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{{Short description|Jewish Arab tribe that lived in an oasis near Yathrib (Medina) in Arabia until the 7th century}}
{{neutrality}}
{{Infobox tribe
⚫ {{Campaignbox Rise of Islam}}
| ethnicity = Jewish, Arabian
The '''Banu Nadir''' ({{lang-ar|'''بنو نادر'''}}) were one of the three main ]ish ]s living in ], now in ], in the 7th century. Years after his return to Medina, ], after a war with another Jewish tribe, expelled them and divided their land among his followers, taking a share for himself. After Muhammad defeated attacking Meccans and Bedouins who were assisted by the Jews of ], an oasis near Medina where most members of Banu Nadir had found refuge, his followers killed all male Banu Nadir and divided their wives and property among themselves. Muhammad took a share of the spoils, and took a captive Jewish woman as his wife.
| nisba = al-Nadiri
| descended = al-Nadir
| location = ], ]
| religion = ]
| type = Arabized ]
⚫ | name = Banu Nadir
| local name = بني النضير
}}
The '''Banu Nadir''' ({{langx|ar|بَنُو ٱلنَّضِير}}, {{langx|he|בני נדיר}}) were a ] that lived in northern Arabia at the oasis of ] until the 7th century. They were probably a part of the ], which was formed after ]'s ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buhl |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/ei2-complete/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_vol_7_Mif-Naz/page/366/mode/2up |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Welch |first2=Alfred |edition=2nd |volume=7 |pages=366}}</ref> Tensions rose between the Muslims and the Banu Nadir after the ], which prompted a clash between the two, resulting in the expulsion of the latter. The tribe then planned the ] together with the ] and later participated in the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |title=Muhammad at Medina |publisher=Oxford At The Clarendon Press |year=1956 |pages=211-212; 217-219}}</ref>


==Background== ==Lineage==
According to the Arab historian ], the members of the Banu Nadir tribe are the descendants of al-Nadir, a Jewish man who migrated from ] to ].<ref>Abdulkarim al-Sam'ani. Al-Ansab.Jinan Publish house. Beirut. 1988. v4 p475 & v5 p503</ref> probably the name al-Nadir is derived from the Hebraic name Ha-Nazir.
The Banu Nadir settled outside the city of Yathrib, now Medina, because of the ] persecutions of the Jews in ]. According to the ] historian ], Banu Nadir were an ] tribe ethnically, which had converted to ] and initially settled on the eponymous ]. Academic historians, however, believe them to be an ethnically Jewish tribe connected with the Khaybar Jews {{citation needed}}. Like other Medinese Jews, the Banu Nadir bore Arabic names, but spoke a distinct dialect of Arabic. They earned their living through agriculture, money lending, and trade in weapons and jewels, maintaining commercial relations with Arab merchants of ]. Their fortresses were located half a day's march to the south of Medina. The Banu Nadir were ] of the local Arab tribe of ] and supported them in their conflicts with the rival Arab tribe of ]. The chiefs of Banu Nadir were ], a gifted poet, and ].<ref name="BanuNadir">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Vacca, V. | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, ], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =] Online| title = Nadir, Banu 'l| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN 1573-3912}}</ref>
According to the Arab historian (Ibn Hazm), they are the direct patrilineal descendants of the biblical ].<ref>Ibn Hazm. Jawame Al-Syira Al-Nabawyia. Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah. Beirut. 2009. p26</ref>


==Arrival of Muhammad== ==Early history==
In early Medina, in addition to the Banu Nadir, there were two other major Arab tribes: the ] and the ]. They were previously joined by two Jewish Arab tribes, the ] and the ].
In September 622, ] arrived at Medina with a group of his ]. The Jewish tribes in Medina were generally welcoming, many even converting to Islam. {{fact}} Those who had remained Jewish in Medina were generally unaffected. Three of the Jewish tribes, the ], ], and ], signed a non-aggression pact and military alliance with Mohammed, called the ]. Jews and other non-Muslims accepting the protection of the Muslim authorities at that were considered ]. In exchange for paying tax (]), the Muslims provided military protection and granted the dhimmi citizenship rights, and were allowed to continue their culture and worship, even being exempt from military conscription at that time. Female dhimmi were allowed to marry Muslim men, although male dhimmi were required to convert to Islam before they could take Muslim brides.


