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⚫ '''Animal welfare science''' is the scientific study of the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild. Although ] has been of great concern for many thousands of years in religion and culture, the investigation of animal welfare using rigorous ]s is a relatively recent development. The world's first Professor of Animal Welfare Science, ], was appointed by ] (UK) in 1986.
⚫ {{ethology}}
⚫ '''Animal welfare science''' is the scientific study of the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild. Although ] has been of great concern for many thousands of years in religion and culture, the investigation of animal welfare using rigorous scientific methods is a relatively recent development. The world's first Professor of Animal Welfare Science, ], was appointed by ] (UK) in 1986.


==Historical legislation and guidelines== ==Historical legislation and guidelines==
Early legislation which formed the impetus for assessing animal welfare and the subsequent development of animal welfare science include the ] Parliament (Thomas Wentworth) ''"]"'', 1635, and the Massachusetts Colony (]) ''"Off the Bruite Creatures"'' Liberty 92 and 93 in the ''"]"'' of 1641.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-law/renaissance-legislation/1635-ireland-act-horses-sheep.htm|title=Animal Rights History|accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> Early legislation which formed the impetus for assessing animal welfare and the subsequent development of animal welfare science include the ] Parliament (Thomas Wentworth) ''"]"'', 1635, and the Massachusetts Colony (]) ''"Off the Bruite Creatures"'' Liberty 92 and 93 in the ''"]"'' of 1641.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-law/renaissance-legislation/1635-ireland-act-horses-sheep.htm |title=Animal Rights History |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001083518/http://www.animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-law/renaissance-legislation/1635-ireland-act-horses-sheep.htm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref>


]'s act, the ''"]"'' is often considered to be the precursor of modern relevant legislation. One of the first national laws to protect animals was the UK ''"]"'' followed by the ''"]"''. In the US it was many years until there was a National law to protect animals - the ''"]"'' - although there were a number of states that passed anti-cruelty laws between 1828 and 1898.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/AWA2007/intro.shtml|title=AWIC|accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> In India, animals are protected by the ''"]"''. In the UK, the ''"]"'' consolidated many different forms of animal welfare legislation. ]'s act, the ''"]"'' is often considered to be the precursor of modern relevant legislation. One of the first national laws to protect animals was the UK ''"]"'' followed by the ''"]"''. In the US it was many years until there was a National law to protect animals—the ''"]"''—although there were a number of states that passed anti-cruelty laws between 1828 and 1898.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/AWA2007/intro.shtml |title=AWIC |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302102008/http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/AWA2007/intro.shtml |archive-date=2 March 2013 }}</ref> In India, animals are protected by the ''"]"''. In the UK, the ''"]"'' consolidated many different forms of animal welfare legislation.


Animal welfare science can be considered as the assessment of welfare. The first publication to include the term ‘assessment" appears to be one by William Thorpe entitled ''The assessment of pain and distress in animals''.<ref name="Thorpe, (1965)">Thorpe, W.H., (1965). The assessment of pain and distress in animals. Appendix III in the report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive husbandry conditions, F.W.R. Brambell (chairman). H.M.S.O., London</ref> This was followed 20 years later by a highly influential paper on assessing pain and distress in laboratory animals by Morton and Griffiths.<ref name="Morton and Griffiths, (1985)">Morton, D.B. and Griffiths, P.H.M., (1985). Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment. Veterinary Record, 116: 431–436</ref> Animal welfare science can be considered as the assessment of welfare. The first publication to include the term "assessment" appears to be a 1965 appendix by ] entitled ''The assessment of pain and distress in animals''.<ref name="Thorpe, (1965)">Thorpe, W.H., (1965). The assessment of pain and distress in animals. Appendix III in the report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive husbandry conditions, F.W.R. Brambell (chairman). H.M.S.O., London</ref> This was followed 20 years later by a highly influential paper on assessing pain and distress in laboratory animals by Morton and Griffiths.<ref name="Morton and Griffiths, (1985)">{{cite journal |author1=Morton D.B. |author2=Griffiths P.H.M. | year = 1985 | title = Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessment | journal = Veterinary Record | volume = 116 | issue = 16| pages = 431–436 | doi=10.1136/vr.116.16.431|pmid=3923690 |s2cid=34686008 }}</ref>


==Methods of assessment== ==Methods of assessment==


Animal welfare science uses a variety of ] or ] measures or indicators. Integrated approaches to assess animal welfare include risk analysis and semantic modelling{{clarify|date=April 2014}} of animal welfare.<ref name = "Bracke et al., 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Bracke M.B.M. |author2=Edwards S.A. |author3=Metz J.H.M. |author4=Noordhuizen J.P.T.M. |author5=Algers B. | year = 2008 | title = Synthesis of semantic modelling and risk analysis methodology applied to animal welfare | journal = Animal | volume = 2 | issue = 7| pages = 1061–1072 | doi = 10.1017/S1751731108002139 |pmid=22443707 | doi-access = free |bibcode=2008Anim....2.1061B }}</ref>
Animal welfare science uses a variety of ] or ] measures or indicators.


===Animal behaviour=== ===Animal behaviour===
*Occurrence of ] (e.g. ],<ref name="Mason, (1991)">Mason, G.J., (1991). Stereotypies - A critical Review. Animal Behaviour, 41: 1015-1037. {{doi|10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2}}</ref><ref name="Claes et al., (2010)">Claes, A., Attur Shanmugam, A. and Jensen, P. (2010). Habituation to environmental enrichment in captive Sloth Bears-effect on stereotypies. Zoo Biology, 29: 705-714. {{doi|10.1002/zoo.20301}}</ref> ],<ref name="Sherwin et al., (2010)">Sherwin, C.M., Richards, G.J and Nicol, C.J., (2010). Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK. British Poultry Science, 51: 488-499</ref> tail-biting<ref name="Brunberg et al., (2011)">Brunberg, E., Wallenbeck A. and Keeling L.J., (2011). Tail biting in fattening pigs: Associations between frequency of tail biting and other abnormal behaviours. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 133: 18-25. {{doi|10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.019}}</ref>) *Occurrence of ] (e.g. ],<ref name="Mason, (1991)">{{cite journal | author = Mason G.J. | year = 1991 | title = Stereotypies – A critical Review | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 41 | issue = 6| pages = 1015–1037 | doi = 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80640-2 | hdl = 10214/4622 | s2cid = 53187334 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Claes et al., (2010)">{{cite journal |author1=Claes A. |author2=Attur Shanmugam A. |author3=Jensen P. | year = 2010 | title = Habituation to environmental enrichment in captive Sloth Bears-effect on stereotypies | journal = Zoo Biology | volume = 29 | issue = 6| pages = 705–714 | doi = 10.1002/zoo.20301 | pmid=20069629}}</ref> ],<ref name="Sherwin et al. (2010)">{{cite journal |author1=Sherwin C.M. |author2=Richards G.J. |author3=Nicol C.J. | year = 2010 | title = Comparison of the welfare of layer hens in 4 housing systems in the UK | journal = British Poultry Science | volume = 51 | issue = 4| pages = 488–499 | doi=10.1080/00071668.2010.502518 | pmid=20924842|s2cid=8968010 }}</ref> tail-biting,<ref name="Brunberg et al., (2011)">{{cite journal |author1=Brunberg E. |author2=Wallenbeck A. |author3=Keeling L.J. | year = 2011 | title = Tail biting in fattening pigs: Associations between frequency of tail biting and other abnormal behaviours | journal = Applied Animal Behaviour Science | volume = 133 | issue = 1–2| pages = 18–25 | doi = 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.04.019 }}</ref> ]<ref name="Leach2012">{{cite journal |author=Leach, M.C. |author2=Klaus, K. |author3=Miller, A.L. |author4=Scotto di Perrotolo, M. |author5=Sotocinal, S.G. |author6=Flecknell, P.A. |year=2012|title=The assessment of post-vasectomy pain in mice using behaviour and the Mouse Grimace Scale|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=4|page=e35656|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0035656|pmid=22558191|pmc=3338444|bibcode=2012PLoSO...735656L|doi-access=free}}</ref>)
⚫ *Departure from ] of ancestral precursors<ref name="Dawkins, (1989)">{{cite journal | author = Dawkins M.S. | year = 1989 | title = Time budgets in red junglefowl as a baseline for the assessment of welfare in domestic-fowl | journal = Applied Animal Behaviour Science | volume = 24 | pages = 77–80 | doi = 10.1016/0168-1591(89)90126-3 }}</ref>

*Intra-specific variations in behavioural welfare indices<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mondol|first1=Samrat|last2=Fitzpatrick|first2=Malcolm|last3=Kadivar|first3=Riyazahmed F.|last4=Pandit|first4=Shwetank J.|last5=Malik|first5=Pradeep K.|last6=Tyagi|first6=Praveen C.|last7=Goswami|first7=Sitendu|date=2019-01-19|title=Effects of personality and life-history on the welfare of captive Asiatic lions (''Panthera leo persica'') |journal=PeerJ Preprints |language=en|doi=10.7287/peerj.preprints.27495v1|doi-access=free}}</ref>
⚫ *Departure from ] of ancestral precursors<ref name="Dawkins, (1989)">Dawkins, M.S., (1989). Time budgets in red junglefowl as a baseline for the assessment of welfare in domestic-fowl, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 24: 77-80. {{doi|10.1016/0168-1591(89)90126-3}}</ref>
⚫ *Behaviour of captive animals upon release in a natural environment<ref name="McBride et al. (1969)">{{cite journal |author1=McBride G. |author2=Parer I.P. |author3=Foenander F. | year = 1969 | title = The social organization and behaviour of the feral domestic fowl | journal = Animal Behaviour Monographs | volume = 2 | pages = 125–181 | doi=10.1016/s0066-1856(69)80003-8}}</ref><ref name="Stolba and Wood-Gush, (1989)">{{cite journal |author1=Stolba A. |author2=Wood-Gush D.G.M. | year = 1989 | title = The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment | journal = Animal Production | volume = 48 | issue = 2| pages = 419–425 | doi=10.1017/s0003356100040411}}</ref>

⚫ *]<ref name="Sherwin and Glenn, (2003)">{{cite journal |author1=Sherwin C.M. |author2=Glen E.F. |s2cid=53191108 | year = 2003 | title = Cage colour preferences and effects of home-cage colour on anxiety in laboratory mice | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 66 | issue = 6| pages = 1085–1092 | doi=10.1006/anbe.2003.2286}}</ref>
⚫ *Behaviour of captive animals upon release in a natural environment<ref name="McBride et al., (1969)">McBride, G., Parer, I.P. and Foenander, F., (1969). The social organization and behaviour of the feral domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 2:125–181</ref><ref name="Stolba and Wood-Gush, (1989)">Stolba, A. and Wood-Gush, D.G.M., (1989). The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment. Animal Production, 48: 419-425</ref>
⚫ *]<ref name="Sherwin, (2004)">{{cite journal | author = Sherwin C.M. | year = 2004 | title = The motivation of group-housed laboratory mice, Mus musculus, for additional space | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 67 | issue = 4| pages = 711–717 | doi = 10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.018 | s2cid = 53181481 }}</ref>

⚫ *] studies<ref name="Mendl et al. (2009)">{{cite journal |author1=Mendl M. |author2=Burman O.H.P. |author3=Parker R.M.A. |author4=Paul E.S. | year = 2009 | title = Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms | journal = Applied Animal Behaviour Science | volume = 118 | issue = 3–4| pages = 161–181 | doi=10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.023}}</ref>
⚫ *]<ref name="Sherwin and Glenn, (2003)">Sherwin, C.M. and Glen, E.F., (2003). Cage colour preferences and effects of home-cage colour on anxiety in laboratory mice. Animal Behaviour, 66: 1085-1092</ref>
⚫ *Self selection of ]<ref name="Sherwin and Olsson, (2004)">{{cite journal |author1=Sherwin C.M. |author2=Olsson I.A.S. | year = 2004 | title = Housing conditions affect self-administration of anxiolytic by laboratory mice | journal = Animal Welfare | volume = 13 | pages = 33–38 |doi=10.1017/S0962728600026634 |s2cid=56915273 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2004/00000013/00000001/art00005 }}</ref>

⚫ *Effects of ]<ref name="Duncan and Wood-Gush, (1971)">{{cite journal |author1=Duncan I.J.H. |author2=Wood-Gush D.G.M. | year = 1971 | title = Frustration and aggression in the domestic fowl | journal = Animal Behaviour | volume = 19 | issue = 3| pages = 500–504 | doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(71)80104-5|pmid=5167834 }}</ref><ref name="Zimmerman et al. (2003)">{{cite journal |author1=Zimmerman P.H. |author2=Lundberg A. |author3=Keeling L.J. |author4=Koene P. | year = 2003 | title = The effect of an audience on the gakel-call and other frustration behaviours in the laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) | journal = Animal Welfare | volume = 12 |issue=3 | pages = 315–326 |doi=10.1017/S0962728600025823 |s2cid=145114602 }}</ref>
⚫ *]<ref name="Sherwin, (2004)">Sherwin, C.M., (2004). The motivation of group-housed laboratory mice, Mus musculus, for additional space. Animal Behaviour, 67: 711-717. {{doi|10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.018}}</ref>

⚫ *] studies<ref name="Mendl et al., (2009)">Mendl, M., Burman, O.H.P., Parker, R.M.A. and Paul, E.S., (2009). Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 118: 161–181</ref>

⚫ *Self selection of ]<ref name="Sherwin and Olsson, (2004)">Sherwin, C.M. and Olsson, I.A.S., (2004). Housing conditions affect self-administration of anxiolytic by laboratory mice. Animal Welfare, 13: 33-38</ref>

⚫ *Effects of ]<ref name="Duncan and Wood-Gush, (1971)">Duncan, I.J.H. and Wood-Gush, D.G.M., (1971). Frustration and aggression in the domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour, 19:500–504</ref><ref name="Zimmerman et al., (2003)">Zimmerman, P.H., Lundberg, A., Keeling, L.J. and Koene, P., (2003). The effect of an audience on the gakel-call and other frustration behaviours in the laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus). Animal Welfare, 12: 315–326</ref>


===Animal physiology=== ===Animal physiology===
*]<ref name="Kemppinen et al., (2009)">Kemppinen, N., Hau, J., Meller, A., Mauranen, K.,Kohila, T. and Nevalainen, T., (2010). Impact of aspen furniture and restricted feeding on activity, blood pressure, heart rate and faecal corticosterone and immunoglobulin A excretion in rats (Rattus norvegicus) housed in individually ventilated cages. Laboratory Animals, 44: 104-112</ref> *]<ref name="Kemppinen et al. (2009)">{{cite journal |author1=Kemppinen N. |author2=Hau J. |author3=Meller A. |author4=Mauranen K. |author5=Kohila T. |author6=Nevalainen T. | year = 2010 | title = Impact of aspen furniture and restricted feeding on activity, blood pressure, heart rate and faecal corticosterone and immunoglobulin A excretion in rats (Rattus norvegicus) housed in individually ventilated cages | journal = Laboratory Animals | volume = 44 | issue = 2| pages = 104–112 | doi=10.1258/la.2009.009058|pmid=19854757 |s2cid=17743686 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*]<ref name="von Borrell et al., (2007)">{{cite journal |author1=Von Borrell E. |author2=Langbein J. |author3=Despres G. |author4=Hansen S. |author5=Leterrier C. |author6=Marchant-Forde J.N. |author7=Marchant-Forde R.M. |author8=Minero M. |author9=Mohr E. |author10=Prunier A. |author11=Valance D. |author12=Veissier I. | year = 2007 | title = Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals – a review | url =https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/35886/699833/HRV%20Review%20FINAL.pdf | journal = Physiology & Behavior | volume = 92 | issue = 3| pages = 293–316 | doi = 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.01.007 |pmid=17320122 |hdl=2434/35886 |s2cid=6135941 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

