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{{Short description|American historian and author (1942–2022)}}

{{primary sources|date=August 2017}}
{{Other people2|Gary North (disambiguation)}}
{{unreliable sources|date=October 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
| name = Gary Kilgore North | name = Gary North
| image = Gary North economist.jpg | image_size =
| image = Gary North speaking at Ron Paul's annual BBQ (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Gary North | caption = North speaking in 2013
| other_names =
| caption = Gary North speaking at the Mises Institute in 2004 after receiving the Rothbard Medal.
| birth_name = Gary Kilgore North
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|02|11}}
| birth_name =
| birth_place = ], ], U.S.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|2|}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|02|24|1942|02|11}}
| birth_place =
| death_place = ], ], U.S.
| death_date =
| nationality =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| education = ] (])
| citizenship =
| occupation = Christian social theorist, economist, blogger, author
| education = Ph.D. in History, ]
| residence = | employer =
| known_for = Cofounder of ]
| occupation = Christian Social Theorist, Blogger, Author
| employer = | title =
| spouse = Sharon Rushdoony
| known_for = Co-Founder of ]
| title = | partner =
| children =
| religion = ]
| website = {{URL|http://www.garynorth.com/}}
| denomination= ]
| spouse = Sharon Rushdoony
| partner =
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://www.garynorth.com/}}
}} }}
'''Gary Kilgore North''' (born February 1942) is an ] ] and publisher who writes on topics including ], ], and ]. He is an Associated Scholar of the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mises Institute Faculty Listing|url=http://mises.org/faculty|accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref>


'''Gary Kilgore North''' (February 11, 1942 – February 24, 2022) was an American writer, ] ], and leading figure in the ] movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Skousen|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Skousen|title=The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers|year=2009|publisher=]|page=305|isbn=978-0-7656-2827-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sisXMv_AecC&pg=PA305}}</ref> North authored or coauthored over fifty books on topics including ] theology, ], and ]. He was an Associated Scholar of the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mises Institute Faculty Listing|url=https://mises.org/faculty|access-date=July 14, 2013}}</ref>
==Education and background==

North grew up in southern California, the son of ] special agent Samuel W. North, Jr., and his wife, Peggy.<ref>{{cite book|author=Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI |title=Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI|year=1996|publisher=Turner Publishing|page=185|isbn=1563112051 |oclc=37922781 }}</ref> North converted to Christianity in high school and began frequenting conservative bookstores in the Los Angeles area during his college years.<ref>{{cite web|last=North|first=Gary|title=It All Began With Fred Schwarz |url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north145.html |work=LewRockwell.com |accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref> Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student, North became acquainted with the works of ] economists ], ], and ] and also read the works of Calvinist philosopher ].{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Later he married Rushdoony's daughter,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/03/local/me-32672 | title = The Rev. Rousas John Rushdoony; Advocated Rule by Biblical Law | first = Larry | last = Stammer | publisher = Los Angeles Times | date = 3 March 2001 | accessdate = 6 April 2013 }}</ref> collaborated with him<ref>{{cite book |last=Rushdoony |first=Rousas John |title=The Institutes of Biblical Law: a Chalcedon Study |year=1978 |publisher=Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company |isbn=9780875524108 |pages=890 |coauthors=Gary North (3 appendices) |oclc=768429065}}</ref> and eulogized Rushdoony in a blog post on LewRockwell.com.<ref>{{cite web |last=North |first=Gary |title=R. J. Rushdoony, R.I.P |url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north33.html |work=LewRockwell.com |accessdate=3 May 2011}}</ref>
He is known for his advocacy of biblical or "radically libertarian" economics and also as a theorist of ] and ]. North often invoked the ] to advance these views. He supported the establishment and enforcement of Bible-based ], a view which put him in conflict with other libertarians.<ref name=Olson/> He believed that ] is appropriate punishment for male ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Clarkson"/>

== Early life and education ==
North was born in ], on February 11, 1942,<ref name="Roberts 2022"/><ref>{{cite web | last1=North | first1=Gary | date=January 2013 | title=An Economic Commentary on the Bible: Genesis to Revelation | website=garynorth.com | type=Web page | url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/department158.cfm | access-date=14 February 2022 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103032143/http://www.garynorth.com/public/department158.cfm | archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> and grew up in ], the son of ] special agent Samuel W. North Jr. and his wife Peggy.<ref>{{cite book | author=] | title=Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI | year=1996 | publisher=Turner Publishing Company | publication-place=Paducah, Kentucky | page=185 | isbn=978-1-56311-205-8 | oclc=37922781 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYY5In8w848C&pg=PA185}}</ref> North converted to ] in high school and, after attending a rally where ] activist ] spoke, began frequenting conservative book-stores in the ] during his college years.<ref name="all began">{{cite web | last=North | first=Gary | date=December 16, 2002 | title=It All Began With Fred Schwarz | url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north145.html | website=LewRockwell.com | access-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref> Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student at ], North became acquainted with the works of ], ], ], ] economists ], ], ] and ], and also read the works of ] philosopher ].<ref name="all began" /> Later he married Rushdoony's daughter,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-mar-03-me-32672-story.html <!-- http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/03/local/me-32672 --> | title=The Rev. Rousas John Rushdoony; advocated rule by biblical law | first=Larry | last=Stammer | type=Obituary | work=The Los Angeles Times | date=March 3, 2001 | access-date=April 6, 2013 }}</ref> collaborated with him<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rushdoony | first1=Rousas John | title=The Institutes of Biblical Law: a Chalcedon Study | year=1978 | publisher=Presbyterian and Reformed | isbn=978-0-87552-410-8 | page=890 | first2=Gary | last2=North | oclc=768429065}}</ref> and eulogized Rushdoony in a blog post on LewRockwell.com.<ref>{{cite web | last=North | first=Gary | date=February 10, 2001 | title=R. J. Rushdoony, R.I.P. | url=https://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north33.html | website=LewRockwell.com | access-date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>