Like other Jews of Medina, the Banu Nadir bore Arabic names, but they spoke a distinctly Jewish dialect of Arabic. They earned their living through ], ], and trade in weapons and jewels, maintaining commercial relations with Arab merchants of ]. Their fortresses were located half a day's march to the south of Medina.<ref name="BanuNadir">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Vacca, V. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =] Online|title=Nadir, Banu 'l|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> Banu Nadir were wealthy and lived in some of the best lands in Medina.<ref>{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Stillman | author-link=Norman Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil |url-access=registration |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1979 |isbn=0-8276-0198-0}}, p. 13&ndash;14.</ref>
In March 624, Muslims led by Muhammad defeated the ]ns of the ] tribe in the ]. Muhammad had been in conflict with his own former tribe, the Banu Quraish, since he left it to found Islam. His victory allowed him to return to Medina and focus on civil governance. Muhammed and his followers consolidated their power as the ruling party in Medina.


==Tribal warfare==
⚫ ==Expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa from Medina==
After a few years, a member of the ] was alleged to have murdered a Muslim woman, and was killed in retaliation by a Muslim. {{fact}} This escalated to a chain of revenge killings. Soon full scale war broke out, until ], an old Muslim ally of Qaynuqa and the chief of the ], interceded on their behalf and persuaded Mohammed to send the entire Banu Qaynuqa into exile, confiscating their land and property. {{fact}}


When the two Arabian tribes of ] and ] went to war against each other in the ] in 617, the three Jewish tribes backed both sides and sold weapons to both of them for profit. The Banu Nadir, led by ] and ],<ref name="BanuNadir"/> and the Banu Qurayza fought with the Aws, while the Banu Qaynuqa were allied itself with the tribe of ]. The latter were defeated after a long and arduous battle.<ref name="jewishencyclopedia 1">] </ref>
The Banu Nadir remained passive during the Banu Qaynuqa episode viewing the conflict as a usual tribal struggle. <ref name="stillman13">Stillman (1979), p. 13</ref> The conflict led to a ruling that such future action by any of the other parties to the ] would constitute a voiding of their benefits under the system, and subsequent punishment.

==Arrival of Muhammad==
] emigrated to ] in September 622, he arrived with a group of his ], who were given shelter by the members of the indigenous community who were known as the ]. Amongst his first actions were the construction of the first ] in Medina and the acquisition of a residence with ].<ref>Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaayah wa al-Nihaayah, Vol II, p. 279</ref> Then he made a pact, known as the ], between the Muslims, the Ansar, and the various Jewish tribes of Medina <ref>Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 501.</ref> to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations. The conditions of the pact included boycotting Quraysh, abstinence from "extending any support to them", assistance of one another if attacked by a third party, as well as "''defending Medina, in case of a foreign attack''".<ref name="sealednectar">Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarakfuri, ar-Raheeq al-Makhtoom - "The Sealed Nectar"</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabaweeyat, Vol. II, p. 147-150.</ref><ref>Ibn Ishaq, p. 231-235.</ref>

==Reaction to the expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa==

After the incidence between Muhammad and the Bani Qaynuqa, the tribe was besieged by Muhammad and expelled from Medina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Ibn Ishaq|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n205/mode/2up|title=The Life Of Muhammad|pages=362–364}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=al-Tabari|url=https://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_07.pdf|title=The History of Al-Tabari Volume 7: The Foundation of the Community|pages=85–87}}</ref> The Banu Nadir did not get involved, viewing the conflict as another example of Jewish tribal struggle.<ref name="stillman13">{{cite book |first=Norman |last=Stillman | author-link=Norman Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofarablands00stil |url-access=registration |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1979 |isbn=0-8276-0198-0|page=13}}</ref>


==Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf== ==Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf==
⚫ Infuriated at Muhammad's execution of a number of Meccan notables who had been captured after the ], ] wrote a poetic eulogy commemorating the slain Quraysh prisoners of war; later, he also wrote erotic poetry about Muslim women, which Muhammad and his followers found offensive.<ref name="Ashraf">{{cite encyclopedia | author = ] | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, ], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =] Online| title = Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN 1573-3912}}</ref> Because the norms of the Arab society of that period demanded retaliation for a slight to a group's honor,<ref name="stillman13"/> Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b, and Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services, collecting four others. By pretending to have turned against Muhammad, they enticed Ka'b out of his fortress on a moonlight night,<ref name="Ashraf"/> and killed him in spite of his vigorous resistance.<ref>{{cite book| author=] | title=Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya | volume=vol. 2 | location=Cairo | year=1955 | pages=pp. 51&ndash;57}} English translation from Stillman (1979), pp. 125&ndash;126</ref> The Jews were terrified at his assassination, and as a Muslim biographer of Muhammad put it "...there was not a Jew who did not fear for his life".<ref>Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 127</ref>


After the ], one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs ], went to the Quraish in order to lament the loss at Badr and to incite them to take up arms to regain lost honor, noting the statement of Muhammad: "''He (Ka'b) has openly assumed enmity to us and speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting''".<ref>al-Zurqaani, Sharh al-Muwaahib, Vol II p. 10-12</ref> This was in contravention of the ], of which the tribe led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was a signatory, which prohibited them from "extending any support" to the tribes of Mecca, namely Quraish. Some sources suggest that during his visit to Mecca, Ka'b concluded a treaty with Abu Sufyan, stipulating cooperation between the Quraysh and Jews against Muhammad.<ref name = "Rubin">Rubin, Uri. ''The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf.'' Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.</ref>
==Expulsion of the Banu Nadir from Medina==
⚫ ]
Having suffered a defeat at the hands of the Quraysh at ], Muhammad needed a victory to regain his prestige. The Banu Nadir were a suitable target; in violation of the Constitution of Medina, they did not come to Muhammad's aid during the Battle of Uhud because the battle took place on ], and they were generally satisfied at the Muslim defeat. In addition, the Banu Nadir were wealthy and occupied some of the best lands in Medina, while Muslims were in a difficult financial condition.<ref>Stillman (1979), pp. 13&ndash;14</ref>


⚫ Other historians cite that ], who was also a gifted poet, wrote a poetic eulogy commemorating the slain Quraish notables; later, he also wrote erotic poetry about Muslim women, which the Muslims found offensive.<ref name="Ashraf">{{cite encyclopedia |author=William Montgomery Watt |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |editor=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =] Online|title=Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> This poetry influenced so many <ref>Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition (Macmillan Press, 1970), p. 90.</ref> that this too was considered directly against the ] which states, ''loyalty gives protection against treachery'' and ''this document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime'' Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b. Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services, collecting four others. By pretending to have turned against ], ] and the others enticed Ka'b out of his fortress on a moonlit night,<ref name="Ashraf"/> and killed him in spite of his vigorous resistance.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ibn Hisham|author-link=Ibn Hisham|title=Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya | volume=2 |location=Cairo |year=1955 |pages=51&ndash;57}} English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 125&ndash;126.</ref> Some attribute this action to norms of the Arab society that demand retaliation for a slight to a group's honor.<ref>Stillman (1979) p. 13</ref> The Jews were terrified at his assassination, and as the historian ibn Ishaq put it, "there was not a Jew who did not fear for his life".<ref>Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 127.</ref>
⚫ Muhammad accused the Banu Nadir of plotting to assassinate him<ref name="stillman14">Stillman (1979), p. 14</ref> and through ], ordered them to leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but Abdullah ibn Ubayy, the chief of the Khazraj, persuaded them to resist in their fortresses, promising to send 2,000 men to their aid. ] decided to put up resistance, hoping also for help from ], despite opposition within the tribe.<ref name="BanuNadir"/> The Banu Nadir were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted for 14 days, when help from the Khazraj and Banu Qurayza failed to materialize and when Muhammad ordered the felling of their palm-trees. Under the conditions of surrender, the Nadir could only take with them what they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons. <ref name="BanuNadir"/>


⚫ ==Expulsion from Medina==
⚫ The Banu Nadir left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and tambourines.<ref name="stillman14"/> A Muslim historian described their impressive farewell: "Their women were decked out in litters wearing silk, brocade, velvet, and fine red and green silk. People lined up to gape at them."<ref>{{cite book | author=] | title=Kitab al-Maghazi | editor=Marsden Jones | location=London | year=1966 | pages= pp. 363&ndash;375}} English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 136</ref> Most of the Banu Nadir found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to ].<ref name="BanuNadir"/>
{{Main|Invasion of Banu Nadir}}
⚫ {{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
⚫ ]
After defeat by the Quraish at the ] in March, 625, the Banu Nadir challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina.<ref name="stillman14">Stillman (1979), p. 14.</ref>


