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{{Short description|Indian New Year}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
There are numerous days throughout the year celebrated as '''New Year's Day''' in the different regions of India. The observance is determined by whether the ], ] or ] is being followed. For those regions which follow the solar calendar, the new year falls as Baisakhi in Punjab, ] in ], Puthandu in Tamil Nadu, ] in Kerala, ] or Odia Nababarsa in Odisha and ] in Bengal in the month of the calendar, i.e., ]. Generally, this day falls during 14th or 15th of the month of ]. Those following the lunar calendar consider the month of ] (corresponding to ]-April) as the first month of the year, so the new year is celebrated on the first day of this month like ] in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, ] and ] in Maharashtra. Similarly, few regions in India consider the period between consecutive ] as one month and few others take the period between consecutive ]s as a month. In Gujarat the new year is celebrated as the day after ]. As per the Hindu Calendar, it falls on Shukla Paksha Pratipada in the Hindu month of Kartik. As per the Indian Calendar based on the lunar cycle, Kartik is the first month of the year and the New Year in Gujarat falls on the first bright day of Kartik (Ekam). In other parts of India, New Year celebrations begin in the spring.


==Details==
* Hindu religious festivals are based on ]. Not withstanding the Purnimanta scheme of months that is in use in North India, the New year in Vikram Samvat starts from the first day of Chaitra ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ8iAVwA-yEC&q=purnimanta&pg=PA30|title = The Indian Calendar with Tables of the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates & Vice Versa|isbn = 9788120812079|last1 = Sewell|first1 = Robert|last2 = Dikshit|first2 = S. B.|date = 31 May 1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher }}</ref>
* In ], the fourth day of ] is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar month of ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ8iAVwA-yEC&q=gujarat&pg=PA32|title = The Indian Calendar with Tables of the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates & Vice Versa|isbn = 9788120812079|last1 = Sewell|first1 = Robert|last2 = Dikshit|first2 = S. B.|date = 31 May 1995| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher }}</ref>
* Other festivals which are celebrated as new year in India are ] (among ], ] and ]) and ] (in Jharkhand).


==Ugadi== ==Calendar view==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{{main|Ugadi}}
|-
Ugadi is celebrated as New Year's Day in ] and ]. The name Ugadi is derived from the name "Yuga Adi", which means 'the beginning of a new age'.<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> It is celebrated on the first day of the ] ''Chaitra'', which marks the onset of spring. It is believed that Lord ], the creator according to ], began creation on this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://festivals.tajonline.com/ugadi.php |title=Ugadi at tajonline.com |publisher=Festivals.tajonline.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-17}}</ref> Preparations begin well ahead of the festival. Houses are given a thorough cleaning, people don new clothes and special dishes are prepared, with six flavours.
! Calendar !! Date !! Festival name !! Region / Communities / Religions<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA136|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=136–137}}</ref>

|-
==Rongali Bihu==
|| Solar || 1 Vaisakh (13/14 April) || ]|| style="background: #ffad66;" | ], ], ], Himachal Pradesh, ], and parts of ]
{{main|Bihu}}
|-
Rongali Bihu or Bohag Bihu (mid-April), is celebrated as the ] New Year (around April 14–15) and the arrival of Spring. This marks the first day of the Hindu solar calendar. The first day of the bihu <last day of the previous year> is called goru bihu or cow bihu, where the cows are washed,smeared with ground turmeric, patted with dighalati/makhiyati, worshipped and gets new ropes. This is followed by manuh (human in Assamese) bihu on April 15,which is the Assamese New Year Day. People welcomes the spring with cleaned home, neighbourhood and dresses. The third day is Gosai (Gods) bihu when people worship statues of God, all households are cleaned and worshiped hoping for a prosperous and happy new year.
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || ]<br>(Hindu Lunar New Year) || style="background: #ffad66;" | ] (], ]), ] (], ], ], ]-], ], ], ]), ] (], ], ], ], ]), ], ], and parts of ]

|-
==Gudi Padwa==
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || ]||style="background: #ffad66;" | ], ], ], parts of ]
{{main|Gudi Padwa}}
|-
] is celebrated as New Year's Day in ]. It is celebrated on the same day as Ugadi i.e., the first day of the month ''Chaitra''. Courtyards of rural houses are cleaned and plastered with fresh cowdung. Designs called ]s are drawn on doorsteps. People wear new clothes and special dishes are prepared. Lord Brahma is worshipped on this day and the ''gudi'', Brahma's flag (also called ''Brahmadhvaj''), is hoisted in every house as a symbolic representation of ]'s victory over ].
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ], ] (])

