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#REDIRECT ] |
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'''This article is being considered for deletion''' in accordance with Misplaced Pages's ].<br /> |
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There is a discussion at ''']''' on the ] page.<br /> |
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Feel free to edit the article, but please do not blank it or remove this notice during the discussion. More information, particularly on merging or moving the article, is in the ].<br/> |
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<small>If you created the article, please don't take offense. Instead, join the discussion and consider editing the article so that the ] does not apply.</small><br/>{{Afd-list}}</div>{{{category|]}}}</div> |
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{{mergefrom|Israeli apartheid (phrase)}} |
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{{mergefrom|Hafrada)}} |
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{{mergeto|Racial segregation}} |
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Arguments are sometimes made that the past or present actions of other nations are analogous to ], or constitute apartheid under the definition adopted in ]. The following are examples of use of the word ''Apartheid'' as a term used either rhetorically for polemic effect, in reference to the original racial discrimination laws properly called "Apartheid", formerly used in ] and ], or as a concept under international law or political theory. <!-- Adding explanation of the scope of this article. It appears to not set out to actually cite actual instances of racial discrimation laws. where is apartheid defined in international law? --> |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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== Australia == |
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{{R from less specific name}} |
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While there is no existing ]n government policy that segregates ], their poor socio-economic conditions typically leave them somewhat segregated from the rest of Australian society. This situation has led a number of commentators and civil rights groups to characterize the situation as Apartheid. In fact, Australia's government policies are viewed by some as the original impetus for the Apartheid system in South Africa. |
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{{R from move}} |
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{{R from short name}} |
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== Muslims in France == |
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{{R with history}} |
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]s in ] have recently been accused of apartheid due to their unwillingness to integrate into the French society. Many Muslim quarters in France are no-go areas for non-Muslims, and even the police avoids them. An internal security agency in France reported in 2004 that 300 communities across the country were marked by ], ], and violence, coupled with hatred of France and the ]. Some Muslims are already calling for the imposition of ] in predominantly Muslim districts; in some areas, they have imposed Islamic dress, chase away French shopkeepers selling pork and alcohol, and shut down cinemas on the basis that they are "places of sin". |
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{{R unprintworthy}} |
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}} |
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== Malaysia == |
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Malaysia has an ] which distinctly segregates the ]s and other indigeneous peoples of Malaysia from the non-Malays, or ] under the ], giving them special rights and privileges. This includes government-sponsored discounts and requiring even the ] of the economy to preferentially treat bumiputras with economic priveleges and penalising companies who do not have a certain quota of bumiputra in employment. Furthermore, any discussion of abolishing the article is prohibited with the justification that it is ]. This form of state-sponsored racial segregation is claimed as apartheid to opponents of the article. Supporters of the policy maintain that this is ] for the bumiputra who had suffered during the colonial era of the ], using the concept of the ] that Malaysia belongs to the Malays. |
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==Saudi Arabia== |
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]'s practices against women have been referred to as "]" and "sexual apartheid". Saudi Arabia's treatment of religious minorities has also been described as "apartheid". |
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Until ], ], the official government ] stated that ]s were forbidden from entering the country. |
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==Israel== |
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{{main|Israeli apartheid (phrase)}} |
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]i apartheid (or calling Israel an apartheid state) is a controversial phrase used by some critics to describe the country's policies towards the ] and ] populations. Critics of the phrase see it as a political epithet and do not consider Israel's practices to be comparable to the actions of the apartheid-era South African government towards its Black and mixed-race populations, and regard the phrase as misleading ]. |
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==United States== |
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{{main|Racial segregation in the United States}} |
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{{mergeto|Racial segregation in the United States}} |
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{{NPOV-section}} |
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===National issues=== |
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In the early 20th century, it was popular belief that the presence of "blacks" in a neighborhood would bring down property values. As a result, the US Government created a policy to segregate the country which involved making low-interest mortgages available to white civilian families through the ] and white military families through ] Housing Loans. Black families were denied these loans because the planners behind this initiative took maps and labelled every black area in the country "in decline". The rules for loans did not say that "black families cannot get loans" it said people from "areas in decline" cannot get loans. This meant there was no actual wording for the segregation, however it was clearly successful. Most suburbs are 70% or more homogenously white. Urban areas are largely black/minority. |
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In addition to encouraging white families to move to suburbs by giving them loans, the government savagely uprooted many established African American communities by building elevated highways through their neighborhoods. In order to build a highway, tens of thousands of single family homes were destroyed. Because these properties were summarily declared to be "in decline", families were given pittance for their property, and were forced into "the projects". In order to build the towering monstrosities, even more houses were demolished. |
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] |
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From: The Interstates and the Cities: Highways, Housing, and the Freeway Revolt, Professor Mohl, University of Alabama at Birmingham |
