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'''Involuntary celibacy''' or '''involuntary sexual abstinence'''<ref name="Spooner1916">{{cite book|author=Henry G. Spooner|title=The American Journal of Urology and Sexology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjxYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA249|year=1916|publisher=Grafton Press|pages=249–}}</ref><ref name="Meadows1973">{{cite book|author=Denis L Meadows|title=The dynamics of growth in a finite world: A technical report on the global simulation model World 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twwcAQAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Thayer School of Engineering, Darmouth College}}</ref><ref name="Meerloo1946">{{cite book|author=Joost Abraham Maurits Meerloo|title=Aftermath of Peace: Psychological Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTUNAAAAIAAJ|year=1946|publisher=International Universities Press|isbn=9780598365347 }}</ref> (also known as '''incel''' and sometimes referred to as '''love shyness''' or being '''love shy'''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilmartin|first=Brian G.|title=Some Family Antecedents of Severe Shyness|journal=Family Relations|year=1985|volume=34|issue=3|pages=429–438|doi=10.2307/583584 |jstor=583584 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/583584|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref>) is ] by people who are routinely celibate for involuntary reasons as opposed to doing so voluntarily.<ref name="elizabeth">{{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1=Elizabeth|title=A History of Celibacy|date=2001|publisher=]|isbn=9780306810411|pages=20, 294, 303, 309-312|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1_SNxYovocC&q=involuntary+celibacy|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SEX AND SOCIETY (Abstinence- Gender Identity, Volume 1)|date=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761479062|page=309|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVDZchwkIMEC&dq=%22+involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA113}}</ref> The term has gained popularity in recent years.
{{Multiple issues|refimprove=April 2011|original research=October 2011|cleanup = April 2010|
{{Weasel|date=March 2013}}
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==Definition==
'''Involuntary celibacy''' (colloquially '''incel'''){{By whom|date=February 2013}} is ] near-total or total absence in ] of ]s or ] for reasons other than voluntary ], ], ], or ].{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} It is the psycho-social opposite of having a ].
The common definition of involuntary celibacy is routinely used to describe instances where someone has not engaged in ] with anyone for a certain amount of time, despite the individual desiring sexual activity with other people.<ref name="dd journal" /> Reasons for involuntary celibacy can differ from person to person or community to community. Involuntary celibacy can occur within marriages and has been frequently under-reported due to stigmas attached to ].<ref name=JH />


There is no set length for when someone considers themselves to be involuntarily celibate, and the time period without sexual activity can average anywhere from a few months to several years or the individual's entire lifespan up to that point in time.<ref name="dd journal" /> Involuntarily celibacy is traditionally seen as separate from ], ], or any voluntary state of celibacy or abstinence,{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} and some individuals who self-identify as being partially or fully involuntarily celibate have stated that they believe that it should be treated as a separate psychosocial issue.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Characteristics of involuntary celibacy differ but typically share two common claimed characteristics: the individual has gone without sexual intercourse for a long period of time, despite attempts to attract a sexual partner, and that the individual has limited or no access to partners or opportunities to find a partner.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}
Involuntary celibacy is distinct from other forms of ]. Involuntarily celibate individuals are just as sexually driven as a typical individual, but their day to day experiences, despite effort on their part, fail to produce any significant sexual partnerships. Incel persons therefore lack intimate physical connection for very long periods of their adult lives — not merely, for example, a 12- or 24-month gap — while also perpetually failing to secure opportunities for sexual engagement in the first place. Thus, bettering their own sexuality through accumulation of ever-greater 'sexual experience' becomes difficult or even impossible.<ref name=Donnelly> D. Donnelly, E. Burgess, S. Anderson, R. Curry, J. Dillard, ''Journal of Sex Research'' 38(2), S. 159–169. (2001)</ref>


Occasionally a distinction is drawn between men actively attempting to engage with women, but are constantly rejected, and "love shyness", men too shy to engage.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Gardephe, Sara (Director) | year=2011 | title=Shy Boys:IRL | medium=Documentary | location=Brooklyn, New York| publisher=Gardephe, Sara|url=http://vimeo.com/28466163}}</ref>
Most incel people are not physically unattractive, and they exhibit the same social behaviours as their peers who have sex lives.<ref name= Donnelly/> A few of the involuntarily celibate population might exhibit discernible ] that preclude current and future sexual opportunities, but the small amount of research done on this subject indicates that the incel population are on the whole socially normal, otherwise healthy individuals whose frustration is merely a product of their lack of sex, and not vice versa.<ref name=Donnelly/>


