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{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Kootenai Tribe of Idaho |group=Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
|native_name=ʔaq̓anqmi
|image=] |image=]
|caption=] on the ] |caption=] on the ]
| population = 150<ref name=ucut/>
|poptime=165<ref name=ihb> ''Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board''. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref>
|popplace={{flag|United States}} ({{flag|Idaho}}) |popplace={{flag|United States}} ({{flag|Idaho}})
⚫ |langs=English, ], ]<ref name=ethno> ''Ethnologue.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref>
|rels=traditional tribal religion, ] religion |rels=Indigenous ], ] religion
⚫ |langs=], ]<ref name=ethno> ''Ethnologue.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref>
|related=other ], ], ]<ref name=ihb/>}} | related = other ], ], ]<ref name=ihb/>
}}


The '''Kootenai Tribe of Idaho''' is a ] of Lower ]. They are an ].<ref>Pritzker 263</ref> The '''Kootenai Tribe of Idaho''' (]: '''ʔaq̓anqmi'''<ref name=first>First Voices—Ktunaxa Home Page: About Us </ref>) is a ] of Lower ]. They are an ]<ref>Pritzker 263</ref> based in northern ].

They are one of five federally recognized tribes in Idaho. The others are ], ], ], and ] (Western Shoshone-Northern Paiute). They have 150 enrolled citizens.<ref name="ucut">{{cite web |title=Kootenai Tribe of Idaho |url=https://ucut.org/members-tribes/kootenai-tribe-idaho/ |website=Upper Columbia United Tribes |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

== Name ==
Their name for themselves is ʔaq̓anqmi.<ref name=first/> They are also called the Idaho Ksanka. The Ktunaxa ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|t|ʌ|ˈ|n|ɑː|h|ɑː}} {{respell|tun|AH|hah}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022848/1100100022849 |title=Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia |website=Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada |date=2010-09-15 |accessdate=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123044647/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100022848/1100100022849 |archivedate=2014-01-23 }}</ref> <small>] pron.</small> {{IPA-all|ktunʌ́χɑ̝|}}) are also known as Kutenai ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|k|uː|t|ə|n|eɪ|,_|-|t|n|eɪ|,_|-|n|i}}), Kootenay (predominant spelling in Canada), and Kootenai (predominant spelling in the United States).


==Reservation== ==Reservation==
]
The '''Kootenai Reservation''' was first established in 1896. After subsequent land loss, the reservation was re-established in 1974.<ref name=p262>Pritzker 262</ref> The ] is 3,985-acres large and located in ], along ].<ref name=ihb/> The '''Kootenai Reservation''' was first established in 1896. After subsequent land loss, the reservation was re-established in 1974.<ref name=p262>Pritzker 262</ref> The ] is {{Convert|2695|acres|sqmi km2|1}} in ], along ].<ref name=ihb> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426203041/http://www.npaihb.org/member_tribes/tribe/kootenai_tribe/ |date=2013-04-26 }} ''Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board''. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> Their reservation is 2,200 acres large.<ref name=ucut/>


==Government== ==Government==
The tribe's headquarters is in ]. The tribe is governed by a democratically-elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration is as follows: The tribe's headquarters is in ]. The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration is as follows:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{colbegin|2}}
* Chairman: Jennifer Porter<ref> ''National Congress of American Indians.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> * Chairman: Gary FX Aitken Jr.<ref> ''National Congress of American Indians.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref>
* Jennifer Porter
* Gary FX. Aitken Jr.
* Gary Aitken Sr. * Amethyst Aitken
* Ronald Abraham * Ronald Abraham
* Sheila David-Michaels * Diane David
* Middle Row: Duane E. Saunders * Duane E. Saunders
* Cecille Abraham * Louie Abraham
* Velma Bahe * Velma Bahe
* Veronica Abraham.<ref> ''Kootenai Tribe of Idaho.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> * Kim Cooper.<ref> ''Kootenai Tribe of Idaho.'' Retrieved December 12, 2013.</ref>
{{colend}} {{div col end}}


==Language== ==Language==
Traditionally, Kootenai people have spoken the ], a ]. It has a dictionary and grammar and is written in the ].<ref name=ethno/> Historically, Kootenai people have spoken the ], a ]. It has a dictionary and grammar and is written in the ].<ref name=ethno/>


==History== ==History==
The Kootenai people lived along the ] in Idaho, ], and ]. They were ], and salmon was an important staple to their diets. They have permanent winter villages of cone-shaped houses made from wooden poles and rush mats.<ref name=ihb/> The Kootenai people lived along the ] in Idaho, ], and ]. They were ], and salmon was an important staple to their diets. They have permanent winter villages of cone-shaped houses made from wooden poles and rush mats.<ref name=ihb/>


