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{{short description|Act of engaging in prostitution for an extreme need}}
⚫ {{main|Prostitution}}
{{For|prostitution among Internally Displaced People in warzones|Wartime sexual violence}}
{{Sex and the law}} {{Sex and the law}}
'''Survival sex''' is a form of ] engaged in by people because of their extreme need. It can include trading sex for food, a place to sleep, or other ]; it can also be used to obtain ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Flowers|first=R. Barri|author-link=R. Barri Flowers|title=Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4137-2|pages=110–112}}</ref> Survival sex is engaged in by ] people, ], ], and others disadvantaged in society.


'''Survival sex''' is ] engaged in by a person because of their extreme need. It describes the practice of people who are ] or otherwise disadvantaged in society, trading sex for food, a place to sleep, or other ], or for ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Flowers|first=R. Barri|authorlink=R. Barri Flowers|title=Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-4137-2|pages=110–112|url=http://www.amazon.com/Street-Kids-Lives-Runaway-Thrownaway/dp/0786441372}}</ref> The term is used by ] and ] researchers and ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hope Ditmore|first=Melissa|title=Prostitution and Sex Work (Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America)|year=2010|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=0-313-36289-0|pages=4|url=http://www.amazon.com/Prostitution-Historical-Controversial-America-ebook/dp/B004H0O9R4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Sanja, Julia Breslin|title=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance (Freedom in the World)|year=2010|publisher=Freedom House / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=1-4422-0396-X|pages=556|url=http://www.amazon.com/Womens-Rights-Middle-North-Africa/dp/144220396X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1328560720&sr=1-1}}</ref> The term is used by ], ] researchers, and ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hope Ditmore|first=Melissa|title=Prostitution and Sex Work (Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America)|year=2010|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=978-0-313-36289-7|pages=4|url=https://www.amazon.com/Prostitution-Historical-Controversial-America-ebook/dp/B004H0O9R4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Sanja, Julia Breslin|title=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance (Freedom in the World)|year=2010|publisher=Freedom House / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0396-9|pages=556}}</ref>

Some thinkers suggest that people are motivated to prostitute themselves because it is familiar&nbsp;– specifically to victims of ].<ref name=Mallon/> Other researchers state that, while some see it as a normal job, the vast majority want to get out of the industry given the potential for disease and dangerous clients.<ref name=FarleyIQ/>


==Prevalence== ==Prevalence==
'''Survival sex''' is common throughout the world, and has been extensively studied in many countries including the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Philippines, Thailand, New Zealand, Colombia, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Research on AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and practices among street youth | accessdate=6 February 2012 | last=Barker | first=G. | journal=Children worldwide: International Catholic Child Bureau | year=1993 | volume=20 | issue=2-3 | pages=41–42 | pmid=12179310}}</ref> Survival sex is common throughout the world, and has been extensively studied in many countries including ], the ], ], ], ], the ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Research on AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and practices among street youth | last=Barker | first=G. | journal=Children Worldwide: International Catholic Child Bureau | year=1993 | volume=20 | issue=2–3 | pages=41–42 | pmid=12179310}}</ref>


Researchers estimate that of ] in ], one in three has engaged in survival sex. In one study of homeless youth in ], about one-third of females and half of males said they had engaged in survival sex.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flowers|first=R. Barri|title=Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-4137-2|pages=110–112|url=http://www.amazon.com/Street-Kids-Lives-Runaway-Thrownaway/dp/0786441372}}</ref> Likelihood increases with the number of days the youth has been homeless, experience of being victimized, engaging in criminal behaviour, using illegal substances, attempting ], being ] and having a ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Neinstein|first=Lawrence S., and Catherine Gordon, Debra Katzman and David Rosen|title=Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=0-7817-9256-8|pages=974|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=0781792568}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Greene|first=J.M., S.T. Ennett, and C.L. Ringwalt|title=Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth|year=1999|publisher=American Journal of Public Health|pages=1406–1409|url=http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1406}}</ref> Researchers estimate that of ] in ], one in three has engaged in survival sex. In one study of homeless youth in ], about one-third of females and half of males said they had engaged in survival sex.<ref name="Flowers 2010 110–112">{{cite book|last=Flowers|first=R. Barri|title=Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4137-2|pages=110–112}}</ref> Likelihood increases with the number of days the youth has been homeless, experience of being victimized, engaging in criminal behaviour, using illegal substances, attempting ], being ], or having an ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Neinstein|first=Lawrence S., and Catherine Gordon, Debra Katzman and David Rosen|title=Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-9256-1|pages=974|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books&linkCode=qs&keywords=0781792568}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Greene|first=J.M., S.T. Ennett, and C.L. Ringwalt|title=Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=89|issue=9|year=1999|pages=1406–1409|doi=10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1406|pmid=10474560|pmc=1508758}}</ref>