==Characteristics==
==Definition and psychological consequences==
The ] notes that celibate men are more likely to be conceived later in their parents life than the general population and are more likely to be lower class and unemployed. The involuntarily celibate men they studied tended to work in sex-segrated jobs, had more education than involuntarily celibate women, and followed particularly masculine life trajectories to a degree that it hindered their ability to meet women. Involuntarily celibate women were also found to follow life trajectories particularly close to feminine gender roles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Donnelly|first1=Denise|last2=Burgess|first2=Elisabeth|last3=Anderson|first3=Sally|last4=Davis|first4=Regina|last5=Dillard|first5=Joy|date=2001|title=Involuntary Celibacy: A life course analysis|url=http://cda.morris.umn.edu/~meeklesr/celibacy.html|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=38|issue=2 |pages=159–169|doi=10.1080/00224490109552083 |s2cid=143447476 |via=}}</ref> At the end of the study contained in the ] and the Sexuality and Society Reader, the researchers concluded there was not enough scientific research done on involuntary celibacy, writing, "Until the phenomena of involuntary celibacy has been fully investigated, and the results disseminated, it will remain a taboo topic, cloaked in mystery and ignorance, and an untold number of persons will continue to suffer in silence and isolation".<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Donnelly|first1=Denise|last2=Burgess|first2=Elisabeth|last3=Anderson|first3=Sally|last4=Davis|first4=Regina|last5=Dillard|first5=Joy|date=2001|title=The Sexuality and Society Reader|page=270}}</ref> Involuntary celibates have also been characterized as lonely and vulnerable.<ref name="Dewey2015"/>
Involuntarily celibate people tend to suffer from intense ], ], and ] as a result of the very prolonged periods of lack of sexual and/or intimate body contact. In most ] and ] societies, additional social standards pressure people to have experienced sexual interaction in some form by their 20s or 30s. If the person lacks any such experience while all of his or her peers have it, serious psychological consequences can result. <ref name=Donnelly/>


==Causes==
In the case of ] ]'s ] on ], Chubbuck's involuntary celibacy is considered to be the driving force behind both her depression and suicide.<ref>, '']'', August 22, 1974</ref> While ] diminishes the risk of contracting ]s (STD) it may necessitate relinquishment of potential health benefits of sex.<ref>{{cite web|last=Doheny |first=Kathleen |url=http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/features/10-surprising-health-benefits-of-sex |title=10 Surprising Health Benefits of Sex |publisher=Webmd.com |accessdate= 2012-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/74575 |title=Six Reasons to Have Sex Every Week |publisher=Thedailybeast.com |date= 2007-12-09 |accessdate=2012-08-14}}</ref> Some researchers conclude that male incel people are more likely to ] as a substitute for sexual relations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Szalavitz |first=Maia |url=http://healthland.time.com/2012/03/16/sexually-frustrated-flies-are-driven-to-drink |title=Sexually Frustrated Flies Are Driven To Drink |publisher=Healthland.time.com |date= 2012-03-16 |accessdate= 2012-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Carey |first=Benedict |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/health/male-fruit-flies-spurned-by-females-turn-to-alcohol.html?_r=1 |title=Learning From the Spurned and Tipsy Fruit Fly |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=2012-03-15 |accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref>


==Depth and prevalence==
There is very little ] study regarding involuntary celibacy. Prior to a self-directed study on modern involuntary celibacy initiated in 1998 by researchers from ], there were zero publicly searchable research-based sources on the phenomenon. Even the 1998 study was only started once a member of an online discussion group for involuntary celibates inquired about current research on the subject.<ref>, Georgia State University News Release, July 24, 2001 (accessed December 14, 2006)</ref> The study, ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis'',<ref name=Donnelly/> was published in 2001 in the '']'', produced by the ]. A news article reporting on the study indicated that involuntary celibacy can lead to anger and depression.<ref> American Association of Single People, November 12, 2001 (accessed December 14, 2006)</ref> ''Involuntary celibacy: A life course analysis'' has also been included in an anthology of scholarly literature.<ref> AbeBooks.com, (accessed December 14, 2006){{Dead link|date=August 2010}}</ref> A more recent study has been made into involuntary celibacy inside marriage and long-term cohabiting relationships<ref>Donnelly, D., and Burgess, E. (2008). Journal of Marriage and Family 70(2):519-535.</ref> and was published in 2008 in the '']''.


