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{{Short description|None}} |
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{{Expand list|date=May 2011}} |
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{{Update|date=August 2016}} |
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{{Incomplete list|date=May 2011}} |
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The following is a list of ] that have occurred in ] and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly): |
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The following is a list of ] that occurred in ] and the ] (numbers may be approximate, as estimates vary greatly): |
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==Antiquity== |
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==Ottoman Empire (till 1914)== |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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|- |
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|- |
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! style="width:120px;"|Name |
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! style="width:140px;"|Name |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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! style="width:75px;"|Deaths |
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! style="width:100px;"|Deaths |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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|- |
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|] |
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|494 BC |
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|] |
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|Most Milesian men |
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|] |
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|Greeks |
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|<ref>;</ref> |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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| ] |
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| 1821 |
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|405 BC |
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| ] |
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|] |
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|3,000 |
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| unknown |
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|] |
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| Ottoman government |
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|Athenian sailors |
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| ] |
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|3,000 Athenian sailors executed |
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| Greek Orthodox Patriarch ] and other notables were executed, while local Muslims were encouraged to attack the Greek population. |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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| ] |
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| 1840 |
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|353 BC |
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| ] |
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|] |
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|All males of Sestos |
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| 10,000<ref Name=gaunt32>{{Harvnb|Gaunt|Beṯ-Şawoce |2006|p=32}}</ref> |
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|] |
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| ] Emirs of Buhtan, ] and Nurullah |
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|Greeks |
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| Christians |
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| Many who were not killed were sold into slavery |
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|- |
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| ] |
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| 1894–1896 |
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| ], ] |
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| 100,000-300,000<ref>]. ''A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility''. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006, p. 42. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7.</ref> |
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| ]<br />]<br />] irregulars |
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| Christian ] and ] |
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| Many women were raped and forced into harems, and many women and children were sold as slaves; see also ] and ] |
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|- |
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| ] |
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| April 1909 |
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| ] |
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| 15,000-30,000<ref name=ShamefulAct>Akcam, Taner. ''A Shameful Act''. 2006, page 69–70: "fifteen to twenty thousand Armenians were killed"</ref><ref name=30t>{{cite news| title=30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES|url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C10F93C5A15738DDDAC0A94DC405B898CF1D3 |author=|date=April 25, 1909|publisher=''The New York Times''}}</ref><ref>Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views By Samuel. Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny</ref> |
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| ] government |
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| ] Christians |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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| colspan=10 align="center" | Notes: According to the estimates of ], during the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.<ref name="McCarthy1995">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=978-0-87850-094-9}}</ref><ref name="Carmichael2012">{{cite book|author=Cathie Carmichael|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-47953-5}}<br/>"During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number."</ref><ref name="Press2010">{{cite book|author=Oxford University Press|title=Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kck_-B7MubIC&pg=PA9|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=1 May 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-980381-1|pages=9–}}</ref> |
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|88 BC |
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|] |
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|80,000–150,000 |
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|] |
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|Romans and Italians |
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|<ref>Valerius Maximus 9.2.3; </ref><ref></ref> |
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==Middle Ages== |
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==World War I (1914-1918)== |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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|- |
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|- |
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! style="width:120px;"|Name |
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! style="width:140px;"|Name |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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! style="width:75px;"|Deaths |
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! style="width:100px;"|Deaths |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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|- |
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|] |
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|January 532 |
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|] |
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|30,000 |
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|Byzantine Empire |
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|Byzantines |
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|About thirty thousand rioters were reportedly killed.<ref>This is the number given by Procopius, ''Wars'' (.)</ref> |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | format = PDF | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archivedate = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction | url = | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 }}</ref> |
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|August 838 |
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|1914–1923 |
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|] |
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|Ottoman Empire |
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|30,000–70,000<ref>{{cite book | last=Treadgold | first=Warren T. | author-link=Warren Treadgold | title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842 | location=Stanford | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=1988 | isbn=0-8047-1462-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ }}</ref> |
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|500,000 - 900,000 |
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|Abbasid Caliphate |
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|] government |
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|Byzantines |
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|] Christians |
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|Reports detail systematic massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities<ref name=NYTarchives> Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name=AIHG-NYT>Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, , , 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref> |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|]<ref>Travis, Hannibal. "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I." Genocide Studies and Prevention, Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2006, pp. 327–371. Retrieved 2012-10-28.</ref> |
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|29 April 1091 |
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|1914–1925 |
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|] |
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|] |
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|tens of thousands<ref name="Grumeza 2010 35">{{cite book|first=Ion|last=Grumeza| title=The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500–1500|publisher= University Press of America |year=2010 |isbn=9780761851356 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&pg=PA35 | pages=35}}</ref> |
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|270,000 - 750,000 |
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|Byzantine Empire & Cumans |
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|] government |
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|Pechenegs |
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|] |
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|The ]s consisting of 80,000 warriors and their families invaded the Byzantine Empire. Near ] they were ambushed by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army, fighting soon turned into wholesale slaughter. Warriors and civilians were killed and the ] people were nearly wiped out.<ref name="Grumeza 2010 35"/> |
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|Denied by the Turkish government |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|]<ref>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation by Christopher J. Walker, Croom Helm (Publisher) London 1980, pp. 200-203</ref> |
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|3 June 1098 |
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|1915–1923 |
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|] |
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|Ottoman Empire |
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|{{hs|00000}}Muslim and Christian population |
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|600,000-1,800,000 |
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|]rs |
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|] government |
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|Muslim and Christian population |
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|] Christians |
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|Denied by the Turkish government; is the second most studied case of genocide after the Holocaust |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|May 1182 |
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|1915 |
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|] |
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|], ] |
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|Uncertain – tens of thousands |
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|more than 1,700 families; at least 6,000 men |
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|Byzantine mob |
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|] government |
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|Roman Catholics |
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|] Christians |
