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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
⚫ ]


{{Infobox military installation
⚫ '''Gardiki Castle''' ({{lang-gr|Κάστρο Γαρδικίου}}) is a 13th-century ] castle on the southwestern coast of ] and the only surviving medieval fortress on the southern part of the island.<ref name=Stamatopoulos/><ref name="Publishing2012">{{cite book|author=DK Publishing|title=Top 10 Corfu & the Ionian Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IhF3EHpH6PsC&pg=PT80|date=1 May 2012|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-9434-0|page=80}}</ref> It was built by a ruler of the ],<ref name="Edwards2003">{{cite book|author=Nick Edwards|title=The Rough Guide to Corfu|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iZxBjje_CosC&pg=PA223|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-038-1|page=223|quote=On the other side of Mount Ayios Matheos. 2 km by road, is Gardiki Pirgos, the ruins of a thirteenth century castle built in this unlikely lowland setting by the despots of Epirus.}}</ref> and was one of three castles which defended the island before the ] era (1401–1797). The three castles formed a defensive triangle, with Gardiki guarding the island's south, ] the northeast and ] the northwest<ref name="Philippidēs1983"/>
| name = Gardiki Castle
| native_name = {{no italics|{{lang|el|Κάστρο Γαρδικίου}}}}
| partof =
| location = ], ]
| map_type = Greece
| map_alt =
⚫ | coordinates = {{coord|39.4768106|19.8855583|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| image = File:Corfu Gardiki Castle R03.jpg
| caption = Gardiki Castle
| type = ]
| built =
| builder = ]
| materials = hewn stone (])
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = Preserved
| ownership = ]
| controlledby = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon image|}} ] <small>after 1214–59</small>
*{{flagicon image|}} ] <small>1205–1214/15</small>
*{{flagicon image|}} ] <small>1230–1259</small>
*{{flagicon image|Or three leopards sable.svg}} ] <small>1259–66</small>
*{{flagicon image|}} ] <small>1259–66</small>
*{{flagicon image|Arms of Jean dAnjou.svg}} ] <small>1266–1386</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Republic of Venice (1659-1675).svg}} ] <small>1386–1797</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} ] <small>1797–1800</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Septinsular Republic.svg}} ] <small>1800–1807</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg}} ] <small>1807–14</small>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the United States of the Ionian Islands.svg}} ] <small>1815–64</small>
*{{flagicon image|State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg}} ] <small> c. 1864</small>
}}
| open_to_public = Yes
| garrison =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
}}

⚫ '''Gardiki Castle''' ({{langx|el|Κάστρο Γαρδικίου}}) is a 13th-century ] castle on the southwestern coast of ] and the only surviving medieval fortress on the southern part of the island.<ref name=Stamatopoulos/><ref name="Publishing2012">{{cite book|author=DK Publishing|title=Top 10 Corfu & the Ionian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhF3EHpH6PsC&pg=PT80|date=1 May 2012|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-9434-0|page=80}}</ref> It was built by a ruler of the ],<ref name="Edwards2003">{{cite book|author=Nick Edwards|title=The Rough Guide to Corfu|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocorf00joh_hvu|url-access=registration|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-038-1|page=|quote=On the other side of Mount Ayios Matheos. 2 km by road, is Gardiki Pirgos, the ruins of a thirteenth-century castle built in this unlikely lowland setting by the despots of Epirus.}}</ref> and was one of three castles which defended the island before the ] era (1401–1797). The three castles formed a defensive triangle, with Gardiki guarding the island's south, ] the northeast and ] the northwest<ref name="Philippidēs1983"/>