Reasons for involuntary celibacy can often overlap with reasons for traditional celibacy, which can sometimes make it difficult to discern between voluntary or involuntary celibacy, as some feel pressured to state that the celibacy is voluntary out of fear of severe social repercussions or violence.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Brien (editor)|first=Jodi|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 1|date=2008|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1412909167|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PT152}}</ref> In a 2001 study of 82 individuals (60 men and 22 women) who self-identified as being involuntarily celibate, sociologist ] commented that she believed that "the relationship between these barriers and involuntary celibacy is reciprocal, rather than unidirectional" and that while the contributing factors could impact the individuals' sex lives, they could in some instances be a result of being celibate.<ref name="dd journal">{{cite journal|last=Donnelly|first=Denise|coauthors=Burgess, Elisabeth ; Anderson, Sally ; Davis, Regina ; Dillard, Joy|title=Involuntary Celibacy: A Life Course Analysis|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|date=2001|volume=38|issue=2|pages=159–169|doi=10.1080/00224490109552083 |s2cid=143447476 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490109552083|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=nyu>{{cite book|last=Laura M. Carpenter|first=John D. DeLamater|title=Sex for Life: From Virginity to Viagra, How Sexuality Changes Throughout Our Lives|date=2012|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814723821|pages=13, 16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpayAv0FGSIC&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA13}}</ref> She also noted that these traits were not necessarily the norm and that an incel could have be seen as otherwise normal by social standards.<ref name="dd journal" /> A further study conducted by Donnelly and associates between June 1999 to June 2000 of 192 individuals showed that many of the self-identifying involuntarily celibate were living in the United States, were under the age of 34, and had either attended or completed their college education.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burgess|first=Elizabeth|coauthors=Donnelly, Denise ; Dillard, Joy ; Davis, Regina|title=SURFING FOR SEX: STUDYING INVOLUNTARY CELIBACY USING THE INTERNET.|journal=Sexuality and Culture|date=2001|volume=5|issue=3|pages=5–30|doi=10.1007/s12119-001-1028-x |s2cid=96438371 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-001-1028-x|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref>
In a chapter devoted to involuntary celibacy in historian Elizabeth Abbott's book ''The History of Celibacy'', the examples cited include <ref>{{Cite book |author=Elizabeth Abbot |title=A History of Celibacy |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=New York |year=2001 |chapter=Coerced Celibacy: Involuntary Celibacy |pages=303–337 |isbn=0-306-81041-7}}</ref> those living amidst skewed sex ratios caused by the death of many men in a war or ] (the latter is particularly severe in ] and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_infanticide.html |title=Case Study: Female Infanticide |publisher=Gendercidewatch.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tripp |first=Stephanie |url= http://www.elahemassumi.com/femaletext1.html |title= Professor Studies Effects of Female Infanticide |publisher=Elahemassumi.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-14}}</ref>), ]s, those without access to the money needed to deal with a child, those denied the right to marry by social norms like ] or younger sisters in societies that call for the oldest to be married first, women whose families lack money for the ] required by their society, people who would lose their jobs if they were known to be sexually active like ]s and journeymen in certain trades in ], or certain Western domestic servant or educator positions prior to the previous centuries, and men ]d against their will.


==Possible contributing factors== ===Psychological factors===
Involuntary celibacy has been attributed to psychological factors, such as social awkwardness, a lack of social skills,<ref name="ellereeve"/> lack of confidence or flirting skills, trust issues, addiction,<ref name="scienceincel"/> shyness,<ref name="georgia">{{cite news|url=http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwexa/news/archive/2001/01_0724-invcelrel.htm|title=For many, sexless lifestyle is not a choice|last=|first=|date=July 24, 2001|work=|accessdate=June 8, 2018|publisher=]|format=|authorlink=}}</ref> recreational sex invoking feelings of guilt, fears of unreciprocation of romantic overtures or apathy<ref name="Yvonne">http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/06/15/foxsexpert-5-ways-to-fix-sexless-marriage.html</ref> or an inability to decipher social cues.<ref name="psychologytodaysam"/> It has also been suggested that people who live involuntarily celibte lives may have psychological disorders such as ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2018/05/we-must-try-understand-how-unwanted-virginity-leads-self-hating-incels-murder|title=We must try to understand how unwanted virginity leads self-hating incels to murder|last=Tait|first=Amelia|date=May 8, 2018|website=]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> It has also been suggested that there is a correlation between involuntary celibacy and other psychological issues such as ], ], and ], extreme introversion or general mental ailments.<ref name="Dewey2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/10/07/incels-4chan-and-the-beta-uprising-making-sense-of-one-of-the-internets-most-reviled-subcultures/|title=Incels, 4chan and the Beta Uprising: making sense of one of the Internet's most-reviled subcultures|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=October 7, 2015|newspaper=]|access-date=April 25, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
Possible reasons listed below are controversial among vocal involuntary celibates themselves{{where|date=March 2013}}.


===Societal factors===
* Lack of suitable social circumstances conducive to sex, such as marriage
Others attribute it to societal factors such as financial constraints<ref name="elizabeth"/>, a sex-segregated environment, responsibilities such as raising children, teenage inexperience and datelessness,<ref name="georgia"/> family demands, a busy career or being preoccupied with one's education.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/06/15/foxsexpert-5-ways-to-fix-sexless-marriage.html</ref> Reasons for involuntary celibacy can often include reasons such as the individual's limited access to sexual partners, or because of institutional restrictions in the instance of people in restrictive ] or ]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lehmiller|first=Justin J.|title=The Psychology of Human Sexuality|date=2014|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1118351215|page=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YS1IAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA232}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dirk van Zyl Smit|first=Sonja Snacken|title=Principles of European Prison Law and Policy: Penology and Human Rights|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191018824|page=xliii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9CAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PR43}}</ref><ref name="dcp abbott">{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=A History of Celibacy|date=2001|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0306810417|pages=303–304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1_SNxYovocC&dq=%22+involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA303}}</ref> Other reasons for involuntary celibacy can include societal pressure, as in the case of strict cultural ]s or moral standards that the individual feels pressured to follow, as in the case of some religious factions that mandate that homosexuals should remain celibate as opposed to engaging in sexual activity with other homosexuals.<ref name="dcp abbott"/><ref name="dcp abbott">{{cite book|last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=A History of Celibacy|date=2001|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0306810417|pages=303–304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D1_SNxYovocC&dq=%22+involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA303}}</ref><ref name=JH>{{cite book|last=Hawes|first=Joseph M.|title=The Family in America: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2|date=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576072325|pages=131–132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z55xx8_P08UC&dq=%22+involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vines|first=Matthew|title=God and the Gay Christian|date=2014|publisher=Convergent Books|isbn=9781601425171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTS0AAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PT24}}</ref> Factors believed to contribute to involuntary celibacy are elements such as an unviable living arrangement, occupations that are segregated by sex,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bouchez|first=Colette|title=Sexless in The City|url=http://www.webmd.com/men/features/sexless-in-the-city|publisher=Web MD|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="dd journal" /> or having abnormally lengthy working hours.<ref name="Dewey2015"/>
* Fear of contracting ].
* ]es and/or negative ]s such as ] or ], including self-sabotaging ] patterns and ] issues
* Psychological ] such as ], ], ], ] or ].
* The ], ] and ] may play a role in shrinking the pool of suitable, sexually available partners; some victims become sexually unavailable due to ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sloan |first=Louise |url=http://www.health.com/health/condition-article/0,,20188385,00.html |title=Psychological Issues Can Fuel a Low Libido |publisher=Health.com |date=2008-05-05 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Slowik |first=Guy |url=http://ehealthmd.com/content/what-causes-low-sex-drive#abuse |title=What Causes Low Sex Drive? |publisher=ehealthmd.com |date=2012-04-19 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>
* Heterosexual men who disqualify appealing women as "relationship material" based on the ] that beautiful women are less likely to be faithful as ]s or ], or to become good mothers, and would be the most likely to seek ].<ref>Etcoff Nancy. 1996. ''Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty''. Anchor Books. New York. (p. 88)</ref>
* Marriage


Other social factors include a reluctance by younger siblings in Asia to increase social pressure on their older siblings by getting married before them in societies where pre-marital sex is taboo.<ref name="elizabeth"/> During the Great Depression, involuntary celibacy has been attributed to unemployment or underemployment, which resulted in a postponement of marriages. It has also been attributed to those who lack access to birth control since historically, such people often attempted to ward off unwanted pregnancies by avoiding sex or marriage.<ref name="elizabeth"/> Others attribute it to a ultra-conservative religious upbringing that resulted in inhibitions around sex and relationships.<ref name="Dewey2015"/> The term "involuntary celibate" has also been used in regard to female widows in some subsets of Hinduism wherein it is taboo for them to remarry.<ref name="elizabeth"/>
==See also==

*]
Among heterosexuals, involuntary celibacy is sometimes blamed on an imbalance in the sex ratio, with both India and China having a surplus of males,<ref>http://thefederalist.com/2018/05/04/incel-movement-isnt-really-demanding-right-sex/</ref>, which has been the case with China since the start of its one-child policy.<ref name="elizabeth"/> Historically, involuntary celibacy has also been attributed to anti-miscegenation laws, as was the case with South Africa during the apartheid era, wherein interracial couples were sometimes confined to seperate districts, or otherwise were deterred from meeting through travel permit or work permit laws.<ref name="elizabeth"/> Massive amounts of deaths among males during wars has been said to increase to the prevalence of involntary celibacy for women due to a dearth in the number of males within a specific generation.<ref name="elizabeth"/>
*]

*]
===Physical factors===
*]
Involuntary celibacy has also been attributed to factors relating to physicality, such as having a ], a physical illness<ref name="Dewey2015"/>, being ],<ref name="ellereeve">https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/7xqw3g/this-is-what-the-life-of-an-incel-looks-like</ref> some physiological problem, a discrepancy in ], a lack of sexual prowess<ref name="Yvonne"/> a negative body image,<ref name="georgia"/> an inadequate physical appearance<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/93167/what-is-the-incel-movement|title=What is the Incel Movement?|last=|first=|date=April 25, 2018|work=]|accessdate=June 9, 2018}}</ref> bad genes<ref name="scienceincel"/> or ]<ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/self-hating-incel-men-are-the-new-jihadis-5rz37h9s9</ref>. The term "involuntary celibate" has also been applied to those who lack access to birth control and subsequent fears of unwanted pregnancies, and men who were castrated against their will.<ref name="elizabeth"/>
*]

