate our Frenchmen, the infamizers and destroyers of our power and virginity, even more, now that we feel how they weaken and enervate our virtue and strength."

Arndt also was prejudiced against Poles and other Slavs, and published an anti-Polish pamphlet in 1831 in which he castigated Polish "barbarity and wildness". During the liberal Revolution of 1848, when the issue of reviving the Polish state was raised in Frankfurt, Arndt declared that "tribes" of Slavs and Wends "have never done or been able to do anything lasting with respect to state, science, or art," and concluded: "At the outset I assert with world history that pronounces judgment the Poles and the whole Slavonic tribe are inferior to Germans."

He also warned of close contact with Judaism. He warned of the "thousands which by the Russian tyranny will now come upon us even more abounding from Poland" – "the impure flood from the East". Moreover, he warned of a Jewish intellectual conspiracy, claiming that Jews had "usurped" half of literature.

Arndt paired his antisemitism with his anti-French views, calling the French "the Jewish people" ("das Judenvolk"), or "refined bad Jews" ("verfeinerte schlechte Juden"). In 1815 he wrote of the French: "Jews... I call them again, not only for their Jewish lists and their penny-pinching avarice, but even more because of their Jew-like sticking together."

Works

Monument in front of the University of Greifswald depicting of Ernst Moritz Arndt

Works related to Ernst Moritz Arndt at Wikisource

Poems and songs

Arndt's lyric poems are not all confined to politics. Many among the Gedichte are religious pieces.This is a selection of his best-known poems and songs:

  • Sind wir vereint zur guten Stunde ("When we are united in happy times")
  • Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland? ("What is the fatherland of the Germans?")
  • What is the German's Fatherland? German Classics 1900 William Cleaver Wilkinson
  • Vaterlandslied (Arndt), better known as Der Gott, der Eisen wachsen ließ ("The god who let iron grow") Melody written by Albert Methfessel (1785–1869).
  • Zu den Waffen, zu den Waffen ("To arms, to arms")
  • Kommt her, ihr seid geladen (Come here, you are invited), EG 213 (No. 213 in the current German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch)
  • Ich weiß, woran ich glaube ("I know what I believe in", EG 357)
  • Die Leipziger Schlacht ("The Battle of Leipzig", Deutsches Lesebuch für Volksschulen (German reader for elementary schools))

Other selected works

Arndt's grave in the Old Cemetery in Bonn
  • Reise durch Schweden ("Voyage through Sweden", 1797)
  • Nebenstunden, Beschreibung und Geschichte der Shetländischen Inseln und Orkaden ("Description and history of the Shetland and Orkney Islands", 1820)
  • Die Frage über die Niederlande ("The Netherlands question", 1831)
  • Erinnerungen aus dem äusseren Leben (1840) An autobiography, and the most valuable source of information for Arndt's life. This is the basis of E. M. Seeley's Life and Adventures of E. M. Arndt (1879)
  • Rhein- und Ahrwanderungen ("Peregrinations along the Rhine and Ahr", 1846)
  • Meine Wanderungen und Wandlungen mit dem Reichsfreiherrn Heinrich Carl Friedrich vom Stein ("My peregrinations and metamorphoses together with Reichsfreiherr Heinrich Carl Friedrich vom Stein", 1858)
  • Pro populo germanico (1854) Originally intended to form the fifth part of the Geist der Zeit.

Biographies

  • Schenkel (Elberfeld, 1869)
  • E. Langenberg (Bonn, 1869)
  • Wilhelm Baur (Hamburg, 1882)
  • H. Meisner and R. Geerds, E. M. Arndt, Ein Lebensbild in Briefen (1898)
  • R. Thiele, E. M. Arndt (1894).

See also

Portals:

References

  1. Popper, Karl (2005). Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography. London: Routledge. p. 7. ISBN 0-415-28589-5.
  2. ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (2008). National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany. Oxford: Peter Lang. p. 43. ISBN 978-3-03911-352-1.
  3. Hudson, Elizabeth Harriot (1878). The Life and Times of Louisa, Queen of Prussia: With an Introductory Sketch of Prussian History, Vol. 1. London: W. Isbister & Company. p. 213.
  4. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arndt, Ernst Moritz". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 627–628.
  5. ^ Staas, Christian. "Einheit durch Reinheit". Zeit Geschichte (in German) (3/2010): 38–42.
  6. Ripper, Werner (1978). Weltgeschichte im Aufriss (in German). Vol. 2. Frankfurt: Verlag Diesterweg. p. 191. ISBN 3-425-07379-6. Die Deutschen sind nicht durch fremde Völker verbastardet, sie sind keine Mischlinge geworden, sie sind mehr als viele andere Völker in ihrer angeborenen Reinheit geblieben...
  7. Arndt, E.M. Geist der Zeit (in German). Vol. 4. Leipzig. p. 148. Wenn ich sage, ich hasse den französischen Leichtsinn, ich verschmähe die französische Zierlichkeit, mir missfällt die französische Geschwätzigkeit und Flatterhaftigkeit, so spreche ich vielleicht einen Mangel aus, aber einen Mangel, der mir mit meinem ganzen Volke gemein ist. Ebenso kann ich sagen: Ich hasse den englischen Übermut, die englische Sprödigkeit, die englische Abgeschlossenheit. Diese gehassten und verachteten und getadelten Eigenschaften sind an sich noch keine Laster, sie hängen bei den Völkern, die sie tragen, vielleicht mit großen Tugenden zusammen, die mir und meinem Volke fehlen. Darum lasst uns die Franzosen nur recht frisch hassen, lasst uns unsre Franzosen, die Entehrer und Verwüster unserer Kraft und Unschuld, nur noch frischer hassen, wo wir fühlen, dass sie unsere Tugend und Stärke verweichlichen und entnerven.
  8. Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identity and Cultural Differences Keith Bullivant, Geoffrey Giles, Walter Pape, page 144 Jurgen Lieskounig "Branntweintrinkende Wilde" Beyond Civilization and Outside History: The Depiction of the Poles in Gustav Freytag's "Soll und Haben"
  9. The apocalypse in Germany Klaus Vondung and Stephen D. Ricks page 112, University of Missouri Press 2001
  10. ^ Schmidt, Jörg (7 September 2009). "Fataler Patron". Die Zeit (in German). Tausende, welche die russische Tyrannei uns nun noch wimmelnder jährlich aus Polen auf den Hals jagen wird,... die unreine Flut von Osten her.
  11. Arndt, E.M. (1814). Noch ein Wort über die Franzosen und über uns. p. 13 ff.
  12. Arndt, E.M. (1815). Das Wort von 1814 und das Wort von 1815 über die Franzosen. p. 71. Juden... nenne ich sie wieder, nicht bloß wegen ihrer Judenlisten und ihres knickerigen Geitzes, sondern mehr noch wegen ihres judenartigen Zusammenklebens.
  13. "Ernst Moritz Arndt: Gedichte – Frühlingslied an die Frömmler". Spiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  14. "German Classics Book Reader". Archive.org. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  15. "Ernst Moritz Arndt: Gedichte – Frühlingslied an die Frömmler". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 14 February 2017.

Further reading

External links

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