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{{short description|American business executive|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{redirect|Ken Frazier|the science writer|Kendrick Frazier}} {{redirect|Ken Frazier|the science writer|Kendrick Frazier}}
{{Infobox person
] on Africa in 2012]]
|name = Kenneth Frazier
'''Kenneth Carleton Frazier''' (born {{Birth date|1954|12|17}}) is the ], ] and ] of ].
|image = Kenneth C. Frazier.jpg
|birth_name = Kenneth Carleton Frazier
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|12|17|mf=yes}}
|birth_place = ], ], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = ] (])<br />] (])
|occupation = Executive chairman, ]
}}


'''Kenneth Carleton Frazier''' (born December 17, 1954) is an American business executive. He is executive chairman and former CEO of the pharmaceutical company ] (known as MSD outside of North America). After joining Merck & Co. as general counsel, he directed the company's defense against litigation over the anti-inflammatory drug ]. Frazier is the first African American man to lead a major pharmaceutical company (part of the ] companies).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/there-are-four-black-fortune-500-ceos-here-they-are-2020-2|title=There are only four black Fortune 500 CEOs. Here they are.|last=Davis|first=Dominic-Madori|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> He was elected to the ] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/election-new-members-2018-spring-meeting|title = Election of New Members at the 2018 Spring Meeting}}</ref>
Frazier, a native of ]<ref name=hepp1 />, graduated from ] in 1975 with a BA in Political Science, and attended ].


Frazier was included in ]'s ] in 2018 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trinacria |first1=Joe |title=A Pair of Philadelphians Made Time's 100 Most Influential People List |url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2018/04/19/june-frazier-time-most-influential/ |website=] |access-date=November 13, 2021 |language=en |date=April 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kenneth Frazier And Sherrilyn Ifill Among Time's Most Influential People of 2021 |url=https://www.ali.org/news/articles/kenneth-frazier-and-sherrilyn-ifill-among-times-most-influential-people-2021/ |website=] |access-date=November 13, 2021 |language=en |date=September 21, 2021}}</ref>
Frazier joined Merck in 1992, and became ] of the company in 2006.<ref name=abcnews1 /> As general counsel, he was credited with overseeing the company's defense against ]-related litigation.<ref name=koppel1 /> From 2007 to 2010, he served as executive vice president and president of the company's global human health unit.<ref name=abcnews1 /> In 2010, he became Merck's president<ref name=abcnews1 /> and on January 1, 2011 its CEO.<ref name=ap2012dec01 />


==Early life and education==
==Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse scandal==
Kenneth Frazier was born on December 17, 1954, in ].<ref name=ha1 /> His father, Otis, was a janitor.<ref name=ha1 /><ref name=chen1 /> Frazier has said ] was one of his heroes growing up.<ref name=hepp1 /> Frazier's mother died when he was twelve years old.<ref name=ha1 /> He attended ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kenneth-frazier-born/|title=Kenneth Frazier born|website=African American Registry|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref> After graduating at age 16, he entered ].<ref name=hepp1 /> To make extra money in college, he raised tadpoles and newts and sold them to local stores.<ref name=dd />
On November 11, 2011, as a member of the Penn State board of trustees, the board selected Frazier as chairman of a commission empaneled to investigate a ] involving former assistant football coach ] and allegations of a cover up by university officials.<ref name=sisak1 />


After earning his B.A. from Penn State, Frazier enrolled at ] and graduated in 1978 with a J.D.<ref name="chen1" /><ref name="whitehouse2013sep18" />
Kenneth Frazier's commission retained the private law firm Freeh, Sporkin & Sullivan as "Special Investigative Counsel" who then hired Pepper Hamilton, legal counsel for Merck. The report, costing the university $6.5 million, was accepted and used as the basis for the NCAA sanctions against Penn State.<ref name=ps4rs1 /> Frazier was criticized by attorney William Cluck and other Penn State alumni for his role in the Penn State Board of Trustees' handling of the Jerry Sandusky scandal, particularly its decision to fire head football coach ].<ref name=thompson1 />