In July of the same year, two men were killed by a Muslim named ʿAmr ibn Umayya al-Ḍamrī. Because he and the Banū al-Naḍīr were both obliged by virtue of an agreement with the Banū ʿĀmir to pay the blood money, he visited the Naḍīr in order to negotiate their relative contributions to the blood money. Initially most of the Nadir, except ], were inclined to accept Muhammad's request. However, ] communicated to ibn Akhtab of his intent, along with allied nomads, to attack Muhammad. The Nadir, then postponed the contribution until later that day.<ref name="Watt 1956 p. 211-2">Watt (1956), p. 211-2.{{Clarify|date=March 2008}}</ref>
⚫ Muhammad divided their land between his companions who had emigrated with him from Mecca. Until then, the emigrants had to rely upon the Medinese sympathizers for financial assistance. Muhammad reserved a share of the seized land for himself, which also made him financially independent.<ref name="stillman14"/>. To prevent abuse of females and children, Muhammad married with a widow from Banu Nadir that encouraged other people to behave more humanely with them. Also in Quran (5:5), it is mentioned that Muslim men can marry with women from christians and jews, which helped in integrating these women and children in society without sacrificing their right to have their own faith.


Muhammad left the locality immediately accusing the Banu Nadir of plotting to assassinate him, saying to have learned this either through revelation<ref name="stillman14" /> or ].<ref name = "Halabi">{{cite book|last=al-Halabi|first=Nur al-Din|title=Sirat-i-Halbiyyah |publisher=Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband | volume = 2, part 10 |location= Uttar Pradesh |page= 34 }} Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.</ref>
⚫ Upon expulsion of the Banu Nadir, Muhammad said to have received a revelation of ] of the ].<ref name="BanuNadir"/>


According to other sources, the Banu Nadir invited Muhammad to their habitations for a religious debate, to which Muhammad accepted. Muhammad also accepted the condition that he bring no more than three men with him. On his way he was notified by a Banu Nadir convert to Islam of an assassination attempt at the debate.<ref name = "Halabi" />
⚫ ==Battle of Khaybar==
⚫ {{main|Battle of Khaybar}}
After their expulsion from Medina, the Banu Nadir, along with the other Jews living in Khaybar, understood that Muhammad might attack them again. Their chief ] together with his son joined the Meccans and Bedouins besieging Medina during the ]. Both of them were killed by order of Muhammad alongside the men of the Banu Qurayza.<ref>Stillman (1979), p. 17</ref>


⚫ Muhammad besieged the Banu Nadir. He ordered them to surrender their property and leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but "certain people of Medina who were not Believers of Muhammad sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir, saying, 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you.'" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The+earliest+biography+of+Muhammad,+by+ibn+Ishaq|title='Biography of Muhammad' by Ibn Ishaq|date=June 25, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#The+earliest+biography+of+Muhammad,+by+ibn+Ishaq |archive-date=2004-06-25 }}</ref> ] decided to put up resistance, hoping also for help from the ], despite opposition within the tribe.<ref name="BanuNadir"/> The Nadir were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted for 14 days, when the promised help failed to materialize and when Muhammad ordered the burning and felling of their palm-trees. Under the conditions of surrender, the Banu Nadir could only take with them what they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons.<ref name="BanuNadir"/>
⚫ Muhammad and his followers attacked Khaybar in May 629. Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of central command and their unpreparedness for an extended siege sealed the outcome of the battle in favor of Muslims. When all but two fortresses were captured, the Jews managed to negotiate their surrender. The terms required them to hand over one-half of the annual produce to the Muslims, while the land itself became the collective property of Muslims.<ref name="Khaybar">{{cite encyclopedia | author = Veccia Vaglieri, L. | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, ], E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =] Online| title = Khaybar | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN 1573-3912}}</ref>


⚫ The Banu Nadir left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and tambourines.<ref name="stillman14"/> Al-Waqidi described their impressive farewell: "Their women were decked out in litters wearing silk, brocade, velvet, and fine red and green silk. People lined up to gape at them."<ref>{{cite book |author=Al-Waqidi |author-link=Al-Waqidi |title=Kitab al-Maghazi |editor=Marsden Jones |editor-link=Marsden Jones |location=London |year=1966 |pages= 363&ndash;375}} English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 136.</ref> Most of Banu Nadir found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to ].<ref name="BanuNadir"/> According to Ibn Ishaq, the chiefs of Nadir who went to Khaybar were Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, ] and Huyayy b. Akhtab. When these chiefs arrived in Khaybar, the Jewish inhabitants of Khaybar became subject to them.<ref>A. Guillaume, ''The life of Muhammad'', Oxford University Press, p.438</ref>
The agreement, however, did not cover the Banu Nadir tribe. Muslims killed all the men of Banu Nadir and divided the women among themselves.<ref name="Khaybar" /> Muhammad chose for himself ], daughter of the killed Banu Nadir chief Huyayy ibn Akhtab and widow of ], the treasurer of Banu Nadir, whom Muhammad's followers first tortured, demanding that he reveal the location of the tribe’s hidden treasures, and then killed.<ref>Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation in Stillman (1979), pp. 145&ndash;146</ref>


⚫ Muhammad divided their land between his companions who had emigrated with him from Mecca. Until then, the emigrants had to rely upon the Medinese sympathizers for financial assistance. Muhammad reserved a share of the seized land for himself, which also made him financially independent.<ref name="stillman14"/>
Muslim biographers of Muhammad tell a story that a Jewess of the Banu Nadir attempted to poison Muhammad to avenge her slain relatives. She poisoned a piece of lamb that she cooked for Muhammad and his companion, putting a particularly high amount into the shoulder &mdash; Muhammad's favorite part. The attempt on Muhammad's life failed because he reportedly spit out the meat, feeling that it was poisoned, while his companion ate the meat and died. Muhammad's companions then reported that on his deathbed Muhammad said that his illness was the result of that poison.<ref>Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation in Stillman (1979), pp. 148&ndash;149</ref>


⚫ Upon expulsion of the Banu Nadir, Muhammad is said to have received a revelation of the Surah ].<ref name="BanuNadir"/>


==Battle of Trench: 627==
{{main|Battle of the Trench}}
A number of Jews who had formed a party against Muhammad, including Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, ] and Huyayy b. Akhtab, the chiefs of Nadir who had gone to Khaybar, together with two chiefs from the tribe of B. Wa'ili went to Quraysh and invited them to form a coalition against Muhammad so that they might get rid of him altogether. Then they persuaded the tribe of Ghaftan to join the battle against Muhammad.<ref>A. Guillaume, ''The life of Muhammad'', Oxford University Press, p.450</ref> Banu Nadir promised half the date harvest of Khaybar to nomadic tribes if they would join the battle against Muslims.<ref>
*Cyril Glasse, ], ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', p.81
*J.A.M. Caldwell, ''Hizb'', ]</ref><ref>''The Encyclopaedia of Islam''. New Edition. Vol.4, p.1137 et sqq.</ref> Abu Sufyan, the military leader of Quraysh, with the financial help of Banu Nadir had mustered a force of size 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, ]. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks.<ref>Watt (1956), p. 36, 37</ref> Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications they were confronted with, and after an ineffectual siege lasting several weeks, the coalition decided to go home.<ref>See:
*Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–211;
*Watt (1964) p. 169</ref> The Qur'an discusses this battle in verses Qur'an .<ref name="Rubin 2">Uri Rubin, Quraysh, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</ref>

⚫ ==Battle of Khaybar: 628==
⚫ {{main|Battle of Khaybar}}

In 628, Muhammad attacked Khaybar. Later, Muhammad sent a delegation under Abdullah bin Rawaha to ask another chief of the Banu Nadir, ], to come to Medina along with other Nadir leaders to discuss the two groups' political relations. Among whom were Abdullah bin Unays, an ally of Banu Salima, a clan hostile to the Jews. When they came to him they spoke to him and treated him saying that if he would come to Muhammad he would give him an appointment and honour him. They kept on at him until he went with them with a number of Jews. Abdullah bin Unays mounted him on his beast until when he was in al-Qarqara, about six miles from Khaybar, al-Yusayr changed his mind about going with them. Abdullah perceived his intention as he was preparing to draw his sword so he rushed at him and struck him with his sword cutting off his leg. Al-Yusayr hit him with a stick of shauhat wood which he had in his hand and wounded his head. All Muhammad's emissaries fell upon the thirty Jewish companions and killed them except one man who escaped on his feet.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume, p. 665-666</ref> ] is the assassin who volunteered and got permission to kill Banu Nadir's ] at a previous night mission in Khaybar.

⚫ Muhammad and his followers attacked Khaybar in May/June 628 after the ]. Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of central command and preparation for an extended siege sealed the outcome of the battle in favor of the Muslims. When all but two fortresses were captured, the Jews negotiated their surrender. The terms required them to hand over one-half of the annual produce to the Muslims, while the land itself became the collective property of the Muslim state.<ref name="Khaybar">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Veccia Vaglieri, L. |editor1=P.J. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =] Online|title=Khaybar |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |issn=1573-3912}}</ref>

==See also==
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==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<references />
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |title=Muḥammad |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |pages=370 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }}
</div>
{{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
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{{Characters and names in the Quran}}
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{{Arabian Peninsula Jewish tribes}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}


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Latest revision as of 13:51, 26 December 2024

Jewish Arab tribe that lived in an oasis near Yathrib (Medina) in Arabia until the 7th century
Banu Nadir
بني النضير
Arabized Israelites
EthnicityJewish, Arabian
Nisbaal-Nadiri
LocationKhaybar, Arabia
Descended fromal-Nadir
ReligionJudaism

The Banu Nadir (Arabic: بَنُو ٱلنَّضِير, Hebrew: בני נדיר) were a Jewish Arab tribe that lived in northern Arabia at the oasis of Medina until the 7th century. They were probably a part of the Constitution of Medina, which was formed after Muhammad's Hijrah. Tensions rose between the Muslims and the Banu Nadir after the Battle of Uhud, which prompted a clash between the two, resulting in the expulsion of the latter. The tribe then planned the Battle of the Trench together with the Quraysh and later participated in the battle of Khaybar.

Lineage

According to the Arab historian al-Sam'ani, the members of the Banu Nadir tribe are the descendants of al-Nadir, a Jewish man who migrated from Judea to Arabia. probably the name al-Nadir is derived from the Hebraic name Ha-Nazir. According to the Arab historian (Ibn Hazm), they are the direct patrilineal descendants of the biblical Aaron.

Early history

In early Medina, in addition to the Banu Nadir, there were two other major Arab tribes: the Banu Aws and the Khazraj. They were previously joined by two Jewish Arab tribes, the Banu Qurayza and the Banu Qaynuqa.

Like other Jews of Medina, the Banu Nadir bore Arabic names, but they spoke a distinctly Jewish dialect of Arabic. They earned their living through agriculture, usury, and trade in weapons and jewels, maintaining commercial relations with Arab merchants of Mecca. Their fortresses were located half a day's march to the south of Medina. Banu Nadir were wealthy and lived in some of the best lands in Medina.

Tribal warfare

When the two Arabian tribes of Aws and Khazraj went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath in 617, the three Jewish tribes backed both sides and sold weapons to both of them for profit. The Banu Nadir, led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf and Huyayy ibn Akhtab, and the Banu Qurayza fought with the Aws, while the Banu Qaynuqa were allied itself with the tribe of Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and arduous battle.

Arrival of Muhammad

Muhammad emigrated to Yathrib in September 622, he arrived with a group of his followers, who were given shelter by the members of the indigenous community who were known as the Ansar. Amongst his first actions were the construction of the first mosque in Medina and the acquisition of a residence with Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. Then he made a pact, known as the Constitution of Medina, between the Muslims, the Ansar, and the various Jewish tribes of Medina to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations. The conditions of the pact included boycotting Quraysh, abstinence from "extending any support to them", assistance of one another if attacked by a third party, as well as "defending Medina, in case of a foreign attack".

Reaction to the expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa

After the incidence between Muhammad and the Bani Qaynuqa, the tribe was besieged by Muhammad and expelled from Medina. The Banu Nadir did not get involved, viewing the conflict as another example of Jewish tribal struggle.

Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

After the Battle of Badr, one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, went to the Quraish in order to lament the loss at Badr and to incite them to take up arms to regain lost honor, noting the statement of Muhammad: "He (Ka'b) has openly assumed enmity to us and speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting". This was in contravention of the Constitution of Medina, of which the tribe led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf was a signatory, which prohibited them from "extending any support" to the tribes of Mecca, namely Quraish. Some sources suggest that during his visit to Mecca, Ka'b concluded a treaty with Abu Sufyan, stipulating cooperation between the Quraysh and Jews against Muhammad.

Other historians cite that Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, who was also a gifted poet, wrote a poetic eulogy commemorating the slain Quraish notables; later, he also wrote erotic poetry about Muslim women, which the Muslims found offensive. This poetry influenced so many that this too was considered directly against the Constitution of Medina which states, loyalty gives protection against treachery and this document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b. Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services, collecting four others. By pretending to have turned against Muhammad, Muhammad ibn Maslama and the others enticed Ka'b out of his fortress on a moonlit night, and killed him in spite of his vigorous resistance. Some attribute this action to norms of the Arab society that demand retaliation for a slight to a group's honor. The Jews were terrified at his assassination, and as the historian ibn Ishaq put it, "there was not a Jew who did not fear for his life".

Expulsion from Medina

Main article: Invasion of Banu Nadir
Campaigns of Muhammad
Further information: Military career of Muhammad
Submission of Banu Nadir to the Muslim troops (14th-century painting)

After defeat by the Quraish at the Mount Uhud in March, 625, the Banu Nadir challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina.

In July of the same year, two men were killed by a Muslim named ʿAmr ibn Umayya al-Ḍamrī. Because he and the Banū al-Naḍīr were both obliged by virtue of an agreement with the Banū ʿĀmir to pay the blood money, he visited the Naḍīr in order to negotiate their relative contributions to the blood money. Initially most of the Nadir, except Huyayy ibn Akhtab, were inclined to accept Muhammad's request. However, Ibn Ubayy communicated to ibn Akhtab of his intent, along with allied nomads, to attack Muhammad. The Nadir, then postponed the contribution until later that day.

Muhammad left the locality immediately accusing the Banu Nadir of plotting to assassinate him, saying to have learned this either through revelation or Muhammad ibn Maslama.

According to other sources, the Banu Nadir invited Muhammad to their habitations for a religious debate, to which Muhammad accepted. Muhammad also accepted the condition that he bring no more than three men with him. On his way he was notified by a Banu Nadir convert to Islam of an assassination attempt at the debate.

Muhammad besieged the Banu Nadir. He ordered them to surrender their property and leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but "certain people of Medina who were not Believers of Muhammad sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir, saying, 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you.'" Huyayy ibn Akhtab decided to put up resistance, hoping also for help from the Banu Qurayza, despite opposition within the tribe. The Nadir were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted for 14 days, when the promised help failed to materialize and when Muhammad ordered the burning and felling of their palm-trees. Under the conditions of surrender, the Banu Nadir could only take with them what they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons.

The Banu Nadir left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and tambourines. Al-Waqidi described their impressive farewell: "Their women were decked out in litters wearing silk, brocade, velvet, and fine red and green silk. People lined up to gape at them." Most of Banu Nadir found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to Syria. According to Ibn Ishaq, the chiefs of Nadir who went to Khaybar were Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, Kenana ibn al-Rabi and Huyayy b. Akhtab. When these chiefs arrived in Khaybar, the Jewish inhabitants of Khaybar became subject to them.

Muhammad divided their land between his companions who had emigrated with him from Mecca. Until then, the emigrants had to rely upon the Medinese sympathizers for financial assistance. Muhammad reserved a share of the seized land for himself, which also made him financially independent.

Upon expulsion of the Banu Nadir, Muhammad is said to have received a revelation of the Surah al-Hashr.

Battle of Trench: 627

Main article: Battle of the Trench

A number of Jews who had formed a party against Muhammad, including Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq, Kenana ibn al-Rabi and Huyayy b. Akhtab, the chiefs of Nadir who had gone to Khaybar, together with two chiefs from the tribe of B. Wa'ili went to Quraysh and invited them to form a coalition against Muhammad so that they might get rid of him altogether. Then they persuaded the tribe of Ghaftan to join the battle against Muhammad. Banu Nadir promised half the date harvest of Khaybar to nomadic tribes if they would join the battle against Muslims. Abu Sufyan, the military leader of Quraysh, with the financial help of Banu Nadir had mustered a force of size 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, Salman the Persian. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks. Abu Sufyan's troops were unprepared for the fortifications they were confronted with, and after an ineffectual siege lasting several weeks, the coalition decided to go home. The Qur'an discusses this battle in verses Qur'an 33:9-33:27.