|-
==Puthandu==
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
{{main|Puthandu}}
|-
Puthandu, also known as ''Varuda pirappu'', is celebrated as New Year's Day in ]. It is celebrated on the first day of the ] ''Chithirai'', which falls on 14 April. Women draw patterns called ''kolams''. A lamp called a ''kuttuvilaku'' is placed on the center of the ''kolam'', to eradicate darkness. A ritual called ''kanni'' takes place. ''Kanni'' means 'auspicious sight'. People watch jewellery, fruits, vegetables, flowers, nuts, rice etc., as it is a belief among ] that it brings prosperity. People wear new clothes and special dishes are prepared for the occasion. A ] is held at Tiruvadamarudur, near Kumbakonam.
|| Lunar || varies, Jun/Jul || Ashadhi Bij || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]

|-
==Vishu==
|| Lunar || varies, Oct/Nov || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
{{main|Vishu}}
|-
Contrary to popular belief, Vishu ({{lang-ml|വിഷു}}) is celebrated as Malayalam New Year's Day{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} in ]. Vishu falls on the first day of the ] of Medam (mid-April on the Gregorian calendar). The Malayalam New Year in Malabar used to be the 1st of Kanni and that in the Travancore region was on the 1st of Chingam. When the Government of Kerala adopted Kolla Varsham as the Regional Calendar the 1st of Chingam was accepted as the Malayalam New Year. Medom is the first month according to the astronomical calendar; it is identical with Chaitram of the Saka Varsha.
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ], ]

|-
==Cheiraoba==
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || ]<br>(Hindu Solar New Year) || style="background: #ffad66;" | ] (] and ]), ] (], ])
Cheiraoba is celebrated as New Year's Day in ]. Sajibu Cheiraoba is an annual religious celebration in which certain rites and rituals are observed with a traditional devotion. The celebration marks the parting of the old year while welcoming the new year. The name 'Cheiraoba' is a combination of two words which have two different meanings – 'Chahi' (year) and 'laoba' (declaration). So, overall 'Cheirao-ba' means the announcement of the coming year.
|-

|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
Cheiraoba falls on the same day as Ugadi or Gudi Padwa.
|-

| rowspan="2" |Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || ]<br>(traditional) || rowspan="2" style="background: #ffad66;"| ]
==Navreh==
|-
Navreh is the lunar new year which is celebrated in ]. This coincides with the first day of the Chaitra (spring) Navratras. This day finds mention in Rajtarangini and Nilamat Purana of Kashmir and is regarded as sacred in Kashmir as the ]. The celebrated Arab scholar Alberuni has written that Kashmiris celebrate the second of ]s to commemorate victory of their greatest and famous king – ] – with great festivity and pomp. Navreh falls on the same day as Ugadi or Cheiraoba or Gudi Padwa.
| | fixed, 17/18 August || ]<br>(Kollam era calendar)

|-
==Maha vishuva Sankranti==
|| Solar || fixed, 14/15 April || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
{{main|Vishuva Sankranti}}
|-
Mahavishuva Sankranti, is celebrated as the Oriya New Year. On this day, religious people offer delicious ] – a sweet drink made of different types of fruits, water, milk, bela, curd and sugar or jaggery - to the ], ] and ] and their deities in various Temples of the state. People also drink Pana with great enjoyment. During the festival you will find water pots placed on the roadsides to help the thirsty souls. Water is as also offered to animals and birds with equal enthusiasm. This Sankraniti is also known as Pana Sankranit to Jala Sankranti.
|| Lunar || varies, Mar/Apr || ]<ref>{{cite book|author1=Arambam Noni|author2=Kangujam Sanatomba|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-27066-9|page=249}}</ref> || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]

|-
This day is also a celebration of ]. Mahabishuda Sankranti is also significant for Jhamu Yatra and this month long festival comes to an end. Patuas (those who observe it) keep fast and wander to various places to preach the religious significance the festival of the Lord Shiva, ] and Goddess Mangala. On the concluding day, these Patuas discipline their senses for more penance and walk on fire and thorns to concentrate on spirituality for the dignity and propriety of life.
|| Solar || fixed, 14/15 Apr || ] ||style="background: #ffad66;" | ]