==Career== ==Career==
Starting in 1967, North became a contributor to the ] journal '']'' where he had first read the work of ] and ].<ref>Gary North, , Ludwig von Mises Institute. ''Mises.org''. 28 July 2004. </ref> In the 1970s, he was the director of seminars for the ] (FEE).<ref>{{cite journal|last=North|first=Gary|title=The Moral Dimension of FEE|journal=]|date=May 1, 1996|url=http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/the-moral-dimension-of-fee#axzz2aCOaDPBB}}</ref> North received a ] in history from the ] in 1972. His ] was ''The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720''.<ref>Gary North, ''The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720'', Ph.D. dissertation, 1972.{{OCLC|1902749}}</ref> Starting in 1967, North became a contributor to the ] journal '']'' where he had first read the work of ] and ].<ref>{{Citation | first = Gary | last = North | url = https://mises.org/story/1576 | title = What Made Rothbard Great | publisher = Ludwig von Mises Institute | date = July 28, 2004 | access-date = September 13, 2014 | archive-date = May 5, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090505203223/http://mises.org/story/1576 | url-status = dead }}.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2021}} In the 1970s, he was the director of seminars for the ] (FEE).<ref>{{cite journal|last=North|first = Gary |title=The Moral Dimension of FEE | journal =]|date=May 1, 1996 | url = http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/the-moral-dimension-of-fee}}</ref> North received a ] in history from the ] in 1972. His ] was ''The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720''.<ref>{{Citation | first = Gary | last = North | title = The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720 | type = PhD dissertation | year = 1972 | oclc = 1902749}}</ref>


He served as research assistant for libertarian ] Congressman ] in Paul's first term (1976). North is a regular contributor to the ] website, which lists an extensive archive of his articles there.<ref></ref> North's own website, Garynorth.com, posts commentary on religious, social, and political issues and offers paid access to investment advice and other premium content.<ref>, Garynorth.com, ''accessed July 27, 2014.''</ref> North also publishes a blog called ''Deliverance from Debt'' which provides advice about relief from debt.<ref>Gary North, , ''accessed July 27, 2013.''</ref> Another North website, "Free Christian Curriculum", seeks to provide a free Christian homeschooling curriculum for children from age 3 through grade 12.<ref> website, ''accessed July 27, 2013.''</ref> He served as research assistant for libertarian ] Congressman ] in Paul's first term (1976). North was a regular contributor to the ] website, which lists an extensive archive of his articles there.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.lewrockwell.com/north/north-arch.html| title = LewRockwell.com Articles by North}}</ref> North's own website, Garynorth.com, posts commentary on religious, social, and political issues and offers paid access to investment advice and other premium content.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |date=2006-06-13 |title=All good things must come to an end, but preferably not all at once. |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/10.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref> North also published a blog called ''Deliverance from Debt'' which provided advice about relief from debt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-06 |title=About This Site |url=https://deliverancefromdebt.wordpress.com/about/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Deliverance From Debt |language=en}}</ref> Another North website, "Free Christian Curriculum", seeks to provide a free Christian ] curriculum for children from age 3 through grade 12.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007122527/http://www.freechristiancurriculum.com/public/main.cfm |date=October 7, 2013 }} website, ''accessed July 27, 2013.''</ref>


===Ron Paul curriculum=== ===Ron Paul curriculum===
In addition, North offers the ''Ron Paul Curriculum'', a ] online curriculum associated with former U.S. Congressman] which is free for grades K-5 and available to paid members from grades 6-12.<ref>, Gary North website, April 06, 2013</ref><ref>Gary North, , RonPaulCurriculum.com.</ref> As Director of Curriculum Development, North has outlined four goals of the educational project: providing a "detailed study" of the "history of liberty"; teaching a "thorough understanding of Austrian economics"; serving as a "an academically rigorous curriculum that is tied to primary source" material rather than textbooks; and teaching "the Biblical principle of self-government and personal responsibility", which North calls "the foundation of the market economy".<ref>Bump, Philip (April 9, 2013). The Atlantic Wire</ref> In addition, North contributed to the ''Ron Paul Curriculum'', a ] online curriculum associated with former U.S. Congressman ], which is free for grades K–5 and available to paid members from grades 6–12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |date=2013-04-06 |title=Announcing: The Ron Paul Curriculum Is Open for Business |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/10862.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>Gary North, , RonPaulCurriculum.com.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2024 |title=Course Creators |url=https://www.ronpaulcurriculum.com/public/department257.cfm |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Ron Paul Curriculum}}</ref> As director of curriculum development, North outlined four goals of the educational project: providing a "detailed study" of the "history of liberty"; teaching a "thorough understanding of Austrian economics"; serving as "an academically rigorous curriculum that is tied to primary source" material rather than textbooks; and teaching "the Biblical principle of self-government and personal responsibility", which North called "the foundation of the market economy".<ref>Bump, Philip (April 9, 2013). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722142350/http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2013/04/ron-paul-home-schooling-curriculum/64047/ |date=July 22, 2013 }} The Atlantic Wire</ref>

==Political, economic, and religious beliefs==
In 2011, a ''New York Times'' article identified North as a central figure in ], the philosophy which advocates the institution of "a Christian theocracy under Old Testament law the best form of government, and a radically libertarian one." The article also described North as "the leading proponent of 'Christian economics,' which applies biblical principles to economic issues and the free market." North supports the abolition of the ] system and a return to the ]. According to the ''Times'', North believes that the Bible forbids inflation, welfare programs, and also writes that "God would prefer gold money to paper".<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Oppenheimer |first=Mark| title='Christian Economics' Meets the Antiunion Movement |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/us/30beliefs.html |work=New York Times |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref>