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"When policy makers and highway engineers determined that the new interstate highway system should penetrate to the heart of the central cities, they made a fateful decision, but also a purposeful one. Indeed, the interstate system's urban expressways, or freeways, not only penetrated the cities but they ripped through residential neighborhoods and leveled wide swaths of urban territory, ostensibly to facilitate automobility. In retrospect, it now seems apparent that public officials and policy makers, especially at the state and local level, used expressway construction to destroy low-income and especially black neighborhoods in an effort to reshape the physical and racial landscapes of the postwar American city." |
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In sum total, a half-century of government-enforced segregation had left African American communities poor, and without 'wealth creation mechanisms'. Following two families, one white and the other black from 1940 til today, the following would be true: |
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*The white family would get a loan to move out of the mixed city into an all-white suburb. They would purchase a house. The house would represent a wealth-creation mechanism. Every time they added a bedroom, painted the side, added a garage, or otherwise invested in their property, the value would appreciate. Their children would be able to go to school because the family could take out a mortgage on the wealth generated by their house. Because local primary and secondary schools were paid for through property taxes, the rising wealth of the community would make it easier to invest in their children's education. |
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*The black family would be trapped in what was once a mixed city. In addition to the original, established, African American community, there would be an influx of African Americans from the South, as well as persons of Mexican, Caribbean, and Latin American origin. The members of the black family would have to compete against these new communities for jobs. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, City, State, and Federal governments would likely decide that the neighborhood that the family lived in was no longer worth keeping, and demolish their house. In the process, they would lose any money they invested in their home. They would then be put in public housing. Instead of owning their own property, they become wards of the state, locked in a tower, bounded by elevated highways that allow white families from the suburbs to come into the city to work. Without property, they cannot get a mortgage, and cannot afford to send their children to college. The neighborhood schools malfunction because property taxes cannot raise enough money to maintain the school. |
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Almost 70 years later, the white family would have a house in the suburbs worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, and the black family would be locked in a public housing tower in a city. |
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From done by the ]: |
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The mean and median value of per family net worth (including home equity) increased from $219,000 in 1999 to $248900 in 2001, while the corresponding median value changed from $53,100 to $63,000. As indicated in Tables 2- |
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3, both African -Americans and white families benefited from the rise in the net wealth. However, the mean and median wealth for African -American families ($59,100 and $7,500 respectively) still remained disappointingly low when compared to that of white families ( $291,800 and $95,000 respectively). |
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More recently, the disparity between the racial composition of inmates in the American prison system has led to claims that the U.S. Justice system furthers a "new apartheid". |
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===Issues in the South=== |
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] was the law in parts of the ] until the ]. These laws became known as ] and were similar to apartheid legislation in the forced segregation of facilities and services to [[Black (people)| |
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black]] and ], and prohibition of intermarriage. Some similarities between the situation in the Southern United States and South Africa were: |
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* The races were kept separate, with separate schools, hotels, bars, hospitals, toilets, parks, even telephone booths, and separate sections in libraries, cinemas, and restaurants, the latter often with separate ticket windows and counters. (See .) |
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* Laws prohibiting interracial sex and marriage (miscegenation) were passed between ] and ] in eleven southern states |
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* The voting rights of blacks were systematically restricted or denied through suffrage laws, such as the introduction of ] and ]. Loopholes, such as the ] and the understanding clause protected the voting rights of white people who were unable to pay the tax or pass the literacy test. Only whites could vote in the [[Democratic Party (United States)| |
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Democratic Party]] primary contests. |
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Some differences were: |
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* In the United States after the ] (] - ]), there was never a class of blacks who were not citizens (although it is certain that most were treated as second class citizens); |
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* There were no "homelands" in the United States (although some areas were informally designated black neighbourhoods, and as such were under-resourced and stigmatized), and families were not separated as they were in South Africa by not allowing men to bring their families with them to the areas where they worked. |
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* Blacks are a minority in the United States, but a majority in South Africa. |
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* In South Africa, voting rights were denied to blacks outright, by denying them citizenship. In the United States, denial of voting rights was enforced by local custom, by ] and other forms of violence, or by poll taxes and selective enforcement of literacy requirements as described above. |
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The term ], meaning not only mass killing of a group but the intention to destroy a group of people, and is often used to describe ]. The ] were designed to disempower ]s and characterised them as an inferior race, just as the ] deemed Jewish people. The ] justified and perpetuated the use of lynchings against African Americans, particularly by groups such as the ]. |
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The ] (CRC) made a ] presentation on ] to the ] entitled "We Charge Genocide," which argued that the ], by its failure to act to curb the lynchings, was guilty of ] under Article II of the ]. |
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===Issues in the North=== |
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{{sect-stub}} |
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While it is commonly thought that segregation was a southern phenomenon, segregation was also to be found in "the North". The ] suburb of ] for example, was made famous when Civil Rights advocate Rev. ] led a march advocating open (race-unbiased) housing. |
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==See also== |
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*] |
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*] |
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*] |
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