Battle of Khaybar: 628

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

In 628, Muhammad attacked Khaybar. Later, Muhammad sent a delegation under Abdullah bin Rawaha to ask another chief of the Banu Nadir, Usayr (Yusayr) ibn Zarim, to come to Medina along with other Nadir leaders to discuss the two groups' political relations. Among whom were Abdullah bin Unays, an ally of Banu Salima, a clan hostile to the Jews. When they came to him they spoke to him and treated him saying that if he would come to Muhammad he would give him an appointment and honour him. They kept on at him until he went with them with a number of Jews. Abdullah bin Unays mounted him on his beast until when he was in al-Qarqara, about six miles from Khaybar, al-Yusayr changed his mind about going with them. Abdullah perceived his intention as he was preparing to draw his sword so he rushed at him and struck him with his sword cutting off his leg. Al-Yusayr hit him with a stick of shauhat wood which he had in his hand and wounded his head. All Muhammad's emissaries fell upon the thirty Jewish companions and killed them except one man who escaped on his feet. Abdullah bin Unays is the assassin who volunteered and got permission to kill Banu Nadir's Sallam ibn Abu al-Huqayq at a previous night mission in Khaybar.

Muhammad and his followers attacked Khaybar in May/June 628 after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of central command and preparation for an extended siege sealed the outcome of the battle in favor of the Muslims. When all but two fortresses were captured, the Jews negotiated their surrender. The terms required them to hand over one-half of the annual produce to the Muslims, while the land itself became the collective property of the Muslim state.

See also

References

  1. Buhl; Welch, Alfred. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). p. 366.
  2. Watt, William Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. pp. 211–212, 217–219.
  3. Abdulkarim al-Sam'ani. Al-Ansab.Jinan Publish house. Beirut. 1988. v4 p475 & v5 p503
  4. Ibn Hazm. Jawame Al-Syira Al-Nabawyia. Dar Al-Kotob Al-ilmiyah. Beirut. 2009. p26
  5. ^ Vacca, V. "Nadir, Banu 'l". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
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  7. jewishencyclopedia.com
  8. Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaayah wa al-Nihaayah, Vol II, p. 279
  9. Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 501.
  10. Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarakfuri, ar-Raheeq al-Makhtoom - "The Sealed Nectar"
  11. Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabaweeyat, Vol. II, p. 147-150.
  12. Ibn Ishaq, p. 231-235.
  13. Ibn Ishaq. The Life Of Muhammad. pp. 362–364.
  14. al-Tabari. The History of Al-Tabari Volume 7: The Foundation of the Community (PDF). pp. 85–87.
  15. Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 13. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0.
  16. al-Zurqaani, Sharh al-Muwaahib, Vol II p. 10-12
  17. Rubin, Uri. The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf. Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  18. ^ William Montgomery Watt. "Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
  19. Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition (Macmillan Press, 1970), p. 90.
  20. Ibn Hisham (1955). Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya. Vol. 2. Cairo. pp. 51–57.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 125–126.
  21. Stillman (1979) p. 13
  22. Ibn Hisham (1955). English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 127.
  23. ^ Stillman (1979), p. 14.
  24. Watt (1956), p. 211-2.
  25. ^ al-Halabi, Nur al-Din. Sirat-i-Halbiyyah. Vol. 2, part 10. Uttar Pradesh: Idarah Qasmiyyah Deoband. p. 34. Translated by Muhammad Aslam Qasmi.
  26. "'Biography of Muhammad' by Ibn Ishaq". June 25, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-06-25.
  27. Al-Waqidi (1966). Marsden Jones (ed.). Kitab al-Maghazi. London. pp. 363–375.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) English translation from Stillman (1979), p. 136.
  28. A. Guillaume, The life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, p.438
  29. A. Guillaume, The life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, p.450
  31. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Vol.4, p.1137 et sqq.
  32. Watt (1956), p. 36, 37
  33. See:
    • Rodinson (2002), pp. 209–211;
    • Watt (1964) p. 169
  34. Uri Rubin, Quraysh, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an
  35. Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume, p. 665-666
  36. Veccia Vaglieri, L. "Khaybar". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.

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