] street children are three times likelier to engage in survival sex compared with their heterosexual counterparts, according to one study. Another found that ] youth are most likely of all to engage in survival sex.<ref>{{cite book|last=Flowers|first=R. Barri|title=Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-4137-2|pages=110–112|url=http://www.amazon.com/Street-Kids-Lives-Runaway-Thrownaway/dp/0786441372}}</ref> ] street children are three times likelier to engage in survival sex compared with their heterosexual counterparts, according to one study. Another found that ] youth are most likely of all to engage in survival sex.<ref name="Flowers 2010 110–112"/>


Survival sex is common in ]s. In ] camps in northern ], where 1.4 million civilians have been displaced by conflict between Ugandan government forces and the militant ], ] reported in 2005 that displaced women and girls were engaging in survival sex with other camp residents, local defense personnel, and Ugandan government soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Human Rights Watch|title=The Less They Know, the Better: Abstinence Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda|year=2005|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=New York|pages=55|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jDXEynHopkgC&pg=PA55&dq=survival+sex&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XCgwT--VGLPXiAKF7qTICg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=survival%20sex&f=false}}</ref> Survival sex is common in ]s. In ] camps in northern ], where 1.4 million civilians have been displaced by conflict between Ugandan government forces and the militant ], ] reported in 2005 that displaced women and girls were engaging in survival sex with other camp residents, local defense personnel, and Ugandan government soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Human Rights Watch|title=The Less They Know, the Better: Abstinence Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda|year=2005|publisher=]|location=New York|pages=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDXEynHopkgC&q=survival+sex&pg=PA55}}</ref>


==Motivations== ==Motivations==
Some researchers say that ] do not always see survival sex as exploitative: rather, they sometimes characterize it as the "beginning of a potential relationship." Given that one of the strongest predictors of engagement in survival sex is a prior history of ] by adult caregivers, some researchers theorize that rather than being driven to survival sex out of desperation, street children might be reproducing familiar behaviour and relationship patterns.<ref name=Mallon>{{cite book|last=Mallon|first=Gerald P., Peg McCartt Hess|title=Child Welfare for the Twenty-first Century: A Handbook of Practices, Policies, and Programs|year=2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-231-13072-4|pages=237|url=http://www.amazon.com/Child-Welfare-Twenty-first-Century-Practices/dp/0231130724/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1328560155&sr=1-1}}</ref> Some researchers say that ] do not always see survival sex as exploitative: rather, they sometimes characterize it as the "beginning of a potential relationship." Given that one of the strongest predictors of engagement in survival sex is a prior history of ] by adult caregivers, some researchers theorize that rather than being driven to survival sex out of desperation, street children might be reproducing familiar behaviour and relationship patterns.<ref name=Mallon>{{cite book|last=Mallon|first=Gerald P., Peg McCartt Hess|title=Child Welfare for the Twenty-first Century: A Handbook of Practices, Policies, and Programs|year=2005|publisher=]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-13072-1|pages=237}}</ref>


⚫ ==Outreach and law enforcement==
Other researchers maintain that people only engage in survival sex when they have no other options. Psychologist and anti-prostitution activist ], writing in the ], says that prostitution is nearly always coercive and lacking in full consent. She says this is the biggest issue, not simple inequalities between buyers and sellers, nor health and safety risks. Farley says women rarely have viable alternative means of paying for the basic needs of themselves and their loved ones. Farley argues that even having the "job option" is immoral because it will most likely hurt women who are very vulnerable (psychologically, economically, or otherwise). Farley says for women looking to survive, the experience can be ], and she describes it as "Becoming objects for ]". She also warns that the men who pay for prostitution the most are usually the most violent towards women.<ref name=FarleyIQ></ref>
{{globalize|date=February 2014}}
⚫ (Needham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness) page 20</ref>]]


⚫ US municipalities such as ] and ] have noticed a sharp increase in ] engaging in survival sex since 1999. Dallas established a special group home for counseling, from which 75% of the underage girls who receive treatment do not return to prostitution. Congress nearly approved a program for cities to create pilot programs modeled on the Dallas system in 2007, but never appropriated the necessary funds. The Department of Justice has yet to study the number of children involved in prostitution even though they were authorized by Congress to do so in 2005.<ref>Urbina, I. (October 26, 2009) ''New York Times''</ref> However, the Center for Problem Oriented Policing claims, "there is no consensus on whether the practice is widespread," and recommends that runaways should be questioned about sexual abuse but not consensual sex, survival sex, or prostitution.<ref>Dedel, K. (2006) '''' Guide No. 37 (Madison, Wisconsin: Center for Problem Oriented Policing) pp. 1 and </ref>
According to Farley, research suggests that very few prostitutes (she estimates that only 5% of women) make the choice freely. She says that most women in prostitution, including those working for ]s, have been ]. Farley claims that a majority of prostitutes would like to leave the industry.<ref name=FarleyNYT>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/opinion/12farley.html?em&ex=1205467200&en=1fedfb27c3116307&ei=5087%0A |title=The myth of the victimless crime |publisher=] |date=2008-03-12 |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref> Bob Herbert echoed a similar opinion, also in the New York Times. Herbert says "Those who think that most of the women in prostitution want to be there are deluded... the world of the prostitute is typically filled with pimps, sadists, psychopaths, drug addicts, violent criminals and disease."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/27/opinion/27herbert.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1310946059-1B1xmETcRvMXHJWoGBy82w |title=Today's hidden slave trade |publisher=] |date=2007-10-27 |accessdate=2010-07-17}}</ref>


⚫ According to the ], outreach services to help sexually exploited youth should focus on the locations where they congregate and are approached by ]s for exploitation, including public spaces such as malls and schools, and the internet. Outreach workers need to develop a close professional relationship with law enforcement to learn about trends and locations, but should carefully avoid compromising their independence or the confidentiality of their clients. Local law enforcement should target pimps and customers (janes or johns) and not the victims (youth and young adult prostitutes) for prosecution to be effective. Partnerships between nonprofit programs and law enforcement can help offer survival sex worker victims community-based services and housing when they are picked up by police officers.<ref>] (2009) '' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803185755/http://www.endhomelessness.org/files/2559_file_Sexual_Exploitation_of_Homeless_Youth_10_2009.pdf |date=2016-08-03 }}'' (Washington, DC: endhomelessness.org)</ref>
⚫ ==Outreach and law enforcement==
⚫ (Needham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness) page 20</ref>]]


⚫ According to ], when sex industry women and children victims are held in police custody or remand homes, denied freedom and access to information, or abused by police, they are encouraged to lie about their situation and try to escape, so community assistance services are substantially less useful. Similar failures occur when court procedures do not allow victim testimony or representation or, when they do, are neither victim-friendly nor children-friendly; or when decisions on children's futures seldom include the opinions of children, or when the right to privacy is violated by media reporting, or by stigmatization of and discrimination against children exploited in prostitution. Governments have the duty to provide services to children, but sharing that duty with nonprofits by coordination, monitoring, and support, especially with respect to periodic review of placement, is likely to have the best results. Protection measures for children at all stages of the legal process has not been sufficiently implemented through children-friendly courts, justice systems and law enforcement agencies. Decriminalization of children exploited in prostitution is a substantial gap in addressing survival sex worldwide. Successful law enforcement partnerships have included a campaign of brothel-based prostitutes who policed the recruitment of under-age girls in Bangladesh.<ref>Ennew, J. (November 2008) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329002154/http://www.ecpat.net/WorldCongressIII/PDF/Publications/Prostitution_of_Children/Thematic_Paper_Prostitution_ENG.pdf |date=2012-03-29 }} ''World Congress III Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents'' (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ] International)</ref>
⚫ US municipalities such as ] and ] have noticed a sharp increase in ] engaging in survival sex since 1999. Dallas established a special group home for counseling, from which 75% of the underage girls who receive treatment do not return to prostitution. Congress nearly approved a program for cities to create pilot programs modeled on the Dallas system in 2007, but never appropriated the necessary funds. The Department of Justice has yet to study the number of children involved in prostitution even though they were authorized by Congress to do so in 2005.<ref>Urbina, I. (October 26, 2009) ''New York Times''</ref> However, the Center for Problem Oriented Policing claims, "there is no consensus on whether the practice is widespread," and recommends that runaways should be questioned about sexual abuse but not consensual sex, survival sex, or prostitution.<ref>Dedel, K. (2006) '''' Guide No. 37 (Madison, Wisconsin: Center for Problem Oriented Policing) pp. 1 and </ref>


== Outcomes ==
⚫ According to the ], outreach services to help sexually exploited youth should focus on the locations where they congregate and are approached by ]s for exploitation, including public spaces such as malls and schools, and the internet. Outreach workers need to develop a close professional relationship with law enforcement to learn about trends and locations, but should carefully avoid compromising their independence or the confidentiality of their clients. Local law enforcement should target pimps and customers (johns) and not the victims (youth and young adult prostitutes) for prosecution to be effective. Partnerships between nonprofit programs and law enforcement can help offer survival sex worker victims community-based services and housing when they are picked up by police officers.<ref>] (2009) '''' (Washington, DC: endhomelessness.org)</ref>
Engaging in survival sex can have serious effects, mentally and physically damaging to youth into adulthood and adulthood into elderhood. Research shows: Depression, anxiety, and anger issues are the most commonly reported emotional responses within children and adults who have participated in some form of survival sex. Untreated STIs, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, vaginismus and gastrointestinal disorder are just a few common physical issues known due to a lower rate of people who engage in this behavior seeking out medical care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adult Manifestations of Childhood Sexual Abuse |url=https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2011/08/adult-manifestations-of-childhood-sexual-abuse |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.acog.org |language=en}}</ref> High suicides attempts, PTSD and over victimizing are also common side effects to engaging in this activity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivanich |first1=Jerreed |last2=Welch-Lazoritz |first2=Melissa |last3=Dombroski |first3=Kirk |date=September 8, 2017 |title=The Relationship between Survival Sex and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in a High Risk Female Population |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=14 |issue=9 |page=1031 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14091031 |doi-access=free |pmid=28885558 |pmc=5615568 }}</ref>

⚫ According to ], when sex industry women and children victims are held in police custody or remand homes, denied freedom and access to information, or abused by police, they are encouraged to lie about their situation and try to escape, so community assistance services are substantially less useful. Similar failures occur when court procedures do not allow victim testimony or representation or, when they do, are neither victim-friendly nor children-friendly; or when decisions on children's futures seldom include the opinions of children, or when the right to privacy is violated by media reporting, or by stigmatization of and discrimination against children exploited in prostitution. Governments have the duty to provide services to children, but sharing that duty with nonprofits by coordination, monitoring, and support, especially with respect to periodic review of placement, is likely to have the best results. Protection measures for children at all stages of the legal process has not been sufficiently implemented through children-friendly courts, justice systems and law enforcement agencies. Decriminalization of children exploited in prostitution is a substantial gap in addressing survival sex worldwide. Successful law enforcement partnerships have included a campaign of brothel-based prostitutes who policed the recruitment of under-age girls in Bangladesh.<ref>Ennew, J. (November 2008) ''World Congress III Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents'' (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ] International)</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*] *]
*] *]
*]
*] *]


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==Further reading== ==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D. ''et al.'' (2011) ''BMC Public Health'' '''11''':638 PMID 21831318 * {{cite journal | last1 = Fitzpatrick-Lewis | first1 = D. | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Effectiveness of interventions to improve the health and housing status of homeless people: a rapid systematic review | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 11 | page = 638 | pmid = 21831318 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-11-638 | pmc = 3171371 | doi-access = free }}
* Rew, L. (1996) ''Journal of Holistic Nursing'' '''14'''(4):348-59 PMID 9146191
* {{cite journal | last1 = Rew | first1 = L | year = 1996 | title = Health Risks of Homeless Adolescents | url = http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/14/4/348.short | journal = Journal of Holistic Nursing | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 348–59 | pmid = 9146191 | doi = 10.1177/089801019601400407 | s2cid = 46227398 | access-date = 2012-02-13 | archive-date = 2012-03-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120325054423/http://jhn.sagepub.com/content/14/4/348.short | url-status = dead }}
* Wojcicki, J.M. (2008) ''Medical Anthropology Quarterly'' '''16'''(3):267–93 * {{cite journal | last1 = Wojcicki | first1 = J.M. | year = 2008 | title = 'She Drank His Money': Survival Sex and the Problem of Violence in Taverns in Gauteng Province, South Africa | journal = Medical Anthropology Quarterly | volume = 16 | issue = 3| pages = 267–93 | doi = 10.1525/maq.2002.16.3.267 | pmid = 12227257 }}
* Shannon, K. ''et al.'' (2008) ''Social Science & Medicine'' '''66'''(4):911–21
* {{cite journal|title=Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=66|issue=4|pages=911–921|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.008|pmid=18155336|year=2008|last1=Shannon|first1=Kate|last2=Kerr|first2=Thomas|last3=Allinott|first3=Shari|last4=Chettiar|first4=Jill|last5=Shoveller|first5=Jean|last6=Tyndall|first6=Mark W.}}
* Haley, N. ''et al.'' (2004) ''Sexually Transmitted Infections'' '''80''':526-30
* {{cite journal | last1 = Haley | first1 = N. | display-authors = etal | year = 2004 | title = HIV risk profile of male street youth involved in survival sex | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | volume = 80 | issue = 6| pages = 526–30 | doi = 10.1136/sti.2004.010728 | pmid = 15572629 | pmc = 1744937 | doi-access = free }}
* Watson, J. (2011) ''Journal of Youth Studies'' '''14'''(6):639-55
* {{cite journal | last1 = Watson | first1 = J | year = 2011 | title = Understanding survival sex: young women, homelessness and intimate relationships | journal = Journal of Youth Studies | volume = 14 | issue = 6| pages = 639–55 | doi = 10.1080/13676261.2011.588945 | s2cid = 144641271 }}
* Chettiar, J. ''et al.'' (2010) ''Journal of Public Health'' '''32'''(3):322-7
* {{cite journal | last1 = Chettiar | first1 = J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Survival sex work involvement among street-involved youth who use drugs in a Canadian setting | url = http://jpubhealth.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/3/322.full | journal = Journal of Public Health | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 322–7 | doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdp126 | pmid = 20061578 | pmc = 2924786 | doi-access = free }}
* Shannon, K. ''et al.'' (2010) ''Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.'' '''164'''(1):61-5
* {{cite journal | last1 = Shannon | first1 = K. | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Survival Sex Work Involvement as a Primary Risk Factor for Hepatitis C Virus Acquisition in Drug-Using Youths in a Canadian Setting | journal = Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | volume = 164 | issue = 1| pages = 61–5 | doi = 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.241 | pmid = 20048243 | pmc = 4646708 | doi-access = free }}
* Moriarty, S. (November 1, 2009) ''Change.org news''
* Bahadur, G. (Summer 2008) ''Ms. Magazine'' * Bahadur, G. (Summer 2008) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203232917/http://www.msmagazine.com/Summer2008/SurvivalSex.asp |date=2019-02-03 }} ''Ms. Magazine''
* Walls, N.E. and Bell, S. (2011) ''Journal of Sex Research'' '''48'''(5):423-36 PMID 20799134 * {{cite journal | last1 = Walls | first1 = N.E. | last2 = Bell | first2 = S. | year = 2011 | title = Correlates of Engaging in Survival Sex among Homeless Youth and Young Adults | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5eb1/341c8c5dcdc087d0bf772b072c1c5bbaf3d8.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140430/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5eb1/341c8c5dcdc087d0bf772b072c1c5bbaf3d8.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 423–36 | pmid = 20799134 | doi = 10.1080/00224499.2010.501916 | s2cid = 16074637 }}
* ] (May 2011) '''' (Port-au-Prince, Haiti: United Nations) * ] (May 2011) '''' (Port-au-Prince, Haiti: United Nations)
* Fox, A.M. (2010) '' (Princeton, New Jersey: Harvard Department of Global Health and Population) preprint * Fox, A.M. (2010) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325130328/http://paa2010.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=101890 |date=2012-03-25 }}'' (Princeton, New Jersey: Harvard Department of Global Health and Population) preprint
{{Refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
* seven video series (VJ Movement, 2007–2011) * seven video series (VJ Movement, 2007–2011)
* Rillos, L. (February 9, 2010) ''KVAL News'' (Eugene, Oregon) video and text * Rillos, L. (February 9, 2010) '']'' (Eugene, Oregon) video and text

{{Sex}}


⚫ {{Prostitution}}
⚫ ]
{{Deprivation Indicators}}{{Homelessness}}
⚫ ]
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Latest revision as of 08:11, 22 November 2024

Act of engaging in prostitution for an extreme need For prostitution among Internally Displaced People in warzones, see Wartime sexual violence.
Sex and the law
Social issues
Specific offences
(varies by jurisdiction)
Sex offender registration
Portals

Survival sex is a form of prostitution engaged in by people because of their extreme need. It can include trading sex for food, a place to sleep, or other basic needs; it can also be used to obtain addictive drugs. Survival sex is engaged in by homeless people, refugees, asylum seekers, and others disadvantaged in society.

The term is used by sex trade, poverty researchers, and aid workers.

Prevalence

Survival sex is common throughout the world, and has been extensively studied in many countries including Afghanistan, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Jamaica, the Philippines, Thailand, New Zealand, Colombia, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa.

Researchers estimate that of homeless youth in North America, one in three has engaged in survival sex. In one study of homeless youth in Los Angeles, about one-third of females and half of males said they had engaged in survival sex. Likelihood increases with the number of days the youth has been homeless, experience of being victimized, engaging in criminal behaviour, using illegal substances, attempting suicide, being pregnant, or having an STI.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender street children are three times likelier to engage in survival sex compared with their heterosexual counterparts, according to one study. Another found that transgender youth are most likely of all to engage in survival sex.

Survival sex is common in refugee camps. In internally displaced persons camps in northern Uganda, where 1.4 million civilians have been displaced by conflict between Ugandan government forces and the militant Lord's Resistance Army, Human Rights Watch reported in 2005 that displaced women and girls were engaging in survival sex with other camp residents, local defense personnel, and Ugandan government soldiers.

Motivations

Some researchers say that street children do not always see survival sex as exploitative: rather, they sometimes characterize it as the "beginning of a potential relationship." Given that one of the strongest predictors of engagement in survival sex is a prior history of sexual abuse by adult caregivers, some researchers theorize that rather than being driven to survival sex out of desperation, street children might be reproducing familiar behaviour and relationship patterns.

Outreach and law enforcement

Globe icon.The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The number of homeless children in the US grew from 1.2 million in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2010.

US municipalities such as Boston and Dallas have noticed a sharp increase in runaways engaging in survival sex since 1999. Dallas established a special group home for counseling, from which 75% of the underage girls who receive treatment do not return to prostitution. Congress nearly approved a program for cities to create pilot programs modeled on the Dallas system in 2007, but never appropriated the necessary funds. The Department of Justice has yet to study the number of children involved in prostitution even though they were authorized by Congress to do so in 2005. However, the Center for Problem Oriented Policing claims, "there is no consensus on whether the practice is widespread," and recommends that runaways should be questioned about sexual abuse but not consensual sex, survival sex, or prostitution.

According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, outreach services to help sexually exploited youth should focus on the locations where they congregate and are approached by pimps for exploitation, including public spaces such as malls and schools, and the internet. Outreach workers need to develop a close professional relationship with law enforcement to learn about trends and locations, but should carefully avoid compromising their independence or the confidentiality of their clients. Local law enforcement should target pimps and customers (janes or johns) and not the victims (youth and young adult prostitutes) for prosecution to be effective. Partnerships between nonprofit programs and law enforcement can help offer survival sex worker victims community-based services and housing when they are picked up by police officers.

According to ECPAT International, when sex industry women and children victims are held in police custody or remand homes, denied freedom and access to information, or abused by police, they are encouraged to lie about their situation and try to escape, so community assistance services are substantially less useful. Similar failures occur when court procedures do not allow victim testimony or representation or, when they do, are neither victim-friendly nor children-friendly; or when decisions on children's futures seldom include the opinions of children, or when the right to privacy is violated by media reporting, or by stigmatization of and discrimination against children exploited in prostitution. Governments have the duty to provide services to children, but sharing that duty with nonprofits by coordination, monitoring, and support, especially with respect to periodic review of placement, is likely to have the best results. Protection measures for children at all stages of the legal process has not been sufficiently implemented through children-friendly courts, justice systems and law enforcement agencies. Decriminalization of children exploited in prostitution is a substantial gap in addressing survival sex worldwide. Successful law enforcement partnerships have included a campaign of brothel-based prostitutes who policed the recruitment of under-age girls in Bangladesh.

Outcomes

Engaging in survival sex can have serious effects, mentally and physically damaging to youth into adulthood and adulthood into elderhood. Research shows: Depression, anxiety, and anger issues are the most commonly reported emotional responses within children and adults who have participated in some form of survival sex. Untreated STIs, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, vaginismus and gastrointestinal disorder are just a few common physical issues known due to a lower rate of people who engage in this behavior seeking out medical care. High suicides attempts, PTSD and over victimizing are also common side effects to engaging in this activity.

See also

References

  1. Flowers, R. Barri (2010). Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens. McFarland. pp. 110–112. ISBN 978-0-7864-4137-2.
  2. Hope Ditmore, Melissa (2010). Prostitution and Sex Work (Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America). Greenwood. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-313-36289-7.
  3. Kelly, Sanja, Julia Breslin (2010). Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance (Freedom in the World). Freedom House / Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 556. ISBN 978-1-4422-0396-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Barker, G. (1993). "Research on AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and practices among street youth". Children Worldwide: International Catholic Child Bureau. 20 (2–3): 41–42. PMID 12179310.
  5. ^ Flowers, R. Barri (2010). Street kids: the lives of runaway and thrownaway teens. McFarland. pp. 110–112. ISBN 978-0-7864-4137-2.
  6. Neinstein, Lawrence S., and Catherine Gordon, Debra Katzman and David Rosen (2007). Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 974. ISBN 978-0-7817-9256-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Greene, J.M., S.T. Ennett, and C.L. Ringwalt (1999). "Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth". American Journal of Public Health. 89 (9): 1406–1409. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1406. PMC 1508758. PMID 10474560.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Human Rights Watch (2005). The Less They Know, the Better: Abstinence Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch. p. 55.
  9. Mallon, Gerald P., Peg McCartt Hess (2005). Child Welfare for the Twenty-first Century: A Handbook of Practices, Policies, and Programs. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-231-13072-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. Bassuk, E.L., et al. (2011) America’s Youngest Outcasts: 2010 (Needham, MA: The National Center on Family Homelessness) page 20
  11. Urbina, I. (October 26, 2009) "Running in the Shadows: For Runaways, Sex Buys Survival" New York Times
  12. Dedel, K. (2006) Juvenile Runaways Guide No. 37 (Madison, Wisconsin: Center for Problem Oriented Policing) pp. 1 and 3
  13. National Alliance to End Homelessness (2009) Homeless Youth and Sexual Exploitation: Research Findings and Practice Implications Archived 2016-08-03 at the Wayback Machine (Washington, DC: endhomelessness.org)
  14. Ennew, J. (November 2008) "Exploitation of children in prostitution" Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine World Congress III Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ECPAT International)
  15. "Adult Manifestations of Childhood Sexual Abuse". www.acog.org. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  16. Ivanich, Jerreed; Welch-Lazoritz, Melissa; Dombroski, Kirk (September 8, 2017). "The Relationship between Survival Sex and Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms in a High Risk Female Population". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (9): 1031. doi:10.3390/ijerph14091031. PMC 5615568. PMID 28885558.

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