*]
Involuntary celibates sometimes describe discrimination or rejection on the basis of their physical appearance as lookism. Examples of perceived physical flaws vary widely and include small wrists, a small penis, large nostrils<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/incels-looksmaxing-obsession_us_5b50e56ee4b0de86f48b0a4f</ref> a small neck,<ref name="ellereeve"/> baldness and being short.<ref name="scienceincel">https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/lifestyle/2018/08/the-science-of-incels-all-the-reasons-why-some-men-can-t-find-a-partner.html</ref> The bone structure is a major theme of discussion on incel forums, with inconspicuous jaw lines or chins or the presence of an ] viewed as unfavorable. "Bonesmashing" (using blunt trauma) or "mewing" (using tongue pressure on the ]) are attempts at altering this bone structure.<ref name="allieconti"/><ref name="cauterucci">{{cite news |last1=Cauterucci |first1=Christina |title=Incel Memes Aren't a Joke |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/07/incel-memes-like-millimeters-of-bone-and-virgin-vs-chad-mask-a-dangerous-and-toxic-culture.html |accessdate=19 July 2018 |work=]}}</ref> Others attribute it to ], with some claiming that those of a minority ethnic group face rejection in the dating world,<ref name="psychologytodaysam">https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/minority-report/201706/involuntary-celibacy</ref> and that having a dark skin color is a disadvantage.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cant-get-a-date-these-indians-think-its-their-race-women-hate/articleshow/64479774.cms</ref>
*]

==History==
Historical examples of involuntary celibacy can be seen in ] during the ]. Men with a low social and economic status that could not afford to marry or keep a spouse could claim that they were celibate voluntarily despite the choice of celibacy being involuntary.<ref name=hinsch>{{cite book|last=Hinsch|first=Bret|title=Masculinities in Chinese History|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442222335|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ-aAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA126}}</ref> As celibacy was held as an ideal during this time, the men could use their state to gain a certain level of respectability that their low status would not ordinarily give them.<ref name=hinsch />

The term ''involuntary celibacy'' itself has been used in reference to ], ], and ],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kahan|first=Benjamin|title=Celibacies: American Modernism and Sexual Life|date=2013|publisher=Duke University Press Books|isbn=9780822355687|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwfMAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA34}}</ref> as some groups believed that the chastity required of the Catholic nuns and priests was involuntary (due to the religious restrictions) and that societal upheavals would enable the men and women to seek their own freedoms via marriage and child rearing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ozment|first=Steven|title=When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe|date=1983|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674951204|page=49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MYJu5BZ2TocC&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA49}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blum|first=Carol|title=Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France|date=2002|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9780801868108|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TgkaWS7yDl8C&dq=%22Involuntary+celibacy%22&pg=PA157}}</ref> The term ''involuntary celibate has also been applied to some types of apprentices, day laborers or certain domestic servants in medieval Europe who in some instances risked losing their jobs if their sexually active became known.<ref name="elizabeth"/>

=="Incel" coinage==
In modern times, the term ''incel'' was coined as an abbrevation. The condition of ''involuntary celibacy'' (or ''incel'') must be clearly distinguished from ''incels'', an internet subculture associated mostly with ] men blaming women, society, and ]<ref name="tele_Men'">{{Cite web| title = Men's rights activists have missed the point of feminism entirely| author = Lowry, Andrew| work = Telegraph.co.uk| date = 31 January 2015| accessdate = 2015-06-03| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/11377660/Mens-rights-activists-have-missed-the-point-of-feminism-entirely.html}}</ref> for their inability to have sex with women.