===Christian, Bible-based economic methodology=== ===Christian, Bible-based economic methodology===
In his 1982 ''Dominion Covenant: Genesis'', North wrote that mainstream modern economics, whether libertarian, conservative or liberal, is "in disintegration" because it is "humanist" in its approach and consequently rejects the notion that "biblical revelation" is necessary for sound economic theory. He also wrote that economics "must begin with the story of creation" if it is not to collapse into "total chaos".<ref name="garynorth">, Institute for Christian Economics, June 1982.</ref> He has written that the "starting point for all economic analysis" lies in the fact that "God cursed the earth" in Genesis 3:17-19; this "made scarcity an inescapable fact of man's existence".<ref name=":1" /> North wrote that the "starting point for all economic analysis" lies in accepting that "God cursed the earth" in the ] 3:17–19; this "made scarcity an inescapable fact of man's existence".<ref name=":1" /> In his 1982 ''Dominion Covenant: Genesis'', North wrote that mainstream modern economics, whether libertarian, conservative or liberal, is "in disintegration" because it is "humanist" in its approach and consequently rejects the notion that "biblical revelation" is necessary for sound economic theory. He also wrote that economics "must begin with the story of creation" if it is not to collapse into "total chaos".<ref name="garynorth">{{Cite web |title=Dominion Covenant: Genesis |url=http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/2222_47e.htm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com}}</ref>


===Support for executing homosexuals and other sinners=== ===Proposed "Christian theocratic" political and social order===
A 2011 article in '']'' identified North as a central figure in ], the philosophy which advocates the institution of "a Christian ] under Old Testament law the best form of government, and a radically libertarian one."<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Oppenheimer |first=Mark| title='Christian Economics' Meets the Antiunion Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/us/30beliefs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/us/30beliefs.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |work=New York Times |date=April 30, 2011 |access-date=April 30, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> North wrote: "I certainly believe in biblical theocracy."<ref>Hugh B. Urban, ''The Secrets of the Kingdom: Religion and Concealment in the Bush Administration'' Rowman and Littlefield, 56</ref><ref>Gary North, ''Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism'' Tyler, Tex., Institute for Christian Economics, 1989, x</ref>
North favors ] for a range of offenses; these include women who lie about their virginity, blasphemers, nonbelievers, children who curse their parents, male homosexuals, and other people who commit ] in the ].<ref>See:
* Sugg, John (December 2005). ]
* Sugg, John (August 14, 2006). ].
* {{cite journal|last=Sugg|first=John|title=Warped Worldview|journal=Church & State|date=July/August 2006|url=https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview|publisher=] |quote= Christian Reconstructionists believe democracy is heresy, public schools are satanic and stoning isn't just for the Taliban anymore – and they've got more influence than you think.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Bruce|title=Gary North Is Still Surprising Obscure|url=http://www.talk2action.org/story/2010/5/28/102926/539|publisher=Talk To Action: Reclaiming Citizenship History and Faith|date=May 28, 2010}}</ref> North also favors capital punishment for women who have abortions.<ref name=Olson /><ref>{{cite web|last=North|first=Gary|title=Letter to Paul Hill|url=http://www.reformed.org/social/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/social/let_2_paul_hill.html|accessdate=28 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=Clarkson>{{cite book|last=Clarkson|first=Frederick|title=Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash|chapter=Christian Reconstruction: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence|year=1995|publisher=]|page=62|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fl6Ix9HFKQEC&pg=PA62|isbn=9780896085237}}</ref> On the subject of executing children, North has written that " son or daughter is under the jurisdiction of the family," which "must be maintained by the threat of death".<ref>Gary North, (Tyler, TX: Institute for Christian Economics, 1986), pp. 59-60</ref>


The article also described North as "the leading proponent of 'Christian economics,' which applies biblical principles to economic issues and the free market." North supported the abolition of the ] system and a return to the ]. According to the ''Times'', North believed that the Bible forbids inflation, welfare programs, and also writes that "God would prefer gold money to paper".<ref name=":1" />
In his ''Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Leviticus'', Volume 1, North argued that the ] to kill homosexuals in Leviticus is God's "law and its morally appropriate sanction". He also wrote "God is indeed a homophobe" who "hates and those who practice it" and "hates the sin and hates the sinner." In the same volume, North wrote: "Homosexuals do not reproduce. They recruit. There is an inescapable competition for bodies and souls: homosexuals vs. heterosexuals. If the homosexuals should win this competition, the human race will end unless test-tube babies should become a cost-effective reality. This is not just a war over civilization; it is a war over the survival of the human race".<ref name=boundaries>Gary North, , (2nd ed., Vol. 1, p. xxvi; 221), 1999.</ref>{{primary source claim|date=July 2013}}


====Range of capital offenses====
North has said that capital punishment should be carried out by ]. North favors stoning because it is both a biblical and economical method of execution.<ref name=Clarkson /><ref>{{cite book|last=Vile|first=John R.|title=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002|chapter=Christian Reconstruction|edition=2nd |year=2003|location=Santa Barbara, CA|publisher=]|page=67|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=T0IGUhxqUuYC&pg=PA67|quote=...North favors stoning,...because of the widespread availability of rocks....|isbn=1-85109-428-8 |oclc= 51553072 }}</ref>
North favored ] for a range of offenders, including murderers, blasphemers, children who curse their parents,<ref>On the subject of executing children, North wrote, "When people curse their parents, it unquestionably is a capital crime... The integrity of the family must be maintained by the threat of death". Gary North, ''The Sinai Strategy: Economics and the Ten Commandments'' (Tyler, Tex.: Institute for Christian Economics, 1986), p. 59.</ref> male homosexuals, and other people who commit some of the ] in the ].<ref name=BD23>Gary North, ''Boundaries and Dominion'' (1994), {{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref>Sugg, John (December 2005). ]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sugg|first=John|date=July–August 2006|title=Warped Worldview|url=https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview|journal=Church & State|publisher=]|access-date=July 28, 2013|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024072424/https://www.au.org/church-state/julyaugust-2006-church-state/featured/warped-worldview}}</ref> (North believed that the death penalty for ] and some other crimes no longer applies.<ref name=BD23 />) North stated that the ] to kill homosexuals in the ] is God's "law and its morally appropriate sanction", arguing that "God is indeed a ]" who "hates the practice and those who practice it" and "hates the sin and hates the sinner."<ref name=boundaries>{{cite book | first=Gary | last=North | url=http://www.garynorth.com/Leviticus-v1.pdf |title=Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Leviticus | edition=2nd | volume=1 | pages=xxvi, 221}}</ref>