*] in plasma, saliva, urine, faeces,<ref name="Laws et al., (2007)">Laws, N., Ganswindt, A., Heistermann, M., Harris, M., Harris, S. and Sherwin, C., (2007). A case study: fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an asian elephant. Journal of Applied Animal Wlfare Science, 10: 349-358. {{doi|10.1080/10888700701555600}}</ref> hair,<ref name="Accorsi et al., (2008)">Accorsi, P.A., Carloni, E., Valsecchi, P., Viggiani, R., Garnberoni, M., Tarnanini, C. and Seren, E., (2008). Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 155: 392-402. {{doi|10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.07.002}}</ref> feathers<ref name="Bortolotti et al., (2008)">Bortolotti, G.R., Marchant, T.A., Blas, J. and German, T., (2008). Corticosterone in feathers is a long-term, integrated measure of avian stress physiology. Functional Ecology, 22: 494-500. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01387.x}}</ref> and eggs<ref name="Royo et al., (2008)">Royo, F., Mayo, S., Carlsson, H.E and Hau, J., (2008). Egg corticosterone: A noninvasive measure of stress in egg-laying birds. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 22: 310-314</ref> *] in plasma, saliva, urine, faeces,<ref name="Laws et al., (2007)">{{cite journal |author1=Laws N. |author2=Ganswindt A. |author3=Heistermann M. |author4=Harris M. |author5=Harris S. |author6=Sherwin C. | year = 2007 | title = A case study: fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an asian elephant | journal = Journal of Applied Animal Wlfare Science | volume = 10 | issue = 4| pages = 349–358 | doi = 10.1080/10888700701555600 |pmid=17970634 |s2cid=46617133 }}</ref> hair,<ref name="Accorsi et al., (2008)">{{cite journal |author1=Accorsi P.A. |author2=Carloni E. |author3=Valsecchi P. |author4=Viggiani R. |author5=Garnberoni M. |author6=Tarnanini C. |author7=Seren E. | year = 2008 | title = Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs | journal = General and Comparative Endocrinology | volume = 155 | issue = 2| pages = 392–402 | doi = 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.07.002 | pmid=17727851}}</ref> feathers<ref name="Bortolotti et al., (2008)">{{cite journal |author1=Bortolotti G.R. |author2=Marchant T.A. |author3=Blas J. |author4=German T. | year = 2008 | title = Corticosterone in feathers is a long-term, integrated measure of avian stress physiology | journal = Functional Ecology | volume = 22 | issue = 3| pages = 494–500 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01387.x |bibcode=2008FuEco..22..494B |hdl=10261/36997 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> and eggs<ref name="Royo et al., (2008)">{{cite journal |author1=Royo F. |author2=Mayo S. |author3=Carlsson H.E. |author4=Hau J. | year = 2008 | title = Egg corticosterone: A noninvasive measure of stress in egg-laying birds | journal = Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery | volume = 22 | issue = 4| pages = 310–314 | doi=10.1647/2008-001.1|pmid=19216258 |s2cid=21155214 }}</ref>
*]<ref name="Martin et al. (2011)">{{cite journal |author1=Martin L.B. |author2=Kidd L. |author3=Liebl A.L. |author4=Coon C.A.C. | year = 2011 | title = Captivity induces hyper-inflammation in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) | journal = Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 214 | issue = 15| pages = 2579–2585 | doi = 10.1242/jeb.057216 | pmid=21753052| doi-access = free }}</ref>

*]<ref name="Martin et al., (2011)">Martin L.B., Kidd, L., Liebl A.L. and Coon, C.A.C., (2011). Captivity induces hyper-inflammation in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Journal of Experimental Biology, 214: 2579-2585. {{doi|10.1242/jeb.057216}}</ref> *]<ref name="Lewis et al., (2006)">Lewis M.H., Presti M.F., Lewis J.B. and Turner, C.A. (2006). The neurobiology of stereotypy I: Environmental complexity. In ''Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare'', G. Mason and J. Rushen (Editors). CABI pp. 190-226. {{doi|10.1079/9780851990040.0190}}</ref>
⚫ *] quality<ref name="Sherwin et al. (2010)"/><ref name="Hughes et al. (1986)">{{cite journal |author1=Hughes B.O. |author2=Gilbert A.B. |author3=Brown M.F. | year = 1986 | title = Categorisation and causes of abnormal egg shells: relationship with stress | journal = British Poultry Science | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 325–337 | doi=10.1080/00071668608416885|pmid=3742268 }}</ref>