'']'' defines ''incel'' as a ] noun, meaning someone who lives involuntarily celibate.<ref name="dale">{{cite news|url=http://www.vandale.nl/wvdd-incel|title=#WVDD: incel|author1=den Boon|first=Ton|date=May 2, 2018|work=]|accessdate=June 8, 2018|language=Dutch}}</ref> In a study of an incel online-forum, a 2001 paper in '']'' defined the term ''involuntary celibate'' as someone who wishes to have sex, but has not been able to find a willing partner in the past six months. Noting the choice of six months is arbitrary, the researchers concluded, "for this project, the important thing is whether or not the person defines themselves as an involuntary celibate." <ref name="burgess">{{Cite journal|last1=Donnelly|first1=Denise|last2=Burgess|first2=Elisabeth|last3=Anderson|first3=Sally|last4=Davis|first4=Regina|last5=Dillard|first5=Joy|date=2001|title=Involuntary Celibacy: A life course analysis|url=http://cda.morris.umn.edu/~meeklesr/celibacy.html|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=38|issue=2|pages=159–169|doi=10.1080/00224490109552083|s2cid=143447476 |via=}}</ref> The term is primarily used on websites such as ] (specifically its /r9k/ subforum), ]'s ], and LoveShy.com.<ref name="dewey2" /><ref name="cheadle" /><ref name="mcguire" /><ref name="salon" /> These online communities of incels have been called "one of the Internet’s most-reviled subcultures" by the ''Washington Post,''<ref name="dewey1" /> and ] writer Tracy Clark-Flory has criticized the concept of incel as being predicated on "the shared belief being that men are entitled to govern women’s bodies."<ref name="salon"/> Writing in ''Newsweek,'' Barbara Herman has described incels as men who "resent women for being too picky to sleep with them,"<ref name=Newsweek/> while Rebecca Cohen has described those who identify as incel as men who feel that women "owe" them sex.<ref name=Cohen/>

Online communities of "incels" have been implicated in incidents of ] by male individuals, including the ] and the ].<ref name="dewey1" /><ref name="dewey2" /> Some self-identified incels use the term ''] uprising'' to refer to a hypothetical future revolution in which incels take revenge on both women and non-incel men.<ref name="dewey1" /><ref name="wash_Insi">{{Cite news| title = Inside the 'manosphere' that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger| author = Caitlin Dewey| newspaper = Washington Post| date = 2014-05-27| accessdate = 2014-12-12| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/05/27/inside-the-manosphere-that-inspired-santa-barbara-shooter-elliot-rodger/}}</ref><ref name="vice_Elli">{{Cite web| title = Elliot Rodger's Online Life Provides a Glimpse at a Hateful Group of "Anti-Pick-up Artists"| author = Patrick McGuire| work = Vice| date = 2014-05-27| accessdate = 2014-12-12| url = http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/elliot-rodgers-online-life-provides-a-glimpse-at-a-hateful-group-of-pick-up-artists}}</ref><ref name="busi_Onli">{{Cite web| title = Online Forum For Sexually Frustrated Men Reacts To News That Mass Shooter May Be One Of Their Own| author = Gell, Aaron| publisher = Business Insider| date = 24 May 2014| accessdate = 2014-12-12| url = http://www.businessinsider.com/ucsb-shooting-forum-associated-with-elliot-rodger-reacts-2014-5}}</ref><ref name="salo_Insi">{{Cite web| title = Inside the terrifying, twisted online world of involuntary celibates| author = Tracy Clark-Flory| work = Salon| date = 2014-05-28| accessdate = 2014-12-12|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/05/27/inside_the_terrifying_twisted_online_world_of_involuntary_celibates/}}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
{{Reflist|30em}}
<ref name="dewey1">{{cite news| last=Dewey | first=Caitlin | authorlink= | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/10/07/incels-4chan-and-the-beta-uprising-making-sense-of-one-of-the-internets-most-reviled-subcultures/ | title= Incels, 4chan and the Beta Uprising: making sense of one of the Internet's most-reviled subcultures | newspaper=] | format=Newspaper article | date=October 7, 2015 |accessdate= 2015-10-08 }}</ref>
<ref name="dewey2">{{cite news| last=Dewey | first=Caitlin | authorlink= | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/05/27/inside-the-manosphere-that-inspired-santa-barbara-shooter-elliot-rodger/ | title= Inside the 'manosphere' that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger | newspaper=] | format=Newspaper article | date=May 27, 2014 |accessdate= 2015-10-08 }}</ref>
<ref name="cheadle">{{cite news| last=Cheadle | first=Harry | authorlink= | url=http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/elliot-rodger-and-the-toxic-weight-of-virginity | title= Elliot Rodger and the Toxic Weight of Virginity | publisher=] | format=Internet magazine article | date=May 30, 2014 |accessdate= 2015-10-08 }}</ref>
<ref name=Cohen>http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/01/manosphere-mens-rights-movement-terms</ref>
<ref name="mcguire">{{cite news| last=McGuire | first=Patrick | authorlink= | url=http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/elliot-rodgers-online-life-provides-a-glimpse-at-a-hateful-group-of-pick-up-artists | title= Elliot Rodger's Online Life Provides a Glimpse at a Hateful Group of "Anti-Pick-up Artists" | publisher=] | format=Internet magazine article | date=May 27, 2014 |accessdate= 2015-10-08 }}</ref>
<ref name=Newsweek>Herman, B. (2014, Aug 22). Catfight at the anti-feminist corral: Felines join the anti-feminist debate. ''Newsweek.''</ref>
<ref name="salon">{{cite news| last=Clark-Flory | first=Tracy | authorlink= | url=http://www.salon.com/2014/05/27/inside_the_terrifying_twisted_online_world_of_involuntary_celibates/ | title=Inside the terrifying, twisted online world of involuntary celibates | work=] | format=Internet magazine article | date=May 28, 2014 |accessdate= 2015-10-08 }}</ref>
⚫ }}