North said that capital punishment should be carried out by ], because it is the biblically approved method of execution and it is cheap due to the plentiful and convenient supply of stones.<ref name="Clarkson">{{cite book|last=Clarkson|first=Frederick|title=Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash|chapter=Christian Reconstruction: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence|year=1995|publisher=]|page=62|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6Ix9HFKQEC&pg=PA62|isbn=978-0-89608-523-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vile |first=John R. |title=Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002 |publisher=] |year=2003 |isbn=1-85109-428-8 |edition=2nd |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=67 |chapter=Christian Reconstruction |oclc=51553072 |quote=...North favors stoning,...because of the widespread availability of rocks... |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0IGUhxqUuYC&pg=PA67}}</ref>
===Religious liberty===
] from '']'' quotes North as saying: "e must use the doctrine of religious liberty to gain independence for Christian schools until we train up a generation of people who know that there is no religious neutrality, no neutral law, no neutral education, and no neutral civil government. Then they will get busy in constructing a Bible-based social, political and religious order which finally denies the religious liberty of the enemies of God."<ref name=Olson> by ], '']'', November 1998, page 2 of 2</ref>


====Religious liberty====
Adam C. English suggests that this quote implies that "religious liberty is a useful tool to Christians in the present, yet is ultimately to be denied to to anyone who is not Christian once the Christians are in power".<ref>{{cite book|last=English|first=Adam C.|title=New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America|chapter=Christian Reconstruction after Y2K: Gary North, the New Millennium, and Religious Freedom|year=2003|publisher=]|page=116|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC&pg=PA116|isbn=9780918954923}}</ref> English argues that although this may seem inconsistent (advocating religious liberty but denying the reality of the notion), North and his fellow Reconstructionists understand "liberty" in a theological sense. According to the Reconstructionists, "anyone outside of the Christian faith is in bondage," and so "government by rigorous theonomy is not oppressive but liberating".<ref>English, "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K," p. 117.</ref>
North said: "We must use the doctrine of ] to gain independence for Christian schools until we train up a generation of people who know that there is no religious neutrality, no neutral law, no neutral education, and no neutral civil government. Then they will get busy in constructing a Bible-based social, political and religious order which finally denies the religious liberty of the enemies of God."<ref name="Olson">{{Cite web |last=Olson |first=Walter |date=1998-11-01 |title=Reasonable Doubts: Invitation to a Stoning |url=https://reason.com/1998/11/01/invitation-to-a-stoning/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Reason.com |pages=1–2 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=North|first=Gary|chapter=The Intellectual Schizophrenia of the New Christian Right|editor-first=James B|editor-last=Jordan|title=The Failure of the American Baptist Culture|year=1982|series=Christianity and Civilization|publisher=Geneva Divinity School|isbn=0-939404-04-4|issn=0278-8187|page=25}}</ref>


Adam C. English suggests that this quote implies that "religious liberty is a useful tool to Christians in the present, yet is ultimately to be denied to anyone who is not Christian once the Christians are in power".<ref>{{cite book|last=English|first=Adam C.|title=New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America|chapter=Christian Reconstruction after Y2K: Gary North, the New Millennium, and Religious Freedom|year=2003|publisher=]|page=116|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC&pg=PA116|isbn=978-0-918954-92-3}}</ref> English argues that although this may seem inconsistent (advocating religious liberty but denying the reality of the notion), North and his fellow reconstructionists understand "liberty" in a theological sense. According to the reconstructionists, "anyone outside of the Christian faith is in bondage," and so "government by rigorous theonomy is not oppressive but liberating".<ref>English, "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K," p. 117.</ref>
==Y2K catastrophe prediction==

North predicted a ] catastrophe in print and online,<ref>. ''Wired Magazine''. January 1999.</ref> and suggested that a Y2K date-rollover failure of the global ] (IT) infrastructure would precipitate severe disruption and perhaps even an ]. North urged his readers to take various ] preparedness measures.<ref>, mirror archive of removed page, ''accessed July 27, 2013.''</ref> After no significant problems took place, North later described Y2K as "a close call",{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
===Y2K===
North was also a prominent promoter of exaggerated predictions of computer failure from the ] (Y2K) during the late 1990s,<ref>{{cite news | last=Penenberg | first=Adam L. | date=1 May 1998 |title=Year 2000 survivalists | work=Forbes.com | url=https://www.forbes.com/1998/05/01/feat.html | access-date=1 February 2024 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223101002/https://www.forbes.com/1998/05/01/feat.html | archive-date=23 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Drake | first=Richard | date=5 April 2012 | title=The doomsday seekers: A look at Christian Reconstructionism | work=Arkansas Times | url=https://arktimes.com/street-jazz/2012/04/05/the-doomsday-seekers-a-look-at-christian-reconstructionism <!-- http://www.arktimes.com/StreetJazz/archives/2012/04/04/the-doomsday-seekers-a-look-at-christian-reconstructionism --> | access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Seltzer | first=Larry | date=January 3, 2005 | title=Some Perspective 5 Years After Y2K | magazine=eWeek | url=https://www.eweek.com/security/some-perspective-5-years-after-y2k/ <!-- https://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Some-Perspective-5-Years-After-Y2K http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Some-Perspective-5-Years-After-Y2K%22Some --> | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201173121/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fsecurity%2Fsome%2Dperspective%2D5%2Dyears%2Dafter%2Dy2k%2F | archive-date=February 1, 2024 <!-- Date is correct. This is an archive of an archive. -->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Glasner | first=Joanna | date=5 January 2000 | title=Y2K Alarmist: Wha' Happened? | magazine=Wired | url=https://www.wired.com/2000/01/y2k-alarmist-wha-happened/ <!-- http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2000/01/33445 -->| access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Rosin | first=Hanna | date=8 January 2000 | title=Recriminations pour in against prophets of Y2K doom: Followers demand apologies for their wasted effort, money | work=SFGate | publisher=Hearst Communications | url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Recriminations-Pour-in-Against-Prophets-of-Y2K-2785319.php | access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> earning him the nickname "Scary Gary."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ChNAwAAQBAJ&q=Scary+Gary+Y2K%22Apocalyptic&pg=PA155|title=Apocalyptic Fever|isbn=978-1-61097-697-8|last1=Kyle|first1=Richard G.|date=August 2012|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers }}</ref> His main website became dominated by links to extremist predictions for Y2K damage, including widespread collapse of governments and financial institutions. North declared on his home page that Y2K "may be the biggest problem that the modern world has ever faced" and labeled 2000 as "The Year the Earth Stands Still".<ref>{{cite web | last=North | first=Gary | title=The year 2000 problem: The year the Earth stands still | website=Gary North's Y2K Links and Forums | url=http://www.garynorth.com/ | url-status=deviated | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202233625/http://www.garynorth.com/ | archive-date=1998-12-02}} Alternate archive/site mirror from 1997 available at http://y2klibrary.tripod.com</ref>