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|The bulk of the Latin community, estimated at over 60,000 at the time, was wiped out or forced to flee; some 4,000 survivors were sold as slaves to the Turks. The massacre further worsened relations and increased enmity between the Western and Eastern Christian churches, and a sequence of hostilities between the two followed. |
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|Part of ] |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|Massacres in the ] valley |
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|8–13 April 1204 |
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|1914-1916 |
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|] |
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|], ] |
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|many civilians killed<ref>{{cite book|first=Jill N.|last=Claster| title=Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396|publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781442600584 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP6OzSDQJlwC&pg=PA214| pages=35}}</ref> |
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|45,000 civilians<ref name="google176">{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|ISBN=9780199654918|page=176|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176&dq=These+operations+took+the+lives+of+approximately+45,000+civilians+in+the+valley+of+the+Chorukh+river+in+the+South-West+Caucasus&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=eUG0Uau4B4SZ0QWmhIDoDg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20operations%20took%20the%20lives%20of%20approximately%2045%2C000%20civilians%20in%20the%20valley%20of%20the%20Chorukh%20river%20in%20the%20South-West%20Caucasus&f=false}}</ref> |
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|Crusaders |
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|] army, ] regiments, Armenian paramilitaries. |
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|Byzantines |
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|] and ] Muslims |
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|The city was sacked and looted. |
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|During WWI the Russian army with Armenian paramilitaries launched a scorched earth policy against Muslim settlements in the ] river valley, Muslim villages were destroyed.<ref name="google176"/> |
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|- |
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|] |
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|1453 |
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|] |
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|4,000<ref>{{cite book|last=Philippides|first=Marios|title=Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks : some western views and testimonies|year=2007|publisher=ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies|location=Tempe, Ariz.|isbn=978-0866983464|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8focAAAAYAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Fuller/> |
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|Ottomans |
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|Byzantines |
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|4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages were massacred during these days. Moreover, the dwellings and the churches were plundered. Some 30,000 were enslaved.<ref name=Fuller>{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=J.F.C.|title=A military history of the Western World|year=1987|publisher=Da Capo Press|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=0306803046|pages=522|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNXZAAAAMAAJ|edition=.}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|] |
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|1461<ref>], ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 106</ref> |
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|Trabzon |
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|Ottomans |
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|Trebizonds |
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| colspan=10 align="center" | Notes: According to the estimates of ], during the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number.<ref name="McCarthy1995">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Death and exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821-1922|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZntAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 May 2013|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press|isbn=978-0-87850-094-9}}</ref><ref name="Carmichael2012">{{cite book|author=Cathie Carmichael|title=Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ybORI4KWwdIC|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-47953-5}}<br/>"During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone, Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number."</ref><ref name="Press2010">{{cite book|author=Oxford University Press|title=Islam in the Balkans: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kck_-B7MubIC&pg=PA9|accessdate=1 May 2013|date=1 May 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-980381-1|pages=9–}}</ref> |
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==Ottoman Empire== |
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==Greco-Turkish War (1919-1923)== |
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===Before 1914=== |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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|- |
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|- |
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! style="width:120px;"|Name |
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! style="width:140px;"|Name |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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! style="width:75px;"|Deaths |
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! style="width:100px;"|Deaths |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|1821–1829 |
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|May 15–16, 1919 |
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|] |
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|] |
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|Unknown |
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|300-600 killed |
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|Ottoman government and Greek rebels |
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|] |
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|] |
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|], Turks, ] and Jews |
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|Massacres were committed by both sides during the conflict. |
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|The orderly landing of the Greek army soon turned into a riot against the local Turkish population by local Greeks and Greek soldiers. Stores and houses were looted, many cases of beatings, rape, killing. Estimates for killed Greeks are between 22-32, for Turks between 300-600. |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|1840 |
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|June 16–17, 1919 |
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|] |
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|] |
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|100-1,000 |
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|4,000 |
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|] Emirs of Bhutan, ] and Nurullah |
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|] |
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|] |
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|] |
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|Many who were not killed were sold into slavery. 1826 Janissaries massacred by government (link to Auspicious Incident). |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|1894–1896 |
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|June 27- July 4, 1919 |
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|Eastern ] |
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|] |
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|80,000–300,000<ref>]. '']''. New York: ], 2006, p. 42. {{ISBN|0-8050-7932-7}}.</ref> |
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|2,000-3,000 |
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|]<br />],<br />Turkish, Kurdish tribes |
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|Turks and Greeks |
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|] |
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|Turks and Greeks |
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| |
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|The Greek army occupied the city which was later taken by Turkish irregulars and then again by the Greeks. This resulted in the destruction of most of the city and massacres for both sides. Killed Greeks were estimated as 1,500-2,000, Turks as 1,200-2,000. |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|]-] region |
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|1895 |
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| 9 June - 27 August 1920 |
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|] |
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| Ortaköy, Geyve, Akhisar, Iznik |
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|25,000 |
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| More than a few hundred, less than 1520.<ref name="McCarthy1995"/> |
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|] irregulars |
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|] and Kurdish irregulars |
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|] and ] |
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|] |
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|Justin McCarthy: "The following are the figures of the Armenian and/or Greek patriarchates. The British warned that they contained "exaggerations."It can be assumed that the actual numbers were lower, but that the massacres actually did take place 9 June, Ortaköy, 270, 10 July, Geyve, 500, 15 July, Akhisar, 350, 27 August, Iznik, 400-500"<ref name="McCarthy1995"/> |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|April 1909 |
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| 1920-21 |
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|] |
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|]/] Peninsula |
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|20,000 |
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| estimates vary: 35 reported<ref>{{cite book|last=Gingeras|first=Ryan|title=Sorrowful Shores:Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191609794|page=28|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=6DF4dNEjenIC&pg=PA28&dq=circassian+yalova&hl=el&sa=X&ei=-JOSUdeHJeyu4QTK4IDoCg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20total%20only%20thirty-five%20were%20reported%20to%20have%20been%20killed%2C%20wounded%2C%20beaten%2C%20or%20missing.%20This%20is%20in%20line%20with%20the%20observations%20of%20Arnold%20Toynbee%2C%20who%20declared%20that%20one%20to%20two%20murders%20were%20sufficient%20to%20drive%20away%20the%20population%20of%20a%20village.%22&f=false|quote=In total only thirty-five were reported to have been killed, wounded, beaten, or missing. This is in line with the observations of Arnold Toynbee, who declared that one to two murders were sufficient to drive away the population of a village.}}</ref> or |
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|local Turkish nationalist activist, conservative reactionary to ] government |
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5,500<ref>{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=William H.|title=Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|ISBN=9780199923397|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4POZH7C1AC&pg=PT225&dq=1500+survivors+yalova&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=-wmZUZ7QKciG0AX8joHYAQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA|quote=To protect their flanks from harassment, Greek military authorities then encouraged irregular bands of armed men to attack and destroy Turkish populations of the region they proposed to abandon. By the time the Red Crescent vessel arrived at Yalova from Constantinople in the last week of May, fourteen out of sixteen villages in that town's immediate hinterland had been destroyed, and there were only 1500 survivors from the 7000 Moslems who had been living in these communities.}}</ref> - 9,100 (Turkish claim)<ref>http://www.scribd.com/doc/46207420/Ar%C5%9Fiv-Belgelerine-Gore-Balkanlar%E2%80%99da-ve-Anadolu%E2%80%99da-Yunan-Mezalimi-2</ref> |
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|Armenians |