==Origins and location== ==Origins and location==
] ]
The castle dates from the thirteenth century and is located on a low hill near the village of Agios Matthaios which is situated at a higher elevation.<ref name="Tataki"/><ref name="Freely2008"/> The ruler responsible for the construction of the castle is not known, but it is assumed that it was built either by ] or his son ], rulers of the ].<ref name="Freely2008"/> Immediately to the south of the castle lies ] Lake which is separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land.<ref name="Miller2010">{{cite book|author=Korina Miller|title=Greek Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZPlpS4zHuqQC&pg=PA446|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-343-0|page=446}}</ref><ref name="PlanetMiller2012">{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Korina Miller|author3=Kate Armstrong|coauthors=Alexis Averbuck, Michael S Clark, Chris Deliso, Des Hannigan, Victoria Kyriakopoulos, Andrea Schulte-Peevers, Richard Waters|title=Lonely Planet Greece|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K5X-jtdoVxsC&pg=PT657|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74321-014-7|page=657}}</ref> The castle dates from the thirteenth century and is located on a low hill near the village of Agios Matthaios, which is situated at a higher elevation.<ref name="Tataki"/><ref name="Freely2008"/> The ruler responsible for the construction of the castle is not known, but it is assumed that it was built either by ] or his son ], rulers of the ].<ref name="Freely2008"/> Immediately to the south of the castle lies ] Lake which is separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land.<ref name="Miller2010">{{cite book|author=Korina Miller|title=Greek Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPlpS4zHuqQC&pg=PA446|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-343-0|page=446}}</ref><ref name="PlanetMiller2012">{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Korina Miller|author3=Kate Armstrong |author4=Alexis Averbuck |author5=Michael S Clark |author6=Chris Deliso |author7=Des Hannigan |author8=Victoria Kyriakopoulos |author9=Andrea Schulte-Peevers |author10=Richard Waters|title=Lonely Planet Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741799576|url-access=registration|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74321-014-7|page=}}</ref>
] ]
Remains from the upper ] era, dating from 20,000 B.C., when Corfu was still united to the mainland region of ], were found on the site of the castle at the ] of Grava Gardikiou, including ] ]s and animal bones,<ref name="ArmstrongClark2008">{{cite book|author1=Kate Armstrong|author2=Michael Clark|author3=Chris Deliso|title=Greek Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA458|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-314-3|page=458}}</ref> which have since been removed and are exhibited at the ].<ref name="Edwards2003"/><ref name="Dubin2013">{{cite book|author=Marc Dubin|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: The Greek Islands: The Greek Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4DrgSNHw4_8C&pg=PA82|date=17 June 2013|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-4654-1360-4|page=82}}</ref> Remains from the upper ] era, dating from 20,000 B.C., when Corfu was still united to the mainland region of ], were found on the site of the castle at the ] of Grava Gardikiou, including ] ]s and animal bones,<ref name="ArmstrongClark2008">{{cite book|author1=Kate Armstrong|author2=Michael Clark|author3=Chris Deliso|title=Greek Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA458|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-314-3|page=458}}</ref> which have since been removed and are exhibited at the ].<ref name="Edwards2003"/><ref name="Dubin2013">{{cite book|author=Marc Dubin|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: The Greek Islands: The Greek Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DrgSNHw4_8C&pg=PA82|date=17 June 2013|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-4654-1360-4|page=82}}</ref>


The location of Gardiki at the narrow southwest flank of Corfu provided protection to the fields and the southern lowlands of Corfu and in combination with ] on the northeastern coast of the island and Byzantine ] protecting the northwestern shore of Corfu, formed a triangular line of defence which protected Corfu during the pre-Venetian era.<ref name="Edwards2003"/><ref name="Philippidēs1983">{{cite book|author=Dēmētrēs Philippidēs|title=Greek Traditional Architecture: Eastern Aegean, Sporades-Ionian Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l0tQAAAAMAAJ&q=Angelokastro&dq=Angelokastro&hl=en&ei=a3FgTbbZLsOAlAe9_JiODA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATha|year=1983|publisher=Melissa|volume=1|page=222}}</ref><ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|title=The Old Town of Corfu Nomination for inclusion on the World Heritage List STATE PARTY Greece STATE, PROVINCE OR REGION Greece, lonian Islands Region, Corfu Prefecture NAME OF PROPERTY The Old Town of Corfu|url=http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/978.pdf|publisher=]|page=29|quote=One thing is certain, however. The area under plough outside the walls increased, since the village communities multiplied across the entire island (if we are to judge from the Byzantine castles that have survived) in order to protect the fields. They are castles such as Kassiopi, Angelokastro and Gardiki and, of course, the Old Fortress which was the medieval town itself.}}</ref> The location of Gardiki at the narrow southwest flank of Corfu provided protection to the fields and the southern lowlands of Corfu and in combination with ] on the northeastern coast of the island and Byzantine ] protecting the northwestern shore of Corfu, formed a triangular line of defence which protected Corfu during the pre-Venetian era.<ref name="Edwards2003"/><ref name="Philippidēs1983">{{cite book|author=Dēmētrēs Philippidēs|title=Greek Traditional Architecture: Eastern Aegean, Sporades-Ionian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0tQAAAAMAAJ&q=Angelokastro|year=1983|publisher=Melissa|volume=1|page=222}}</ref><ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|title=The Old Town of Corfu Nomination for inclusion on the World Heritage List STATE PARTY Greece STATE, PROVINCE OR REGION Greece, lonian Islands Region, Corfu Prefecture NAME OF PROPERTY The Old Town of Corfu|url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/978.pdf|publisher=]|page=29|quote=One thing is certain, however. The area under plough outside the walls increased, since the village communities multiplied across the entire island (if we are to judge from the Byzantine castles that have survived) in order to protect the fields. They are castles such as Kassiopi, Angelokastro and Gardiki and, of course, the Old Fortress which was the medieval town itself.}}</ref>


==Architecture== ==Architecture==
]
⚫ The walls of Gardiki Castle form an octagon and the structure features eight strong towers decorated by rows of tiles. There are elements from an ancient structure which have been incorporated into the construction of the castle. The ancient structure was probably a fountain-house.<ref name=Stamatopoulos/><ref name="Tataki">{{cite book|author=A. B. Tataki (Director of Research of the ])|title=Corfu: History, Monuments, Museums|url=|year=1983|publisher=Ekdotike Athenon S.A.|page=68|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Freely2008">{{cite book|author=John Freely|title=The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaka and Beyond|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ma0TAQAAIAAJ&q=Gardiki+Castle,+Corfu&dq=Gardiki+Castle,+Corfu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=R--PUqqsG6Kb2wWKqIH4Bg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBzgU|date=28 April 2008|publisher=I. B. Tauris, Limited|isbn=978-1-84511-696-5|page=82|quote=}}</ref>


⚫ The walls of Gardiki Castle form an octagon and the structure features eight strong towers decorated by rows of tiles. There are elements from an ancient structure which have been incorporated into the construction of the castle. The ancient structure was probably a fountain-house.<ref name=Stamatopoulos/><ref name="Tataki">{{cite book|author=A. B. Tataki (Director of Research of the ])|title=Corfu: History, Monuments, Museums|year=1983|publisher=Ekdotike Athenon S.A.|page=68}}</ref><ref name="Freely2008">{{cite book|author=John Freely|title=The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaka and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma0TAQAAIAAJ&q=Gardiki+Castle,+Corfu|date=28 April 2008|publisher=I. B. Tauris, Limited|isbn=978-1-84511-696-5|page=82}}</ref>
⚫ The eight towers are square in shape and the outline of the octagonal structure is almost elliptical. At the top of the southern tower there are traces of a chapel with remnants of religious frescoes of portraits of saints.<ref name=Stamatopoulos/><ref name="Edwards2003"/> Although in a state of disrepair, the towers still retain their full height.<ref name=Stamatopoulos>{{cite book|last=Stamatopoulos|first=Nondas|title=Old Corfu: history and culture|year=1993|publisher=N. Stamatopoulos|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6m0-AQAAIAAJ&q=Gardiki+castle+nondas+stamatopoulos&dq=Gardiki+castle+nondas+stamatopoulos&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nw2QUrLGMqKf2QWhr4G4CQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|edition=3|page=166|quote=The Byzantine Fortress at Gardiki The only remaining ancient fortification in the southern part of the island is the ruined fortress of Gardiki on the lower...}}</ref> The castle entrance is preserved but the interior is in a state of ruin.<ref name="Miller2010"/><ref name="PlanetMiller2012"/>


⚫ The eight towers are square in shape and the outline of the octagonal structure is almost elliptical. At the top of the southern tower there are traces of a chapel with remnants of religious frescoes of portraits of saints.<ref name=Stamatopoulos/><ref name="Edwards2003"/> Although in a state of disrepair, the towers still retain their full height.<ref name=Stamatopoulos>{{cite book|last=Stamatopoulos|first=Nondas|title=Old Corfu: history and culture|year=1993|publisher=N. Stamatopoulos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6m0-AQAAIAAJ&q=Gardiki+castle+nondas+stamatopoulos|edition=3|page=166|isbn=9789608403000|quote=The Byzantine Fortress at Gardiki The only remaining ancient fortification in the southern part of the island is the ruined fortress of Gardiki on the lower...}}</ref> The castle entrance is preserved but the interior is in a state of ruin.<ref name="Miller2010"/><ref name="PlanetMiller2012"/>
⚫ Gardiki Castle is considered one of the most imposing architectural remains in the Ionian Islands,<ref name="Young1977">{{cite book|author=Martin Young|title=Corfu and the Other Ionian Islands|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IVMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Angelokastro&dq=Angelokastro&hl=en&ei=a3FgTbbZLsOAlAe9_JiODA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBDha|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1977|publisher=Cape|isbn=978-0-224-01307-9|page=108}}</ref> along with Angelokastro, Kassiopi Castle and the two Venetian Fortresses of Corfu City, the Citadel and the New Fort.<ref name="Young1977"/>

⚫ Gardiki Castle is considered one of the most imposing architectural remains in the Ionian Islands,<ref name="Young1977">{{cite book|author=Martin Young|title=Corfu and the Other Ionian Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Angelokastro|access-date=8 April 2013|year=1977|publisher=Cape|isbn=978-0-224-01307-9|page=108}}</ref> along with Angelokastro, Kassiopi Castle and the two Venetian Fortresses of Corfu City, the Citadel and the New Fort.<ref name="Young1977"/>


==Historical reference== ==Historical reference==
Corfiote noble Andrea Marmora,<ref name=WilliamMiller>{{cite book|title=Essays on the Latin Orient|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wcw7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA212|publisher=CUP Archive|page=212|quote=Andrea Marmora, a member of a noble family still extant in Corfu, published in Italian ...}}</ref> the earliest historian of Corfu in medieval times, in his 1672 book ''Della Historia di Corfù'' mentions that the despots of Epirus adorned the city of Corfu with "most noble buildings" and built defences in other places on the island, including the fortresses of Gardiki and Angelokastro amongst other important sites.<ref name=Marmora>Andrea Marmora, ''Della Historia di Corfù'', 1672, Libro 4, "Adorno egli di nobilissimi edificii la Città; fabbricò in posto, molto atto alla difesa, il castel S. Angelo; fortificò Gardichio e altri luoghi importanti sù l'Isola..."</ref><ref name="Miller1908">{{cite book|author=William Miller|title=The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5UztIt_jIoUC&pg=PA514|accessdate=1 October 2013|year=1908|publisher=E. P. Dutton|page=514|quote=The oldest historian of Corfu may be exaggerating when he says that the Despots of Epiros adorned the city with most noble buildings}}</ref> Corfiote noble Andrea Marmora,<ref name=WilliamMiller>{{cite book|title=Essays on the Latin Orient|year=1921|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028255861|publisher=CUP Archive|page=|quote=Andrea Marmora, a member of a noble family still extant in Corfu, published in Italian ...}}</ref> the earliest historian of Corfu in medieval times, in his 1672 book ''Della Historia di Corfù'' mentions that the despots of Epirus adorned the city of Corfu with "most noble buildings" and built defences in other places on the island, including the fortresses of Gardiki and Angelokastro amongst other important sites.<ref name=Marmora>Andrea Marmora, ''Della Historia di Corfù'', 1672, Libro 4, "Adorno egli di nobilissimi edificii la Città; fabbricò in posto, molto atto alla difesa, il castel S. Angelo; fortificò Gardichio e altri luoghi importanti sù l'Isola..."</ref><ref name="Miller1908">{{cite book| last = Miller | first = William | author-link=William Miller (historian) |title=The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5UztIt_jIoUC|access-date=1 October 2013|year=1908|publisher=E. P. Dutton|page=|quote=The oldest historian of Corfu may be exaggerating when he says that the Despots of Epiros adorned the city with most noble buildings}}</ref><ref name="Web archive">{{cite web|author1=William Miller|title=The Latins in the Levant|year=1964 |url=https://archive.org/details/latinsinlevanta00millgoog|publisher=Web archive}}</ref>


==Architectural highlights==
⚫ ==References==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
{{reflist|2|colwidth=30em}}
File:Auf den Mauern von Gardiki 04.jpg|Detail of the walls
⚫ File:Gardiki Castle.jpg|Outer perimeter of Gardiki Castle
File:Auf den Mauern von Gardiki 02.jpg|Detail of the walls
</gallery>


⚫ ==References==
{{Commons category|Gardiki Castle}} {{Commons category|Gardiki Castle}}
{{Reflist|33em}}


{{Landmarks of Corfu}} {{Landmarks of Corfu}}
{{Byzantine Greece}}
⚫ {{Castles in Greece}}
{{Authority control}}


]
⚫ {{coord|39.4768|19.8850|type:landmark_region:GR|display=title}}

⚫ ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
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Latest revision as of 10:33, 23 October 2024

Gardiki Castle
Κάστρο Γαρδικίου
Corfu, Ionian Islands
Gardiki Castle
Gardiki Castle is located in GreeceGardiki CastleGardiki Castle
Coordinates39°28′37″N 19°53′08″E / 39.4768106°N 19.8855583°E / 39.4768106; 19.8855583
Typecitadel
Site information
OwnerGreek Ministry of Culture
Controlled by
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionPreserved
Site history
Built byByzantine Empire
Materialshewn stone (ashlar)

Gardiki Castle (Greek: Κάστρο Γαρδικίου) is a 13th-century Byzantine castle on the southwestern coast of Corfu and the only surviving medieval fortress on the southern part of the island. It was built by a ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, and was one of three castles which defended the island before the Venetian era (1401–1797). The three castles formed a defensive triangle, with Gardiki guarding the island's south, Kassiopi Castle the northeast and Angelokastro the northwest

Origins and location

Detail of one of the towers of the castle

The castle dates from the thirteenth century and is located on a low hill near the village of Agios Matthaios, which is situated at a higher elevation. The ruler responsible for the construction of the castle is not known, but it is assumed that it was built either by Michael I Komnenos or his son Michael II Komnenos, rulers of the Despotate of Epirus. Immediately to the south of the castle lies Korissia Lake which is separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land.

The entrance to the castle

Remains from the upper Paleolithic era, dating from 20,000 B.C., when Corfu was still united to the mainland region of Epirus, were found on the site of the castle at the rock shelter of Grava Gardikiou, including hunter-gatherer stone tools and animal bones, which have since been removed and are exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.

The location of Gardiki at the narrow southwest flank of Corfu provided protection to the fields and the southern lowlands of Corfu and in combination with Kassiopi Castle on the northeastern coast of the island and Byzantine Angelokastro protecting the northwestern shore of Corfu, formed a triangular line of defence which protected Corfu during the pre-Venetian era.

Architecture

The walls of Gardiki Castle form an octagon and the structure features eight strong towers decorated by rows of tiles. There are elements from an ancient structure which have been incorporated into the construction of the castle. The ancient structure was probably a fountain-house.

The eight towers are square in shape and the outline of the octagonal structure is almost elliptical. At the top of the southern tower there are traces of a chapel with remnants of religious frescoes of portraits of saints. Although in a state of disrepair, the towers still retain their full height. The castle entrance is preserved but the interior is in a state of ruin.

Gardiki Castle is considered one of the most imposing architectural remains in the Ionian Islands, along with Angelokastro, Kassiopi Castle and the two Venetian Fortresses of Corfu City, the Citadel and the New Fort.