Critics said the motivation for North's predictions was linked to his Christian reconstructionist aims, which require widespread ] to set the stage for a new theocratic order. North made the connection explicit in communications with fellow reconstructionists: "The Y2K crisis is systemic. It cannot possibly be fixed. I think it will wipe out every national government in the West. Not just modify them—destroy them...That is what I have wanted all my adult life. In my view, Y2K is our deliverance."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=up5fnY7Wp1wC|title=New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America|isbn=978-0-918954-92-3|last1=Davis|first1=Derek|last2=Hankins|first2=Barry|year=2003|publisher=Baylor University Press }}</ref>

==Death==
North was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2017, and underwent treatment for about five years. He died in ], on February 24, 2022, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bulkeley |first1=Craig |title=Gary North, RIP |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/23334.cfm |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Roberts 2022">{{cite news | title=Gary North, apostle of bible-based economics, dies at 80 | type=Obituary | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/gary-north-dead.html | work=] | accessdate=15 February 2024 | first=Sam | last=Roberts | date=4 March 2022 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304200005/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/us/gary-north-dead.html | archive-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>


==Publications== ==Publications==

===Institute for Christian Economics=== ===Institute for Christian Economics===
North is the founder of the Institute for Christian Economics (ICE), which publishes online books and magazines focusing on ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/ |title=What Is The ICE? |quote= The Institute for Christian Economics is a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization which is devoted to research and publishing in the field of Christian ethics. |accessdate=July 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>Journals from ICE include: North was the founder of the Institute for Christian Economics (ICE), which publishes online books and magazines focusing on ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/|title=What Is The ICE?|quote=The Institute for Christian Economics is a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization which is devoted to research and publishing in the field of Christian ethics.|access-date=July 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218140939/http://www.reformed-theology.org/ice/|archive-date=February 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>Journals from I.C.E. include:
* ''Bible Economics Today'' {{OCLC|28151806}} * ''Bible Economics Today'' {{OCLC|28151806}}
* ''Covenant Renewal'' {{OCLC|19234372}} * ''Covenant Renewal'' {{OCLC|19234372}}
Line 75: Line 79:
* ''Occupy!'' {{OCLC|15531056}} * ''Occupy!'' {{OCLC|15531056}}
* ''Preface'' {{OCLC|31889913}} * ''Preface'' {{OCLC|31889913}}
</ref> ICE, along with Dominion Press in ], are important sources for ] publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingersoll|first=Julie J.|title=Reconstructionist Christianity|journal=Contemporary American Religion|date=January 1, 1999|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|accessdate=July 26, 2013, from ]}}</ref> </ref> ICE, along with Dominion Press in ], are important sources for ] publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingersoll|first=Julie J.|author-link=Julie Ingersoll|title=Reconstructionist Christianity|journal=Contemporary American Religion |date=January 1, 1999|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414135731/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3401300378.html|archive-date=April 14, 2016|access-date=July 26, 2013}}</ref>


