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{{Short description|Cause or initiator of an event}}
{{Distinguish|Agent noun}}
{{Grammatical categories}} {{Grammatical categories}}
In ], a '''grammatical agent''' is the cause or initiator of an event.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kroeger|first=Paul|title=Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-01653-7|pages=54}}</ref> ''Agent'' may also be the name of the ] (also known as the thematic relation). The word comes from the present participle ''agens, agentis'' ("the one doing") of the Latin verb ''agere'', to "do" or "make". In ], a '''grammatical agent''' is the ] of the cause or initiator to an event.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kroeger|first=Paul|title=Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-01653-7|pages=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSglHbBaNyAC}}</ref> The agent is a ] concept distinct from the ] of a sentence as well as from the ]. While the subject is determined syntactically, primarily through word order, the agent is determined through its relationship to the action expressed by the ]. For example, in the sentence "The little girl was bitten by the dog", ''girl'' is the subject, but ''dog'' is the agent.

The word ''agent'' comes from the present participle {{Lang|la|agens}}, {{Lang|la|agentis}} ('the one doing') of the Latin verb {{Lang|la|agere}}, to 'do' or 'make'.


==Theory== ==Theory==
Typically, the situation is denoted by a ], the action by a ] in the sentence, and the agent by a ]. Typically, the situation is denoted by a ], the action by a ] in the sentence, and the agent by a ].


For example, in the sentence "Jack kicked the ball", ''Jack'' is the agent and "the ball" is the ]. In certain languages, the agent is ] or otherwise marked to indicate its grammatical role. In ], for instance, the agentive case is marked with the case particle ''ga'' (が), while the nominative case, also called "bare case" or ''hadaka-kaku'' (ハダカ格), is marked with no case particle.<ref name=tarou_takahashi>{{cite book|last=Takahashi|first=Tarou, et al.|title=A Japanese Grammar 4th Edition|year=2010|publisher=Hitsuji Shobou|location=Japan|isbn=978-4-89476-244-2|page=27}}</ref> Although ] does not mark grammatical role, agency is informally represented using certain conventions; for instance, with the ]s "-ing", "-er", or "-or", as in "eating", "user", or "prosecutor". (Cf. ].) For example, in the sentence "Jack kicked the ball", ''Jack'' is the agent and ''the ball'' is the ]. In certain languages, the agent is ] or otherwise marked to indicate its grammatical role. ] does not mark the agentive grammatical role of a noun in a sentence. Although certain nouns do have a permanent trait of agency (]: runner, kicker, etc.), an agent noun is not necessarily an agent of a sentence: "Jack kicked the runner".


The notion of ] is easy to grasp intuitively but notoriously difficult to define: typical qualities that a grammatical agent often has are that it has ], is sentient or perceives, causes a change of state, or moves. The linguist ] included these qualities in his definition of a Proto-Agent, and proposed that the nominal with the most elements of the Proto-Agent and the fewest elements of the Proto-Patient tends to be treated as the agent in a sentence.<ref>Dowty, David. 1991. "Thematic proto-roles and argument selection", ''Language'', 67.3:547-619</ref> This solves problems that most semanticists have with deciding on the number and quality of thematic roles. For example, in the sentence ''His energy surprised everyone'', ''His energy'' is the agent, even though it does not have most of the typical agent-like qualities such as perception, movement, or volition. Even Dowty's solution fails for verbs expressing relationships in time: For many people, the notion of ] is easy to grasp intuitively but difficult to define: typical qualities that a grammatical agent often has are that it has ], is sentient or perceives, causes a change of state, or moves. The linguist ] included these qualities in his definition of a Proto-Agent, and proposed that the nominal with the most elements of the Proto-Agent and the fewest elements of the Proto-Patient tends to be treated as the agent in a sentence.<ref>Dowty, David. 1991. "Thematic proto-roles and argument selection", ''Language'', 67.3:547-619</ref> This solves problems that most semanticists have with deciding on the number and quality of thematic roles. For example, in the sentence ''His energy surprised everyone'', ''His energy'' is the agent, even though it does not have most of the typical agent-like qualities such as perception, movement, or volition. Even Dowty's solution fails for verbs expressing relationships in time:


(1) April precedes May. vs: (2) May follows April. (1) April precedes May. vs: (2) May follows April.
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Here what is agent and what is patient must be specified for each individual verb. Here what is agent and what is patient must be specified for each individual verb.