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|Greeks troops, local Greeks, Armenians and Circasians<ref name=Smith3>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Michael Llewellyn|title=Ionian vision : Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922.|year=1999|publisher=C. Hurst|location=London|isbn=9781850653684|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=E4OuoSFztt8C&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=stergiadis+smyrna&source=bl&ots=czKqtDzXoE&sig=Ivvg-egHduGOUCc8TrpOM1vgwG8&hl=el&sa=X&ei=ENZLUNKiCsTV4QSn9YDQAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=%22At%20the%20same%20time%20bands%20of%20Christian%20irregulars%2C%20Greek%20Armenian%20and%20Circassian%2C%20looted%2C%20burned%22&f=false|edition=New edition, 2nd impression|quote=At the same time bands of Christian irregulars, Greek Armenian, and Circassian, looted, burned and murdered in the Yalove-Gemlik peninsula.|page=209}}</ref> |
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| |
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|] |
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| The perpetrators were Greek troops and local Greek and Armenian gangs, who burned down ], ], ]. In total 27 villages were razed and their population fled. In Armutlu women were methodically raped.<ref>Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 111-112, 2009</ref> Circassians participated also in the events.<ref name=Smith3/> |
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|Ethnic cleansing of Turks in Edirne during ]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 1915|title=Report of the International Commission to inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. (Washington, D. C.: Published by the Endowment. 1914. Pp. 413.)|journal=The American Historical Review|doi=10.1086/ahr/20.3.638|issn=1937-5239}}</ref> |
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|] |
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|October 1912-June 1913 |
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| March–April 1921 |
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|] |
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|], ], ] |
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|5,000 (excluding Edeköy Massacre)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hamza, Jusuf, 1945-|title=Mladoturskata revolucija vo Osmanskata imperija|date=1995|publisher=Logos-a|isbn=9989-601-21-6|location=Skopje|oclc=40838454}}</ref> |
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| 208 <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=DERGİ |url=http://atam.gov.tr/bilecik-ve-cevresinde-yunan-mezalimi/ |title=Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi | Bilecik ve Çevresinde Yunan Mezalimi |publisher=Atam.gov.tr |date=1917-11-06 |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> |
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|Bulgarian army |
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|Greeks troops, local Greeks |
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|] |
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|Turks |
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|The town of Bilecik and crops were burned down by the retreating Greek army, local people were massacred.<ref>State-Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Benjamin C. Fortna,Stefanos Katsikas,Dimitris Kamouzis,Paraskevas Konortas, page 64, 2012</ref> Bilecik, ], ] and dozens of neighboring villages were burned or plundered by the hastily retreating Greek army, there haste limited the destruction.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> |
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|Havsa Massacre |
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|] |
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|1912 |
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| 24 June 1921 |
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|Havsa in Edirne Vilayet |
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|] |
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|10 |
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| 300<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112">Sorrowful Shores, Ryan Gingeras, page 112, 2009</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations|year=1970|publisher=H. Fertig, originally: University of California|url=|quote=http://louisville.edu/a-s/history/turks/WesternQuestion.pdf|quote=‘ But at 1 P.M. on Friday the 24th June, three and a half days before the Greek evacuation, the male inhabitants of the two Turkish quarters of Baghcheshmé and Tepekhané, in the highest part of the town, away from the sea, had been dragged out to the cemetery and shot in batches. On Wednesday the 29th I was present when two of the graves were opened, and ascertained for myself that the corpses were those of Moslems and that their arms had been pinioned behind their backs. There were thought to be about sixty corpses in that group of graves, and there were several others. In all, over 300 people were missing—a death-roll probably exceeding that at Smyrna on the 15th and 16th May 1919. |
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|Bulgarian army |
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|page=553}}</ref> |
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|Turks |
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| ] |
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|Turkish quarter was almost entirely burnt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the International Commission to Inquire Into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars| url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=International%20Commission%20to%20Inquire%20into%20the%20Causes%20and%20Conduct%20of%20the%20Balkan%20Wars|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|year=1914}}</ref> |
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| ] |
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|Up to 300 people, mostly men, were executed by Greek troops. There bodies were buried in a mass grave outside the town. ] was a reporter who described these events in the Manchester Guardian.<ref name="Sorrowful Shores page 112"/> |
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|Edeköy Massacre |
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|November 1912 |
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|Edeköy (nowadays Kadıdondurma) in ] |
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|Thousands<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/dunya/2018/08/14/rum-cetelerinin-karanlikta-kalan-soykirimi-edekoy-katliami|title=Rum çetelerinin karanlıkta kalan soykırımı: Edeköy Katliamı|website=Sabah|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref> |
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|Bulgarian army |
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|Turks |
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|Many incidents of torture and robbery.<ref name=":0" /> |
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|] |
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|1913 |
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|]; ], ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carnegie Endowment for International peace, Report to inquire into the causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. CHAPTER III. Bulgarians, Turks and Servians, 2. Thrace, p.130-131|url=http://www.ilinden.info/en/carnegie/chapter3_2.}}</ref> |
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|60,000<ref>Carnegie (1914). Report of the international commission to inquire into the causes and conduct of |
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the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</ref><ref>{{citation|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13719-3_4|chapter=Resettlement Waves, Historical Memory and Identity Construction: The Case of Thracian Refugees in Bulgaria|title=Migration in the Southern Balkans|page=68|series=IMISCOE Research Series|year=2015|last1=Vukov|first1=Nikolai|isbn=978-3-319-13718-6|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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|] government, Ottoman army |
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|Bulgarians |
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===World War I (1914–1918)=== |
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|Karatepe village |
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{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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| 14 February 1922 |
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|] |
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| 385<ref>Yunan mezalimi: İzmir, Aydın, Manisa, Denizli : 1919-1923, Mustafa Turan, University of Michigan-Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2006|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iy1pAAAAMAAJ&q=14+%C5%9Eubatta+ku%C5%9Fat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1,+c%C3%A2milerin+ate%C5%9Fe+verildi%C4%9Fini,+400+ki%C5%9Fiden+yaln%C4%B1z+15+kad%C4%B1n+ve+erke%C4%9Fin+ka%C3%A7t%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+kendisine+bildirildi%C4%9Fini%22+yaz%C4%B1yordu425.&dq=14+%C5%9Eubatta+ku%C5%9Fat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1,+c%C3%A2milerin+ate%C5%9Fe+verildi%C4%9Fini,+400+ki%C5%9Fiden+yaln%C4%B1z+15+kad%C4%B1n+ve+erke%C4%9Fin+ka%C3%A7t%C4%B1klar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+kendisine+bildirildi%C4%9Fini%22+yaz%C4%B1yordu425.&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=xW3tUYWALYiHswae0oHYDQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA|quote=14 Şubatta kuşatıldığını, câmilerin ateşe verildiğini, 400 kişiden yalnız 15 kadın ve erkeğin kaçtıklarının kendisine bildirildiğini" yazıyordu</ref> |
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| ] |
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| ] |
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| In one of the examples of the Greek atrocities during the retreat, on 14 February 1922, in the Turkish village of Karatepe in ], after being surrounded by the Greeks, all the inhabitants were put into the mosque, then the mosque was burned. The few who escaped fire were shot.<ref name="The Times 1922">{{Citation | title = Letter | first = Arnold | last = Toynbee | newspaper = The Times | date = 6 April 1922 | place = Turkey | origyear = 9 March 1922}}.</ref>{{vn|date=July 2013}} |
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! style="width:140px;"|Name |
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|] |
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! style="width:65px;"|Date |
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| September 5, 1922 |
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! style="width:120px;"|Location |
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|] |
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! style="width:100px;"|Deaths |
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|at least 76<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 132|year=1923|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Co|page=829 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9i0QAAAAIAAJ&q=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&dq=Two+thirds+of+Salihli,+with+a+population+of+10,000,+only+a+tenth+of+whom+were+Greeks,+had+been+burned+over,+seventy-six+people+were+known+to+have+burned+to+death,+and+a+hundred+young+girls+were+said+to+have+been+taken+away+by+Greek&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=DMW1UeW8OqLC0QXYrIGQAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA|quote=Two thirds of Salihli, with a population of 10,000, only a tenth of whom were Greeks, had been burned over, seventy-six people were known to have burned to death, and a hundred young girls were said to have been taken away by Greek}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2013}} |
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! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
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|] forces |
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! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
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|] |
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!class="unsortable"|Notes |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 65% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
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| ]<ref>{{citation | publisher = International Association of Genocide Scholars | url = http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080428051032/http://genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf| archive-date = 2008-04-28| title = IAGS Resolution on Genocides committed by the Ottoman Empire retrieved via the Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.am/eng/news/16644.html |title=Genocide Resolution approved by Swedish Parliament — full text containing the IAGS resolution and the Swedish Parliament resolution from |publisher=news.am |access-date=2013-06-24}}</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. ''''. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1080/14623520801950820 | last1 = Schaller | first1 = Dominik J | last2 = Zimmerer | first2 = Jürgen | year = 2008 | title = Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 7–14 | s2cid = 71515470 }}</ref> |
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|] |
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| 1917–1922 |