===Books and newsletters=== ===Books and newsletters===
North has authored or co-authored more than fifty books, many of which are available for free download.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |title=FreeBooks from the Institute for Christian Economics |work=entrewave.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-11}}</ref> For many years, North has been the author/editor of the newsletter ''The Remnant Review''. He also provides ''Gary North's Reality Check'', a free e-newsletter.<ref>, ''accessed July 27, 2013''.</ref> North authored or coauthored more than fifty books, many of which are available for free download.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |title= Free Books from the Institute for Christian Economics |work= Entrewave |access-date= March 11, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032731/http://www.entrewave.com/freebooks/sidefrm2.htm |archive-date= December 5, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> For many years, North was the author and editor of the newsletter ''The Remnant Review''. He also provided ''Gary North's Reality Check'', a free e-newsletter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GaryNorth.com |title=Back Issues of Gary North's Reality Check |url=https://www.garynorth.com/public/department56.cfm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.garynorth.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''75 Bible questions your instructors pray you won't ask'', 1986 ISBN 0-930462-03-3 {{OCLC|18651534}}
* ''A Study Guide To Gary North's Liberating Planet Earth'', (Co-authored by Geoffrey W. Donnan, Jr. Charles W. Armstrong) 1991 ISBN 0-930464-42-7
* ''An Introduction To Christian Economics'', 1973 {{OCLC|834889}}
* ''Backward Christian Soldiers'', 1984 ISBN 0-930464-01-X
* ''Baptized Patriarchalism: The Cult of the Family'', 1995 ISBN 0-930464-71-0
* ''Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary of Leviticus'', 1994 ISBN 0-930464-72-9
* ''Christian Reconstruction'' (Co-authored by ]), 1991 ISBN 978-0-930464-52-3
* ''Coase Theorem: A Study In Economic Epistemology'', 1992 ISBN 0-930464-61-3
* ''Conspiracy: A Biblical View'', 1996 ISBN 0-930462-11-4
* ''Crossed Fingers: How the Liberals Captured the Presbyterian Church'', 1996 ISBN 0-930464-74-5
* ''The Dominion Covenant: Genesis'', 1987 ISBN 0-930464-03-6
* ''Dominion & Common Grace: The Biblical Basis of Progress'', 1987 ISBN 0-930464-09-5
* ''Fighting Chance: Ten Feet to Survival'' (co-authored by Dr. ]), 1986 ISBN 0-930462-10-6
* ''Government By Emergency'', 1986 (revised in 1992) ISBN 0-930462-05-X
* ''Healer Of The Nations: Biblical Principles for International Relations'', 1987 ISBN 0-930462-21-1
* ''The Hoax of Higher Criticism'', 1989 ISBN 0-930464-30-3
* ''Honest Money: Biblical Principles of Money and Banking'', 1986 ISBN 0-930462-15-7
* ''The Implosion Strategy: How to stay out of the black hole during the next recession and its aftermath'', 1990 ISBN 1-55926-130-7
* ''Inherit The Earth: Biblical Principles for Economics'', 1987 ISBN 0-930462-56-4
* ''Inheritance and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Deuteronomy'', 1999 ISBN 0-930464-78-8
* ''Is The World Running Down?: Crisis in the Christian Worldview, 1988 ISBN 0-930464-13-3
* ''Judeo Christian Tradition: A Guide for the Perplexed'', 1990 ISBN 0-930464-28-1
* ''Leviticus: An Economic Commentary'', 1994 ISBN 0-930464-72-9
* ''Liberating Planet Earth: An Introduction to Biblical Blueprints'', 1987, revised in 1991 ISBN 0-930462-51-3
* ''Lone Gunners for Jesus: Letters to Paul J. Hill'', 1994 ISBN 0-930464-73-7
* ''Marx's Religion of Revolution: Regeneration Through Chaos'', 1989 ISBN 0-930464-15-X
* ''Millennialism And Social Theory'', 1990 ISBN 0-930464-49-4
* ''Moses and Pharaoh: Dominion Religion vs. Power Religion'', 1985 ISBN 0-930464-05-2
* ''Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism'', 1989 ISBN 0-930464-32-X
* ''Puritan Economic Experiments: Puritans and Government Controls'', 1988 ISBN 0-930464-14-1
* ''Rapture Fever: Why Dispensationalism is Paralyzed Dispensationalism'', 1993 ISBN 0-930464-67-2
* ''Salvation Through Inflation: The Economics of Social Credit'', 1993 ISBN 0-930464-66-4
* ''Sanctions and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Numbers'', 2000 ISBN 0-930464-76-1
* ''Sinai Strategy: Economics And The Ten Commandments'' (Part Two of North's commentary on Exodus), 1986 ISBN 978-0930464073
* ''Tactics of Christian Resistance'', 1983 ISBN 0-939404-07-9
* ''Theology of Christian Resistance: A Symposium'', 1983 ISBN 0-939404-05-2
* ''Theonomy: An Informed Response'', 1991 ISBN 0-930464-59-1
* ''Tithing and the Church'', 1994 ISBN 0-930464-69-9
* ''Tools of Dominion: The Case Laws of Exodus'', 1990 ISBN 0-930464-10-9
* ''Trespassing For Dear Life: What About Operation Rescue?'', 1989 ISBN 1-559261-25-0 {{OCLC|25662723}}
* ''Unconditional Surrender: God's Program for Victory'', 1994 ISBN 0-930464-12-5
* ''Unholy Spirits: Occultism and New Age Humanism'', 1994 ISBN 0-930462-53-X
* ''Victim's Rights: The Biblical View of Civil Justice'', 1990 ISBN 0-930464-17-6
* ''Was Calvin a Theonomist?'', 1990 ISBN 0-930464-36-2
* ''Westminster's Confession: The Abandonment of Van Til's Legacy'', 1991 ISBN 0-930464-54-0
* ''When Justice Is Aborted: Biblical Standards For Non-Violent Resistance'', 1989 ISBN 1-55926-124-2


===Documentary and educational film=== ===Documentary and educational film===
* ''Unknown History of the 20th Century'' (DVD) (2006) {{OCLC|213272975}} * ''Unknown History of the 20th Century'' (DVD) (2006) {{OCLC|213272975}}


==See also== ==See also==
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]


== References == == References ==
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==External links== ==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.garynorth.com/}}
* {{Official website| http://www.garynorth.com/}}
* – video by North, on ], for "www.lowestcostcolleges.com", which links to http://www.zerodebtdegrees.com/OPdTZ/
* at ]
* at ]


{{Portalbar|Reformed Christianity|Christianity|Conservatism|Economics|Libertarianism|Politics}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=85298258}}
{{Christian Reconstructionism}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 11:42, 16 December 2024

American historian and author (1942–2022)
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Gary North
North speaking in 2013
BornGary Kilgore North
(1942-02-11)February 11, 1942
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
DiedFebruary 24, 2022(2022-02-24) (aged 80)
Dallas, Georgia, U.S.
EducationUniversity of California, Riverside (PhD)
Occupation(s)Christian social theorist, economist, blogger, author
Known forCofounder of Christian reconstructionism
SpouseSharon Rushdoony
Websitewww.garynorth.com

Gary Kilgore North (February 11, 1942 – February 24, 2022) was an American writer, Austrian School economic historian, and leading figure in the Christian reconstructionist movement. North authored or coauthored over fifty books on topics including Reformed Protestant theology, economics, and history. He was an Associated Scholar of the Mises Institute.

He is known for his advocacy of biblical or "radically libertarian" economics and also as a theorist of dominionism and theonomy. North often invoked the Protestant work ethic to advance these views. He supported the establishment and enforcement of Bible-based religious law, a view which put him in conflict with other libertarians. He believed that capital punishment is appropriate punishment for male homosexuality, adultery, blasphemy, abortion, and witchcraft.