|-
Mahabishuba Sankranti generally falls on 13 or 14 April. It is possible that it is celebrated on same day as ] in Tamil Nadu.
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 Apr || ] ||style="background: #ffad66;" | ], ]

|-
==Bestu Varas==
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || ] ||style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
Bestu Varas is the New Year's Day for Gujaratis and this falls on the day next to Diwali. Traditional Gujaratis follow Vikram Samwat or ]. According to ] systems the Vikrama calendar begins with the month of Baishakh/Chaitra (April), or Kartak (October/November) in Gujarat.
|-

|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 April || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
Bestu Baras generally falls in month of October or November. On this day, people greet each other on this day with "Nutan Varsha Abhinandan" i.e. Happy New Year or with "Saal Mubaarak" which is an Urdu saying but is said commonly by ]. The day starts with the heavy fire works, to welcome New Year, in the early morning as Hindus believe morning starts at 4 am. The local young boys sell raw salt (collected from ]) calling it "sabras" means all taste, to make the locals' new year prosperous. Houses are decorated with the aaso palav & marigolds (galgota) toran (Door hangings) and ] beside front door with different designs and writings such as "Happy New Year", "Nutan Varshabhinandan" (નૂતન વર્ષાભિનંદન). The people get dressed with new clothes and visit their neighbours and relatives to greet them. Home made snacks like "Farsaan" (ફરસાણ) and sweets are offered to the guests and neighbours who come to wish the new year.
|-

|| Solar || fixed, 14/15 April || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ] and the wider ] region
==Cheti Chand==
|-
{{main|Cheti Chand}}
|| Solar || fixed, 13/14/15 April || ] || style="background: #ffad66;" | ]
Cheti Chand is celebrated as New Year's Day by Sindhis, According to the Hindu calendar, Cheti Chand is celebrated on the second day of the Chaitra month known as Chet in Sindhi. Hence it is known as CHET-I-CHAND.
|-

|| Lunar || varies, Dec || ]/] || style="background:yellow;"| ] (], ])
It is the second day of month chaitra i.e. a day after Ugadi and Gudi Padi.
|-

|| Lunar ||varies, Feb || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ], ] (])
==Chaitti and Basoa/Bishu==
|-

|| Lunar ||varies, Oct/Nov || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ] (])
The festivals of Chaitti and Basoa are celebrated as New Year festivals in the state of ].
|-

|| Lunar ||varies, Feb/Mar || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ] (])
Chaitti is celebrated on the first day of month of Chaitra which according to the ] is the first day of year. The first day of this month (Chaitra Sankranti) is considered very important and is celebrated all over the state. Chaitti is cebrated on the same day as Ugadi and Gudi Padwa.
|-

|| Lunar ||varies, Dec/Jan || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ] (])
The festival of Basoa, also known as Bishu, is celebrated on the first day of the month of Baisakh. The aboriginal and the farming folk celebrate the Basoa festival. Three days before the festival, people make little cakes with Kodra (a ]) flour and wrap them up in leaves. After three days the cakes ferment, then on the morning of the festival day people invite the married daughters and other relatives and break and eat these cakes with honey and sweet water flavoured with jaggery. A ritual song is sung on this occasion.'Manoj
|-

|| Lunar ||varies, Jan/Feb || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ] (])
==Vaisakhi==
|-
Baisakhi Festival, also called Vaisakhi, holds great importance for the Sikh community and farmers of Punjab and Haryana. Baisakhi falls on 13 or 14 April, the first day of the second month of the year according to the Nanakshahi Calendar. Sikhs also celebrate this day in honor of their tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Baisakhi commemorates the day when the Sikh Guru eliminated caste differences and founded Khalsa Panth in 1699, at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.
|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 Apr || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ] (], ], ], ]), ] (], ], ])
The Sikh New Year as per the Sikh Nanakshahi Calendar falls on 14 March every year, with the beginning of Chet; and is marked with revered celebrations throughout the Sikh community.
|-

