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{{Short description|1995 murder in Tel Aviv, Israel}} | |||
] and ] City Hall during the day.]] | |||
{{pp-extended|small=yes}} | |||
The '''assassination of Yitzhak Rabin''' took place on ] ] at 21:30, at the end of a ] in support of the ] at the ] in ]. | |||
{{Infobox civilian attack | |||
| title = Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin | |||
| image = RabinSquare.jpg | |||
| caption = Site of the rally before the assassination: ]) with ] in the background. | |||
| location = ], Israel | |||
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|04|54.8|N|34|46|51.4|E|region:IL-TA_type:event_scale:50000|display=inline,title}} | |||
| target = ] | |||
| date = November 4, 1995 | |||
| time = 9:30 p.m. | |||
| timezone = ] | |||
| type = Shooting | |||
| weapons = ] ] | |||
| fatalities = Yitzhak Rabin | |||
| injuries = Yoram Rubin | |||
| perp = ] | |||
| motive = Rabin signing the ] | |||
| convictions = ], ], ]{{Infobox event | |||
| title = <br> | |||
| child = yes | |||
| sentence = ], plus 14 years}} | |||
}} | |||
{{Yitzhak Rabin series}} | |||
The '''assassination of Yitzhak Rabin''', the fifth ], took place on 4 November 1995 (12 ] 5756 on the ]) at 21:30, at the end of a ] in support of the ] at the ] in ]. The assailant was ], an Israeli law student and ] who radically opposed prime minister ]'s peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords. | |||
==Background== | |||
== The assassination == | |||
The assassination of ] ] came immediately after an anti-violence rally in support of the ].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Rabin: His Life, Our Legacy|last = Rabin|first = Leah|publisher = G.P. Putnam's Sons|year = 1997|isbn = 0-399-14217-7|pages = |url = https://archive.org/details/rabinourlifehisl00rabi/page/7}}</ref> | |||
] that the assassination represents]] | |||
] and ]'s grave on ]]] | |||
After the rally, Rabin walked to the open door of his car, and three shots were fired towards ], then ], who did not wear a ]. | |||
Before the rally, Rabin was disparaged personally by right-wing conservatives and ] leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the ] and a capitulation to Israel's enemies.<ref name="Newton p450">{{cite book |last=Newton |first=Michael |title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2 |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61-069285-4 |page=450 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ&q=yitzhak+rabin |chapter=Rabin, Yitzhak}}</ref><ref name="Tucker">{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Ernest |title=The Middle East in Modern World History |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31-550823-8 |pages=331–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQo3DAAAQBAJ&q=%22removed+from+jewish+tradition%22 }}</ref> | |||
The assassin ], a right-wing radical who had strenuously opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords, was caught and arrested immediately with his weapon, a ] 84F semi-automatic pistol in .380 ACP caliber (serial number D98231Y).. Amir also shot ], a security guard, with a third bullet that missed the Israeli prime minister. | |||
National religious conservatives and Likud party leaders believed that withdrawing from any "Jewish" land was ].<ref name="Shain">{{cite book |last=Shain |first=Yossi |title=Kinship & Diasporas in International Affairs |date=2007 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor. |isbn=978-0-47-209910-8 |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD1xQ5dih18C&q=rabin+assassination |quote=Religious ultranationalists saw Rabin's willingness to trade Jewish land for peace with the Palestinians as a sin against divine law.}}</ref> The Likud leader and future prime minister, ], accused Rabin's government of being "removed from Jewish tradition and Jewish values".{{refn|name=Newton p450}}{{refn|name=Tucker}} Right-wing rabbis associated with the settlers' movement prohibited territorial concessions to the Palestinians and forbade soldiers in the ] from evacuating Jewish settlers under the accords.<ref name="Seliktar">{{cite book |last=Seliktar |first=Ofira |title=Doomed to Failure?: The Politics and Intelligence of the Oslo Peace Process |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-0-31-336617-8 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26o_Qwy-KLkC&q=din+rodef}}</ref><ref name="Pedahzur & Perliger">{{cite book |last1=Pedahzur |first1=Ami |last2=Perliger |first2=Arie |title=Jewish Terrorism in Israel |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-23-115446-8 |pages=–101 |url=https://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda |url-access=registration |quote=rabin din rodef din moser. }}</ref> Some rabbis proclaimed '']'', based on a traditional Jewish law of self-defense, against Rabin personally, arguing that the Oslo Accords would endanger Jewish lives.{{refn|name=Seliktar}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Thiel |first=Markus |title=The 'Militant Democracy' Principle in Modern Democracies |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31-702403-3 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N-CXCwAAQBAJ&q=%22din+rodef%22 }}</ref> | |||
Rabin was rushed to the ], where he died from his wounds after 40 minutes. Rabin's bureau chief, ], announced outside the gates of the hospital that Rabin died. | |||
Rallies organized by Likud and other right-wing groups featured depictions of Rabin in a Nazi ] uniform, or in the crosshairs of a gun.{{refn|name=Newton p450}}{{refn|name=Tucker}} Protesters compared the Labor party to the Nazis and Rabin to ]{{refn|name=Seliktar}} and chanted, "Rabin is a murderer" and "Rabin is a traitor".<ref name= "Aronoff p58">{{cite book |last=Aronoff |first=Yael |title=The Political Psychology of Israeli Prime Ministers: When Hard-Liners Opt for Peace |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-10-703838-7 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoWYAwAAQBAJ&q=rabin+assassination }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Caspit |first=Ben |title=The Netanyahu Years |date=2017 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-25-008705-8 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2glDwAAQBAJ&q=gillon+rabin }}</ref> In July 1995, Netanyahu led a mock funeral procession featuring a coffin and hangman's noose at an anti-Rabin rally where protesters chanted, "Death to Rabin".{{sfnp|Aronoff|2014|p=57}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caspit |first1=Ben |last2=Kafir |first2=Ilan |title=Netanyahu: The Road to Power |date=1998 |publisher=Carol |location=Secaucus, N.J. |isbn=978-1-55-972453-1 |page=232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XUwAQAAIAAJ&q=rabin+coffin }}</ref> The chief of internal security, ], then alerted Netanyahu of a plot on Rabin's life and asked him to moderate the protests' rhetoric, which Netanyahu declined to do.{{refn|name=Aronoff p58}}{{sfnp|Caspit|2017|pp=120–121}} Netanyahu denied any intention to incite violence.{{refn|name=Newton p450}}{{refn|name=Tucker}}<ref>Smith, Charles D. ''Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A History with Documents'', {{ISBN|0-312-43736-6}}, pp. 464, 466.</ref> | |||
Rabin was buried at the ] cemetery for Israeli leaders, in Jerusalem. The funeral was attended by approximately 80 heads of state, among them the presidents of the United States, Egypt and the King of Jordan. The eulogies by ], with the Hebrew text "Shalom Chaver" (Peace/Goodbye friend), and the moving words by Rabin's granddaughter Noa Ben Artzi left a special impression. | |||
Rabin dismissed such protests or labeled them '']''.{{refn|name=Newton p450}} According to Gillon, Rabin refused his requests to wear a bulletproof vest and preferred not to use the armored car purchased for him.<ref>{{cite book |last=Enderlin |first=Charles |title=Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995–2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Other Press |location=New York|isbn=978-1-59-051060-5 |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/shattereddreams00char_0|url-access=registration |quote=gilon rabin. }}</ref> Left-wing supporters organized pro-peace rallies in support of the Oslo Accords. It was after one such gathering in Tel Aviv that the assassination took place.{{refn|name=Tucker}} | |||
The assassination led to the the resignation of ] chief ], who was abroad when the murder took place. Later Gillon commented that: ''Unfortunately, the bodyguards didn't respond as they were taught to do. They failed by not shooting him on the spot like a dog, like any other despicable terrorist.'' | |||
===Yigal Amir and ''din rodef''=== | |||
== Reactions == | |||
] | |||
The perpetrator was Yigal Amir, a 25-year-old former ] student and ] law student at ]. Amir had strenuously opposed Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements". Amir had come to believe that Rabin was a '']'', meaning a "pursuer" who endangered Jewish lives. The concept of ''din rodef'' ("law of the pursuer") is a part of traditional Jewish law. Amir believed he would be justified under ''din rodef'' in removing Rabin as a threat to Jews in the territories.<ref>Smith, pp. 458, 468</ref> | |||
In the ]s, pamphlets debating the validity of applying ''din rodef'' and '']'' ("law of the informer") to Rabin and the Oslo Accords were distributed at synagogues. Both carried a death sentence according to traditional ] law.{{refn|name=Pedahzur & Perliger}} There was disagreement among religious Zionists as to whether Amir ever secured authorization from a rabbi to carry out the assassination of Rabin.{{sfnp|Pedahzur|Perliger|2009|p=106}} His father later said that in the months before the assassination, Amir repeatedly "said that the prime minister should be killed because a ''din rodef'' was issued against him".{{sfnp|Pedahzur|Perliger|2009|p=109}} During his later trial, Amir stated: "I acted according to ''din rodef''. ... It was not a personal act, I just wanted to be removed from his position".{{sfnp|Pedahzur|Perliger|2009|p=107}} | |||
The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin was a shock for most of the Israeli public, which held rallies and memorials near the place of the assassination, his home, the ] and the home of the assassin. | |||
For his radical activities, Yigal Amir had been brought under attention by the Israeli internal security service (]), but the organization only had information on Amir's attempt on creating an anti-Arab militia, not on comments regarding assassinating Rabin, which he openly stated to a number of people.{{sfnp|Ephron|2015|p=135}} Another incident describing Amir's comments to a fellow student about stating the ] prior to an earlier, aborted attempt on his life was ignored by the organization as "non-credible". The source refused to refer to Amir by name but instead described him as a "short Yemeni guy with curly hair".{{sfnp|Ephron|2015|pp=148–57}} | |||
Most of the right wing condemned the assassination, despite the vast differences in political views and the widespread disagreement with Rabin's policies, which the right felt both emboldened ]s and gave them a territorial stronghold within Israel. | |||
==Preceding rally== | |||
The funeral of Rabin was attended by many world leaders, among them ] president ], ]ian president ] and ]. | |||
In response to the intense street protests by right-wing opponents of the Oslo peace process, a coalition of left-wing parties and peace groups organized a rally in support of the peace process at ]'s ] on 4 November 1995. Rabin attended the rally, along with others such as ] ]. The rally attracted a crowd in excess of 100,000 people. In his remarks at the rally, Rabin declared, "I always believed that most of the people want peace and are ready to take a risk for it."<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 1995 |title=Rabin assassinated at peace rally |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="BBF1">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Derek |last2=Black |first2=Ian |last3=Freedland |first3=Jonathan |date=6 November 1995 |title=Israel's Yitzhak Rabin assassinated at peace rally |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/06/yitzhak-rabin-assassinated-at-peace-rally-israel-1995 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Schmemann |first1=Serge |title=Assassination in Israel: The Overview; Rabin Slain After Peace Rally in Tel Aviv; Israeli Gunman Held; Says He Acted Alone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/world/assassination-israel-overview-rabin-slain-after-peace-rally-tel-aviv-israeli.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=26 May 2022 |date=5 November 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kessel |first1=Jerrold |date=11 February 1996 |title=Israeli elections will test support for peace |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/israel_elex/02-11/index.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref> | |||
{{Gallery | |||
A national memorial day for Rabin is set on his death date, and the square in which he was assassinated was named after him, as well as many streets and public institutions. | |||
| title = | |||
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| height = 145 | |||
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| File:Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, 1995 Dan Hadani Archive.jpg | |||
| Rabin delivering his speech at the rally | |||
| File:Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, 1995 III Dan Hadani Archive.jpg | |||
| A portion of the crowd assembled at the rally | |||
| alt1= | |||
| File:Channel2 - Yitzhak Rabin.webm (cropped).jpg | |||
| Minister of Foreign Affairs ] (far left), singer ], and Prime Minister Rabin (far right) during the rally | |||
}} | |||
==Assassination== | |||
Today, Rabin is remembered by most as Israel's great man of peace, despite his military career. After his untimely death, Rabin was turned into a national symbol, especially for the Israeli left. There is some disagreement on the relation between his untimely death and the ensuing halt to the peace process and rise of the Israeli Right. | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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| image1 = Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, 1995 VI Dan Hadani Archive.jpg | |||
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| image2 = Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, 1995 VII Dan Hadani Archive.jpg | |||
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| footer_align = | |||
| footer = Members of the crowd of supporters that had gathered in Tel Aviv expressing grief upon learning of Rabin's death | |||
}} | |||
{{multiple image | |||
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| image1 = Assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, 1995 XIII Dan Hadani Archive.jpg | |||
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| image2 = Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - TEENAGERS LIGHTING MEMORIAL CANDLES AFTER HEARING OF THE ASSASSINATION OF P.M. YITZHAK RABIN.jpg | |||
| alt2 = | |||
| footer_align = | |||
| footer = ]s for Rabin in the square where the rally had been held | |||
}} | |||
After the rally, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards his car. As he entered the car, Amir approached the car from the rear and fired two shots at Rabin with a ] semi-automatic pistol. Rabin was hit in the abdomen and chest. Amir was immediately subdued by Rabin's bodyguards and police on the scene, and fired a third shot at bodyguard Yoram Rubin during the struggle, lightly wounding him. Amir was arrested on the scene with the murder weapon. He was taken to a police station a few blocks away.<ref name="tam">Barak T: {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724013304/http://tam.co.il/28_10_2005/magazin1.htm |date=2008-07-24 }}. ''Tel Aviv Newspaper'' {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>Perry D: ''Israel and the Quest for Permanence'', p. 216.</ref><ref name=thisamericanlife>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisamericanlife.org/570/transcript|title=570: The Night In Question|date=December 14, 2017|website=This American Life}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/31/night-yitzhak-rabin-was-assassinated|title='I did it! Now bring me schnapps!' How Rabin's assassin greeted news that Israel's champion of peace was dead|first=Dan|last=Ephron|date=October 31, 2015a|website=the Guardian}}</ref> | |||
== Israeli and pre-state political assassinations == | |||
Yoram Rubin attempted to get Rabin in the car but Rabin's body was "limp and heavy".<ref name=Ephron>{{cite book |last=Ephron |first=Dan |title=Killing a King: The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the Remaking of Israel |date=2015 |page=175 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co. |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-24210-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2udwBgAAQBAJ}}</ref> Another of Rabin's bodyguards, Shai Glaser, helped put Rabin in the backseat of the car. The driver, Menachem Damati, was ordered to proceed to Ichilov Hospital at the ], a short drive away. Damati became disoriented by the hysteria of the shooting and the crowds that lined the streets, and as a result lost his bearing. Rabin, who was bleeding heavily, was initially conscious and said that he thought he'd been hurt but not too badly before passing out.<ref name="Ephron176"/> Damati drove frantically trying to find the hospital, running red lights and swerving to avoid pedestrians. When he spotted a police officer, Pinchas Terem, he ordered him to get in the vehicle and direct him to the hospital. Two minutes later at 9:52 pm, some ten minutes after the shooting, the car arrived at Ichilov Hospital.<ref name="Ephron176">{{harvnb|Ephron|2015|p=176}}</ref> | |||
Yitzhak Rabin's assassination was not the first nor the last time that a ]ish leader had been shot in the midst of political controversies and upheavals during the history before and after the establishment of the State of Israel: | |||
At this time, Rabin was not breathing and had no pulse. Doctors performed an initial examination, attached Rabin to an ], and drained the air that had seeped into his right chest cavity with a tube inserted into his ribcage. After the air was drained from Rabin's chest, his pulse reappeared.<ref name="Ephron176"/> He then underwent surgery. Meanwhile, cabinet ministers, military officers, security officials, and family members of Rabin arrived at the hospital, as did Rabin's Chief of Staff ]. After Israeli media reported the shooting, a crowd of spectators and journalists began to gather in front of the hospital. At one point, the doctors managed to briefly stabilize his vital signs, and after being informed, Haber told a high-ranking Defense Ministry official to begin preparations for setting up a makeshift office at the hospital with telephones and fax lines to enable Rabin to continue his work as Prime Minister while recuperating. However, Rabin's condition rapidly deteriorated again. After his heart stopped, a surgeon carried out a cardiac massage in a last-ditch attempt to save him. At 11:02 pm, one hour and thirty-two minutes after the shooting, doctors gave up their efforts to revive Rabin and pronounced him dead.<ref name="Ephron178">{{harvnb|Ephron|2015|p=178}}</ref> | |||
*] was assassinated by the ] on ], ] allegedly for his political stance, although there may have been additional factors stemming from strong feuds with others. | |||
*] was shot while walking with his wife Sima on a beach in Tel Aviv in ]. Some think that he was killed by other Zionists who disagreed with his views, others claim that it was Arabs or British or Nazis. | |||
*] was killed by an assassin ], ] in Tel Aviv. In the 1950s he was accused of profiting from his dealings with the Nazi occupation government in ]. | |||
*], leader of Israel's ] party and former member of the ], was assassinated by an Islamic terrorist during a visit to New York City on ], ]. | |||
*], an Israeli general who founded the right-wing nationalist ] party, was assassinated by agents of the ] on ], ] during the ]. | |||
] informing the media that Rabin had died]] | |||
In addition, ], a member of the ] from the original ] was assassinated on December 1, 1981, by the sons of ]-Israeli politician Jabr Moade, after Abu Rabia did not keep a rotation agreement with Moade. Moade replaced Abu Rabia in the Knesset. | |||
At 11:15 pm, Eitan Haber walked out of the hospital to face the television cameras outside and announced Rabin's death to the media: | |||
<blockquote>The government of Israel announces in consternation, in great sadness, and in deep sorrow, the death of prime minister and minister of defense Yitzhak Rabin, who was murdered by an assassin, tonight in Tel Aviv. The government shall convene in one hour for a mourning session in Tel Aviv. Blessed be his memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://mcs.gov.il/inec/personalities/Pages/RabinCeremony.aspx|script-title = he:יצחק רבין – ביוגרפיה|date = 2010-12-29|access-date = 2015-05-06|website = Ministry of Culture and Sport|language = he|trans-title = Yitzhak Rabin – Biography|archive-date = 2015-05-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150506154929/http://mcs.gov.il/inec/personalities/Pages/RabinCeremony.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref></blockquote> | |||
== Trivia == | |||
]" ("Song for Peace"), found in Rabin's pocket after the assassination]] | |||
Some people disagree on the circumstances of Rabin's death as concluded by the court of justice, the judicial inquiry committee, Israeli government and the press, supporting various ] instead. | |||
In Rabin's pocket was a blood-stained sheet of paper with the lyrics to the well-known Israeli song "]" ("Song for Peace"), which was sung at the rally and dwells on the impossibility of bringing a dead person back to life and, therefore, the need for peace.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schmemann|first1=Serge|title=Assassination in Israel; Rabin Slain After Peace Rally in Tel Aviv; Israeli Gunman Held; Says He Acted Alone |newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 November 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/world/assassination-israel-overview-rabin-slain-after-peace-rally-tel-aviv-israeli.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shlaim|first1=Avi|title=The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World|date=2014|publisher=Norton Paperback|isbn=9780393346862|page=567|edition=Second}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morris|first1=Benny|title=After Rabin |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume= 25 |issue= 2 |date=Winter 1996|pages=77–87|doi=10.2307/2538187|jstor=2538187}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
Shortly after Rabin's death, an emergency meeting of the Israeli cabinet was held during which ], then serving as Foreign Minister, was appointed acting Prime Minister. | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
About three hours after Rabin's death, ], the Israeli government's chief pathologist, arrived at Ichilov Hospital to conduct an autopsy together with two assistants, including a photographer.<ref name=thisamericanlife/><ref name="guardian"/> The autopsy found that one bullet had entered Rabin's lower back, ruptured his spleen, and punctured his left lung, while the other pierced his back below the collarbone, smashed through his ribcage, and pierced his right lung. Hiss concluded that Rabin had died of massive blood loss and the collapse of both of his lungs, and that his chances of surviving the shooting had been extremely low. A subsequent brain scan found an embolism in one of Rabin's cerebral arteries, a large pocket of air which had entered his bloodstream in the lungs and traveled to the brain, restricting the flow of blood and oxygen. This blockage had hindered the resuscitation effort.<ref name=guardian/> | |||
== External links == | |||
{{wikiquote}} | |||
*, ], Nov 12, 2005 | |||
*, ], Nov 12, 2005 | |||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
Amir was interrogated by Chief Superintendent Motti Naftali. He made a full confession and after being told that Rabin had died, Amir expressed joy and asked to be brought ] to make a celebratory toast. Police officers and ] agents subsequently raided the Amir family home in Herzliya, where they arrested Amir's brother Hagai, whom he had implicated as an accomplice during his interrogation.<ref name=guardian/> | |||
] | |||
==Aftermath== | |||
] | |||
===Rabin's funeral=== | |||
] at Rabin's funeral. The final words were in Hebrew – "Shalom, Haver" (Hebrew: שלום חבר, lit. Goodbye, Friend)]] | |||
The ] of Rabin took place on November 6,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 1995 |title='Soldier for peace' Rabin buried |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9511/rabin/funeral/wrap/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> two days after the assassination, at the ] cemetery in ], where Rabin was later buried. Hundreds of world leaders, including about 80 ], attended the funeral.<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> President of the United States ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> Queen ],<ref>"http://vorige.nrc.nl/redactie/Web/Nieuws/19951106/01.html" NRC Handelsblad, 6 November 1995.</ref> Russian Prime Minister ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> Spanish Prime Minister and European Council President-in-Office ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> Prime Minister of Canada ], acting Israeli Prime Minister and Foreign Minister ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> United Nations Secretary-General ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> Egyptian President ],<ref>"." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> President of the Republic of the Congo ], and President of Israel ]<ref>." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> were among those present. | |||
A national memorial day for Rabin is set on the date of his death according to the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=חוקים לזכרו של יצחק רבין |trans-title=Laws in memory of Yitzhak Rabin |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/heb/rabinlaws2.htm |access-date=3 November 2020 |publisher=] |language=he}}</ref> | |||
===Trial=== | |||
Yigal Amir was tried for Rabin's murder,<ref>{{cite news|first=Serge|last=Schmemann|title=Rabin's Killer Charged With Murder, 2 Others With Conspiracy|work=]|date=December 6, 1995|access-date=April 26, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/06/world/rabin-s-killer-charged-with-murder-2-others-with-conspiracy.html}}</ref> while his brother ] and ], who were his accomplices in the murder, were tried for conspiracy to murder Rabin. Yigal Amir was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for Rabin's murder and an additional six years for injuring Yoram Rubin.<ref name=mfa>{{cite web | url=http://www.israel.org/MFA/MFA-Archive/1996/Pages/Excerpts%20of%20Yigal%20Amir%20Sentencing%20Decision%20-%20March.aspx | title = Excerpts of Yigal Amir Sentencing Decision | date = March 27, 1996 | work = mfa.gov.il | quote = Following are excerpts of the sentencing decision which was rendered today (Wednesday), 27.03.96, by a three-judge panel of the Tel Aviv-Jaffa District Court in the case of the State of Israel vs. Yigal Amir (the panel was composed of Presiding Judge Edmund A. Levy, Judge Saviyona Rotlevy, and Judge Oded Mudrich: ...}}</ref> While in Israel it is customary for the President to reduce a life sentence to a set period, usually 20–30 years, with a possibility for further reduction for good behavior, Amir's sentence was not reduced.<ref>{{cite news| first = Greer | last = Fay Cashman | title = Katsav: No pardon for Rabin's assassin | work = ] | page = 3 | format = full access requires payment | date = Nov 4, 2005| access-date = April 25, 2009 | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/929796621.html?dids=929796621:929796621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+04,+2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120127173805/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/929796621.html?dids=929796621:929796621&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+04,+2005 | url-status = dead | archive-date = January 27, 2012 | quote=President ] declared on Thursday that there was "no forgiveness, no absolution and no pardon" for Yigal Amir, the assassin of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. Katsav said Amir "has no right to clemency", adding that there was no reason to feel pity for him. Katsav said he would recommend to the next president not to allow the subject of a reduced sentence for Amir to come up for consideration.}}</ref> In 2001, the Knesset later passed the Yigal Amir Law, which prohibits a parole board from recommending a pardon or reduction in a sentence for the assassin of a Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/20/world/new-law-bars-rabin-s-killer-from-pardon-or-commutation.html |title=New Law Bars Rabin's Killer From Pardon or Commutation |last=Greenberg |first=Joel |date=20 December 2001 |work=New York Times |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> Adani was sentenced to seven years imprisonment, while Hagai Amir was sentenced to 12 years in prison, increased to 16 years upon appeal, and later received an additional year in prison for threatening to kill Prime Minister ]. Adani was released in 2002 and Hagai Amir in 2012. Yigal Amir remains incarcerated.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/wife-of-jailed-rabin-assassin-yigal-amir-registers-party-calling-for-his-freedom/ |title=Wife of jailed Rabin assassin Yigal Amir registers party calling for his freedom |last=Wootliff |first=Raoul |date=14 January 2020 |publisher=Times of Israel |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> | |||
After the murder, it was revealed that ], a well known right-wing extremist at the time, was in fact a ] agent-informer code-named Champagne. Raviv was later acquitted in court of charges that he failed to prevent the assassination. The court ruled there was no evidence that Raviv knew assassin Yigal Amir was plotting to kill Rabin.<ref>{{cite news |author=Reinfeld |first=Moshe |date=1 April 2003 |title=Avishai Raviv acquitted of having failed to prevent Rabin assassination |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/avishai-raviv-acquitted-of-having-failed-to-prevent-rabin-assassination-1.14368 |access-date=8 September 2013 |newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref> | |||
===Social impact=== | |||
] | |||
Rabin's assassination shocked the Israeli public. Rallies and memorials took place near Kings of Israel Square – later renamed Rabin Square in his honor{{snd}}as well as near Rabin's home, the ] building, and the home of the assassin. Many other streets and public buildings within Israel and internationally were named for Rabin as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=גרסה להדפסה: מדינה שלמה על שם רבין |trans-title=Printable version: An entire country named after Rabin |url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//803587/@@/item/printer |access-date=31 August 2011 |publisher=walla.co.il |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-16-12-2006/Madrid/abierta-la-glorieta-de-isaac-rabin_153470955023.html |title=Abierta la glorieta de Isaac Rabin |publisher=abc.es |access-date=11 May 2014}}</ref> | |||
The assassination has been described as emblematic of a '']'' ("cultural struggle") between religious right-wing and secular left-wing forces within Israel.{{refn|name=Seliktar}}{{refn|name=Shain}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Peleg |editor-first=Ilan |title=The Middle East Peace Process: Interdisciplinary Perspectives |date=2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-43-841576-5 |pages=249–250 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVEvieysltsC&q=rabin+kulturkampf |chapter=The Peace Process and Israel's Political Kulturkampf}}</ref> Ilan Peleg of the ] has described Rabin's assassination as "reflecting a deep cultural divide within Israel's body politic intimately connected with the peace process"{{sfnp|Peleg|2012|p=238}} which illustrates both increased polarization and political conflict in the country.{{sfnp|Peleg|2012|p=250}} | |||
] | |||
On 28 March 1996, the ] issued its final report into the assassination. It was critical of Shin Bet for putting the Prime Minister at risk and ignoring threats to his life from Jewish extremists.{{sfnp|Ephron|2015|pp=229–30}} | |||
Due to the ultimate failure of further progress on the Oslo Accords, there is a popular view that the assassination is the most "successful" political assassination in modern history, due to it achieving the goal of its perpetrator of forestalling the Oslo peace process.<ref>Attributed to multiple references: | |||
*{{cite web |title=The Most Successful Assassination in History |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000p1gd |website=BBC – Radio 4 |access-date=17 April 2023}} | |||
*{{cite web |last1=Prusher |first1=Ilene |title='Killing a King' Examines Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/books/review/killing-a-king-examines-assassination-of-yitzhak-rabin.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=17 April 2023 |date=4 November 2015}} | |||
*{{cite journal |last1=Rabinovich |first1=Itamar |title=The Rabin Assassination as a Turning Point in Israel's History |journal=Israel Studies |date=2018 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=25–29 |doi=10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05 |jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05 |s2cid=150349442 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05 |access-date=17 April 2023 |issn=1084-9513}} | |||
*{{cite web |title=Opinion: Rabin's assassination marked the end of the two-state solution |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/11/rabins-assassination-marked-the-end-of-the-two-state-solution.html |website=america.aljazeera.com |access-date=17 April 2023 |last=Sheizaf |first=Noam |date=November 4, 2015}} | |||
*{{cite web |last1=Nir |first1=Ori |title=Yitzhak Rabin Is Still Being Assassinated |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-14/ty-article-opinion/.premium/yitzhak-rabin-is-still-being-assassinated/0000017f-dee2-df9c-a17f-fefa29ea0000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=17 April 2023 |language=en |date=October 14, 2020}} | |||
*{{Cite news |last=Freedland |first=Jonathan |date=2020-10-31 |title=The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin: 'He Never Knew it Was One of His People Who Shot Him in the Back' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/assassination-yitzhak-rabin-never-knew-his-people-shot-him-in-back |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} | |||
</ref> | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
==See also== | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
{{Clear}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=Karpin |first1=Michael |title=Murder in the Name of God: The Plot to Kill Yitzhak Rabin |last2=Friedman |first2=Ina |publisher=] |year=1998 |isbn=0-8050-5749-8}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{commons category}} | |||
{{Wikiquote}} | |||
* , ], Nov 12, 2005 | |||
* , ], Nov 12, 2005 | |||
* An article by Ronen Bergman in ''Haaretz'' | |||
* hosted on ] | |||
* | |||
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513164923/http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/fascism/2murders.html |date=2008-05-13 }} | |||
* {{Cite episode |title=The Night in Question |url=http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/570/the-night-in-question |series=This American Life |series-link=This American Life |network=] |station=] |location=Chicago |date=October 16, 2015 |number=570 |access-date=October 17, 2015}} Covers the assassination and its conspiracy theories, including an interview with Yigal Amir's brother and co-conspirator ] and a new forensic examination of the shirt Rabin was wearing when he was shot. | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabin, Yitzhak, Assassination Of}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 03:05, 27 November 2024
1995 murder in Tel Aviv, Israel
Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin | |
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Site of the rally before the assassination: Kings of Israel Square) with Tel Aviv City Hall in the background. | |
Location | Tel Aviv, Israel |
Coordinates | 32°04′54.8″N 34°46′51.4″E / 32.081889°N 34.780944°E / 32.081889; 34.780944 |
Date | November 4, 1995 9:30 p.m. (IST) |
Target | Yitzhak Rabin |
Attack type | Shooting |
Weapons | Beretta 84F semi-automatic pistol |
Deaths | Yitzhak Rabin |
Injured | Yoram Rubin |
Perpetrator | Yigal Amir |
Motive | Rabin signing the Oslo Accords |
Convictions | Murder, conspiracy to commit murder, aggravated injury |
Sentence | Life imprisonment, plus 14 years |
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Personal Electoral history Governments Assassination
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The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, the fifth prime minister of Israel, took place on 4 November 1995 (12 Marcheshvan 5756 on the Hebrew calendar) at 21:30, at the end of a rally in support of the Oslo Accords at the Kings of Israel Square in Tel Aviv. The assailant was Yigal Amir, an Israeli law student and ultranationalist who radically opposed prime minister Yitzhak Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords.
Background
The assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin came immediately after an anti-violence rally in support of the Oslo peace process.
Before the rally, Rabin was disparaged personally by right-wing conservatives and Likud leaders who perceived the peace process as an attempt to forfeit the occupied territories and a capitulation to Israel's enemies.
National religious conservatives and Likud party leaders believed that withdrawing from any "Jewish" land was heresy. The Likud leader and future prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, accused Rabin's government of being "removed from Jewish tradition and Jewish values". Right-wing rabbis associated with the settlers' movement prohibited territorial concessions to the Palestinians and forbade soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces from evacuating Jewish settlers under the accords. Some rabbis proclaimed din rodef, based on a traditional Jewish law of self-defense, against Rabin personally, arguing that the Oslo Accords would endanger Jewish lives.
Rallies organized by Likud and other right-wing groups featured depictions of Rabin in a Nazi SS uniform, or in the crosshairs of a gun. Protesters compared the Labor party to the Nazis and Rabin to Adolf Hitler and chanted, "Rabin is a murderer" and "Rabin is a traitor". In July 1995, Netanyahu led a mock funeral procession featuring a coffin and hangman's noose at an anti-Rabin rally where protesters chanted, "Death to Rabin". The chief of internal security, Carmi Gillon, then alerted Netanyahu of a plot on Rabin's life and asked him to moderate the protests' rhetoric, which Netanyahu declined to do. Netanyahu denied any intention to incite violence.
Rabin dismissed such protests or labeled them chutzpah. According to Gillon, Rabin refused his requests to wear a bulletproof vest and preferred not to use the armored car purchased for him. Left-wing supporters organized pro-peace rallies in support of the Oslo Accords. It was after one such gathering in Tel Aviv that the assassination took place.
Yigal Amir and din rodef
The perpetrator was Yigal Amir, a 25-year-old former Hesder student and far-right law student at Bar-Ilan University. Amir had strenuously opposed Rabin's peace initiative, particularly the signing of the Oslo Accords, because he felt that an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank would deny Jews their "biblical heritage which they had reclaimed by establishing settlements". Amir had come to believe that Rabin was a rodef, meaning a "pursuer" who endangered Jewish lives. The concept of din rodef ("law of the pursuer") is a part of traditional Jewish law. Amir believed he would be justified under din rodef in removing Rabin as a threat to Jews in the territories.
In the Israeli settlements, pamphlets debating the validity of applying din rodef and din moser ("law of the informer") to Rabin and the Oslo Accords were distributed at synagogues. Both carried a death sentence according to traditional Halakhic law. There was disagreement among religious Zionists as to whether Amir ever secured authorization from a rabbi to carry out the assassination of Rabin. His father later said that in the months before the assassination, Amir repeatedly "said that the prime minister should be killed because a din rodef was issued against him". During his later trial, Amir stated: "I acted according to din rodef. ... It was not a personal act, I just wanted to be removed from his position".
For his radical activities, Yigal Amir had been brought under attention by the Israeli internal security service (Shin Bet), but the organization only had information on Amir's attempt on creating an anti-Arab militia, not on comments regarding assassinating Rabin, which he openly stated to a number of people. Another incident describing Amir's comments to a fellow student about stating the vidui prior to an earlier, aborted attempt on his life was ignored by the organization as "non-credible". The source refused to refer to Amir by name but instead described him as a "short Yemeni guy with curly hair".
Preceding rally
In response to the intense street protests by right-wing opponents of the Oslo peace process, a coalition of left-wing parties and peace groups organized a rally in support of the peace process at Tel Aviv's Kings Square on 4 November 1995. Rabin attended the rally, along with others such as Minister of Foreign Affairs Shimon Peres. The rally attracted a crowd in excess of 100,000 people. In his remarks at the rally, Rabin declared, "I always believed that most of the people want peace and are ready to take a risk for it."
- Rabin delivering his speech at the rally
- A portion of the crowd assembled at the rally
- Minister of Foreign Affairs Shimon Peres (far left), singer Miri Aloni, and Prime Minister Rabin (far right) during the rally
Assassination
Members of the crowd of supporters that had gathered in Tel Aviv expressing grief upon learning of Rabin's death Vigils for Rabin in the square where the rally had been heldAfter the rally, Rabin walked down the city hall steps towards his car. As he entered the car, Amir approached the car from the rear and fired two shots at Rabin with a Beretta 84F semi-automatic pistol. Rabin was hit in the abdomen and chest. Amir was immediately subdued by Rabin's bodyguards and police on the scene, and fired a third shot at bodyguard Yoram Rubin during the struggle, lightly wounding him. Amir was arrested on the scene with the murder weapon. He was taken to a police station a few blocks away.
Yoram Rubin attempted to get Rabin in the car but Rabin's body was "limp and heavy". Another of Rabin's bodyguards, Shai Glaser, helped put Rabin in the backseat of the car. The driver, Menachem Damati, was ordered to proceed to Ichilov Hospital at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, a short drive away. Damati became disoriented by the hysteria of the shooting and the crowds that lined the streets, and as a result lost his bearing. Rabin, who was bleeding heavily, was initially conscious and said that he thought he'd been hurt but not too badly before passing out. Damati drove frantically trying to find the hospital, running red lights and swerving to avoid pedestrians. When he spotted a police officer, Pinchas Terem, he ordered him to get in the vehicle and direct him to the hospital. Two minutes later at 9:52 pm, some ten minutes after the shooting, the car arrived at Ichilov Hospital.
At this time, Rabin was not breathing and had no pulse. Doctors performed an initial examination, attached Rabin to an IV, and drained the air that had seeped into his right chest cavity with a tube inserted into his ribcage. After the air was drained from Rabin's chest, his pulse reappeared. He then underwent surgery. Meanwhile, cabinet ministers, military officers, security officials, and family members of Rabin arrived at the hospital, as did Rabin's Chief of Staff Eitan Haber. After Israeli media reported the shooting, a crowd of spectators and journalists began to gather in front of the hospital. At one point, the doctors managed to briefly stabilize his vital signs, and after being informed, Haber told a high-ranking Defense Ministry official to begin preparations for setting up a makeshift office at the hospital with telephones and fax lines to enable Rabin to continue his work as Prime Minister while recuperating. However, Rabin's condition rapidly deteriorated again. After his heart stopped, a surgeon carried out a cardiac massage in a last-ditch attempt to save him. At 11:02 pm, one hour and thirty-two minutes after the shooting, doctors gave up their efforts to revive Rabin and pronounced him dead.
At 11:15 pm, Eitan Haber walked out of the hospital to face the television cameras outside and announced Rabin's death to the media:
The government of Israel announces in consternation, in great sadness, and in deep sorrow, the death of prime minister and minister of defense Yitzhak Rabin, who was murdered by an assassin, tonight in Tel Aviv. The government shall convene in one hour for a mourning session in Tel Aviv. Blessed be his memory.
In Rabin's pocket was a blood-stained sheet of paper with the lyrics to the well-known Israeli song "Shir LaShalom" ("Song for Peace"), which was sung at the rally and dwells on the impossibility of bringing a dead person back to life and, therefore, the need for peace.
Shortly after Rabin's death, an emergency meeting of the Israeli cabinet was held during which Shimon Peres, then serving as Foreign Minister, was appointed acting Prime Minister.
About three hours after Rabin's death, Yehuda Hiss, the Israeli government's chief pathologist, arrived at Ichilov Hospital to conduct an autopsy together with two assistants, including a photographer. The autopsy found that one bullet had entered Rabin's lower back, ruptured his spleen, and punctured his left lung, while the other pierced his back below the collarbone, smashed through his ribcage, and pierced his right lung. Hiss concluded that Rabin had died of massive blood loss and the collapse of both of his lungs, and that his chances of surviving the shooting had been extremely low. A subsequent brain scan found an embolism in one of Rabin's cerebral arteries, a large pocket of air which had entered his bloodstream in the lungs and traveled to the brain, restricting the flow of blood and oxygen. This blockage had hindered the resuscitation effort.
Amir was interrogated by Chief Superintendent Motti Naftali. He made a full confession and after being told that Rabin had died, Amir expressed joy and asked to be brought schnapps to make a celebratory toast. Police officers and Shin Bet agents subsequently raided the Amir family home in Herzliya, where they arrested Amir's brother Hagai, whom he had implicated as an accomplice during his interrogation.
Aftermath
Rabin's funeral
The funeral of Rabin took place on November 6, two days after the assassination, at the Mount Herzl cemetery in Jerusalem, where Rabin was later buried. Hundreds of world leaders, including about 80 heads of state, attended the funeral. President of the United States Bill Clinton, King Hussein of Jordan, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, Spanish Prime Minister and European Council President-in-Office Felipe González, Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien, acting Israeli Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Shimon Peres, United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, President of the Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso, and President of Israel Ezer Weizman were among those present.
A national memorial day for Rabin is set on the date of his death according to the Hebrew calendar.
Trial
Yigal Amir was tried for Rabin's murder, while his brother Hagai Amir and Dror Adani, who were his accomplices in the murder, were tried for conspiracy to murder Rabin. Yigal Amir was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for Rabin's murder and an additional six years for injuring Yoram Rubin. While in Israel it is customary for the President to reduce a life sentence to a set period, usually 20–30 years, with a possibility for further reduction for good behavior, Amir's sentence was not reduced. In 2001, the Knesset later passed the Yigal Amir Law, which prohibits a parole board from recommending a pardon or reduction in a sentence for the assassin of a Prime Minister. Adani was sentenced to seven years imprisonment, while Hagai Amir was sentenced to 12 years in prison, increased to 16 years upon appeal, and later received an additional year in prison for threatening to kill Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Adani was released in 2002 and Hagai Amir in 2012. Yigal Amir remains incarcerated.
After the murder, it was revealed that Avishai Raviv, a well known right-wing extremist at the time, was in fact a Shin Bet agent-informer code-named Champagne. Raviv was later acquitted in court of charges that he failed to prevent the assassination. The court ruled there was no evidence that Raviv knew assassin Yigal Amir was plotting to kill Rabin.
Social impact
Rabin's assassination shocked the Israeli public. Rallies and memorials took place near Kings of Israel Square – later renamed Rabin Square in his honor – as well as near Rabin's home, the Knesset building, and the home of the assassin. Many other streets and public buildings within Israel and internationally were named for Rabin as well.
The assassination has been described as emblematic of a kulturkampf ("cultural struggle") between religious right-wing and secular left-wing forces within Israel. Ilan Peleg of the Middle East Institute has described Rabin's assassination as "reflecting a deep cultural divide within Israel's body politic intimately connected with the peace process" which illustrates both increased polarization and political conflict in the country.
On 28 March 1996, the Shamgar Commission issued its final report into the assassination. It was critical of Shin Bet for putting the Prime Minister at risk and ignoring threats to his life from Jewish extremists.
Due to the ultimate failure of further progress on the Oslo Accords, there is a popular view that the assassination is the most "successful" political assassination in modern history, due to it achieving the goal of its perpetrator of forestalling the Oslo peace process.
See also
References
- Rabin, Leah (1997). Rabin: His Life, Our Legacy. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 7, 11. ISBN 0-399-14217-7.
- ^ Newton, Michael (2014). "Rabin, Yitzhak". Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 450. ISBN 978-1-61-069285-4.
- ^ Tucker, Ernest (2016). The Middle East in Modern World History. Routledge. pp. 331–32. ISBN 978-1-31-550823-8.
- ^ Shain, Yossi (2007). Kinship & Diasporas in International Affairs. Ann Arbor.: University of Michigan Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-47-209910-8.
Religious ultranationalists saw Rabin's willingness to trade Jewish land for peace with the Palestinians as a sin against divine law.
- ^ Seliktar, Ofira (2009). Doomed to Failure?: The Politics and Intelligence of the Oslo Peace Process. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-31-336617-8.
- ^ Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2009). Jewish Terrorism in Israel. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0-23-115446-8.
rabin din rodef din moser.
- Thiel, Markus (2016). The 'Militant Democracy' Principle in Modern Democracies. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-31-702403-3.
- ^ Aronoff, Yael (2014). The Political Psychology of Israeli Prime Ministers: When Hard-Liners Opt for Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-10-703838-7.
- Caspit, Ben (2017). The Netanyahu Years. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-25-008705-8.
- Aronoff (2014), p. 57.
- Caspit, Ben; Kafir, Ilan (1998). Netanyahu: The Road to Power. Secaucus, N.J.: Carol. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-55-972453-1.
- Caspit (2017), pp. 120–121.
- Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict A History with Documents, ISBN 0-312-43736-6, pp. 464, 466.
- Enderlin, Charles (2003). Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East, 1995–2002. New York: Other Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-59-051060-5.
gilon rabin.
- Smith, pp. 458, 468
- Pedahzur & Perliger (2009), p. 106.
- Pedahzur & Perliger (2009), p. 109.
- Pedahzur & Perliger (2009), p. 107.
- Ephron (2015), p. 135.
- Ephron (2015), pp. 148–57.
- "Rabin assassinated at peace rally". CNN. 4 November 1995.
- Brown, Derek; Black, Ian; Freedland, Jonathan (6 November 1995). "Israel's Yitzhak Rabin assassinated at peace rally". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- Schmemann, Serge (5 November 1995). "Assassination in Israel: The Overview; Rabin Slain After Peace Rally in Tel Aviv; Israeli Gunman Held; Says He Acted Alone". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- Kessel, Jerrold (11 February 1996). "Israeli elections will test support for peace". CNN. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- Barak T: Ten years have passed, friend Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine. Tel Aviv Newspaper (in Hebrew)
- Perry D: Israel and the Quest for Permanence, p. 216.
- ^ "570: The Night In Question". This American Life. December 14, 2017.
- ^ Ephron, Dan (October 31, 2015a). "'I did it! Now bring me schnapps!' How Rabin's assassin greeted news that Israel's champion of peace was dead". the Guardian.
- Ephron, Dan (2015). Killing a King: The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the Remaking of Israel. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-393-24210-2.
- ^ Ephron 2015, p. 176
- Ephron 2015, p. 178
- יצחק רבין – ביוגרפיה [Yitzhak Rabin – Biography]. Ministry of Culture and Sport (in Hebrew). 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
- Schmemann, Serge (5 November 1995). "Assassination in Israel; Rabin Slain After Peace Rally in Tel Aviv; Israeli Gunman Held; Says He Acted Alone". The New York Times.
- Shlaim, Avi (2014). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (Second ed.). Norton Paperback. p. 567. ISBN 9780393346862.
- Morris, Benny (Winter 1996). "After Rabin". Journal of Palestine Studies. 25 (2): 77–87. doi:10.2307/2538187. JSTOR 2538187.
- "'Soldier for peace' Rabin buried". CNN. 6 November 1995.
- ""World Leaders in Attendance at the Funeral of the Late Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Minister Yitzhak Rabin by U.S. President Bill Clinton." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by His Majesty King Hussein of Jordan." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- "http://vorige.nrc.nl/redactie/Web/Nieuws/19951106/01.html" NRC Handelsblad, 6 November 1995.
- "Eulogy for the Late Prime Minister and Defense Yitzhak Rabin by Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin." 6 November 1995. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
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Following are excerpts of the sentencing decision which was rendered today (Wednesday), 27.03.96, by a three-judge panel of the Tel Aviv-Jaffa District Court in the case of the State of Israel vs. Yigal Amir (the panel was composed of Presiding Judge Edmund A. Levy, Judge Saviyona Rotlevy, and Judge Oded Mudrich: ...
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President Moshe Katsav declared on Thursday that there was "no forgiveness, no absolution and no pardon" for Yigal Amir, the assassin of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. Katsav said Amir "has no right to clemency", adding that there was no reason to feel pity for him. Katsav said he would recommend to the next president not to allow the subject of a reduced sentence for Amir to come up for consideration.
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- Attributed to multiple references:
- "The Most Successful Assassination in History". BBC – Radio 4. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- Prusher, Ilene (4 November 2015). "'Killing a King' Examines Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- Rabinovich, Itamar (2018). "The Rabin Assassination as a Turning Point in Israel's History". Israel Studies. 23 (3): 25–29. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.05. S2CID 150349442. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
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Further reading
- Karpin, Michael; Friedman, Ina (1998). Murder in the Name of God: The Plot to Kill Yitzhak Rabin. Granta. ISBN 0-8050-5749-8.
External links
- "Israel marks Rabin assassination", BBC, Nov 12, 2005
- "A sombre night in Rabin Square", BBC, Nov 12, 2005
- Could He Have Been Saved? An article by Ronen Bergman in Haaretz
- 10-minute video of Rabin's assassination hosted on Google Video
- Assassination part of the Kempler video on CNN (10 seconds)
- Koenraad Elst on Yitzhak Rabin's Assassination Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
- "The Night in Question". This American Life. Episode 570. Chicago. October 16, 2015. Public Radio Exchange. WBEZ. Retrieved October 17, 2015. Covers the assassination and its conspiracy theories, including an interview with Yigal Amir's brother and co-conspirator Hagai Amir and a new forensic examination of the shirt Rabin was wearing when he was shot.