Early life and education

North was born in Los Angeles, California, on February 11, 1942, and grew up in Southern California, the son of FBI special agent Samuel W. North Jr. and his wife Peggy. North converted to Christianity in high school and, after attending a rally where anti-communist activist Fred Schwarz spoke, began frequenting conservative book-stores in the Los Angeles area during his college years. Between 1961 and 1963, while an undergraduate student at University of California, Riverside, North became acquainted with the works of Wilhelm Röpke, Rose Wilder Lane, Cornelius Van Til, Austrian School economists Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Hayek and Murray Rothbard, and also read the works of Calvinist philosopher Rousas John Rushdoony. Later he married Rushdoony's daughter, collaborated with him and eulogized Rushdoony in a blog post on LewRockwell.com.

Career

Starting in 1967, North became a contributor to the libertarian journal The Freeman where he had first read the work of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. In the 1970s, he was the director of seminars for the Foundation for Economic Education (FEE). North received a PhD in history from the University of California, Riverside in 1972. His dissertation was The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720.

He served as research assistant for libertarian Republican Congressman Ron Paul in Paul's first term (1976). North was a regular contributor to the LewRockwell.com website, which lists an extensive archive of his articles there. North's own website, Garynorth.com, posts commentary on religious, social, and political issues and offers paid access to investment advice and other premium content. North also published a blog called Deliverance from Debt which provided advice about relief from debt. Another North website, "Free Christian Curriculum", seeks to provide a free Christian homeschooling curriculum for children from age 3 through grade 12.

Ron Paul curriculum

In addition, North contributed to the Ron Paul Curriculum, a home school online curriculum associated with former U.S. Congressman Ron Paul, which is free for grades K–5 and available to paid members from grades 6–12. As director of curriculum development, North outlined four goals of the educational project: providing a "detailed study" of the "history of liberty"; teaching a "thorough understanding of Austrian economics"; serving as "an academically rigorous curriculum that is tied to primary source" material rather than textbooks; and teaching "the Biblical principle of self-government and personal responsibility", which North called "the foundation of the market economy".

Christian, Bible-based economic methodology

North wrote that the "starting point for all economic analysis" lies in accepting that "God cursed the earth" in the Book of Genesis 3:17–19; this "made scarcity an inescapable fact of man's existence". In his 1982 Dominion Covenant: Genesis, North wrote that mainstream modern economics, whether libertarian, conservative or liberal, is "in disintegration" because it is "humanist" in its approach and consequently rejects the notion that "biblical revelation" is necessary for sound economic theory. He also wrote that economics "must begin with the story of creation" if it is not to collapse into "total chaos".

Proposed "Christian theocratic" political and social order

A 2011 article in The New York Times identified North as a central figure in Christian reconstructionism, the philosophy which advocates the institution of "a Christian theocracy under Old Testament law the best form of government, and a radically libertarian one." North wrote: "I certainly believe in biblical theocracy."

The article also described North as "the leading proponent of 'Christian economics,' which applies biblical principles to economic issues and the free market." North supported the abolition of the fractional-reserve banking system and a return to the gold standard. According to the Times, North believed that the Bible forbids inflation, welfare programs, and also writes that "God would prefer gold money to paper".

Range of capital offenses

North favored capital punishment for a range of offenders, including murderers, blasphemers, children who curse their parents, male homosexuals, and other people who commit some of the acts deemed capital offenses in the Old Testament. (North believed that the death penalty for sabbath breaking and some other crimes no longer applies.) North stated that the biblical admonition to kill homosexuals in the Book of Leviticus is God's "law and its morally appropriate sanction", arguing that "God is indeed a homophobe" who "hates the practice and those who practice it" and "hates the sin and hates the sinner."

North said that capital punishment should be carried out by stoning, because it is the biblically approved method of execution and it is cheap due to the plentiful and convenient supply of stones.

Religious liberty

North said: "We must use the doctrine of religious liberty to gain independence for Christian schools until we train up a generation of people who know that there is no religious neutrality, no neutral law, no neutral education, and no neutral civil government. Then they will get busy in constructing a Bible-based social, political and religious order which finally denies the religious liberty of the enemies of God."

Adam C. English suggests that this quote implies that "religious liberty is a useful tool to Christians in the present, yet is ultimately to be denied to anyone who is not Christian once the Christians are in power". English argues that although this may seem inconsistent (advocating religious liberty but denying the reality of the notion), North and his fellow reconstructionists understand "liberty" in a theological sense. According to the reconstructionists, "anyone outside of the Christian faith is in bondage," and so "government by rigorous theonomy is not oppressive but liberating".

Y2K

North was also a prominent promoter of exaggerated predictions of computer failure from the Year 2000 problem (Y2K) during the late 1990s, earning him the nickname "Scary Gary." His main website became dominated by links to extremist predictions for Y2K damage, including widespread collapse of governments and financial institutions. North declared on his home page that Y2K "may be the biggest problem that the modern world has ever faced" and labeled 2000 as "The Year the Earth Stands Still".

Critics said the motivation for North's predictions was linked to his Christian reconstructionist aims, which require widespread societal collapse to set the stage for a new theocratic order. North made the connection explicit in communications with fellow reconstructionists: "The Y2K crisis is systemic. It cannot possibly be fixed. I think it will wipe out every national government in the West. Not just modify them—destroy them...That is what I have wanted all my adult life. In my view, Y2K is our deliverance."

Death

North was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2017, and underwent treatment for about five years. He died in Dallas, Georgia, on February 24, 2022, at the age of 80.

Publications

Institute for Christian Economics

North was the founder of the Institute for Christian Economics (ICE), which publishes online books and magazines focusing on Christian ethics. ICE, along with Dominion Press in Tyler, Texas, are important sources for reconstructionist publications.

Books and newsletters

North authored or coauthored more than fifty books, many of which are available for free download. For many years, North was the author and editor of the newsletter The Remnant Review. He also provided Gary North's Reality Check, a free e-newsletter.