|| Solar ||fixed, 13/14 Apr || ] || style="background:yellow;"| ]
== Chaitra Pratipada ==
|-
Celebrated in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar pradesh with the beginning of the Hindu New Year.
|| Solar || varies, 17, 18, 19 Aug<ref name="news">{{cite web |url=http://newsworldindia.in/lifestyle/navroz-special-6-fascinating-facts-about-the-festival/108852/ |title=Navroz Mubarak: 6 Fascinating Facts About Parsi New Year! |date=20 March 2017 |website=newsworldindia.in |publisher=News World India |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331131103/http://newsworldindia.in/lifestyle/navroz-special-6-fascinating-facts-about-the-festival/108852/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> || ] || style="background:lightpink;"| ]s
New Year start with 1st day of Chaitra i.e. the beginning of the Hindu New Year.
|-

|| Solar || fixed, 21 March || ]<ref name="ToI">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/irani-new-year-to-be-celebrated-today-and-tomorrow/articleshow/57719657.cms |title=Irani New Year to be celebrated today and tomorrow |last=Jaisinghani |first=Bella |date=19 March 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326025407/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/irani-new-year-to-be-celebrated-today-and-tomorrow/articleshow/57719657.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Mughal records state that Nowruz was celebrated in northwestern Indian subcontinent, but inconsistently. Some Mughal emperors favoring its celebration while others not participating because it was not sanctioned by ]. Aurangzeb banned its celebration in 1659, calling it "festival of fireworshippers" and the celebration as a "stupid act".<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Blake|title=Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUB-FEpPHsoC&pg=PA91 |year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03023-7|pages=89–91}}</ref>}} || style="background:lightpink;"| ]
In 2013, the Hindu new year began on 11 April.
|}

== Jude-Sheetal ==
{{main|Maithili New Year}}
Juir Sheetal (জুড়ি শীতল / जुड़ि शीतल) also known as Pahil Baisakh or Baisakhi or Maithili New Year is the celebration of the first day of the Maithili new year. This day usually falls on 14 April on Gregorian calendar by the Maithils in Mithila region of India and Nepal. This is also called Nirayana Mesh Sankranti or Tirhuta new year in some regions of Mithila. The festive occasion is in keeping with the Hindu solar calendar. This day falls on the 13-14th or 14–15 April and coincides with the new years of other eastern states of India. Sweets and greetings are exchanged. This day is also called Hanumat Dhwajadanam, the day ]'s flag (and hence ]'s flag) is to be flown. It is also the birthday of Raja Salhesh (Shailesh - the king of Himalyas region of Mithila who won area up to Tibet) whose garden is at the Mahisautha in Siraha district headquarters of Nepal.


== See also == == See also ==
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*] *]
*] *]
*], new year in ]
*]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

*
==External links==
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225024153/http://north-east-india.com/assam/bihu-festival.html |date=25 February 2020 }}
*
* *
* *
* *
*


{{New Year by Calendar}}
{{HinduFestivals}} {{HinduFestivals}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian New Year's Days}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Indian New Year's Days}}
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 16:34, 27 December 2024

Indian New Year

There are numerous days throughout the year celebrated as New Year's Day in the different regions of India. The observance is determined by whether the lunar, solar or lunisolar calendar is being followed. For those regions which follow the solar calendar, the new year falls as Baisakhi in Punjab, Bohag Bihu in Assam, Puthandu in Tamil Nadu, Vishu in Kerala, Pana Sankranti or Odia Nababarsa in Odisha and Poila Boishakh in Bengal in the month of the calendar, i.e., Vaishakha. Generally, this day falls during 14th or 15th of the month of April. Those following the lunar calendar consider the month of Chaitra (corresponding to March-April) as the first month of the year, so the new year is celebrated on the first day of this month like Ugadi in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Gudi Padwa in Maharashtra. Similarly, few regions in India consider the period between consecutive Sankarantis as one month and few others take the period between consecutive Purnimas as a month. In Gujarat the new year is celebrated as the day after Diwali. As per the Hindu Calendar, it falls on Shukla Paksha Pratipada in the Hindu month of Kartik. As per the Indian Calendar based on the lunar cycle, Kartik is the first month of the year and the New Year in Gujarat falls on the first bright day of Kartik (Ekam). In other parts of India, New Year celebrations begin in the spring.

Details

  • Hindu religious festivals are based on Vikram Samvat. Not withstanding the Purnimanta scheme of months that is in use in North India, the New year in Vikram Samvat starts from the first day of Chaitra Shukla Paksha.
  • In Gujarat, the fourth day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar month of Kartik.
  • Other festivals which are celebrated as new year in India are Baha parab (among Ho, Santal people and Munda) and Sarhul (in Jharkhand).