*]<ref name="Wilcox et al. (2009)">{{cite journal |author1=Wilcox C.S. |author2=Patterson J. |author3=Cheng H.W. | year = 2009 | title = Use of thermography to screen for subclinical bumblefoot in poultry | url = https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=31512&content=PDF| journal = Poultry Science | volume = 88 | issue = 6| pages = 1176–1180 | doi = 10.3382/ps.2008-00446 |pmid=19439627 | doi-access = free }}</ref> including eye surface temperature<ref name="Ikkatai">{{cite journal |author1=Ikkatai Y. |author2=Watanabe S. | year = 2015 | title = Eye surface temperature detects stress response in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 26 | issue = 11| pages = 642–646 | doi=10.1097/wnr.0000000000000403 | pmid=26103119|s2cid=31058405 }}</ref>
*]<ref name="Lewis et al., (2006)">Lewis M.H., Presti M.F., Lewis J.B. and Turner, C.A. (2006). The neurobiology of stereotypy I: Environmental complexity. In ''Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare'', G. Mason and J. Rushen (Editors). CABI. pp. 190-226. {{doi|10.1079/9780851990040.0190}}</ref>

⚫ *] quality <ref name="Sherwin et al., (2010)"/><ref name="Hughes et al., (1986)">Hughes, B.O., Gilbert, A.B. and Brown, M.F., (1986). Categorisation and causes of abnormal egg shells: relationship with stress. British Poultry Science, 27: 325-337</ref>

*]<ref name="Wilcox et al., (2009)">Wilcox, C.S., Patterson, J. and Cheng, H.W., (2009). Use of thermography to screen for subclinical bumblefoot in poultry. Poultry Science, 88: 1176-1180. {{doi|10.3382/ps.2008-00446}}</ref>


==Organisations== ==Organisations==
Organisations interested in animal welfare science were set up before the subject became recognised as a science. The ] (RSPCA) was founded in 1824 by a group of twenty-two reformers led by ] ] (who would thereby earn the nickname ''Humanity Dick''), ] MP and the ] Arthur Broome. The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) history can be traced to the founding in 1926 of the University of London Animal Welfare Society (ULAWS) by Major Charles Hume. The name was changed to the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in 1938, reflecting the increasingly wide range of people and institutions involved. Organisations interested in animal welfare science were set up before the subject became recognised as a science. The ] (RSPCA) was founded in 1824 by a group of twenty-two reformers led by ] ] (who would thereby earn the nickname ''Humanity Dick''), ] MP and the ] ]. The ] (UFAW) history can be traced to the founding in 1926 of the University of London Animal Welfare Society (ULAWS) by Major ]. The name was changed to the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in 1938, reflecting the increasingly wide range of people and institutions involved.


More recent organisations involved in animal welfare science include the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) and university departments specialising in this branch of science including the Animal Welfare and Anthrozoolgy Center at ], the Animal Welfare Science Centre at ] in ] and the Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre at ] in ]. The Center for Animal Welfare Science was also recently relaunched at ] in the USA. More recent organisations involved in animal welfare science include the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) and university departments specialising in this branch of science including the Animal Welfare and Anthrozoology Center at ], the Animal Welfare Science Centre at ] in ] and the Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre at ] in ].


Although not limited to animal welfare science, many members of the ] work and publish research in this subject. Although not limited to animal welfare science, many members of the ] work and publish research in this subject.


==Journals, articles and books== ==Journals, articles and books==
Veterinary journals carrying articles on animal welfare have been published for many years, for example, the ''Veterinary Record'' has been published weekly since 1888. Peer-reviewed scientific journals have been launched more recently, e.g. ''Applied Animal Behaviour Science'' in 1974, ''Animal Welfare'' in 1992 and the ''Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science'' in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalsandsociety.org/jaaws/|title=JAAWS|accessdate=8 November 2011}}</ref> Veterinary journals carrying articles on animal welfare have been published for many years, for example, the ''Veterinary Record'' has been published weekly since 1888. Peer-reviewed scientific journals have been launched more recently, e.g. ''Applied Animal Behaviour Science'' in 1974, '']'' in 1992, the ''Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science'' in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animalsandsociety.org/jaaws/|title=JAAWS|access-date=8 November 2011}}</ref> and ''Frontiers in Veterinary Science—Animal Behavior and Welfare'' in 2014.