Documentary and educational film

See also

References

  1. Skousen, Mark (2009). The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M. E. Sharpe. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-7656-2827-5.
  2. "Mises Institute Faculty Listing". Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  3. ^ Olson, Walter (November 1, 1998). "Reasonable Doubts: Invitation to a Stoning". Reason.com. pp. 1–2. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  4. ^ Clarkson, Frederick (1995). "Christian Reconstruction: Theocratic Dominionism Gains Influence". Eyes Right!: Challenging the Right Wing Backlash. South End Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-89608-523-7.
  5. ^ Roberts, Sam (March 4, 2022). "Gary North, apostle of bible-based economics, dies at 80". The New York Times (Obituary). Archived from the original on March 4, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  6. North, Gary (January 2013). "An Economic Commentary on the Bible: Genesis to Revelation". garynorth.com (Web page). Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  7. Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-56311-205-8. OCLC 37922781.
  8. ^ North, Gary (December 16, 2002). "It All Began With Fred Schwarz". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  9. Stammer, Larry (March 3, 2001). "The Rev. Rousas John Rushdoony; advocated rule by biblical law". The Los Angeles Times (Obituary). Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  10. Rushdoony, Rousas John; North, Gary (1978). The Institutes of Biblical Law: a Chalcedon Study. Presbyterian and Reformed. p. 890. ISBN 978-0-87552-410-8. OCLC 768429065.
  11. North, Gary (February 10, 2001). "R. J. Rushdoony, R.I.P." LewRockwell.com. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  12. North, Gary (July 28, 2004), What Made Rothbard Great, Ludwig von Mises Institute, archived from the original on May 5, 2009, retrieved September 13, 2014.
  13. North, Gary (May 1, 1996). "The Moral Dimension of FEE". The Freeman.
  14. North, Gary (1972), The Concept of Property in Puritan New England, 1630–1720 (PhD dissertation), OCLC 1902749
  15. "LewRockwell.com Articles by North".
  16. GaryNorth.com (June 13, 2006). "All good things must come to an end, but preferably not all at once". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  17. "About This Site". Deliverance From Debt. May 6, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  18. Free Christian Curriculum Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine website, accessed July 27, 2013.
  19. GaryNorth.com (April 6, 2013). "Announcing: The Ron Paul Curriculum Is Open for Business". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  20. Gary North, A Q&A Dialogue for Newcomers, RonPaulCurriculum.com.
  21. "Course Creators". Ron Paul Curriculum. July 30, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  22. Bump, Philip (April 9, 2013). "Ron Paul's Home Schooling Curriculum Will Turn Your Kid into a Little Ron Paul." Archived July 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Atlantic Wire
  23. ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (April 30, 2011). "'Christian Economics' Meets the Antiunion Movement". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  24. "Dominion Covenant: Genesis". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
  25. Hugh B. Urban, The Secrets of the Kingdom: Religion and Concealment in the Bush Administration Rowman and Littlefield, 56
  26. Gary North, Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism Tyler, Tex., Institute for Christian Economics, 1989, x
  27. On the subject of executing children, North wrote, "When people curse their parents, it unquestionably is a capital crime... The integrity of the family must be maintained by the threat of death". Gary North, The Sinai Strategy: Economics and the Ten Commandments (Tyler, Tex.: Institute for Christian Economics, 1986), p. 59.
  28. ^ Gary North, Boundaries and Dominion (1994), chapter 23.
  29. Sugg, John (December 2005). "A Nation Under God." Mother Jones
  30. Sugg, John (July–August 2006). "Warped Worldview". Church & State. Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  31. North, Gary. Boundaries and Dominion: An Economic Commentary on Leviticus (PDF). Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). pp. xxvi, 221.
  32. Vile, John R. (2003). "Christian Reconstruction". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 67. ISBN 1-85109-428-8. OCLC 51553072. ...North favors stoning,...because of the widespread availability of rocks...
  33. North, Gary (1982). "The Intellectual Schizophrenia of the New Christian Right". In Jordan, James B (ed.). The Failure of the American Baptist Culture. Christianity and Civilization. Geneva Divinity School. p. 25. ISBN 0-939404-04-4. ISSN 0278-8187.
  34. English, Adam C. (2003). "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K: Gary North, the New Millennium, and Religious Freedom". New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America. Baylor University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-918954-92-3.
  35. English, "Christian Reconstruction after Y2K," p. 117.
  36. Penenberg, Adam L. (May 1, 1998). "Year 2000 survivalists". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2001. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  37. Drake, Richard (April 5, 2012). "The doomsday seekers: A look at Christian Reconstructionism". Arkansas Times. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  38. Seltzer, Larry (January 3, 2005). "Some Perspective 5 Years After Y2K". eWeek. Archived from the original on February 1, 2024.
  39. Glasner, Joanna (January 5, 2000). "Y2K Alarmist: Wha' Happened?". Wired. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  40. Rosin, Hanna (January 8, 2000). "Recriminations pour in against prophets of Y2K doom: Followers demand apologies for their wasted effort, money". SFGate. Hearst Communications. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  41. Kyle, Richard G. (August 2012). Apocalyptic Fever. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61097-697-8.
  42. North, Gary. "The year 2000 problem: The year the Earth stands still". Gary North's Y2K Links and Forums. Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Alternate archive/site mirror from 1997 available at http://y2klibrary.tripod.com
  43. Davis, Derek; Hankins, Barry (2003). New Religious Movements and Religious Liberty in America. Baylor University Press. ISBN 978-0-918954-92-3.
  44. Bulkeley, Craig (February 26, 2022). "Gary North, RIP". Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  45. "What Is The ICE?". Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013. The Institute for Christian Economics is a non-profit, tax-exempt educational organization which is devoted to research and publishing in the field of Christian ethics.
  46. Journals from I.C.E. include:
  47. Ingersoll, Julie J. (January 1, 1999). "Reconstructionist Christianity". Contemporary American Religion. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  48. "Free Books from the Institute for Christian Economics". Entrewave. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  49. GaryNorth.com. "Back Issues of Gary North's Reality Check". www.garynorth.com. Retrieved May 17, 2023.

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