==External links== ==External links==
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{{Human sexuality}} <nowiki>{{Human sexuality}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Involuntary Celibacy}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Involuntary celibacy}}
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Latest revision as of 00:43, 10 June 2022

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Involuntary celibacy or involuntary sexual abstinence (also known as incel and sometimes referred to as love shyness or being love shy) is sexual abstinence by people who are routinely celibate for involuntary reasons as opposed to doing so voluntarily. The term has gained popularity in recent years.

Definition

The common definition of involuntary celibacy is routinely used to describe instances where someone has not engaged in sexual activity with anyone for a certain amount of time, despite the individual desiring sexual activity with other people. Reasons for involuntary celibacy can differ from person to person or community to community. Involuntary celibacy can occur within marriages and has been frequently under-reported due to stigmas attached to sexually inactive marriages.

There is no set length for when someone considers themselves to be involuntarily celibate, and the time period without sexual activity can average anywhere from a few months to several years or the individual's entire lifespan up to that point in time. Involuntarily celibacy is traditionally seen as separate from asexuality, antisexualism, or any voluntary state of celibacy or abstinence, and some individuals who self-identify as being partially or fully involuntarily celibate have stated that they believe that it should be treated as a separate psychosocial issue. Characteristics of involuntary celibacy differ but typically share two common claimed characteristics: the individual has gone without sexual intercourse for a long period of time, despite attempts to attract a sexual partner, and that the individual has limited or no access to partners or opportunities to find a partner.

Occasionally a distinction is drawn between men actively attempting to engage with women, but are constantly rejected, and "love shyness", men too shy to engage.

Characteristics

The The Journal of Sex Research notes that celibate men are more likely to be conceived later in their parents life than the general population and are more likely to be lower class and unemployed. The involuntarily celibate men they studied tended to work in sex-segrated jobs, had more education than involuntarily celibate women, and followed particularly masculine life trajectories to a degree that it hindered their ability to meet women. Involuntarily celibate women were also found to follow life trajectories particularly close to feminine gender roles. At the end of the study contained in the Journal of Sexology and the Sexuality and Society Reader, the researchers concluded there was not enough scientific research done on involuntary celibacy, writing, "Until the phenomena of involuntary celibacy has been fully investigated, and the results disseminated, it will remain a taboo topic, cloaked in mystery and ignorance, and an untold number of persons will continue to suffer in silence and isolation". Involuntary celibates have also been characterized as lonely and vulnerable.

Causes

Reasons for involuntary celibacy can often overlap with reasons for traditional celibacy, which can sometimes make it difficult to discern between voluntary or involuntary celibacy, as some feel pressured to state that the celibacy is voluntary out of fear of severe social repercussions or violence. In a 2001 study of 82 individuals (60 men and 22 women) who self-identified as being involuntarily celibate, sociologist Denise Donnelly commented that she believed that "the relationship between these barriers and involuntary celibacy is reciprocal, rather than unidirectional" and that while the contributing factors could impact the individuals' sex lives, they could in some instances be a result of being celibate. She also noted that these traits were not necessarily the norm and that an incel could have be seen as otherwise normal by social standards. A further study conducted by Donnelly and associates between June 1999 to June 2000 of 192 individuals showed that many of the self-identifying involuntarily celibate were living in the United States, were under the age of 34, and had either attended or completed their college education.

Psychological factors

Involuntary celibacy has been attributed to psychological factors, such as social awkwardness, a lack of social skills, lack of confidence or flirting skills, trust issues, addiction, shyness, recreational sex invoking feelings of guilt, fears of unreciprocation of romantic overtures or apathy or an inability to decipher social cues. It has also been suggested that people who live involuntarily celibte lives may have psychological disorders such as depression, Asperger syndrome, and body dysmorphic disorder. It has also been suggested that there is a correlation between involuntary celibacy and other psychological issues such as neuroticism, anxiety, and autism, extreme introversion or general mental ailments.

Societal factors

Others attribute it to societal factors such as financial constraints, a sex-segregated environment, responsibilities such as raising children, teenage inexperience and datelessness, family demands, a busy career or being preoccupied with one's education. Reasons for involuntary celibacy can often include reasons such as the individual's limited access to sexual partners, or because of institutional restrictions in the instance of people in restrictive nursing homes or prisons. Other reasons for involuntary celibacy can include societal pressure, as in the case of strict cultural taboos or moral standards that the individual feels pressured to follow, as in the case of some religious factions that mandate that homosexuals should remain celibate as opposed to engaging in sexual activity with other homosexuals. Factors believed to contribute to involuntary celibacy are elements such as an unviable living arrangement, occupations that are segregated by sex, or having abnormally lengthy working hours.