The grammatical agent is often confused with the ], but these two notions are quite distinct: the former is based explicitly on its relationship to the action or event expressed by the ], whereas the latter is based on the ], word order, and importance to the sentence. In a sentence such as "The boy kicked the ball", "the boy" is the agent ''and'' the subject. However, when the sentence is rendered in the ], "The ball was kicked by the boy", "the ball" is the grammatical subject, but "the boy" is still the agent. Many sentences in English and other ] have the agent as subject. The grammatical agent is often confused with the ], but the two notions are quite distinct: the ''agent'' is based explicitly on its relationship to the action or event expressed by the ] (e.g. "He who kicked the ball"), whereas the ''subject'' is based on a more ''formal title'' using the theory of the ] (e.g. "Jack kicked the ball"). In the sentence "The boy kicked the ball", ''the boy'' is the agent ''and'' the subject. However, when the sentence is rendered in the ], "The ball was kicked by the boy", ''the ball'' is the grammatical subject, but ''the boy'' is still the agent. Many sentences in English and other ] have the agent as subject.


The use of some ] denoting strictly reciprocal events may involve a conflation of agent and subject. In the sentence "John met Sylvia", for example, though both "John" and "Sylvia" would equally meet Dowty's definition of a Proto-Agent, the co-agent "Sylvia" is downgraded to patient because it is the direct object of the sentence.<ref>Givóm, Tom. 2001. ''Syntax: An Introduction. Volume 1''. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 131.</ref> The use of some ] denoting strictly reciprocal events may involve a conflation of agent and subject. In the sentence "John met Sylvia", for example, though both ''John'' and ''Sylvia'' would equally meet Dowty's definition of a Proto-Agent, the co-agent ''Sylvia'' is downgraded to patient because it is the direct object of the sentence.<ref>Givóm, Tom. 2001. ''Syntax: An Introduction. Volume 1''. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 131.</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
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==External links== ==External links==
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{{Lexical categories|state=collapsed}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Agent (Grammar)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Agent (Grammar)}}
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Latest revision as of 00:43, 13 November 2023

Cause or initiator of an event Not to be confused with Agent noun.
Grammatical features
Related to nouns
Related to verbs
General features
Syntax relationships
Semantics
Phenomena

In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event. The agent is a semantic concept distinct from the subject of a sentence as well as from the topic. While the subject is determined syntactically, primarily through word order, the agent is determined through its relationship to the action expressed by the verb. For example, in the sentence "The little girl was bitten by the dog", girl is the subject, but dog is the agent.

The word agent comes from the present participle agens, agentis ('the one doing') of the Latin verb agere, to 'do' or 'make'.

Theory

Typically, the situation is denoted by a sentence, the action by a verb in the sentence, and the agent by a noun phrase.

For example, in the sentence "Jack kicked the ball", Jack is the agent and the ball is the patient. In certain languages, the agent is declined or otherwise marked to indicate its grammatical role. Modern English does not mark the agentive grammatical role of a noun in a sentence. Although certain nouns do have a permanent trait of agency (agent noun: runner, kicker, etc.), an agent noun is not necessarily an agent of a sentence: "Jack kicked the runner".

For many people, the notion of agency is easy to grasp intuitively but difficult to define: typical qualities that a grammatical agent often has are that it has volition, is sentient or perceives, causes a change of state, or moves. The linguist David Dowty included these qualities in his definition of a Proto-Agent, and proposed that the nominal with the most elements of the Proto-Agent and the fewest elements of the Proto-Patient tends to be treated as the agent in a sentence. This solves problems that most semanticists have with deciding on the number and quality of thematic roles. For example, in the sentence His energy surprised everyone, His energy is the agent, even though it does not have most of the typical agent-like qualities such as perception, movement, or volition. Even Dowty's solution fails for verbs expressing relationships in time:

(1) April precedes May. vs: (2) May follows April.

Here what is agent and what is patient must be specified for each individual verb.

The grammatical agent is often confused with the subject, but the two notions are quite distinct: the agent is based explicitly on its relationship to the action or event expressed by the verb (e.g. "He who kicked the ball"), whereas the subject is based on a more formal title using the theory of the information flow (e.g. "Jack kicked the ball"). In the sentence "The boy kicked the ball", the boy is the agent and the subject. However, when the sentence is rendered in the passive voice, "The ball was kicked by the boy", the ball is the grammatical subject, but the boy is still the agent. Many sentences in English and other Indo-European languages have the agent as subject.

The use of some transitive verbs denoting strictly reciprocal events may involve a conflation of agent and subject. In the sentence "John met Sylvia", for example, though both John and Sylvia would equally meet Dowty's definition of a Proto-Agent, the co-agent Sylvia is downgraded to patient because it is the direct object of the sentence.

See also

References

  1. Kroeger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.
  2. Dowty, David. 1991. "Thematic proto-roles and argument selection", Language, 67.3:547-619
  3. Givóm, Tom. 2001. Syntax: An Introduction. Volume 1. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 131.

External links

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