==Career==
===Racially-insensitive remarks===

On March 14, 2013, at a sub-committee meeting of the Penn State Board of Trustees, Frazier uttered what was considered to be a racially-insensitive remark at a candidate running for the Board of Trustees who criticized the Freeh narrative.<ref name=horne1 /><ref name=centredaily1 /> Frazier apologized for his remarks several days later.<ref name=centredaily2 />
===Drinker Biddle===
After graduating from Harvard, Frazier began his law career with ] in Philadelphia.<ref name=hepp1 /> In 1991, Esther F. Lardent, head of the Death Penalty Representation Project, asked Frazier to defend death-row inmate ].<ref name=ha1 /> Cochran had been arrested and accused of murdering an assistant manager at a Birmingham grocery store in 1976.<ref name=rogers1 /> Frazier, then a partner at Drinker Biddle, and two colleagues took the case.<ref name=dd /> In 1995, after 19 years on death row, the ] overturned Cochran's conviction. In 1997, Cochran was retried and found not guilty.<ref name=rogers1 /> Frazier continued to represent him after leaving Drinker Biddle. During Frazier's law career, he also took four summer sabbaticals to teach trial advocacy in South Africa.<ref name=chen1 />

===Merck & Co.===
] ] in January 2017]]
] ] and ] in March 2021]]
As a lawyer at Drinker Biddle, one of Frazier's clients was ], the second-largest drug company in the United States.<ref name=hepp1 /><ref name=dd /> In 1992, he joined Merck's public affairs division as general counsel.<ref name=hepp1 /><ref name=randall1 /> Frazier was named senior general counsel in 1999.<ref name=pierson1 /> As general counsel, he was credited with overseeing the company's defense against claims that the anti-inflammatory drug ] had caused heart attacks and strokes.<ref name=dd /><ref name=pierson1 /><ref name=koppel1 /> Analysts at the time estimated Merck's liability to range from 20 to 50 billion dollars.<ref name=dd3 /> Frazier said the case was "the most significant challenge ever faced."<ref name=dd /> He chose to fight all cases in court rather than settle them all quickly.<ref name=randall1 /> The remaining cases were settled in 2007 for $4.85 billion.<ref name=pierson1 />

In 2006, Frazier was promoted to executive vice president in addition to his role as general counsel.<ref name=pierson1/> He led the company's largest group, Human Health, from 2007 until he was named president of Merck in April 2010.<ref name=hepp1 /><ref name=ap2010nov30 /> On January 1, 2011, he became CEO and a member of the company's board of directors, replacing former Merck CEO ].<ref name=hepp1 /><ref name=ap2010dec01 /> Frazier is the first African-American to lead a major pharmaceutical company.<ref name=ha1 />

As CEO, Frazier has directed the company to take financial risks in developing new treatments.<ref name=dd3 /> In 2013, he prioritized research funding over meeting the year's earnings target.<ref name=randall1 /> He has placed special emphasis on improving treatments for ]. Frazier's father died from Alzheimer's. Frazier has said he is also motivated at Merck by a desire to improve the lives of people in developing countries.<ref name=dd3 />