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| September 4–6, 1922 |
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| ] |
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|] (former Kasaba) |
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| 300,000–900,000 |
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| 1,000><ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
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| ] government |
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|] forces |
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| ] |
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|] |
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| Reports detail massacres, deportations, individual killings, rapes, burning of entire Greek villages, destruction of Greek Orthodox churches and monasteries, drafts for "Labor Brigades", looting, terrorism and other atrocities.<ref name=NYTarchives> Advanced search engine for article and headline archives (subscription necessary for viewing article content).</ref><ref name="AIHG-NYT">Alexander Westwood and Darren O'Brien, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607184704/http://www.aihgs.com/New%20York%20Times.htm|date=2007-06-07}}, , 2006 <!--Retrieved 2008-10-14--></ref> |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 90% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to ], ], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref> Approximately 1,000 died.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> Park:"Cassaba (present day ]) was a town of 40,000 souls, 3,000 of whom were non-Muslims. Of these 37,000 Turks only 6,000 could be accounted for among the living, while 1,000 Turks were known to have been shot or burned to death. Of the 2,000 buildings that constituted the city, only 200 remained standing." |
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| ]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title="Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians during World War I| year=2006| last1=Travis| first1=Hannibal| journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention| volume=1| issue=3| pages=327–371| url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=gsp}}</ref> |
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|]<ref name=Boubougiatzi/> |
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| 1914–1918 |
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| September 1922 |
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| Ottoman Empire and ] |
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|] (former Kasaba) |
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| 250,000-275,000 |
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| 4,000<ref name=Boubougiatzi/> |
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| Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes |
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|] |
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| ] |
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|] |
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| Denied by the Turkish government. |
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|From 8,000 Greek civilians gathered in the town, half of them remained after the evacuation of the Greek Army. They were killed by the advancing Turkish soldiers.<ref name=Boubougiatzi>{{cite journal|last=Μπουμπουγιατζή|first=Ευαγγελία|title=Οι διωγμοί των Ελλήνων της Ιωνίας 1914-1922|year=2009|page=384|url=http://thesis.ekt.gr/thesisBookReader/id/26660#page/384/mode/2up|accessdate=23 June 2013|publisher=]|quote=Από τους 8.000 Έλληνες οι μισοί δεν είχαν διαφύγει με τα ελληνικά στρατεύματα, με αποτέλεσμα να εξοντωθούν από τα κεμαλικά }}</ref> |
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| ] |
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| 1915–1917 |
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| September 1, 1922 |
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| Ottoman Empire |
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|] |
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| 600,000-1,500,000 |
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|200<ref>{{cite book|last=Adıvar|first=Halide Edib|title=The Turkish Ordeal: Being the Further Memoirs of Halidé Edib|year=1928|publisher=Century Company, University of Virginia|page=363|url=http://www.google.com/webhp?hl=nl&tab=ww#hl=nl&tbm=bks&sclient=psy-ab&q=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&oq=which+was+one+third+of+Ushak.+We+stopped+the+passers-by+and+questioned+them.+The+reports+of+atrocities+were+becoming+grimmer.+Two+hundred+people+had+been+killed%2C+or+burned%2C+including+women&gs_l=serp.12...22559.23710.3.24299.1.1.0.0.0.0.50.50.1.1.0...0.0...1c..16.serp.3VG3QlDibL0&psj=1&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=1d0d5e2d7d41717&biw=1366&bih=643}}</ref> |
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| Young Turk government and Kurdish tribes |
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|] |
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| The Armenians of the eastern regions of the empire were massacred. The Turkish government currently denies the genocide.<ref name= "24.04.1998">{{cite web | url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title= Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution |publisher=Armenian genocide | access-date= 25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name = "Ferguson">{{Cite book | author-link = Niall Ferguson | last = Ferguson | first = Niall | title = The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West | place = New York | publisher = Penguin Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59420-100-5 | page = | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177 }}</ref><ref name = "IAGS">{{Cite journal | publisher = Genocide Watch | url = http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf | title = A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars | date = 13 June 2005}}</ref> It is the second most publicised case of genocide after the ].<ref name="nazi">{{Citation | last = Rummel | first = RJ | title = The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective | journal = The Journal of Social Issues | volume = 3 | number = 2 | date = 1 April 1998}}</ref> |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army, 33% of the buildings were destroyed.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> {{dubious|No word that there was something defined as massacre|date=June 2013}} |
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|Massacres in ] |
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|1914-1918 |
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| September 6–7, 1922 |
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|] |
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|] |
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|128,000-600,000<ref name=Rummel>{{cite book|last=J. Rummel|first=Rudolph|title=Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|year=1998|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825840105|pages=82, 83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&q=Given+the+other+estimates+and+the+overall+populations+involved,+I+estimate+that+from+128,000+to+600,000+Moslem+Turks+and+Kurds+were+killed&pg=PA83}}</ref> |
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| 4,355<ref>Batı Anadolu'da Yunan mezalimi:, Mustafa Tayla, University of Michigan,- Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi,|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5T5pAAAAMAAJ&q=ve+(3500)+ki%C5%9Fi+ate%C5%9F+de+yak%C4%B1lmak+ve+(855)+ki%C5%9Fi+kur%C5%9Funa+dizilmek+suretiyle+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BCr&dq=ve+(3500)+ki%C5%9Fi+ate%C5%9F+de+yak%C4%B1lmak+ve+(855)+ki%C5%9Fi+kur%C5%9Funa+dizilmek+suretiyle+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BCr&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=2WntUazSMIOetAbdwoGoCg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA</ref> |
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|] and possibly Armenian irregulars |
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|Greeks troops |
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|] |
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|] (] and ]) |
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|According to ], 128,000-600,000 Muslim Turks and Kurds were killed (death toll includes death by famine and diseases) by Russian troops and possibly Armenian irregulars during World War I.<ref name="Rummel" /> |
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|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in Constantinople at the time, who toured much of the devastated area immediately after the Greek evacuation, described the situation, as follows:<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923">U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park ''to ], ], 11 April 1923.'' US archives US767.68116/34</ref> "Manisa... almost completely wiped out by fire... 10,300 houses, 15 mosques, 2 baths, 2,278 shops, 19 hotels, 26 villas... ." |
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| Massacres in the ] valley <!-- <br /><small>(partly in the ])</small> --> |
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|] |
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| 1916<ref name="google176"/> |
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| 1922 |
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| ] valley |
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|] |
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| 45,000<ref name="google176">{{cite book|last1=Gerwarth|first1=Robert|last2=Horne|first2=John|title=War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199654918|page=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap94gZsbu6QC&pg=PA176}}</ref> |
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| 7,000<ref name=Jonsson/> |
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| ] regiments |
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|] forces |
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| Muslim population (Turks and Kurds) |
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|] |
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| During WWI, Russian "General Liakhov, for instance 'accused the Muslims of treachery, and sent his ] from ] with orders to kill every native at sight, and burn every village and every mosque. And very efficiently had they performed their task, for as we passed up the ] valley to Artvin not a single habitable dwelling or a single living creature did we see.'"<ref name="google176"/> |
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|As a result of the capture of the city by the Turkish nationalist army, all remaining local Greeks were murdered. Since then there is no Christian community in the city.<ref name=Jonsson>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=The clash of ideologies : the making of the Christian and Islamic worlds|year=2005|publisher=Xulon Press|location=|isbn=9781597810395|page=316|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=pXstU5Kt-_kC&pg=PA316&dq=akhisar+turkish+1922&hl=el&sa=X&ei=PexvUcTzBseM7Qb-qICwBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=akhisar%20turkish%201922&f=false}}</ref> |
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|Massacres against Kurdish civilians |
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|] |
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|1915-1918<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=McDowall |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TN4fEAAAQBAJ&dq=600%2C000+kurds+dead+in+1918&pg=PA125 |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |date=2021-03-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-7556-0077-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Haner |first=Murat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO80DwAAQBAJ&dq=mcdowall+%282000%2C+p.+106%29&pg=PT53 |title=The Freedom Fighter: A Terrorist's Own Story |date=2017-09-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-59141-6 |language=en}}</ref> |
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| September 3–4, 1922 |
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|Ottoman Empire |
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|] |
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|600,000-700,000<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Eller |first=Jack David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8CxvhZfPYoC |title=From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict |date=1999 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-08538-5 |pages=160 |language=en}}</ref> |
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|3,000<ref name="Mango, Atatürk, p. 343">Mango, ''Atatürk'', p. 343.</ref> |
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|Assyrian and Armenian irregulars led by Agha Petros |
|
|] |
|
|
|
|Kurds |
|
|] |
|
|
|