In 1855 the tribe signed a treaty with the US government. The ] broke up tribal land holdings into individual allotments.<ref name=ihb/> Due to illegal land loss, the tribe was awarded $425,000 in a ] in 1960.<ref name=p262/> In 1855 the tribe refused to sign a treaty with the US government that would require them to cede their aboriginal lands in Idaho and consolidate with several other smaller tribes in Montana. The ] broke up tribal land holdings into individual allotments.<ref name=ihb/> Due to illegal land loss, the tribe was awarded $425,000 in a ] in 1960.<ref name=p262/>


On September 20, 1974, the 67 members of the Kootenai Tribe formally declared war on the United States, seeking federal {{nowrap|recognition.<ref name=kimblz>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7jlYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VPcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1228%2C4508248|work=The Bulletin |location=(Bend, Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Kootenai Indians mobilizing for war |date=September 18, 1974 |page=A8}}</ref><ref name=ussndpmk>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VQg0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WPgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7227%2C1849545 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |last=Dullenty |first=Jim |title=U.S. sending peacemaker to north Idaho Indian war |date=September 20, 1974 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=kowus>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8DlYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VPcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4045%2C4676944 |work=The Bulletin |location=(Bend, Oregon) |agency=Associated Press |title=Kootenai open 'war' on U.S. |date=September 20, 1974 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=iotopc>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Vgg0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WPgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7123%2C2192850 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Indians, officials talking of peace |date=September 21, 1974 |page=7}}</ref>}} Initial demands were for a {{convert|128,000|acre|sqmi km2|-1|adj=on}} reservation and compensation for {{convert|1,600,000|acre|sqmi km2|-1}} of ancestral {{nowrap|lands.<ref name=kootthrtn>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Vwg0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WPgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4851%2C2671256 |work=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Kootenais threaten |date=September 23, 1974 |page=5}}</ref>}} They did not engage in violence, and, by calling attention to their situation, the tribe was deeded {{convert|12.5|acres}} of federal land surrounding the former mission in ].<ref name=ucut/><ref name=ihb/><ref name=ffafut >{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1A0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4_IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5436%2C7167943<!-- http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2004/sep/19/fight-for-a-future/--> |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington)|last=Taylor |first=Kevin |title=Fight for a future |date=September 19, 2004 |page=1A}}</ref> It was enacted by S. 634, signed by ] ] in October.<ref name=kitl>{{cite web|url=https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0248/whpr19741019-008.pdf |publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum |title=S. 634, Kootenai Indian Trust Land, Idaho |agency=(press release)|date=October 19, 1974 |accessdate=June 20, 2018}}</ref>
On 20 September 1974, the 67 members of the Kootenai Tribe formally declared war on the United States. They did engage in violence, and, by calling attention to their situation, the tribe was deeded 12.5 acres.<ref name=ihb/>


==Economic development== ==Economic development==
Since 1986, the Kootenai Tribe has owned and operated the Kootenai River Inn. Located in ], it is now the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa, also has the Springs Restaurant, Casino Deli, the Kootenai Day Spa, and gift shop.<ref name=ihb/><ref> ''500 Nations.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref> Since 1986, the Kootenai Tribe has owned and operated the Kootenai River Inn in Bonners Ferry. It is now the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa, also has the Springs Restaurant, Casino Deli, the Kootenai Day Spa, and gift shop.<ref name=ihb/><ref> ''500 Nations.'' Retrieved 31 July 2013.</ref>


Reservation industries include timber, tourism, and selling sand and gravel. The tribe also owns a ] hatchery.<ref name=ihb/> Reservation industries include timber, tourism, and selling sand and gravel. The tribe also owns a ] hatchery.<ref name=ihb/>
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==References== ==References==
* Pritzker, Barry M. ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1. * Pritzker, Barry M. ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513877-1}}.


==External links== ==External links==
* , official website * {{Official website|https://www.kootenai.org/}}, Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
* by Jack McNeel, ''Idaho Public Television'' * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309052642/http://idahoptv.org/press/showStory.cfm?StoryID=47796 |date=2015-03-09 }} by Jack McNeel, ''Idaho Public Television''
* , a 1918 book by anthropologist ]

{{Indian reservations in Idaho}}
{{Boundary County, Idaho}}

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kootenai Tribe Of Idaho}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kootenai Tribe Of Idaho}}
]
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 08:15, 15 February 2024

Ethnic group
Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
ʔaq̓anqmi
Bonners Ferry on the Kootenai River
Total population
150
Regions with significant populations
 United States ( Idaho)
Languages
English, Kutenai, English
Religion
Indigenous tribal religion, Sun Dance religion
Related ethnic groups
other Kootenai people, Interior Salish people, Kalispel people

The Kootenai Tribe of Idaho (Kutenai language: ʔaq̓anqmi) is a federally recognized tribe of Lower Kootenai people. They are an Indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau based in northern Idaho.