Frazier received a total compensation of $21,387,205 in 2014; $17,023,820 in 2015; and $21,781,200 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.salary.com/Kenneth-C-Frazier-Salary-Bonus-Stock-Options-for-MERCK-CO.html|title=Compensation Information for Kenneth C. Frazier, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of MERCK & CO {{!}} Salary.com|last=Salary.com|first=Site built by|website=Salary.com|access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=MRK&officerId=28240|title=Stock Quotes & Company News|website=Reuters|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-15|archive-date=2017-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824022530/https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=MRK&officerId=28240|url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 26, 2017, it was reported Frazier owned 600,304 shares of Merck stock worth approximately $37,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/MRK/holders?p=MRK|title=MRK Major Holders {{!}} Merck & Company, Inc. (new) Stock – Yahoo Finance|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref> Based on stock transactions at Merck alone and his tenure at the company, his net worth is in the hundreds of millions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/screener/insider/FRAZIER%20KENNETH%20C|title=Stock Screener – Yahoo Finance|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref> As of December 31, 2016, Mr. Frazier was eligible for early retirement subsidies under the Qualified Plan and SRP with a pension valued at $26,593,261.<ref>http://s21.q4cdn.com/488056881/files/doc_financials/2016/annual/MRK004_PXY_Bookmarked.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> In the "annual collaborative report" from Equilar and ], Frazier<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biopharmadive.com/news/biopharma-execs-have-big-presence-among-top-paid-ceos/399960/|title=Biopharma execs have big presence among top-paid CEOs|publisher=}}</ref> ranked 66th in the May 2015 list of "200 highest-paid CEOs of large publicly traded companies" and seventh in the list of biopharmaceutical executives with the highest total compensation.<ref name="biopharmadive_may_2015">{{citation |url=http://www.biopharmadive.com/news/biopharma-execs-have-big-presence-among-top-paid-ceos/399960/ |title=Biopharma execs have big presence among top-paid CEOs |first=Nicole |last=Gray |date=29 May 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |work=BioPharma Dive}}</ref>

In July 2016, Frazier sold 60,000 shares of the firm's stock. The stock was sold at an average price of $64.44.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=Teresa|title=Merck & Co. (MRK) CEO Kenneth C. Frazier Sells 60,000 Shares|url=http://www.thecerbatgem.com/merck-co-mrk-ceo-kenneth-c-frazier-sells-60000-shares/|website=The Cerbat Gem|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>
In the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively Frazier sold 787,792, 694,698 and 280,000 shares of the firm's stock with a total value at time of sale of $110.23 million. On February 4, 2021, Merck announced that Frazier would be retiring as president and CEO at the end of June, while remaining executive chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/merck-ceo-ken-frazier-stepping-down-32065051-87c2-4e2c-a15d-9d29a5e93fcc.html|title=Merck's Ken Frazier, one of just 4 Black CEOs in the Fortune 500, is stepping down}}</ref>

== Licensing litigation ==
{{POV|date=November 2017}}
Merck deceptively obtained the formula to ] over a conference call with ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-merck-gilead-20160608-snap-story.html|title=Big Pharma bombshell: Judge finds Merck lied in patent trial, overturns $200-million verdict|last=Hiltzik|first=Michael|date=2016-06-09|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-08-15|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merck-settlement-bristolmyers-idUSKBN1542VO|title=Merck, Bristol-Myers agree to settle Keytruda patent suit|date=2017-01-20|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref> In March 2004, Pharmasset was willing to reveal details of its formulas on the call because it was led to believe everyone on the call would be subject to the confidentiality agreement. But the participants included Merck patent attorney Phillippe Durette, who wasn't firewalled and was in a position to turn what he heard into a potential goldmine for Merck. Durette lied about being on the conference call under oath and then Merck's legal team advised him to blame it on poor memory. In a deposition, he repeatedly denied having been on the call. He recanted at trial only after he was confronted with notes taken by a Pharmasset employee during the call, proving that he had participated. At that point, he pleaded a faulty memory. Judge Freeman didn't buy it. "It is overwhelmingly clear...," she ruled, "that Dr. Durette sought at every turn to create the false impression that Merck's conduct was aboveboard." She blamed Merck, which she said "sponsored and encouraged" his conduct, then sought to minimize its importance by attributing the fiasco to "the failed memory of a retired employee." Federal Judge ] described the company's behavior as "systematic and outrageous deception in conjunction with unethical business practices and litigation misconduct." That conduct included "lying to Pharmasset, misusing Pharmasset's confidential information, breaching confidentiality and firewall agreements, and lying under oath at deposition and trial."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bol.bna.com/a-merck-lawyers-failed-memory-rings-hollow-judge-rules/|title=A Merck Lawyer's 'Failed Memory Rings Hollow,' Judge Rules|access-date=2017-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2017, Merck said it agreed to enter into a settlement and license agreement with ] and ] Co Ltd to resolve all global patent-infringement litigation related to its cancer drug, ]. Bristol and Ono, which co-developed the first PD-1 antibody called ], filed the suit against Merck in September 2014, alleging that its sale of Keytruda, also a PD-1 antibody, infringed their patents in markets including the United States, parts of Europe, Australia and Japan. Merck will make an initial payment of $625 million to Bristol and Japan's Ono. The company will also pay a 6.5-percent royalty rate on ] sales from January 2017 to December 2023, and a 2.5-percent rate for the subsequent three years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merck-settlement-bristolmyers-idUSKBN1542VO|title=Merck, Bristol-Myers agree to settle Keytruda patent suit|date=January 20, 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-15}}</ref> In the first two months of 2017, sales of Keytruda in the US jumped to roughly $260 million, an 80-percent increase compared with the same period the previous year, according to IMS, a data provider that tracks medicine sales.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crow |first=David |date=2017-04-03 |title=Merck's Keytruda cancer drug records sales surge |url=https://www.ft.com/content/86c84d7a-1621-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c?mhq5j=e1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2017-08-15 |website=Financial Times}}</ref>

==Other work==
Frazier currently serves on the board of directors of Merck (as executive chairman), the ], and Eikon Therapeutics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenneth C. Frazier |url=https://www.merck.com/leadership/kenneth-c-frazier/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Merck.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604201725/https://www.merck.com/leadership/kenneth-c-frazier/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Eikon Therapeutics Announces the Election of Kenneth C. Frazier to Its Board of Directors |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220331005316/en/Eikon-Therapeutics-Announces-the-Election-of-Kenneth-C.-Frazier-to-Its-Board-of-Directors |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> Previously, Frazier served on the board of ] from 2009 to 2022 and of the ] from 2011 to 2021. Frazier presently is a trustee of Cornerstone Christian Academy in Philadelphia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Honor of Visionary Leader, PhRMA Announces the Kenneth C. Frazier PhRMA Scholars Program |url=https://phrma.org/resource-center/Topics/Equity/In-Honor-of-Visionary-Leader-PhRMA-Announces-the--Kenneth-C-Frazier-PhRMA-Scholars-Program |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=phrma.org |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2011, the Pennsylvania State University board of trustees appointed Frazier (a trustee) to serve as chairman of a special committee investigation into the ] involving former assistant football coach ] and allegations of a cover up by university officials.<ref name="sisak1" /><ref>NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, Matthew Stanmyre, , (November 11, 2011).</ref> Frazier was criticized by ] attorney William Cluck for his handling of the Sandusky scandal, particularly its decision to rely on the Louis Freeh Report, which found emails suggesting that university leaders, including head football coach ], knew of reports of Sandusky's sex abuse but failed to report it. At a meeting, when Cluck questioned the Freeh report, Frazier directed a fiery criticism at Cluck and Paterno defenders,<ref name="thompson1" /><ref name="Dawson">Mike Dawson, , ''Centre Daily Times'' (March 15, 2013).</ref> saying, "I believe that we are entitled to look at the words and contemporaneous emails and other documents that draw the conclusions that we need to draw as a university. We are not subject to the criminal beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard If you cared about that, you are one of the few people in this country that looks like you who actually believes the ] was correct. The fact of the matter is, those documents say what they say, and no amount of hand-waving will ever change what those documents say."<ref name="Dawson" /> Frazier twice apologized for the outburst.<ref name="apology_2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.bkconnection.com/bkblog/john-kador/apology-of-the-week-penn-state-trustee-and-merck-ceo-kenneth-frazier-apologizes|title=Apology of the Week: Penn State Trustee and Merck & Co. CEO Kenneth Frazier Apologizes|work=BK Connection|date=March 22, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2015|author=Kador, John|archive-date=August 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814221620/https://www.bkconnection.com/bkblog/john-kador/apology-of-the-week-penn-state-trustee-and-merck-ceo-kenneth-frazier-apologizes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Frazier is a member of the ] and serves on its council. In May 2013, he delivered the keynote speech at the ALI Annual Dinner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDfalLJPYI4|title=Remarks by Kenneth C. Frazier at ALI Annual Dinner.|last=AmericanLawInstitute|date=24 May 2013|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

Frazier was a member of President Trump's ]. He resigned from the Council on August 14, 2017,<ref>{{cite web|title=CEOs of Under Armour, Intel & Merch quit Trump's manufacturing council|url=http://www.fox4now.com/news/national/under-armour-ceo-quits-trumps-manufacturing-council|website=fox4now.com|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 August 2017|date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> following the violent ] in Virginia. In a statement, Frazier said that he objected to Trump's statement that "many sides" were responsible for violence. Frazier stated, "America's leaders must honor our fundamental views by clearly rejecting expressions of hatred, bigotry and group supremacy, which run counter to the American ideal that all people are created equal."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/politics/trump-charlottesville-protest.html|title=Trump Attacks Merck Chief Kenneth Frazier for Quitting Advisory Panel|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 14, 2017|first=Glenn|last=Thrush}}</ref><ref>Andrew Ross Sorkin / nytimes.com 14 August 2017: (])</ref>

On June 1, 2020, Frazier gave an interview with ] addressing ] following the ], an unarmed black man who was murdered by the Minneapolis police. In the interview, he mentioned that it could have been him in that situation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lucas|first=Amelia|date=2020-06-01|title=Merck CEO Kenneth Frazier: George Floyd 'could be me'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/01/merck-ceo-george-floyd-could-be-me.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

In August 2020, Kenneth Frazier and his wife, Andréa Frazier donated $5 million to ] to work with ] on a new stroke initiative targeting African-American communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jefferson Receives $5 Million Gift to Create Stroke Initiative with Temple|url=https://giving.jefferson.edu/why-give/stories/donor-stories/frazier.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=giving.jefferson.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=$5M donation from Merck CEO, wife to support stroke care at Jefferson Health|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/5m-donation-from-merck-ceo-wife-to-support-stroke-care-at-jefferson-health.html#:~:text=Philadelphia-based%20Jefferson%20Health%20has,interior%20design%20firm%20Frazier%20Designs.|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.beckershospitalreview.com| date=2 September 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|refs= {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=ha1>{{cite news | last=Rice | first=Lewis I. | url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/bulletin/2011/summer/feature_1.php | title=A Dose of Optimism | newspaper=Harvard Law Bulletin | date=Summer 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name=hepp1> Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 2010</ref>
<ref name=chen1>{{cite news|last=Chen|first=Vivia|title=Master of the Game|date=February 13, 2002|newspaper=The Minority Law Journal|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=900005528627&Master_of_the_Game|url-access=registration }}</ref>
<ref name=abcnews1> ABC News, November 30, 2010 {{Dead link |date=February 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=hepp1>{{cite news|last=Hepp|first=Christopher K.|title=New Merck CEO Kenneth C. Frazier has Philadelphia roots|date=December 1, 2010|newspaper=Philadelphia Inquirer|url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/business/20101201_New_Merck_CEO_Kenneth_C__Frazier_has_Philadelphia_roots.html}}</ref>
<ref name=koppel1> Wall Street Journal / Law Blog, November 30, 2010</ref>
<ref name=ap2012dec01> BusinessWeek, December 1, 2010</ref> <ref name=dd>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-30/merck-board-elects-kenneth-c-frazier-as-next-ceo.html | title=Merck New CEO Frazier Vows Innovation, Wider Markets | publisher=Bloomberg | date=November 30, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=whitehouse2013sep18>{{cite news|title=President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/18/president-obama-announces-more-key-administration-posts|date=September 18, 2013|via=]|work=]|agency=The White House}}</ref>
<ref name=sisak1> The Citizens' Voice, November 11, 2011</ref>
<ref name=rogers1>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Lisa|title=Cochran continues to inspire|date=March 26, 2005|newspaper=Gadsden Times|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KG4vAAAAIBAJ&pg=2017,2620717|page=B1}}</ref>
<ref name=ps4rs1>http://ps4rs.org/docs/PS4RS%20Review%20of%20Freeh%20Report.pdf</ref>
<ref name=ap2010nov30>{{cite news|title=Biographical Info on Merck CEO-Elect Frazier|date=November 30, 2010|newspaper=Yahoo News|agency=Associated Press|url=https://news.yahoo.com/biographical-merck-ceo-elect-frazier.html}}</ref>
<ref name=thompson1>http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2013/03/penn_state_trustee_ken_frazier.html#incart_m-rpt-2</ref>
<ref name=koppel1>{{cite news|last=Koppel|first=Nathan|title=Another Lawyer Done Good: Merck Names Frazier CEO|date=November 30, 2010|newspaper=Wall Street Journal / Law Blog|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/11/30/another-lawyer-done-good-merck-names-frazier-ceo/}}</ref>
<ref name=horne1> Onward State, March 15, 2013</ref>
<ref name=sisak1>{{cite news|last=Sisak|first=Michael R.|title=Committee promises thorough investigation of sex abuse at PSU|date=November 11, 2011|newspaper=The Citizens' Voice|url=http://citizensvoice.com/committee-promises-thorough-investigation-of-sex-abuse-at-psu-1.1231277}}</ref>
<ref name=centredaily1> Centre Daily Times, March 16, 2013</ref>
<ref name=thompson1>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Charles|title=Penn State trustee Ken Frazier fires back at Freeh Report critics|date=March 14, 2013|newspaper=The Patriot-News / PennLive|url=http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2013/03/penn_state_trustee_ken_frazier.html}}</ref>
<ref name=centredaily2> Centre Daily Times, March 18, 2013</ref>
<ref name=randall1>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_18/b4226025282865.htm#p1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430091655/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_18/b4226025282865.htm#p1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 30, 2011 | title=Merck's Risky Bet on Research | work=Bloomberg Businessweek | last=Randall | first=Tom | date=March 21, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=pierson1>{{cite news|last1=Pierson|first1=Ransdell|last2=Krauskopf|first2=Lewis|title=Merck elevates Frazier to succeed Clark as CEO|work=Reuters|date=November 30, 2010|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merck-idUSTRE6AT2BU20101130}}</ref>
<ref name=dd3>{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ceo-risks-key-merck-succeed-help-patients |title=CEO: Risks Key for Merck to Succeed, Help Patients |agency=Associated Press |last=Johnson |first=Linda A. |date=March 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221034802/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ceo-risks-key-merck-succeed-help-patients |archive-date=February 21, 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name=ap2010dec01>{{cite news|title=Merck's CEO to get $1.5 million yearly, incentives |date=December 1, 2010 |newspaper=BusinessWeek |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9JR3ROO2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025170141/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9JR3ROO2.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2012 }}</ref>
}} }}


==External links==
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Frazier, Kenneth}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frazier, Kenneth}}
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American business executive "Ken Frazier" redirects here. For the science writer, see Kendrick Frazier.
Kenneth Frazier
BornKenneth Carleton Frazier
(1954-12-17) December 17, 1954 (age 70)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
EducationPennsylvania State University, University Park (BA)
Harvard University (JD)
Occupation(s)Executive chairman, Merck & Co.

Kenneth Carleton Frazier (born December 17, 1954) is an American business executive. He is executive chairman and former CEO of the pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. (known as MSD outside of North America). After joining Merck & Co. as general counsel, he directed the company's defense against litigation over the anti-inflammatory drug Vioxx. Frazier is the first African American man to lead a major pharmaceutical company (part of the Fortune 500 companies). He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.

Frazier was included in Time's list of the most influential people in the world in 2018 and 2021.

Early life and education

Kenneth Frazier was born on December 17, 1954, in North Philadelphia. His father, Otis, was a janitor. Frazier has said Thurgood Marshall was one of his heroes growing up. Frazier's mother died when he was twelve years old. He attended Julia R. Masterman School and Northeast High School. After graduating at age 16, he entered Pennsylvania State University. To make extra money in college, he raised tadpoles and newts and sold them to local stores.

After earning his B.A. from Penn State, Frazier enrolled at Harvard Law School and graduated in 1978 with a J.D.

Career

Drinker Biddle

After graduating from Harvard, Frazier began his law career with Drinker Biddle & Reath in Philadelphia. In 1991, Esther F. Lardent, head of the Death Penalty Representation Project, asked Frazier to defend death-row inmate James Willie "Bo" Cochran. Cochran had been arrested and accused of murdering an assistant manager at a Birmingham grocery store in 1976. Frazier, then a partner at Drinker Biddle, and two colleagues took the case. In 1995, after 19 years on death row, the United States Courts of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit overturned Cochran's conviction. In 1997, Cochran was retried and found not guilty. Frazier continued to represent him after leaving Drinker Biddle. During Frazier's law career, he also took four summer sabbaticals to teach trial advocacy in South Africa.

Merck & Co.

Frazier meets with President Donald Trump in January 2017
Frazier at an event with President Joe Biden and Alex Gorsky in March 2021

As a lawyer at Drinker Biddle, one of Frazier's clients was Merck & Co., the second-largest drug company in the United States. In 1992, he joined Merck's public affairs division as general counsel. Frazier was named senior general counsel in 1999. As general counsel, he was credited with overseeing the company's defense against claims that the anti-inflammatory drug Vioxx had caused heart attacks and strokes. Analysts at the time estimated Merck's liability to range from 20 to 50 billion dollars. Frazier said the case was "the most significant challenge ever faced." He chose to fight all cases in court rather than settle them all quickly. The remaining cases were settled in 2007 for $4.85 billion.

In 2006, Frazier was promoted to executive vice president in addition to his role as general counsel. He led the company's largest group, Human Health, from 2007 until he was named president of Merck in April 2010. On January 1, 2011, he became CEO and a member of the company's board of directors, replacing former Merck CEO Richard Clark. Frazier is the first African-American to lead a major pharmaceutical company.

As CEO, Frazier has directed the company to take financial risks in developing new treatments. In 2013, he prioritized research funding over meeting the year's earnings target. He has placed special emphasis on improving treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Frazier's father died from Alzheimer's. Frazier has said he is also motivated at Merck by a desire to improve the lives of people in developing countries.

Frazier received a total compensation of $21,387,205 in 2014; $17,023,820 in 2015; and $21,781,200 in 2016. On February 26, 2017, it was reported Frazier owned 600,304 shares of Merck stock worth approximately $37,000,000. Based on stock transactions at Merck alone and his tenure at the company, his net worth is in the hundreds of millions. As of December 31, 2016, Mr. Frazier was eligible for early retirement subsidies under the Qualified Plan and SRP with a pension valued at $26,593,261. In the "annual collaborative report" from Equilar and The New York Times, Frazier ranked 66th in the May 2015 list of "200 highest-paid CEOs of large publicly traded companies" and seventh in the list of biopharmaceutical executives with the highest total compensation.

In July 2016, Frazier sold 60,000 shares of the firm's stock. The stock was sold at an average price of $64.44. In the years 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively Frazier sold 787,792, 694,698 and 280,000 shares of the firm's stock with a total value at time of sale of $110.23 million. On February 4, 2021, Merck announced that Frazier would be retiring as president and CEO at the end of June, while remaining executive chairman.

Licensing litigation

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Merck deceptively obtained the formula to Sovaldi over a conference call with Pharmasset. In March 2004, Pharmasset was willing to reveal details of its formulas on the call because it was led to believe everyone on the call would be subject to the confidentiality agreement. But the participants included Merck patent attorney Phillippe Durette, who wasn't firewalled and was in a position to turn what he heard into a potential goldmine for Merck. Durette lied about being on the conference call under oath and then Merck's legal team advised him to blame it on poor memory. In a deposition, he repeatedly denied having been on the call. He recanted at trial only after he was confronted with notes taken by a Pharmasset employee during the call, proving that he had participated. At that point, he pleaded a faulty memory. Judge Freeman didn't buy it. "It is overwhelmingly clear...," she ruled, "that Dr. Durette sought at every turn to create the false impression that Merck's conduct was aboveboard." She blamed Merck, which she said "sponsored and encouraged" his conduct, then sought to minimize its importance by attributing the fiasco to "the failed memory of a retired employee." Federal Judge Beth Labson Freeman described the company's behavior as "systematic and outrageous deception in conjunction with unethical business practices and litigation misconduct." That conduct included "lying to Pharmasset, misusing Pharmasset's confidential information, breaching confidentiality and firewall agreements, and lying under oath at deposition and trial."

In 2017, Merck said it agreed to enter into a settlement and license agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb Co and Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd to resolve all global patent-infringement litigation related to its cancer drug, Keytruda. Bristol and Ono, which co-developed the first PD-1 antibody called Opdivo, filed the suit against Merck in September 2014, alleging that its sale of Keytruda, also a PD-1 antibody, infringed their patents in markets including the United States, parts of Europe, Australia and Japan. Merck will make an initial payment of $625 million to Bristol and Japan's Ono. The company will also pay a 6.5-percent royalty rate on Keytruda sales from January 2017 to December 2023, and a 2.5-percent rate for the subsequent three years. In the first two months of 2017, sales of Keytruda in the US jumped to roughly $260 million, an 80-percent increase compared with the same period the previous year, according to IMS, a data provider that tracks medicine sales.

Other work

Frazier currently serves on the board of directors of Merck (as executive chairman), the National Constitution Center, and Eikon Therapeutics. Previously, Frazier served on the board of ExxonMobil from 2009 to 2022 and of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America from 2011 to 2021. Frazier presently is a trustee of Cornerstone Christian Academy in Philadelphia.

In November 2011, the Pennsylvania State University board of trustees appointed Frazier (a trustee) to serve as chairman of a special committee investigation into the child sex abuse scandal involving former assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky and allegations of a cover up by university officials. Frazier was criticized by Harrisburg attorney William Cluck for his handling of the Sandusky scandal, particularly its decision to rely on the Louis Freeh Report, which found emails suggesting that university leaders, including head football coach Joe Paterno, knew of reports of Sandusky's sex abuse but failed to report it. At a meeting, when Cluck questioned the Freeh report, Frazier directed a fiery criticism at Cluck and Paterno defenders, saying, "I believe that we are entitled to look at the words and contemporaneous emails and other documents that draw the conclusions that we need to draw as a university. We are not subject to the criminal beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard If you cared about that, you are one of the few people in this country that looks like you who actually believes the O.J. Simpson not guilty verdict was correct. The fact of the matter is, those documents say what they say, and no amount of hand-waving will ever change what those documents say." Frazier twice apologized for the outburst.

Frazier is a member of the American Law Institute and serves on its council. In May 2013, he delivered the keynote speech at the ALI Annual Dinner.

Frazier was a member of President Trump's American Manufacturing Council. He resigned from the Council on August 14, 2017, following the violent 2017 Unite the Right rally in Virginia. In a statement, Frazier said that he objected to Trump's statement that "many sides" were responsible for violence. Frazier stated, "America's leaders must honor our fundamental views by clearly rejecting expressions of hatred, bigotry and group supremacy, which run counter to the American ideal that all people are created equal."

On June 1, 2020, Frazier gave an interview with CNBC Squawk Box addressing racial tensions and violence following the murder of George Floyd, an unarmed black man who was murdered by the Minneapolis police. In the interview, he mentioned that it could have been him in that situation.

In August 2020, Kenneth Frazier and his wife, Andréa Frazier donated $5 million to Jefferson Health to work with Temple University on a new stroke initiative targeting African-American communities.

See also

References

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  5. ^ Rice, Lewis I. (Summer 2011). "A Dose of Optimism". Harvard Law Bulletin.
  6. ^ Chen, Vivia (February 13, 2002). "Master of the Game". The Minority Law Journal.
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  8. "Kenneth Frazier born". African American Registry. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
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  10. "President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts". whitehouse.gov. The White House. September 18, 2013 – via National Archives.
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