|In 1914, the Russians defeated the Ottoman Army. Then using the help provided by the Armenians and Assyrian irregular military forces, they penetrated deep into Anatolia and invaded major Kurdish cities. It is estimated that more than 600,000 Kurds lost their lives between 1915 and 1918.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Blincoe |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mk-JEAAAQBAJ&dq=600%2C000+kurds+killed+between+1918&pg=PT136 |title=Ethnic Realities and the Church (Second Edition): Lessons from Kurdistan |date=1979-06-01 |publisher=William Carey Publishing |isbn=978-0-87808-049-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> |
|
|The city was burned by the retreating Greek army.<ref name="U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park 1923" /> |
|
|
|- |
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|- |
|
|
|Urmia Massacres<ref>{{Cite journal | website=10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055| title= The Executive Power of the Sabail District Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University New Azerbaijan Party's Sabail District Organization"": url https://westaz.org/storage/postFile/Genocide_of_Azerbaijanis_12-09-2023_11-47-49.pdf| doi= 10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055}}</ref> |
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|] |
|
|
|
| 1918 |
|
| After September 19, 1922 |
|
|
|
| Ottoman Empire and Persia |
|
|] |
|
|
|
| 140,000-145,000<ref> The land of Zoroaster | First: Dehghan | Last: Ali | Page: 539 </ref><ref name="revival"></ref> |
|
|2,977<ref name=Clark/> |
|
|
|
| ] and ] forces<ref name="revival"></ref> |
|
|] forces |
|
|
|
| ] and ]<ref name="revival"></ref> |
|
|] |
|
|
|
| The Muslims living in Khoy, Salmas and Urmia faced massacres committed by Christians (Armenians and Assyrians) during March-April of 1918<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://westaz.org/storage/postFile/Genocide_of_Azerbaijanis_12-09-2023_11-47-49.pdf | page=97 }} </ref> |
|
|Most of the male Greek population, some 3,000, who remained in the town were deported to the interior of Anatolia, of those only 23 survived. The rest of the population was deported to Greece.<ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22only%20twenty-three%20of%20the%203000%20men%20from%20Ayvali%20came%20back%20alive.%22&f=false}}</ref> |
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|} |
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===Post-World War I (1919–1923)=== |
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|
{{Main|List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)}} |
|
|
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
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|- |
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|- |
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|
! style="width:140px;"|Name |
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|] |
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|
|
! style="width:65px;"|Date |
|
| After September 19, 1922 |
|
|
|
! style="width:120px;"|Location |
|
|Cunda Island |
|
|
|
! style="width:100px;"|Deaths |
|
|Hundreds<ref name=Clark/> |
|
|
|
! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
|
|] forces |
|
|
|
! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
|
|] |
|
|
|
!class="unsortable"|Notes |
|
|Several hundreds of Greek civilians were killed on the islet of ], only some children were spared. This happened as an act of revenge for the killing one Muslims judge, several years earlier.<ref name=Clark>{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Bruce|title=Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge (Massachusetts)|isbn=9780674023680|page=25|url=http://books.google.de/books?id=kVZ3sLBEPEcC&pg=PA25&dq=ayvalik+massacre+turkey+greeks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=YQiUUemaHIOCtAbNmoCIDg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=%22On%20the%20nearby%20islet%20which%20is%20known%20in%20Greek%20as%20Moschonisi%20and%20in%20Turkish%20as%20Cunda%2C%20several%20hundred%20civilians%20of%20all%20ages%20were%20taken%20away%20and%20killed%2C%20only%20some%20of%20the%20children%20were%20spared%20and%20sent%20to%20orphanages%22&f=false|quote=On the nearby islet which is known in Greek as Moschonisi and in Turkish as Cunda, several hundred civilians of all ages were taken away and killed, only some of the children were spared and sent to orphanages}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|] |
|
|
|
|1920 |
|
|September 13–22, 1922 |
|
|
|
|], ] |
|
|] |
|
|
|
|5,000–12,000 |
|
|10,000 - 100,000<ref name="transaction233">{{cite book | first = ] | last = Rudolph J. Rummel | title = Death by Government |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56000-927-6 |chapter=Turkey's Genocidal Purges}}, p. 233.</ref><ref name=naimark47>Naimark. '''', pp. 47-52.</ref> |
|
|
|
|Turks |
|
|Turkish army and paramilitaries<ref name=Norman>{{cite book|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|title=Fires of hatred : ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe|year=2002|publisher=Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=9780674009943|page=48|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=L-QLXnX16kAC&pg=PA52&dq=smyrna+fire+1922+turks&hl=el&sa=X&ei=IX3aUZakGcjptQbCkoCwCQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Turkish%20gangs%20roamed%20the%20Armenian%20quarter%2C%20breking%20into%20homes%2C%20robbing%20and%20killing%20seemingly%20at%20will.%22&f=false|edition=1. Harvard Univ. Press paperback ed., 2. print.|quote=Turkish gangs roamed the Armenian quarter, breking into homes, robbing and killing seemingly at will.}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|Armenians |
|
|] and ] Christians |
|
|
|
|<ref name="mark">{{cite book|last=Levene|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRgbAgAAQBAJ&q=immediate+consequence+was+a+range+of+Armenian+atrocities+against+Muslims:+the+massacres+in+Erzinjan+and+Erzurum+from+late+...+close+to+10,000+estimated+to+have+been+butchered+in+the+two+cities%E2%80%94being+notable+for+their+scale+and+ugliness&pg=PA217|title=Devastation|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780191505546|pages=227}}</ref><ref name="Kerr1973">{{cite book|last=Kerr|first=Stanley Elphinstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTRTIfxu0NoC&q=marash+turks+4500&pg=PA195|title=The Lions of Marash|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1973|isbn=9781438408828|pages=195–196}}</ref><ref>''Un épisode de la tragédie arménienne: le massacre de Marache''</ref> |
|
|Greeks and Armenians were massacred by Turkish army and paramilitaries before, as well as in the aftermath of a devastating fire that destroyed their quarters in the city.<ref name=Norman/> |
|
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|
|{{Interlanguage link|Kahyaoğlu Katliamı|lt=Kahyaoğlu Farm Massacre|tr||WD=}} |
|
| colspan=10 align="center" | Notes: According to research by R. J. Rummel, during the war (1919-1922) nearly 264,000 Greeks and at least 15,000 Muslim Turks had died.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|title=Death By Government|year=1996|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1412821290|page=234|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&pg=PA85&dq=greek+15000+turks+1922+minimum&hl=el&sa=X&ei=D80QUpitMcqr7AaZh4GYDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20I%20believe%20a%20minimum%20number%20of%20these%20killed%20is%2015%2C000%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|title=Statistics of democide : genocide and mass murder since 1900|year=1998|publisher=Lit|location=Münster|isbn=3825840107|page=85|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=LFDWp7O9_dIC&pg=PA85&dq=greek+15000+turks+1922+minimum&hl=el&sa=X&ei=D80QUpitMcqr7AaZh4GYDg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22%20I%20believe%20a%20minimum%20number%20of%20these%20killed%20is%2015%2C000%22&f=false}}</ref> According to ]'s estimates, nearly 1.2 million Muslims in western Anatolia and 313,000 Anatolian Greeks had died in the period ranging from 1913 to 1922.</small><ref name="McCarthy1983">{{cite book|author=Justin McCarthy|title=Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UyFwQgAACAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2013|year=1983|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-5390-3}}</ref><ref name=Chatty>{{cite book|last=Chatty|first=Dawn|title=Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521817929|page=86|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cefhBwMRTDIC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=At+the+end+of+the+war,+nearly+1.2+million+Muslims+in+western+Anatolia+had+died&source=bl&ots=UIxVcKSj79&sig=ifymEINzdTXBLDouB2zfWu0lEJQ&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=O37tUcSSH4nctAa72IDYCQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=At%20the%20end%20of%20the%20war%2C%20nearly%201.2%20million%20Muslims%20in%20western%20Anatolia%20had%20died&f=false|quote=At the end of the war, nearly 1.2 million Muslims in western Anatolia had died. Of the Anatolian Greeks, more than 3 13,000 died.}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|June 11, 1920 |
|
|
|], ] |
|
|
|64+ to ~200 |
|
|
|Armenians |
|
|
|Turks |
|
|
|Report which was given to ] included 43 men, 21 women and tens of children. Other estimates are up to 200.<ref>{{Cite book|last=YURTSEVER|first=Cezmi|title=Katliamın Tanığı Yeşiloba|year=2015|pages=4–22}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|January 28–29, 1921 |
|
|
|waters of the ] |
|
|
|15 |
|
|
|]/] (disputed) |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Mustafa Suphi the founder of the ] and his 14 comrades were assassinated while they were being sent to ] for trial<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://birikimdergisi.com/guncel/10888/28-29-ocak-karadeniz-katliami-nin-101-yili|title=28/29 Ocak Karadeniz Katliamı'nın 101. Yılı - Ahmet Kardam - Birikim Yayınları|date=28 January 2022|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|last=Kardam|first=Ahmet|language=tr}}</ref> |
|
|} |
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|} |
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|
|
|
|
==Republic of Turkey (1923-present)== |
|
==Republic of Turkey (1923–present)== |
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|
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
|
{|class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |
|
|- |
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|- |
|
! style="width:120px;"|Name |
|
! style="width:140px;"|Name |
|
! style="width:65px;"|Date |
|
! style="width:65px;"|Date |
|
! style="width:120px;"|Location |
|
! style="width:120px;"|Location |
|
! style="width:75px;"|Deaths |
|
! style="width:100px;"|Deaths |
|
! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
|
! style="width:75px;"|Responsible Party |
|
! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
|
! style="width:75px;"|Victims |
|
!class="unsortable"|Notes |
|
!class="unsortable"|Notes |
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|] |
|
| Diyarbakir massacre |
|
|
| 1925 |
|
|July 1930 |
|
|
|] |
|
| ], ] |
|
|
| 15,200 (206 villages destroyed) |
|
|4,500-47,000<ref>M. Kalman, ''Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930'', Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997, ISBN 978-975-8245-01-7, p. 105. {{Tr icon}}</ref> |
|
|
|] security forces |
|
| Turkish security forces |
|
|
| Kurds |
|
|] ] |
|
|
|
| Part of ] between 1916 and 1934.<ref>{{citation |title=The making of modern Turkey : nation and state in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950 |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199603602 |last1=Üngör|first1=Ugur Ümit|page=129}}</ref> |
|
|5,000 women, children, and the elderly were reportedly killed<ref name="Kahraman207-208">Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', pp. 207-208. {{Tr icon}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|] |
|
| ] |
|
|
| July 1930 |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| 5,000–15,000 |
|
|
| Turkish security forces |
|
|
| Kurds |
|
|
| 5,000 women, children, and elderly people were reportedly killed<ref name="Kahraman207-208">Ahmet Kahraman, ''ibid'', pp. 207–208. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|21 June-4 July 1934 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|1 |
|
|
|Local people |
|
|
|Jews |
|
|
|Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from region<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Guttstadt|first=Corry|title=Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521769914|pages=65–66|oclc=870196866}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|Summer 1937-Spring 1938 |
|
|Summer 1937-Spring 1938 |
|
|] |
|
|] |
|
|13,806-70,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Dersim massacre monument to open next month|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|accessdate=June 6, 2013|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=24 October 2012}}</ref> |
|
|13,806–70,000<ref>{{cite news|title=Dersim massacre monument to open next month|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|access-date=June 6, 2013|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221013449/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-296283-dersim-massacre-monument-to-open-next-month.html|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> |
|
|] security forces |
|
|Turkish security forces |
|
|] ] |