Calendar view

Calendar Date Festival name Region / Communities / Religions
Solar 1 Vaisakh (13/14 April) Vaisakhi Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and parts of Delhi
Lunar varies, Mar/Apr Chaitra Navaratri
(Hindu Lunar New Year)		 Bihar (Bhojpur, Magadh), Uttar Pradesh (Awadh, Braj, Bagelkhand, Bhojpur-Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Kannauj, Rohilkhand), Madhya Pradesh (Bagelkhand, Bundelkhand, Malwa, Mahakoshal, Gird), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and parts of Delhi
Lunar varies, Mar/Apr Ugadi Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, parts of Goa
Lunar varies, Mar/Apr Gudi Padwa Maharashtra, Goa (Konkan)
Lunar varies, Mar/Apr Navreh Kashmir
Lunar varies, Jun/Jul Ashadhi Bij Kutch
Lunar varies, Oct/Nov Nutan Varsh Gujarat
Lunar varies, Mar/Apr Cheti Chand Sindh, Sindhi Hindus
Solar fixed, 13/14/15 April Mesha Sankranti
(Hindu Solar New Year)		 Uttarakhand (Garhwal and Kumaon), Nepalis (Sikkim, Darjeeling)
Solar fixed, 13/14/15 April Puthandu Tamil Nadu
Solar fixed, 13/14/15 April Vishu
(traditional)		 Kerala
fixed, 17/18 August 1st Chingam
(Kollam era calendar)
Solar fixed, 14/15 April Bisu Parba Tulu Nadu
Lunar varies, Mar/Apr Sajibu Cheiraoba Manipur
Solar fixed, 14/15 Apr Buisu Tripura
Solar fixed, 13/14/15 Apr Bwisagu Bodoland, Assam
Solar fixed, 13/14/15 April Bohag Bihu Assam
Solar fixed, 13/14 April Pana Sankranti Odisha
Solar fixed, 14/15 April Pahela Baishakh West Bengal and the wider Bengal region
Solar fixed, 13/14/15 April Jur Sital Mithila
Lunar varies, Dec Losoong/Namsoong Sikkim (Bhutia, Lepcha)
Lunar varies, Feb Losar Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh (Monpa)
Lunar varies, Oct/Nov Mha Puja Sikkim (Newar)
Lunar varies, Feb/Mar Gyalpo Lhosar Sikkim (Sherpa)
Lunar varies, Dec/Jan Tamu Lhosar Sikkim (Gurung)
Lunar varies, Jan/Feb Sonam Lhosar Sikkim (Tamang)
Solar fixed, 13/14 Apr Sangken Arunachal Pradesh (Khamti, Singpho, Khamyang, Tangsa), Assam (Tai Phake, Tai Aiton, Turung)
Solar fixed, 13/14 Apr Bizhu Chakma
Solar varies, 17, 18, 19 Aug Pateti Parsis
Solar fixed, 21 March Nowruz Iranis/other Zoroastrians

See also

Notes

  1. Mughal records state that Nowruz was celebrated in northwestern Indian subcontinent, but inconsistently. Some Mughal emperors favoring its celebration while others not participating because it was not sanctioned by Sharia. Aurangzeb banned its celebration in 1659, calling it "festival of fireworshippers" and the celebration as a "stupid act".

References

  1. Sewell, Robert; Dikshit, S. B. (31 May 1995). The Indian Calendar with Tables of the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates & Vice Versa. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. ISBN 9788120812079.
  2. Sewell, Robert; Dikshit, S. B. (31 May 1995). The Indian Calendar with Tables of the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates & Vice Versa. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. ISBN 9788120812079.
  3. Roshen Dalal (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  4. Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (2015). Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur. Routledge. p. 249. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9.
  5. "Navroz Mubarak: 6 Fascinating Facts About Parsi New Year!". newsworldindia.in. News World India. 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  6. Jaisinghani, Bella (19 March 2017). "Irani New Year to be celebrated today and tomorrow". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  7. Stephen P. Blake (2013). Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-1-107-03023-7.

External links

New Year by calendar
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See Also
Festivals in the Hindu calendar
Major festivals
Harvest festivals
New year's days
Other festivals
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Balinese festivals
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