Other social factors include a reluctance by younger siblings in Asia to increase social pressure on their older siblings by getting married before them in societies where pre-marital sex is taboo. During the Great Depression, involuntary celibacy has been attributed to unemployment or underemployment, which resulted in a postponement of marriages. It has also been attributed to those who lack access to birth control since historically, such people often attempted to ward off unwanted pregnancies by avoiding sex or marriage. Others attribute it to a ultra-conservative religious upbringing that resulted in inhibitions around sex and relationships. The term "involuntary celibate" has also been used in regard to female widows in some subsets of Hinduism wherein it is taboo for them to remarry.

Among heterosexuals, involuntary celibacy is sometimes blamed on an imbalance in the sex ratio, with both India and China having a surplus of males,, which has been the case with China since the start of its one-child policy. Historically, involuntary celibacy has also been attributed to anti-miscegenation laws, as was the case with South Africa during the apartheid era, wherein interracial couples were sometimes confined to seperate districts, or otherwise were deterred from meeting through travel permit or work permit laws. Massive amounts of deaths among males during wars has been said to increase to the prevalence of involntary celibacy for women due to a dearth in the number of males within a specific generation.

Physical factors

Involuntary celibacy has also been attributed to factors relating to physicality, such as having a physical disability, a physical illness, being unattractive, some physiological problem, a discrepancy in libido, a lack of sexual prowess a negative body image, an inadequate physical appearance bad genes or lookism. The term "involuntary celibate" has also been applied to those who lack access to birth control and subsequent fears of unwanted pregnancies, and men who were castrated against their will.

Involuntary celibates sometimes describe discrimination or rejection on the basis of their physical appearance as lookism. Examples of perceived physical flaws vary widely and include small wrists, a small penis, large nostrils a small neck, baldness and being short. The bone structure is a major theme of discussion on incel forums, with inconspicuous jaw lines or chins or the presence of an overbite viewed as unfavorable. "Bonesmashing" (using blunt trauma) or "mewing" (using tongue pressure on the palate) are attempts at altering this bone structure. Others attribute it to sexual racism, with some claiming that those of a minority ethnic group face rejection in the dating world, and that having a dark skin color is a disadvantage.

History

Historical examples of involuntary celibacy can be seen in China during the Ming Dynasty. Men with a low social and economic status that could not afford to marry or keep a spouse could claim that they were celibate voluntarily despite the choice of celibacy being involuntary. As celibacy was held as an ideal during this time, the men could use their state to gain a certain level of respectability that their low status would not ordinarily give them.

The term involuntary celibacy itself has been used in reference to eunuchs, Catholic nuns, and priests, as some groups believed that the chastity required of the Catholic nuns and priests was involuntary (due to the religious restrictions) and that societal upheavals would enable the men and women to seek their own freedoms via marriage and child rearing. The term involuntary celibate has also been applied to some types of apprentices, day laborers or certain domestic servants in medieval Europe who in some instances risked losing their jobs if their sexually active became known.

"Incel" coinage

In modern times, the term incel was coined as an abbrevation. The condition of involuntary celibacy (or incel) must be clearly distinguished from incels, an internet subculture associated mostly with misogynic men blaming women, society, and feminism for their inability to have sex with women.

Van Dale's Great Dictionary of the Dutch Language defines incel as a gender-neutral noun, meaning someone who lives involuntarily celibate. In a study of an incel online-forum, a 2001 paper in The Journal of Sex Research defined the term involuntary celibate as someone who wishes to have sex, but has not been able to find a willing partner in the past six months. Noting the choice of six months is arbitrary, the researchers concluded, "for this project, the important thing is whether or not the person defines themselves as an involuntary celibate." The term is primarily used on websites such as 4chan (specifically its /r9k/ subforum), Reddit's /r/ForeverAlone, and LoveShy.com. These online communities of incels have been called "one of the Internet’s most-reviled subcultures" by the Washington Post, and Salon.com writer Tracy Clark-Flory has criticized the concept of incel as being predicated on "the shared belief being that men are entitled to govern women’s bodies." Writing in Newsweek, Barbara Herman has described incels as men who "resent women for being too picky to sleep with them," while Rebecca Cohen has described those who identify as incel as men who feel that women "owe" them sex.

Online communities of "incels" have been implicated in incidents of spree killings by male individuals, including the 2014 Isla Vista killings and the Umpqua shooting. Some self-identified incels use the term Beta uprising to refer to a hypothetical future revolution in which incels take revenge on both women and non-incel men.

References

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External links

{{Human sexuality}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Involuntary celibacy}} ] ] ] ] ]