|
|] Kurds/Zazas |
|
|The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide<ref> Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141-170.</ref><ref>İsmail Besikçi, ''Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi'', Belge Yayınları, 1990.</ref> |
|
|The killings have been condemned by some as an ethnocide or genocide<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232606/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Dersim_rebellion.pdf |date=2016-01-08 }} Excerpts from: Martin van Bruinessen, "Genocide in Kurdistan? The suppression of the Dersim rebellion in Turkey (1937–38) and the chemical war against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)", in: George J. Andreopoulos (ed), Conceptual and historical dimensions of genocide. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, pp. 141–170.</ref><ref>İsmail Besikçi, ''Tunceli Kanunu (1935) ve Dersim Jenosidi'', Belge Yayınları, 1990.</ref> |
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|] |
|
|] |
|
|
|6 August 1938 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|95 |
|
|
|Turkish security forces |
|
|
|Kurds |
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/668647-1938-dersim-olaylari-zini-gun-yuzune-cikiyor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715171755/http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/668647-1938-dersim-olaylari-zini-gun-yuzune-cikiyor|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-07-15|title=1938 Dersim Olayları: 'Zini' gün yüzüne çıkıyor! {{!}} Gündem Haberleri|date=2015-07-15|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demokrathaber.org/yasam/zini-gedigi-katliamina-sorusturma-h4032.html|title=Zini Gediği katliamına soruşturma|website=www.demokrathaber.org|language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haberler.com/chp-li-aygun-den-zini-gedigi-katliami-dosyasi-3038110-haberi/|title='Zini Gediği Katliamı' Dosyası|website=Haberler.com|date=5 October 2011 |language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mynet.com/zini-gedigi-katliamina-sorusturma-180100053336|title=Zini Gediği Katliamı'na soruşturma|last=Mynet|website=Mynet YurtHaber|date=28 September 2011 |language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|July 1943 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|32 |
|
|
|Turkish security forces |
|
|
|Kurds |
|
|
|33 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General ] for allegedly smuggling livestock, one of them escaped.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=oran|first=süleyman arif|date=2017-12-18|title=TEKKEDE ZAMAN Üsküdar'da Rifâî Sandıkçı Dergâhı ve Vukuât-ı Tekâya, Muharrem Varol, İstanbul, Dergah Yay., 2017, 284 s.|journal=Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (SAUIFD)|doi=10.17335/sakaifd.349943|issn=2146-9806|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ritter|first=H.|date=1954-01-01|title=İstanbulBelediye KütüphanesiAlfabetikKatalogu. I. Osman Ergin Kitaplan. Arapça ve Farsça basma eserler. Tertipliyen M. ORHAN DURUSOY, Istanbul Belediye Kütüphanesi Müdürü. — İstanbul 1953, Millî Egitim basimevi. 16, 298 s.|journal=Oriens|volume=7|issue=1|pages=108|doi=10.1163/1877837254x00440|issn=0078-6527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Aras|first=Ramazan|title=The Formation of Kurdishness in Turkey: Political Violence, Fear and Pain|date=2013-11-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64871-9|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|Karahan village massacre |
|
|
|October 1944 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|6 |
|
|
|Turkish security forces |
|
|
|Kurds |
|
|
|6 Kurdish villagers were extrajudicially executed by General ]. This was the second massacre of Muğlalı, with the possibility of more uncovered massacres having been committed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Muğlalı'nın gizli kalan ikinci 33 Kurşun Katliamı |url=https://anfapimobile1.news/guncel/muglali-nin-gizli-kalan-ikinci-33-kursun-katliami-18072}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|6–7 September 1955 |
|
|6–7 September 1955 |
|
|], ] |
|
|] |
|
|13-30<ref name=Libitsouni29>{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref> |
|
|13–30<ref name="Libitsouni29">{{cite web|last=Λιμπιτσιούνη|first=Ανθή Γ.|title=Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου|url=http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/113326/files/LIBITSIOUNI.pdf?version=1|publisher=University of Thessaloniki|page=29}}</ref> |
|
|Turkish government<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Amy|title=Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens|isbn=9780820335735|page=119|url=http://books.google.gr/books?id=IHyA1DCtsnUC&pg=PA119&dq=1955+istanbul+riots+greek&hl=el&sa=X&ei=mHraUa2EGoKJtQbs0ICwBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20state-led%20local%20violence%20that%20shattered%20neighborhoods%20across%20Istanbul%20in%201955%22&f=false|quote=...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.}}</ref> |
|
|Turkish government<ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Amy|title=Streets of memory : landscape, tolerance, and national identity in Istanbul|year=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens|isbn=9780820335735|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHyA1DCtsnUC&pg=PA119|quote=...the state-led local violence that shattered neighborhoods across Istanbul in 1955 made ethnic-religious difference visible and divisive as Greeks and other minorities in the city were targeted and their property violated.}}</ref> |
|
|primarily ], as well as ] Christians, ]s |
|
|primarily Greeks, as well as Armenians, Jews |
|
|The killings are identified as genocidal by ].<ref name=alfredbkp>Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/</ref> Many of the minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
|
|The killings are identified as genocidal by ].<ref name="alfredbkp">Alfred de Zayas publication about the Istanbul Pogrom {{cite web |url=http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/ |title=The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law - Genocide Studies and Prevention - Volume 2, Number 2 / August 2007 - University of Toronto Press |access-date=2013-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128173951/http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/865v4835x83m3757/ |archive-date=2013-01-28 }}</ref> Many of the non-Muslim minorities, mostly Greek Christians, forced to leave Turkey. Several churches are demolished by explosives. |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|May 1, 1977 |
|
|May 1, 1977 |
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|] in ] |
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|] in ] |
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|34<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin <!-- used to be http://www.bianet.org/2006/04/28/78385.htm -->|work=bianet|first=Emine|last=Özcan|date=2006-04-28|title=1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın|language=Turkish}}</ref>-42<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|author=Mavioglu, Ertugrul|coauthors=Sanyer, Ruhi|title=30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)|date=2007-05-02|language=Turkish|work=]}}</ref> |
|
|34<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin <!-- used to be http://www.bianet.org/2006/04/28/78385.htm -->|work=bianet|first=Emine|last=Özcan|date=2006-04-28|title=1977 1 Mayıs Katliamı Aydınlatılsın|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110807165212/http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/bianet/78385/1977-1-mayis-katliami-aydinlatilsin|archive-date=2011-08-07}}</ref>-42<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|author=Mavioglu, Ertugrul|author2=Sanyer, Ruhi|title=30 yıl sonra kanlı 1 Mayıs (4)|date=2007-05-02|language=tr|work=]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930223342/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=220085|archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref> |
|
|
|Some unidentified armed people |
|
|Unknown |
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|
|] demonstrators |
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|Leftist demonstrators, civilians |
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|- |
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| ] |
|
|
| March 16, 1978 |
|
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| ] |
|
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| 7 |
|
|
| ], ] (alleged) |
|
|
| ] university students |
|
|
| Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978. |
|
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|- |
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|] |
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|March 17, 1978 |
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|
|] in ] |
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|5 |
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|] |
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|] affiliated workers |
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|] claim that the victims were badly tortured.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Ümraniye'de Ülkücü diye 5 işçiyi öldürmüşlerdi 17 Mart 1978|url=https://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/umraniyede-ulkucu-diye-5-isciyi-oldurmuslerdi-17-mart-1978-133513h.htm|access-date=2020-07-23|website=Yeni Çağ Gazetesi|language=tr}}</ref> Reaction to the aforementioned ]. |
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|- |
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|] |
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|April 17, 1978 |
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|
|] |
|
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|8 |
|
|
|], ] |
|
|
|] Turks |
|
|
|] and salafists attacked Alevi regions of city after assassination of {{Interlanguage link|Hamit Fendoğlu|lt=Hamit Fendoğlu|tr||WD=}} leaving 8 dead, including 3 children and 100 wounded. 1000 shops were looted and destroyed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3xSDwAAQBAJ&q=malatya+katliam%C4%B1&pg=PA88|title=Geçmişten Günümüze Dinsel Katliamlar: Geçmişten Günümüze Dinsel Katliamlar|date=2017|language=tr|publisher=Berfin Basın Yayın ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.|isbn=978-605-4399-55-0|first=Lütfe|last=Kaleli}}</ref> |
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|- |
|
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|] |
|
|
|August 10, 1978 |
|
|
|], ] |
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|5 |
|
|
|] |
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|Civilians (claimed that they were ]) |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
|
|
| ] |
|
|Massacre of March 16 (]) |
|
|
|March 16, 1978 |
|
| October 9, 1978 |
|
|
| ] |
|
|] |
|
|
|
| 7<ref>{{cite book|title=Reis: Gladio'nun Türk Tetikçisi|author=Yalçın, Soner|author2=Yurdakul, Doğan |chapter-url=http://www.timdrayton.com/sy.html#7|chapter=The Bahcelievler Massacre|publisher=Su Yayinlari|year=1997}}</ref> |
|
| 7 university students killed, 41 injured , |
|
|
|], ], ] |
|
| ] |
|
|
| ] member students |
|
|] university students |
|
|
|
| |
|
|Cemil Sönmez, Baki Ekiz, Hatice Özen, Abdullah Şimşek, Murat Kurt, Hamdi Akıl and Turan Ören were killed and 41 others were injured by a bomb that was followed by gunfire March 16, 1978. |
|
|
|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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| ] |
|
|October 9, 1978 |
|
| December 19–26, 1978 |
|
|] |
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| ] |
|
|
| 109<ref name=david>{{cite book|author=David McDowall|title=A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tarN6gfxX8C&pg=PA415|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-416-0|page=415}}</ref> |
|
|7<ref>{{cite book |
|
|
|
| ]<ref name=david/> |
|
|title=Reis: Gladio’nun Türk Tetikçisi|author=Yalçın, Soner|coauthors=Yurdakul, Doğan|url=http://www.timdrayton.com/sy.html#7|chapter=The Bahcelievler Massacre|publisher=Su Yayinlari|year=1997}}</ref> |
|
|
|
| ] Kurds |
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|] |
|
|
|] students |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
|
|
|May 16, 1979 |
|
|December 19–26, 1978 |
|
|
|
|] in ] |
|
|] |
|
|
|
|7 |
|
|109<ref name=david>A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at </ref> |
|
|
|]<ref name=david/> |
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
|
|] Turks and Kurds |
|
|
|
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}} |
|
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|- |
|
|
|Adana high school massacre |
|
|
|September 19, 1979 |
|
|
|Adana Construction Vocational High School |
|
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|6 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|] affiliated teachers |
|
|
|Müslüm Teke, Yılmaz Kızılay, Davut Korkmaz, Ahmet Güleç, Özcan Doruk and Mustafa Karaca were killed by 2 Leftist men. Reaction to the aforementioned Maraş massacre where the Grey Wolves killed more than a hundred civilians.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dualar 6 Şehit öğretmen için|url=https://www.adanapost.com/dualar-6-sehit-ogretmen-icin-96198h.htm|access-date=2020-07-23|website=adanapost|date=20 September 2017 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ülkücüleri öldüren katiller şimdi şiir yazıyor - Timeturk: Haber, Timeturk Haber, HABER, Günün haberleri, yorum, spor, ekonomi, politika, sanat, sinema|url=https://www.timeturk.com/tr/2012/07/17/ulkuculeri-olduren-katiller-siir-yaziyor.html|access-date=2020-07-23|website=www.timeturk.com}}</ref> |
|
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|- |
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| ] |
|
|
| May–July, 1980 |
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| ] |
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|
| 57<ref>Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)</ref> |
|
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| ] |
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| ] Turks |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
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|] |
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|] |
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|
|January 23, 1987 |
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|May–July, 1980 |
|
|
|] |
|
|] in ] |
|
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|8 |
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|57<ref>Cüneyt Arcayürek: Darbeler ve Gizli Servisler, (Sayfa.221)</ref> |
|
|
|] |
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|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
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|] ] |
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Özçağlayan|first1=Mehmet|last2=Yavuz Çakıcı|first2=Filiz|date=2019-08-01|title=Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)|journal=İnsan ve İnsan Dergisi|pages=633–671|doi=10.29224/insanveinsan.453020|issn=2148-7537|doi-access=free|hdl=11424/254199|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/teror-kurbanlari-22-yil-sonra-anildi-10861299|title=Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı|last=A.A|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=26 January 2009 |language=tr|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| ] |
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| June 20, 1987 |
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|
| Pınarcık in ] |
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| 30 |
|
|
| ]/] (disputed) |
|
|
| Civilians |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
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|- |
|
|
|{{Interlanguage link|Çevrimli Katliamı|lt=Çevrimli massacre|tr||WD=}} |
|
|]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9331717.asp |accessdate=2013-06-06 |title=Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre |date=2008-07-02 |work=]}}</ref> |
|
|
|July 2, 1993 |
|
|June 11, 1990 |
|
|
|] in ] |
|
|] |
|
|
|37 |
|
|27 |
|
|
|] |
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|] |
|
|
|
|Civilians |
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|] intellectuals |
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|
|
|In the massacre, 27 people were killed, 12 were children and 7 were women. 4 village guards died in clashes with PKK members, 1 PKK member was killed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BAYKENT|first=Tuğrul|date=1996|title=Pierre Loti (14 Ocak 1850-10 Haziran 1923)|journal=OTAM: Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi|doi=10.1501/otam_0000000166|issn=1019-469X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=PPK>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf |title=DÜNYADA ÖNEMLİ OLAYLAR KRONOLOJİSİ: PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): TERÖR ÖRGÜTÜ KRONOLOJİSİ (1976 – 2006) |language=tr |trans-title=CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE WORLD: PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan-Kurdistan Workers' Party): TERRORIST ORGANIZATION CHRONOLOGY (1976 – 2006)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-01-20|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2020-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=ḤAZĪRĀN |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l’Islam |doi=10.1163/_eifo_dum_1634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-remembers-27-people-massacred-by-pkk-terrorists/1872180|title=Turkey remembers 27 people massacred by PKK terrorists|date=10 June 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|last=Payan|first=Ekrem}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/pkknin-cevrimli-katliaminda-34-yil-once-hayatini-kaybeden-27-kisi-anildi/3245547|title=PKK'nın Çevrimli katliamında 34 yıl önce hayatını kaybeden 27 kişi anıldı|date=19 June 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|last=Payan|first=Ekrem|language=tr}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|{{Interlanguage link|Çetinkaya Mağazası Katliamı|lt=Çetinkaya Store massacre|tr||WD=}} |
|
|
|December 25, 1991 |
|
|
|] in ] |
|
|
|11 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
|
|
|The PKK attacks a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.<ref name=PPK /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Agency|first=Anadolu|date=2016-05-20|title=PKK terrorists' long history of attacking civilians: A grim timeline|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/05/20/pkk-terrorists-long-history-of-attacking-civilians-a-grim-timeline|access-date=2020-07-21|website=Daily Sabah|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahaber.com.tr/video/gundem-videolari/cetinkaya-magazasi-katliaminin-31-yili-12-kisi-hayatini-kaybetti|title=Çetinkaya mağazası katliamının 31. yılı... 12 kişi hayatını kaybetti|date=25 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|October 21, 1992 |
|
|
|] in ] |
|
|
|30 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
|
|
|Cevizdali village of Bitlis was raided during the nighttime, PKK militias killed 30 people, including 8 children, and wounded 20 others. Militias then burned whole the village by the news they received that soldiers are on the way to the village.<ref></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ilkha.com/guncel/pkk-nin-katliam-yaptigi-bitlis-merkeze-bagli-cevizdali-koyu-siirt-iline-baglandi-182811|title=PKK'nin katliam yaptığı Bitlis merkeze bağlı Cevizdalı köyü Siirt iline bağlandı - İlke Haber Ajansı|date=6 January 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|website=ilkha.com|language=tr}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9331717.asp |access-date=2013-06-06 |title=Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre |date=2008-07-02 |work=]}}</ref> |
|
|
(aka Madımak massacre) |
|
|
| July 2, 1993 |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| 35 (+2 perpetrators) |
|
|
| ], ] |
|
|
| ] and ] intellectuals |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|] |
|
| ] |
|
|July 5, 1993 |
|
| July 5, 1993 |
|
|], near ] |
|
| Başbağlar, near ] |
|
|33 |
|
| 33 |
|
|
|]/] (disputed)<ref>{{Cite news |title=HDK: Başbağlar Katliamı hakkında adalet istiyoruz |work=Duvar |url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2020/07/05/hdk-basbaglar-katliami-hakkinda-adalet-istiyoruz}}</ref> |
|
|PKK |
|
|
|
| Civilians |
|
|Turkish civilians |
|
|
| |
|
| |
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|- |
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|- |
|
|
|{{Interlanguage link|Digor Katliamı|lt=Digor massacre|tr||WD=}} |
|
|] |
|
|
|October 25, 1993 |
|
|August 14, 1993 |
|
|
|] |
|
|], ] |
|
|
|38 |
|
|17 |
|
|
|Turkish security forces |
|
|PKK |
|
|
|
|Kurdish Civilians |
|
|Turkish civilians |
|
|
|
|Opened fire on Kurdish villagers by the ]. 17 villagers including 7 children were killed and 63 were injured.<ref>{{cite web |title=Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e91e.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artigercek.com/guncel/digor-katliami-31-yil-gecti-failler-cezasiz-kaldi-314369h|title=Digor Katliamı: 31 yıl geçti, failler cezasız kaldı|date=14 August 2024|access-date=1 December 2024|website=www.artigercek.com|language=tr}}</ref> |
|
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|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|October 3, 1993 |
|
|
|Vartinis, ] |
|
|
|9 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
|
| |
|
| |
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|] |
|
|] |
|
|
|October 20–23, 1993 |
|
|March 15, 1995 |
|
|
|] and ] |
|
|] in ] |
|
|
|30+ |
|
|23<ref name="sg">{{cite news |url=http://www.stargazete.com/politika/diger-haberler-111243.htm |newspaper=Star Gazete |title=Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -|date=2008-07-04 |language=Turkish |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> |
|
|
|] government |
|
|] |
|
|
|Kurdish Civilians |
|
|] ] |
|
|
|
|Turkish security forces attacked the town of ], destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving 100 wounded.<ref name="licebook">{{Cite book|last1=Ron|first1=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b99dfVMJNRMC&q=lice+1993+turkey&pg=PA120|title=Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey|last2=Watch (Organization)|first2=Human Rights|date=1995|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=9781564321619|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|More than 400 injured<ref name="sg"/> |
|
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|- |
|
|- |
|
|
|]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.erzurumgazetesi.com.tr/haber/Yavi-Sehitlerine-vefa/41804 |access-date=2015-02-12 |title=Yavi Şehitlerine vefa |date=2010-06-23 |work=Erzurum gazetesi |language=tr}}</ref> |
|
|] |
|
|
|
| October 25, 1993 |
|
|May 4, 2009 |
|
|
|], ] |
|
| Yavi, Çat, ] |
|
|
| 38 |
|
|44<ref name=reuters> Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009</ref> |
|
|
|
| ] |
|
||] |
|
|
|
| Civilians |
|
|] |
|
|
|
| |
|
|] said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.<ref name="Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5443G520090505|title=Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast|date=2009-05-05|accessdate=2009-05-05|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|- |
|
|] |
|
|] |
|
|December 28, 2011 |
|
|January 21, 1994 |
|
|], ] |
|
|], ] |
|
|
|19 |
|
|34<ref name=zaman1>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |title=Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=2012-01-11 |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> |
|
|
|
|] |
|
|] government |
|
|
|
|] and affiliated civilians |
|
|] |
|
|
|
|The massacre may have been a ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worst terrorist strikes--worldwide |url=https://www.johnstonsarchive.net/terrorism/wrjp255i.html |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.johnstonsarchive.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/turkey/kurd.htm |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/yasam/mardinde-28-yil-once-teroristlerce-katledilen-11i-cocuk-21-kisinin-acisi-dinmedi/2481354#|title=Mardin'de 28 yıl önce teröristlerce katledilen 11'i çocuk 21 kişinin acısı dinmedi|date=21 January 2022|access-date=1 December 2024|website=]|last=İbrahim Sincar|first=Halil|language=tr}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| March 23, 1994 |
|
|
| Kuşkonar and Koçağılı villages, ] |
|
|
| 38<ref name=zaman1>{{cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |title=Concerns raised about obscuring evidence in Uludere killings |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=2012-01-11 |access-date=2013-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221014048/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-268332-concerns-raised-about-obscuring-evidence-in-uludere-killings.html |archive-date=2013-12-21 }}</ref> |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| Kurdish Civilians |
|
|
| The government bombed and killed residents of villages who refused to join the government forces. The government spread pictures of dead children in newspapers and blamed the PKK. Turkey was condemned for carrying out the massacre of Kurdish civilians in the ECHR. |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| March 15, 1995 |
|
|
| ] and ] |
|
|
| 23<ref name="sg">{{cite news |url=http://www.stargazete.com/politika/diger-haberler-111243.htm |newspaper=Star Gazete |title=Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -|date=2008-07-04 |language=tr |access-date=2012-02-18 }}</ref> |
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| ], ] (alleged) |
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| ] |
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| More than 400 injured<ref name="sg"/> |
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|- |
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|{{Interlanguage link|Güçlükonak Katliamı|lt=Güçlükonak massacre|tr||WD=}} |
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|February 15, 1996 |
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|] in ] |
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|11 |
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|] |
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|Civilians |
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|11 residents are shot and burned to death in a minibus by JITEM<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/152000/eur440241998en.pdf|title="Birds or earthworms":the Güçlükonak Massacre, its alleged cover-up, and the prosecution of independent investigators|website=Amnesty|date=31 May 1998 |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Zaman">{{cite web|last=Gün|first=Zeki|date=17 January 1996|url=http://arsiv.zaman.com.tr/1996/01/17/guncel/17pkk.html|title=PKK'dan bir vahset daha|publisher=]|access-date=11 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Vimeo">{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/3185111|title=Güçlükonak'ta ne oldu?|format=Video|publisher=Düşünce Suçuna Karşı Girişim|access-date=14 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827145913/http://vimeo.com/3185111}} ({{cite web|url=http://ihlsozluk.com/sozluk.php?process=eid&eid=196386|title=Videonun çözümü <!-- | access-date = 30 May 2009 -->}}{{Dead link|date=September 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref><ref name="SucDuyurusu1996">{{cite web|date=16 April 1996|url=http://www.antenna-tr.org/exel/1996.jpg|title=Suç Duyurusu|publisher=Barış İçin Bir Araya Çalışma Grubu|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827083501/http://www.antenna-tr.org/exel/1996.jpg|archive-date=27 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bianet.org/haber/devlet-bakani-guclukonak-katliamini-jitem-in-yaptigini-itiraf-etti-272535|title="Devlet Bakanı, Güçlükonak Katliamını JİTEM'in yaptığını itiraf etti"|date=7 January 2023|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/cumartesi-anneleri-980nci-haftada-guclukonak-katliamina-adalet-istedi-haber-1659674|title=Cumartesi Anneleri 980'nci haftada 'Güçlükonak Katliamı'na adalet istedi|date=6 January 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|] |
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|March 13, 1999 |
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|] |
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|13 |
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|] |
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|Civilians |
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|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr:80/1999/03/14/102176.asp|title=HURRIYET INTERNET|date=2012-07-12|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712202625/http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1999/03/14/102176.asp|archive-date=2012-07-12|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|] |
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|December 19, 2000 |
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|] |
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|32 |
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|Turkish security forces |
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|Leftist prisoners |
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|Deaths include 30 prisoners and 2 soldiers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=2484&tarih=15/05/2001|title=Otopsideki gerçek|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090504155744/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=2484&tarih=15/05/2001|archive-date=2009-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haber.sol.org.tr/haber/hayata-donus-katliaminin-23-yili-387975|title=Hayata Dönüş' katliamının 23. yılı...|date=19 December 2024|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Interlanguage link|Mart 2006 Diyarbakır olayları|lt=Diyarbakır events of March 2006|tr||WD=}} |
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|March 28–31, 2006 |
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|] |
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|14 |
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|Turkish security forces |
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|Protesters |
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|14 Kurdish civilians including 6 children, 4 of them under the age of 10 were killed by the security forces in protests<ref name="refworld1hrw">{{cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/46fa537528.html |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/28-mart-olaylarinda-adalet-tesis-edilmedi-haber-1517491|title=‘28 Mart olaylarında adalet tesis edilmedi’|date=28 March 2021|access-date=5 December 2024|website=]|language=tr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|] |
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|April 18, 2007 |
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|] |
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|3 |
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|Islamists |
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|German Christians |
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|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Großbongardt |first=Annette |date=2007-04-23 |title=After the Missionary Massacre: Christian Converts Live In Fear in Intolerant Turkey |work=Spiegel Online |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/after-the-missionary-massacre-christian-converts-live-in-fear-in-intolerant-turkey-a-478955.html |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| ] |
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| May 4, 2009 |
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| Bilge, ] |
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| 44<ref name="reuters"> Reuters. Retrieved 4 May 2009</ref> |
|
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|] |
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| Civilians |
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|
| ] said it was "one of the worst attacks involving civilians in Turkey's modern history", declaring that the scale of the attack had shocked the nation.<ref name="Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE5443G520090505|title=Blood feuds, gun violence plague Turkey's southeast|date=2009-05-05|access-date=2009-05-05|work=Reuters}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| ] |
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| December 28, 2011 |
|
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| ] in ] |
|
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| 34<ref name="zaman1" /> |
|
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| ] |
|
|
| Kurdish Civilians |
|
|
| Warplanes killed who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes in the area, villagers during an operation meant to target Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels. The government gave no information about the facts.<ref name="ah">{{cite news|date=2012-01-02|title=Uludere'de Sağ Kurtulan Encü Anlattı|language=tr|newspaper=Aktif Haber|url=http://www.aktifhaber.com/uluderede-sag-kurtulan-encu-anlatti-540900h.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108083237/http://www.aktifhaber.com/uluderede-sag-kurtulan-encu-anlatti-540900h.htm|archive-date=2012-01-08}}</ref><ref name="hdn1">{{cite news|title=Questions grow over Uludere intel failure|newspaper=]|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/questions-grow-over-uludere-intel-failure.aspx?PageID=238&NID=10450&NewsCatID=338|url-status=live|access-date=2012-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234908/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/questions-grow-over-uludere-intel-failure.aspx?PageID=238&NID=10450&NewsCatID=338|archive-date=2013-12-30}}</ref><ref name="h">{{cite news|date=2011-12-30|title=35 Tabuta Kilometrelerce Gözyaşı|language=tr|newspaper=Haberler|url=http://www.haberler.com/35-tabuta-kilometrelerce-gozyasi-3226767-haberi/|url-status=live|access-date=2012-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108105603/http://www.haberler.com/35-tabuta-kilometrelerce-gozyasi-3226767-haberi/|archive-date=2012-01-08}}</ref> |
|
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|- |
|
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|] |
|
|
|July 20, 2015 |
|
|
|] in ] |
|
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|34 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|] member university students |
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| |
|
| |
|
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|- |
|
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|] |
|
|
|October 10, 2015 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|109 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Protesters, civilians |
|
|
| |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|February 7, 2016 |
|
|
|], ] |
|
|
| +178 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Kurdish Civilians |
|
|
|178 civilians, dozens of them children, some of them as young as 9 were burnt alive in three basements.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 February 2016 |title=Turkish forces accused of 'mass murder' in southeast |url=http://www.dw.com/en/turkish-forces-accused-of-mass-murder-in-southeast/a-19044651 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=In den Kellern von Cizre |url=http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/47/47367/1.html |work=Telepolis}}</ref> Turkish government reacted to the massacre by calling it "baseless terror propaganda", and covering it up by flattening the ruins and filling the basements up with rubble.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=Inside Cizre: Where Turkish forces stand accused of Kurdish killings |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36354742 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|February 17, 2016 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|30 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilian employees of Turkish Armed Forces and soldiers |
|
|
| |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|March 13, 2016 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|38 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
|
|
| |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|June 28, 2016 |
|
|
|], ] |
|
|
|45 |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians |
|
|
| |
|
|
|- |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|July 15–16, 2016 |
|
|
|] (Mainly ], ], ], ] and ]) |
|
|
|270–350<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attempted coup in Turkey leaves 265 people dead|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/16/turkey-pm-attempted-coup-leaves-265-people-dead|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|] |
|
|
|Civilians and soldiers |
|
|
|Turkey witnessed the bloodiest coup attempt in its political history on July 15, 2016, when a section of the Turkish military launched a coordinated operation in several major cities to topple the government<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turkey's failed coup attempt: All you need to know|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/7/15/turkeys-failed-coup-attempt-all-you-need-to-know|access-date=2021-10-26|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| January 1, 2017 |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| 39 |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| Civilians |
|
|
| A gunman opened fire in the Reina Nightclub during New Year celebrations |
|
|
|- |
|
|
| ] |
|
|
| July 30, 2021 |
|
|
| ], ] |
|
|
| 7 |
|
|
| Mehmet Altun |
|
|
| Kurds |
|
|} |
|
|} |
|
|
|
|
|
==Gallery== |
|
==Gallery== |
|
|
<gallery widths="140" heights="140"> |
|
<center> |
|
|
<gallery perrow="6" widths="140px" heights="140px"> |
|
|
File:1895erzurum-victims.jpg|Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) |
|
File:1895erzurum-victims.jpg|Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895) |
|
Image:Adanamass.PNG|An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre |
|
File:Adanamass.PNG|An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre |
|
Image:Smyrna-massacre greeks-killed line.jpg|Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the ] in Smyrna |
|
File:Smyrna-massacre greeks-killed line.jpg|Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the ] in Smyrna |
|
Image:Dead_Armenian_girl_in_Aleppo_desert.jpg|Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" |
|
File:Dead Armenian girl in Aleppo desert.jpg|Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo" |
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|
</gallery> |
|
Image:Turkish men massacred by Armenians in Eastern Anatolia.jpg|Turkish men and boys massacred by Armenians in Eastern Anatolia in 1918. |
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|
</gallery></center> |
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|
|
==See also== |
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*] |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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{{massacres}} |
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{{Asia topic|List of massacres in}} |
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{{Europe topic |List of massacres in}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{massacres}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
Aftermath of the massacres at Erzurum (1895)
An Armenian town left pillaged and destroyed, during the Adana massacre
Photo taken after the Smyrna fire. The text inside indicates that the photo had been taken by representatives of the Red Cross in Smyrna
Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field "within sight of help and safety at Aleppo"