Many books on animal welfare science have been written, for example those by Professor ],<ref name="Dawkins, (1980)">Dawkins, M.S., (1980). ''Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare''. Chapman and Hall, London</ref> Professor David Fraser,<ref name="Fraser, (2008)">Fraser, D., (2008) ''Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science In Its Cultural Context''. John Wiley and Sons</ref> Michael Appleby, Barry Hughes and Joy Mench,<ref name="LJK"></ref> John Webster,<ref>{{cite book|last=Webster|first=J|year=2008|title=Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=6}}</ref> and David Mellor et al.<ref name="Mellor et al. (2009)">Mellor, D., Patterson-Kane, E. and Stafford, K.J., (2009). ''The Sciences of Animal Welfare''. UFAW/Wiley-Blackwell</ref> Many books on animal welfare science have been written, for example those by Professor ],<ref name="Dawkins, (1980)">Dawkins, M.S., (1980). ''Animal Suffering: The Science of Animal Welfare''. Chapman and Hall, London</ref> Professor David Fraser,<ref name="Fraser, (2008)">Fraser, D., (2008) ''Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science In Its Cultural Context''. John Wiley and Sons</ref> Michael Appleby, Barry Hughes and Joy Mench,<ref name="LJK"></ref> John Webster,<ref>{{cite book|last=Webster|first=J|year=2008|title=Animal Welfare: Limping Towards Eden|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|page=6}}</ref> and David Mellor et al.<ref name="Mellor et al. (2009)">Mellor, D., Patterson-Kane, E. and Stafford, K.J., (2009). ''The Sciences of Animal Welfare''. UFAW/Wiley-Blackwell</ref>


==Teaching== ==Teaching==
In 2011 in an article on the history of animal welfare science, ] wrote "The numbers of animal welfare scientists is increasing rapidly. The subject is now being taught in all European countries and the number of university courses on animal welfare in Brazil has increased from one to over 60 in 15 years. The diversity of animal welfare science is increasing and the expansion is likely to continue. The decision by the American Veterinary Medical Association to promote the teaching of the subject in all American veterinary schools will have a substantial effect."<ref name="Broom, (2011)">{{cite journal | author = Broom D.M. | year = 2011 | title = A History of Animal Welfare Science | journal = Acta Biotheoretica | volume = 59 | issue = 2| pages = 121–137 | doi = 10.1007/s10441-011-9123-3 | pmid = 21347723 | s2cid = 5959851 }}</ref>
In 2011 in an article on the history of animal welfare science, Professor ] wrote "The numbers of animal welfare scientists is increasing rapidly. The subject is
now being taught in all European countries and the number of university courses on
animal welfare in Brazil has increased from one to over 60 in 15 years. The
diversity of animal welfare science is increasing and the expansion is likely to
continue. The decision by the American Veterinary Medical Association to promote
the teaching of the subject in all American veterinary schools will have a substantial
effect."<ref name="Broom, (2011)">Broom, D.M., (2011). A History of Animal Welfare Science. Acta Biotheoretica, 59: 121-137. {{doi|10.1007/s10441-011-9123-3}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist|28em}}


==Further references== ==Further references==
* Broom, D.M. (1991). "Animal welfare: concepts and measurement". '']''. '''69''' (10): 4167–75. ]:10.2527/1991.69104167x. ] 1778832.
* Huntingford FA , C Adams, VA Braithwaite, S Kadri, TG Pottinger, P Sandøe and JF Turnbull (2006) ''Journal of fish biology'', '''68''' (2): 332–372. {{doi|10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x}} *{{cite journal |vauthors=Huntingford FA, Adams C, Braithwaite VA, Kadri S, Pottinger TG, Sandøe P, Turnbull JF | year = 2006 | title = Review paper: Current issues in fish welfare | url = http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/22567895/Review_paper__Current_issues_in_fish_welfare.pdf | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 68 | issue = 2| pages = 332–372 | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001046.x | s2cid = 84511123 }}
*{{cite journal | author = Kirkwood James K | year = 2013 | title = Wild animal welfare | journal = Animal Welfare | volume = 22 | pages = 147–48 | doi=10.7120/09627286.22.1.147}}


{{animal welfare}} {{animal welfare}}
⚫ {{ethology}}


] ]
] ]
]
] ]

Latest revision as of 19:41, 12 December 2024

Animal welfare science is the scientific study of the welfare of animals as pets, in zoos, laboratories, on farms and in the wild. Although animal welfare has been of great concern for many thousands of years in religion and culture, the investigation of animal welfare using rigorous scientific methods is a relatively recent development. The world's first Professor of Animal Welfare Science, Donald Broom, was appointed by Cambridge University (UK) in 1986.

Historical legislation and guidelines

Early legislation which formed the impetus for assessing animal welfare and the subsequent development of animal welfare science include the Ireland Parliament (Thomas Wentworth) "An Act against Plowing by the Tayle, and pulling the Wooll off living Sheep", 1635, and the Massachusetts Colony (Nathaniel Ward) "Off the Bruite Creatures" Liberty 92 and 93 in the "Massachusetts Body of Liberties" of 1641.

Richard Martin's act, the "Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822" is often considered to be the precursor of modern relevant legislation. One of the first national laws to protect animals was the UK "Cruelty to Animals Act 1835" followed by the "Protection of Animals Act 1911". In the US it was many years until there was a National law to protect animals—the "Animal Welfare Act of 1966"—although there were a number of states that passed anti-cruelty laws between 1828 and 1898. In India, animals are protected by the "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960". In the UK, the "Animal Welfare Act 2006" consolidated many different forms of animal welfare legislation.

Animal welfare science can be considered as the assessment of welfare. The first publication to include the term "assessment" appears to be a 1965 appendix by William Homan Thorpe entitled The assessment of pain and distress in animals. This was followed 20 years later by a highly influential paper on assessing pain and distress in laboratory animals by Morton and Griffiths.

Methods of assessment

Animal welfare science uses a variety of behavioural or physiological measures or indicators. Integrated approaches to assess animal welfare include risk analysis and semantic modelling of animal welfare.

Animal behaviour

Animal physiology

Organisations

Organisations interested in animal welfare science were set up before the subject became recognised as a science. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) was founded in 1824 by a group of twenty-two reformers led by Richard Martin MP (who would thereby earn the nickname Humanity Dick), William Wilberforce MP and the Reverend Arthur Broome. The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) history can be traced to the founding in 1926 of the University of London Animal Welfare Society (ULAWS) by Major Charles Hume. The name was changed to the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare in 1938, reflecting the increasingly wide range of people and institutions involved.

More recent organisations involved in animal welfare science include the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) and university departments specialising in this branch of science including the Animal Welfare and Anthrozoology Center at Cambridge University, the Animal Welfare Science Centre at The University of Melbourne in Australia and the Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre at Massey University in New Zealand.

Although not limited to animal welfare science, many members of the International Society for Applied Ethology work and publish research in this subject.

Journals, articles and books

Veterinary journals carrying articles on animal welfare have been published for many years, for example, the Veterinary Record has been published weekly since 1888. Peer-reviewed scientific journals have been launched more recently, e.g. Applied Animal Behaviour Science in 1974, Animal Welfare in 1992, the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science in 1998, and Frontiers in Veterinary Science—Animal Behavior and Welfare in 2014.

Many books on animal welfare science have been written, for example those by Professor Marian Stamp Dawkins, Professor David Fraser, Michael Appleby, Barry Hughes and Joy Mench, John Webster, and David Mellor et al.

Teaching

In 2011 in an article on the history of animal welfare science, Donald Broom wrote "The numbers of animal welfare scientists is increasing rapidly. The subject is now being taught in all European countries and the number of university courses on animal welfare in Brazil has increased from one to over 60 in 15 years. The diversity of animal welfare science is increasing and the expansion is likely to continue. The decision by the American Veterinary Medical Association to promote the teaching of the subject in all American veterinary schools will have a substantial effect."

See also

References

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Further references

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