They are one of five federally recognized tribes in Idaho. The others are Coeur d'Alene, Nez Perce, Shoshone-Bannock, and Duck Valley Indian Reservation (Western Shoshone-Northern Paiute). They have 150 enrolled citizens.

Name

Their name for themselves is ʔaq̓anqmi. They are also called the Idaho Ksanka. The Ktunaxa (English: /tʌˈnɑːhɑː/ tun-AH-hah; Kutenai pron. [ktunʌ́χɑ̝]) are also known as Kutenai (English: /ˈkuːtəneɪ, -tneɪ, -ni/), Kootenay (predominant spelling in Canada), and Kootenai (predominant spelling in the United States).

Reservation

Location of Kootenai Reservation

The Kootenai Reservation was first established in 1896. After subsequent land loss, the reservation was re-established in 1974. The reservation is 2,695 acres (4.2 sq mi; 10.9 km) in Boundary County, along U.S. Route 95. Their reservation is 2,200 acres large.

Government

The tribe's headquarters is in Bonners Ferry, Idaho. The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration is as follows:

  • Chairman: Gary FX Aitken Jr.
  • Jennifer Porter
  • Amethyst Aitken
  • Ronald Abraham
  • Diane David
  • Duane E. Saunders
  • Louie Abraham
  • Velma Bahe
  • Kim Cooper.

Language

Historically, Kootenai people have spoken the Kutenai language, a language isolate. It has a dictionary and grammar and is written in the Latin script.

History

The Kootenai people lived along the Kootenai River in Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. They were hunter-gatherers, and salmon was an important staple to their diets. They have permanent winter villages of cone-shaped houses made from wooden poles and rush mats.

In 1855 the tribe refused to sign a treaty with the US government that would require them to cede their aboriginal lands in Idaho and consolidate with several other smaller tribes in Montana. The Dawes Act broke up tribal land holdings into individual allotments. Due to illegal land loss, the tribe was awarded $425,000 in a land claims settlement in 1960.

On September 20, 1974, the 67 members of the Kootenai Tribe formally declared war on the United States, seeking federal recognition. Initial demands were for a 128,000-acre (200 sq mi; 520 km) reservation and compensation for 1,600,000 acres (2,500 sq mi; 6,470 km) of ancestral lands. They did not engage in violence, and, by calling attention to their situation, the tribe was deeded 12.5 acres (5.1 ha) of federal land surrounding the former mission in Bonners Ferry. It was enacted by S. 634, signed by President Gerald Ford in October.

Economic development

Since 1986, the Kootenai Tribe has owned and operated the Kootenai River Inn in Bonners Ferry. It is now the Kootenai River Inn Casino and Spa, also has the Springs Restaurant, Casino Deli, the Kootenai Day Spa, and gift shop.

Reservation industries include timber, tourism, and selling sand and gravel. The tribe also owns a sturgeon hatchery.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Kootenai Tribe of Idaho". Upper Columbia United Tribes. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Kutenai." Ethnologue. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  3. ^ "Kootenai Tribe." Archived 2013-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  4. ^ First Voices—Ktunaxa Home Page: About Us www.firstvoices.com/explore/FV/sections/Data/Ktunaxa/Ktunaxa/Ktunaxa
  5. Pritzker 263
  6. "Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia". Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada. 2010-09-15. Archived from the original on 2014-01-23. Retrieved 2013-05-14.
  7. ^ Pritzker 262
  8. "Tribal Directory." National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  9. "Government." Kootenai Tribe of Idaho. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  10. "Kootenai Indians mobilizing for war". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). Associated Press. September 18, 1974. p. A8.
  11. Dullenty, Jim (September 20, 1974). "U.S. sending peacemaker to north Idaho Indian war". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). p. 1.
  12. "Kootenai open 'war' on U.S." The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). Associated Press. September 20, 1974. p. 1.
  13. "Indians, officials talking of peace". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 21, 1974. p. 7.
  14. "Kootenais threaten". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. September 23, 1974. p. 5.
  15. Taylor, Kevin (September 19, 2004). "Fight for a future". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). p. 1A.
  16. "S. 634, Kootenai Indian Trust Land, Idaho" (PDF). Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. (press release). October 19, 1974. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  17. "Kootenai River Inn Casino & Spa." 500 Nations. Retrieved 31 July 2013.

References

  • Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.

External links

Idaho Indian reservations in Idaho
Municipalities and communities of Boundary County, Idaho, United States
County seat: Bonners Ferry
Cities
Map of Idaho highlighting Boundary County
Unincorporated
communities
Indian reservation
Categories: