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⚫ {{Short description|Nazis' attempted boycott of Jewish-owned businesses in 1933}}
⚫ ]
{{Infobox historical event
|Event_Name = Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
|partof = Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish actions, including ], ], ], ], and ], and of the Aftermath of ].
⚫ |Image_Name = Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14469, Berlin, Boykott-Posten vor jüdischem Warenhaus.jpg
|Imagesize = 300px
|Image_Alt = Boycott image
|Image_Caption = ] outside ] in Berlin. The signs read: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews."
|target = ] businesses and professionals
|inquest =
|Participants = ]
|Location = Pre-] ]
|Date = April 1, 1933
}}
{{Campaignbox Political violence in Germany}}
⚫ ]
The '''Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses''' ({{Langx|de|Judenboykott}}) in ] began on April 1, 1933, and was claimed to be a defensive reaction to the ],<ref name="USHMM_HE_boycott" /><ref>The History Place (2 July 2016), </ref> which had been initiated in March 1933.<ref name="Lang2009">{{cite book|author=]|title=Philosophical Witnessing: The Holocaust as Presence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bQ_I1xx5doC&pg=PA131|year=2009|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-741-5|pages=131–}}</ref> It was largely unsuccessful, as the German population continued to use Jewish businesses, but revealed the intent of the ] to undermine the viability of ].<ref>Pauley, Bruce F (1998), ''From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism'', University of North Carolina Press, pp. 200–203</ref>


The '''Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses''' in Germany took place on 1 April 1933, soon after ] was sworn in as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. The intial boycott was a reaction to the "declaration of war" against Germany by Jewish organizations world-wide immediately after Hitler became Chancellor. It was the first of many measures against the ], which ultimately culminated in the "]". It was a state-managed campaign of ever-increasing harassment, arrests, systematic ], forced transfer of ownership to Nazi party activists (managed by the ]) and ultimately murder of owners defined as "Jews". In Berlin alone, there were 50,000 Jewish owned businesses.<ref>http://www.berlin.de/2013/en/partners/publications/metropol-verlag-christoph-kreutzmueller/ "Final Sale – The Destruction of Jewish Owned Businesses in Nazi Berlin 1930–1945" by Christoph Kreutzmüller Metropol 2013</ref> By 1945 they all had "Christian" owners. It was an early governmental action against the ] by the new National Socialist government, which culminated in the "]". It was a state-managed campaign of ever-increasing harassment, arrests, systematic ], forced transfer of ownership to ] activists (managed by the ]), and ultimately murder of Jewish business owners. In ] alone, there were 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses.<ref name="Kreutzmüller_2013"/>


==Earlier boycotts== ==Earlier boycotts==
{{See also|Antisemitism|Antisemitic boycotts}} {{See also|Antisemitism|Antisemitic boycotts}}
] in Germany grew increasingly respectable after ] and was most prevalent in the ]. By 1921, the German student union, the Deutscher Hochschulring, barred Jews from membership. Since the bar was racial, it included Jews who had converted to Christianity.<ref name="Rubenstein">{{Cite book |title=Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy |first1=Richard L. |last1=Rubenstein |first2=John K. |last2=Roth |pages=123–124 |chapter=5. Rational Antisemitism |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=2003 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0664223533 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC&pg=PA123}}</ref> The bar was challenged by the government leading to a referendum in which 76% of students voted for the exclusion.<ref name="Rubenstein"/> ] grew increasingly pervasive after ] and was most prevalent in the ]. By 1921, the German student union ] barred Jews from membership. Since the bar was racial, it included Jews who had converted to Christianity.<ref name="Rubenstein_2003"/> The bar was challenged by the government, leading to a referendum in which 76% of the student members voted for the exclusion.<ref name="Rubenstein_2003"/>


At the same time, Nazi newspapers began agitating for a boycott of Jewish businesses and anti-Jewish boycotts became a regular feature of 1920s' regional German politics with right-wing German parties becoming closed to Jews.<ref name="Longerich_Ch_1">{{Cite book |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |first=Peter |last=Longerich |chapter=1: Antisemitism in the Weimar Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=978-0192804365 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rLy80aq8tR8C&pg=PA10}}</ref> At the same time, Nazi newspapers began agitating for a boycott of Jewish businesses, and anti-Jewish boycotts became a regular feature of 1920s regional German politics with right-wing German parties becoming closed to Jews.<ref name="Longerich_Ch_1"/>


From 1931-2 SA "]" thugs physically prevented customers from entering Jewish shops, windows were systematically smashed and Jewish shop owners threatened. At Christmas 1932, the central office of the Nazi party organized a nation-wide boycott. In addition, German businesses, particularly large organizations like banks, insurance companies, and industrial firms such as ], increasingly refused to employ Jews.<ref name="Longerich_Ch_1"/> Many hotels, restaurants and cafes barred Jews from entering and the resort island of ] banned Jews anywhere on the island. From 1931 to 1932, SA ] thugs physically prevented customers from entering Jewish shops, windows were systematically smashed and Jewish shop owners threatened. During the Christmas holiday season of 1932, the central office of the Nazi party organized a nationwide boycott. In addition, German businesses, particularly large organizations like banks, insurance companies, and industrial firms such as ], increasingly refused to employ Jews.<ref name="Longerich_Ch_1"/> Many hotels, restaurants and cafes banned Jews from entering and the resort island of ] banned Jews anywhere on the island.
Such behavior was common in pre-war Europe{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}; however in Germany, it reached new extremes. Such behavior was common in pre-war Europe;<ref>Karpf, Anne (8 June 2002), , ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>Encyclopedia.com (28 Sept 2008), </ref> however in Germany, it reached new heights.

== Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 ==
] of Dr. Werner Liebenthal, ] and ]. The plate was hung outside his office on Martin Luther Str, ], ]. In 1933, following the ] the plate was painted black by the Nazis, who boycotted Jewish-owned offices.]]
{{main|Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933}}
The Anti-Nazi Boycott commencing in March 1933 was a ] of Nazi products by foreign critics of the ] in response to ] in ] following the rise of ], commencing with his appointment as ] on January 30, 1933. Those in the ], the ] and other places worldwide who opposed Hitler's policies developed the boycott and its accompanying protests to encourage Nazi Germany to end the regime's anti-Jewish practices.


==National boycott== ==National boycott==
⚫ ] in Berlin]]
] boycotting Jews, April 1, 1933]] ] boycotting Jews, April 1, 1933]]
In March 1933 the Nazis won a large number of seats in the German parliament. Following the victory there was widespread violence and hooliganism directed at Jewish businesses and individuals.<ref name="Rubenstein"/> Jewish lawyers and judges were physically prevented from reaching the courts. In some cases the SA created improvised concentration camps for prominent Jewish anti-Nazis.<ref name="BurleighWippermann1991">{{cite book|author1=Michael Burleigh|author2=Wolfgang Wippermann|title=The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DGJy5Ptzqp0C&pg=PA77|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39802-2|page=77|chapter=4: The Persecution of the Jews}}</ref> In March 1933, the Nazis won a large number of seats in the German parliament, the ]. Following this victory, and partly in response to the foreign ],<ref>, ]. Accessed January 22, 2009.</ref> there was widespread violence and hooliganism directed at Jewish businesses and individuals.<ref name="Rubenstein_2003"/> Jewish lawyers and judges were physically prevented from reaching the courts. In some cases ] created improvised concentration camps for prominent Jewish anti-Nazis.<ref name="BurleighWippermann1991"/>


], who established the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment, announced to the Nazi party newspaper on March 31 of 1933 that "world Jewry" had ruined the reputation of the German people, and wanted to make this boycott a publicly propelled antisemitic action.<ref name="Stoltzfus1996"/>
Since the ] the international press had been reporting SA atrocities in detail, including the dragging off of Jewish political opponents to 'wild' concentration camps where they were abused, tortured and murdered, and the leadership of the NSDAP held the victims responsible for the negative international response to the NSDAP actions. They claimed their anti-Jewish policies as ''defensive'' - it was in this vein that the German press reacted, casting as a Jewish ''attack'' on Germany, and Jewish ''war'' against Germany a 'widespread but largely uncoordinated ] that was initiated and then quickly abandoned in March 1933.'<ref name="BurleighWippermann1991"/>{{Failed verification|date=November 2013}}<ref>{{Cite book |first=Berel |last=Lang |title=Philosophical witnessing: the Holocaust as presence <!-- (Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry) --> |page=132 |year=2009 |isbn=978-1584657415 |publisher=Brandeis |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-bQ_I1xx5doC&pg=PA132}}</ref> On 1 April 1933, the Nazis carried out their first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a boycott targeting Jewish businesses and professionals.


On April 1, 1933, the Nazis carried out their first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a one-day boycott targeting Jewish businesses and professionals, in response to the ].
⚫ On the day of the boycott, the ] stood menacingly in front of Jewish-owned department stores and retail establishments, and the offices of professionals such as doctors and lawyers. The ] was painted in yellow and black across thousands of doors and windows, with accompanying ] slogans. Signs were posted saying "Don't Buy from Jews!" (''Kauf nicht bei Juden!''), "The Jews Are Our Misfortune!" (''Die Juden sind unser Unglück!'') and "Go to Palestine!" (''Geh nach Palästina!''). Throughout Germany, rare acts of ] against individual Jews and Jewish property occurred.


⚫ On the day of the boycott, the ] stood menacingly in front of Jewish-owned department stores and retail establishments, and the offices of professionals such as doctors and lawyers. The Propaganda Ministry wanted to catch violators of this boycott, looking to German citizens to shame other Germans who ignored the announcement and continued using Jewish stores and services.<ref name="Stoltzfus1996"/> The ] was painted in yellow and black across thousands of doors and windows, with accompanying ] slogans. Signs were posted saying "Don't buy from Jews!" ({{lang|de|Kauf nicht bei Juden!}}), "The Jews are our misfortune!" ({{lang|de|Die Juden sind unser Unglück!}}) and "Go to Palestine!" ({{lang|de|Geh nach Palästina!}}). Throughout Germany acts of ] against individual Jews and Jewish property occurred.<ref>source?</ref>
The boycott was ignored by many individual Germans who continued to shop in Jewish-owned stores during the day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/boycott1.html |title=Boycott of Jewish Businesses |work=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005678 |title=Boycott of Jewish Businesses |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=]}}</ref>

The boycott was ignored by many individual Germans who continued to shop in Jewish-owned stores during the day.<ref name="JVL_boycott"/><ref name="USHMM_HE_boycott"/> It marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign against the Jews, but due to it's negative impact on the German economy it was met with some internal opposition. The Nazi German Austrian daily newspaper (''Deutsche-Oesterreichische Tageszeitung'') in one article suggested "German national wealth is being deliberately destroyed." and the Sicilian Nazi party dissaproved, seeing it as destructive to the local economy.<ref>Stewart, Brandon Allen (2021) "The Nazi Boycott of Jewish Businesses of April 1, 1933", pp.7-9</ref>


==International impact== ==International impact==
The Nazi boycott inspired similar boycotts in other countries. In Poland the ] (founded by ]) organized boycotts of Jewish businesses across the country.<ref name="Cang_1939"/>
The Nazi boycott inspired similar boycotts in other countries. In Poland, the head of the Catholic Church, ] called for a boycott of Jews<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1936.html |title=Chronology of Jewish Persecution: 1936 |work=]}}</ref> and the ]s (founded by ]) organized boycotts of Jewish businesses across the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cang |first=Joel |title=The Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Question |pages=241–256 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=1939}}</ref> The government stopped hiring Jews and promoted a boycott of Jewish businesses from 1935.<ref> YIVO (Institute for Jewish Research).</ref> ] was banned in Poland in 1936 (in Germany it was banned from 1930).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/judentum-aktenlage/hol/joint/Bauer_joint05-02-Poland-discrimination-murderous-pogroms-1935-1939-ENGL.html |title=My Brother's Keeper -- A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929-1939 |publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1974 |first=Yehuda |last=Bauer |chapter=5. Prelude of the Holocaust |quote= Polish laws against ritual slaughter (shehita) enacted in April 1936 and, in a final and drastic form, in March 1939.}}</ref>


In Quebec, French-Canadian nationalists organized boycotts of Jews in the 1930s.<ref name="Wyman _et_al_1996"/>
In Palestine, the Arab leadership organized boycotts of Jewish businesses from 1929 onwards, with violence often directed at Arabs who did business with Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |title=From Boycott to Economic Cooperation: The Political Economy of the Arab Boycott of Israel |first=Gil |last=Feiler |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0714644233}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2013}}


In the United States, Nazi supporters such as Father ] agitated for a boycott of Jewish businesses. Coughlin's radio show attracted tens of millions of listeners and his supporters organized "Buy Christian" campaigns and attacked Jews.<ref name="USHMM_HE_Coughlin"/> Also, ] universities restricted the numbers of Jews allowed admission.<ref name="Horowitz_1998"/><ref name="Karabel_2005"/>
⚫ In Quebec, French-Canadian nationalists organized boycotts of Jews in the thirties.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The World Reacts to the Holocaust |editor1-first=David S. |editor1-last=Wyman |editor2-first=Charles H. |editor2-last=Rosenzveig |pages=751–753 |chapter=Canada: Before the Holocaust |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0801849695 |first1=Irving |last1=Abella |first2=Franklin |last2=Bialystok |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&pg=PA751}}</ref>


⚫ In Austria, an organization called the ] had campaigned against Jewish civil rights since 1919. The organization took its inspiration from ], the legendary turn-of-the-century antisemitic mayor of Vienna, who inspired Hitler and had also campaigned for a boycott of Jewish businesses. Austrian campaigns tended to escalate around Christmas and became effective from 1932. As in Germany, Nazis picketed Jewish stores in an attempt to prevent shoppers from using them.<ref name="Pauley_1992"/>
In the USA Nazi supporters such as Father ] agitated for a boycott of Jewish businesses and there was widespread violence against Jewish targets.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Ivy League Universities restricted the numbers of Jews allowed admission.<ref>Daniel Horowitz, "Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left," (1998), page 25.</ref><ref>Jerome Karabel, "The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton," (Houghton Mifflin, 2005).</ref>


⚫ In Hungary, the government passed laws limiting Jewish economic activity from 1938 onwards. Agitation for boycotts dated back to the mid-nineteenth century when Jews received equal rights.<ref name="Braham__Yad_Vashem"/>
⚫ In Austria an organization called the Antisemitenbund had campaigned against Jewish civil rights since 1919. The organization took its inspiration from ] the legendary 19th century antisemitic mayor of Vienna who inspired Hitler and had also campaigned for a boycott of Jewish Businesses. Austrian campaigns tended to heighten around Christmas and became effective from 1932. As in Germany, Nazis picketed Jewish stores in an attempt to prevent shoppers from using them.<ref>Bruce F. Pauley, "From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism," (North Carolina, 1992), page 201.</ref>

⚫ In Hungary, the government passed laws limiting Jewish economic activity from 1938 onwards. Agitation for boycotts dated back to the mid-nineteenth century when Jews received equal rights.<ref>Randolph L. Braham, Yad Vashem (Shoah Resource Center).</ref>{{Page needed|date=November 2013}}


==Subsequent events== ==Subsequent events==
The national boycott operation marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign by the Nazi party against the entire German Jewish population. The national boycott operation marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign by the Nazi party against the entire German Jewish population.


A week later, on 7 April 1933, the ] was passed, which restricted employment in the civil service to "]." This meant that Jews could not serve as ]s, ]s, ]s, or other government positions. Jewish government workers, including teachers in public schools and universities, were fired. Doctors followed closely behind. Jews were barred from claiming any rights as war-veterans (35,000 German Jews died in the First World War). In 1935, the Nazis passed the ], stripping all Jews of their German citizenship, regardless of where they were born.<ref name="BurleighWippermann1991"/> A ] of 1% was introduced for the number of Jews allowed to attend universities. In the amendment published on April 11 of Part 3 of the law, which stated that all non-Aryans were to be ''retired'' from the civil service, clarification was given: "''A person is to be considered non-Aryan if he is descended from non-Aryan, and especially from Jewish parents or grandparents. It is sufficient if one parent or grandparent is non-Aryan. This is to be assumed in particular where one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish religion.''"<ref>"Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union," ed.by ]; ]; Margaliot, Abraham (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1987), p.39-42.</ref> A week later, on April 7, 1933, the ] was passed, which restricted employment in the civil service to "]". This meant that Jews could not serve as ]s, ]s, ]s, or in other government positions. Most Jewish government workers, including teachers in public schools and universities, were fired, while doctors followed closely behind. However, the Jews who were war veterans were excluded from dismissal or discrimination (about 35,000 German Jews died in the First World War).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, April 7, 1933|url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/documents/part1/doc10.html|website = www1.yadvashem.org|access-date = 2015-10-27}}</ref> In 1935, the Nazis passed the ], stripping all Jews of their German citizenship, regardless of where they were born.<ref name="BurleighWippermann1991"/> Also, a ] of 1% was introduced for the number allowed to attend universities. In the amendment published on April 11 of Part 3 of the law, which stated that all non-Aryans were to be ''retired'' from the civil service, clarification was given: "''A person is to be considered non-Aryan if he is descended from non-Aryan, and especially from Jewish parents or grandparents. It is sufficient if one parent or grandparent is non-Aryan. This is to be assumed in particular where one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish religion''".<ref name="Arad_et_al_1987"/>


] were publicly burnt in elaborate ceremonies, and laws that clearly defined ] were passed. Jewish-owned businesses were gradually ]. "Jewish" books were ], and the ] defined who was or was not Jewish. Jewish-owned businesses were gradually "]" and forced to sell out to non-Jewish Germans.


After the ] in 1939, the Nazis forced Jews into ] and completely banned them from public life. But even this was not enough for the Nazis and by 1940, they had turned to ], resulting in what is now known as ]. After the ] in 1939, the German Nazi occupiers forced ] and completely banned them from public life. As ] continued the Nazis turned to ], resulting in what is now known as ].


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Germany}}
⚫ {{Commons|Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses}}
* ]
* ]


==References== == References ==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name="Kreutzmüller_2013">{{cite book |url = http://www.berlin.de/2013/en/partners/publications/metropol-verlag-christoph-kreutzmueller/ |title = Final Sale – The Destruction of Jewish Owned Businesses in Nazi Berlin 1930–1945 |first=Christoph |last=Kreutzmüller |publisher=Metropol-Verlag |year=2012 |isbn=978-3-86331-080-6 }}</ref>


<ref name="Rubenstein_2003">{{cite book |title = Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy |first1=Richard L. |last1=Rubenstein |first2=John K. |last2=Roth |pages=123–124 |chapter = 5. Rational Antisemitism |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year=2003 |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0664223533 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC&pg=PA123 }}</ref>
==Notes==

:''This article incorporates text from the ], and has been released under the ].''
<ref name="Longerich_Ch_1">{{cite book |title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |first=Peter |last=Longerich |chapter = 1: Antisemitism in the Weimar Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA |edition=1st |year=2010 |isbn=978-0192804365 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rLy80aq8tR8C&pg=PA10 }}</ref>

<ref name="BurleighWippermann1991">{{cite book |author1=Michael Burleigh |author2=Wolfgang Wippermann |title = The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DGJy5Ptzqp0C&pg=PA77 |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-39802-2 |page= |chapter=4: The Persecution of the Jews |url = https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/77 }}</ref>

<ref name="Stoltzfus1996">{{cite book |first = Nathan |last = Stoltzfus |title = Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany |year=1996 |publisher = Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-2909-3 |page=89 |chapter = 2: Stories of Jewish-German Courtship }}</ref>

<ref name="JVL_boycott">{{cite web |url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/boycott1.html |title = Boycott of Jewish Businesses |website=] }}</ref>

<ref name="USHMM_HE_boycott">{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005678 |title = Boycott of Jewish Businesses |encyclopedia = Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=] }}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="JVL_chronology_1936">{{cite web |url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1936.html |title = Chronology of Jewish Persecution: 1936 |website=] }}</ref> -->

<ref name="Cang_1939">{{cite journal |last=Cang |first=Joel |title = The Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Question |pages=241–256 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=1939 }}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Bauer_1974">{{cite web |url = http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/judentum-aktenlage/hol/joint/Bauer_joint05-02-Poland-discrimination-murderous-pogroms-1935-1939-ENGL.html |title = My Brother's Keeper -- A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929-1939 |publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1974 |first=Yehuda |last=Bauer |chapter = 5. Prelude of the Holocaust |quote= Polish laws against ritual slaughter (shehita) enacted in April 1936 and, in a final and drastic form, in March 1939.}}</ref> -->

⚫ <ref name="Wyman _et_al_1996">{{Cite book |title=The World Reacts to the Holocaust |editor1-first=David S. |editor1-last=Wyman |editor2-first=Charles H. |editor2-last=Rosenzveig |pages=751–753 |chapter=Canada: Before the Holocaust |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0801849695 |first1=Irving |last1=Abella |first2=Franklin |last2=Bialystok |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&pg=PA751 }}</ref>

<ref name="USHMM_HE_Coughlin">{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005516 |title = Charles E. Coughlin |encyclopedia=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=] }}</ref>

<ref name="Horowitz_1998">{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Horowitz |title = Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left |year=1998 |page=25 }}</ref>

<ref name="Karabel_2005">{{cite book |first=Jerome |last=Karabel |title = The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2005 }}</ref>

<ref name="Pauley_1992">Bruce F. Pauley, "From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism," (North Carolina, 1992), page 201.</ref>

<ref name="Braham__Yad_Vashem">Randolph L. Braham, Yad Vashem (Shoah Resource Center), pp.&nbsp;1–2.</ref>

<ref name="Arad_et_al_1987">"Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union," ed.by ]; ]; ] (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1987), pp.&nbsp;39–42.</ref>
}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons|Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses}}
*United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - *United States Holocaust Memorial Museum –
⚫ *Fritz Wolff Dismissal from Karstadt (1933) –


{{Religious persecution}}
⚫ *Fritz Wolff Dismissal from Karstadt (1933) -


{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazi Boycott Of Jewish Businesses}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nazi Boycott Of Jewish Businesses}}
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Latest revision as of 16:45, 10 December 2024

Nazis' attempted boycott of Jewish-owned businesses in 1933
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
Part of Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish actions, including Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Racial policy of Nazi Germany, Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht, and the Holocaust, and of the Aftermath of Political violence in Germany (1918–1933).
Boycott imageNazi SA paramilitaries outside Israel's Department Store in Berlin. The signs read: "Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews."
DateApril 1, 1933
LocationPre-war Nazi Germany
TargetJewish businesses and professionals
ParticipantsNazi Party
Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)
1918-1923
1929-1933
Related
SA paramilitaries outside a Berlin store posting signs with: "Deutsche! Wehrt Euch! Kauft nicht bei Juden!" ("Germans! Defend yourselves! Don't buy from Jews!").

The Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses (German: Judenboykott) in Germany began on April 1, 1933, and was claimed to be a defensive reaction to the anti-Nazi boycott, which had been initiated in March 1933. It was largely unsuccessful, as the German population continued to use Jewish businesses, but revealed the intent of the Nazis to undermine the viability of Jews in Germany.

It was an early governmental action against the Jews of Germany by the new National Socialist government, which culminated in the "Final Solution". It was a state-managed campaign of ever-increasing harassment, arrests, systematic pillaging, forced transfer of ownership to Nazi Party activists (managed by the Chamber of Commerce), and ultimately murder of Jewish business owners. In Berlin alone, there were 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses.

Earlier boycotts

See also: Antisemitism and Antisemitic boycotts

Antisemitism in Germany grew increasingly pervasive after the First World War and was most prevalent in the universities. By 1921, the German student union Deutscher Hochschulring barred Jews from membership. Since the bar was racial, it included Jews who had converted to Christianity. The bar was challenged by the government, leading to a referendum in which 76% of the student members voted for the exclusion.

At the same time, Nazi newspapers began agitating for a boycott of Jewish businesses, and anti-Jewish boycotts became a regular feature of 1920s regional German politics with right-wing German parties becoming closed to Jews.

From 1931 to 1932, SA Brownshirt thugs physically prevented customers from entering Jewish shops, windows were systematically smashed and Jewish shop owners threatened. During the Christmas holiday season of 1932, the central office of the Nazi party organized a nationwide boycott. In addition, German businesses, particularly large organizations like banks, insurance companies, and industrial firms such as Siemens, increasingly refused to employ Jews. Many hotels, restaurants and cafes banned Jews from entering and the resort island of Borkum banned Jews anywhere on the island. Such behavior was common in pre-war Europe; however in Germany, it reached new heights.

Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933

Nameplate of Dr. Werner Liebenthal, notary and advocate. The plate was hung outside his office on Martin Luther Str, Schöneberg, Berlin. In 1933, following the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service the plate was painted black by the Nazis, who boycotted Jewish-owned offices.
Main article: Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933

The Anti-Nazi Boycott commencing in March 1933 was a boycott of Nazi products by foreign critics of the Nazi Party in response to antisemitism in Nazi Germany following the rise of Adolf Hitler, commencing with his appointment as Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Those in the United States, the United Kingdom and other places worldwide who opposed Hitler's policies developed the boycott and its accompanying protests to encourage Nazi Germany to end the regime's anti-Jewish practices.

National boycott

Members of the SA boycotting Jews, April 1, 1933

In March 1933, the Nazis won a large number of seats in the German parliament, the Reichstag. Following this victory, and partly in response to the foreign Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933, there was widespread violence and hooliganism directed at Jewish businesses and individuals. Jewish lawyers and judges were physically prevented from reaching the courts. In some cases the SA created improvised concentration camps for prominent Jewish anti-Nazis.

Joseph Goebbels, who established the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda and Public Enlightenment, announced to the Nazi party newspaper on March 31 of 1933 that "world Jewry" had ruined the reputation of the German people, and wanted to make this boycott a publicly propelled antisemitic action.

On April 1, 1933, the Nazis carried out their first nationwide, planned action against Jews: a one-day boycott targeting Jewish businesses and professionals, in response to the Jewish boycott of German goods.

On the day of the boycott, the SA stood menacingly in front of Jewish-owned department stores and retail establishments, and the offices of professionals such as doctors and lawyers. The Propaganda Ministry wanted to catch violators of this boycott, looking to German citizens to shame other Germans who ignored the announcement and continued using Jewish stores and services. The Star of David was painted in yellow and black across thousands of doors and windows, with accompanying antisemitic slogans. Signs were posted saying "Don't buy from Jews!" (Kauf nicht bei Juden!), "The Jews are our misfortune!" (Die Juden sind unser Unglück!) and "Go to Palestine!" (Geh nach Palästina!). Throughout Germany acts of violence against individual Jews and Jewish property occurred.

The boycott was ignored by many individual Germans who continued to shop in Jewish-owned stores during the day. It marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign against the Jews, but due to it's negative impact on the German economy it was met with some internal opposition. The Nazi German Austrian daily newspaper (Deutsche-Oesterreichische Tageszeitung) in one article suggested "German national wealth is being deliberately destroyed." and the Sicilian Nazi party dissaproved, seeing it as destructive to the local economy.

International impact

The Nazi boycott inspired similar boycotts in other countries. In Poland the Endeks (founded by Roman Dmowski) organized boycotts of Jewish businesses across the country.

In Quebec, French-Canadian nationalists organized boycotts of Jews in the 1930s.

In the United States, Nazi supporters such as Father Charles Coughlin agitated for a boycott of Jewish businesses. Coughlin's radio show attracted tens of millions of listeners and his supporters organized "Buy Christian" campaigns and attacked Jews. Also, Ivy League universities restricted the numbers of Jews allowed admission.

In Austria, an organization called the Antisemitenbund had campaigned against Jewish civil rights since 1919. The organization took its inspiration from Karl Lueger, the legendary turn-of-the-century antisemitic mayor of Vienna, who inspired Hitler and had also campaigned for a boycott of Jewish businesses. Austrian campaigns tended to escalate around Christmas and became effective from 1932. As in Germany, Nazis picketed Jewish stores in an attempt to prevent shoppers from using them.

In Hungary, the government passed laws limiting Jewish economic activity from 1938 onwards. Agitation for boycotts dated back to the mid-nineteenth century when Jews received equal rights.

Subsequent events

The national boycott operation marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign by the Nazi party against the entire German Jewish population.

A week later, on April 7, 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which restricted employment in the civil service to "Aryans". This meant that Jews could not serve as teachers, professors, judges, or in other government positions. Most Jewish government workers, including teachers in public schools and universities, were fired, while doctors followed closely behind. However, the Jews who were war veterans were excluded from dismissal or discrimination (about 35,000 German Jews died in the First World War). In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws, stripping all Jews of their German citizenship, regardless of where they were born. Also, a Jewish quota of 1% was introduced for the number allowed to attend universities. In the amendment published on April 11 of Part 3 of the law, which stated that all non-Aryans were to be retired from the civil service, clarification was given: "A person is to be considered non-Aryan if he is descended from non-Aryan, and especially from Jewish parents or grandparents. It is sufficient if one parent or grandparent is non-Aryan. This is to be assumed in particular where one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish religion".

"Jewish" books were publicly burnt in elaborate ceremonies, and the Nuremberg laws defined who was or was not Jewish. Jewish-owned businesses were gradually "Aryanized" and forced to sell out to non-Jewish Germans.

After the Invasion of Poland in 1939, the German Nazi occupiers forced Jews into ghettos and completely banned them from public life. As World War II continued the Nazis turned to genocide, resulting in what is now known as the Holocaust.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Boycott of Jewish Businesses". Holocaust Encyclopedia. USHMM.
  2. The History Place (2 July 2016), “Triumph of Hitler: Nazis Boycott Jewish Shops”
  3. Berel Lang (2009). Philosophical Witnessing: The Holocaust as Presence. UPNE. pp. 131–. ISBN 978-1-58465-741-5.
  4. Pauley, Bruce F (1998), From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 200–203
  5. Kreutzmüller, Christoph (2012). Final Sale – The Destruction of Jewish Owned Businesses in Nazi Berlin 1930–1945. Metropol-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86331-080-6.
  6. ^ Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (2003). "5. Rational Antisemitism". Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy (2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0664223533.
  7. ^ Longerich, Peter (2010). "1: Antisemitism in the Weimar Republic". Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews (1st ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192804365.
  8. Karpf, Anne (8 June 2002), "We've been here before", The Guardian
  9. Encyclopedia.com (28 Sept 2008), “Pogroms”
  10. The Anti-Nazi Boycott of 1933, American Jewish Historical Society. Accessed January 22, 2009.
  11. ^ Michael Burleigh; Wolfgang Wippermann (1991). "4: The Persecution of the Jews". The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-521-39802-2.
  12. ^ Stoltzfus, Nathan (1996). "2: Stories of Jewish-German Courtship". Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany. Rutgers University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-8135-2909-3.
  13. source?
  14. "Boycott of Jewish Businesses". Jewish Virtual Library.
  15. Stewart, Brandon Allen (2021) "The Nazi Boycott of Jewish Businesses of April 1, 1933", pp.7-9
  16. Cang, Joel (1939). "The Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Question". Jewish Social Studies. 1 (2): 241–256.
  17. Abella, Irving; Bialystok, Franklin (1996). "Canada: Before the Holocaust". In Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. (eds.). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 751–753. ISBN 978-0801849695.
  18. "Charles E. Coughlin". Holocaust Encyclopedia. USHMM.
  19. Horowitz, Daniel (1998). Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left. p. 25.
  20. Karabel, Jerome (2005). The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Houghton Mifflin.
  21. Bruce F. Pauley, "From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism," (North Carolina, 1992), page 201.
  22. Randolph L. Braham, "The Christian Churches of Hungary and the Holocaust," Yad Vashem (Shoah Resource Center), pp. 1–2.
  23. "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, April 7, 1933". www1.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  24. "Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union," ed.by Arad, Yitzhak; Gutman, Yisrael; Margaliot, Abraham (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1987), pp. 39–42.

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