Historical reference

Corfiote noble Andrea Marmora, the earliest historian of Corfu in medieval times, in his 1672 book Della Historia di Corfù mentions that the despots of Epirus adorned the city of Corfu with "most noble buildings" and built defences in other places on the island, including the fortresses of Gardiki and Angelokastro amongst other important sites.

Architectural highlights

  • Detail of the walls Detail of the walls
  • Outer perimeter of Gardiki Castle Outer perimeter of Gardiki Castle
  • Detail of the walls Detail of the walls

References

  1. ^ Stamatopoulos, Nondas (1993). Old Corfu: history and culture (3 ed.). N. Stamatopoulos. p. 166. ISBN 9789608403000. The Byzantine Fortress at Gardiki The only remaining ancient fortification in the southern part of the island is the ruined fortress of Gardiki on the lower...
  2. DK Publishing (1 May 2012). Top 10 Corfu & the Ionian Islands. DK Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-7566-9434-0.
  3. ^ Nick Edwards (2003). The Rough Guide to Corfu. Rough Guides. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-84353-038-1. On the other side of Mount Ayios Matheos. 2 km by road, is Gardiki Pirgos, the ruins of a thirteenth-century castle built in this unlikely lowland setting by the despots of Epirus.
  4. ^ Dēmētrēs Philippidēs (1983). Greek Traditional Architecture: Eastern Aegean, Sporades-Ionian Islands. Vol. 1. Melissa. p. 222.
  5. ^ A. B. Tataki (Director of Research of the National Hellenic Research Foundation) (1983). Corfu: History, Monuments, Museums. Ekdotike Athenon S.A. p. 68.
  6. ^ John Freely (28 April 2008). The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia, Ithaka and Beyond. I. B. Tauris, Limited. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-84511-696-5.
  7. ^ Korina Miller (15 September 2010). Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 446. ISBN 978-1-74220-343-0.
  8. ^ Lonely Planet; Korina Miller; Kate Armstrong; Alexis Averbuck; Michael S Clark; Chris Deliso; Des Hannigan; Victoria Kyriakopoulos; Andrea Schulte-Peevers; Richard Waters (1 March 2012). Lonely Planet Greece. Lonely Planet. p. 657. ISBN 978-1-74321-014-7.
  9. Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark; Chris Deliso (2008). Greek Islands. Lonely Planet. p. 458. ISBN 978-1-74104-314-3.
  10. Marc Dubin (17 June 2013). DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: The Greek Islands: The Greek Islands. DK Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4654-1360-4.
  11. "The Old Town of Corfu Nomination for inclusion on the World Heritage List STATE PARTY Greece STATE, PROVINCE OR REGION Greece, lonian Islands Region, Corfu Prefecture NAME OF PROPERTY The Old Town of Corfu" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 29. One thing is certain, however. The area under plough outside the walls increased, since the village communities multiplied across the entire island (if we are to judge from the Byzantine castles that have survived) in order to protect the fields. They are castles such as Kassiopi, Angelokastro and Gardiki and, of course, the Old Fortress which was the medieval town itself.
  12. ^ Martin Young (1977). Corfu and the Other Ionian Islands. Cape. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-224-01307-9. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  13. Essays on the Latin Orient. CUP Archive. 1921. p. 212. Andrea Marmora, a member of a noble family still extant in Corfu, published in Italian ...
  14. Andrea Marmora, Della Historia di Corfù, 1672, Libro 4, p. 210 "Adorno egli di nobilissimi edificii la Città; fabbricò in posto, molto atto alla difesa, il castel S. Angelo; fortificò Gardichio e altri luoghi importanti sù l'Isola..."
  15. Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). E. P. Dutton. p. 514. Retrieved 1 October 2013. The oldest historian of Corfu may be exaggerating when he says that the Despots of Epiros adorned the city with most noble buildings
  16. William Miller (1964). "The Latins in the Levant". Web archive.
Landmarks of Corfu
Ancient Palaiopolis
Castles
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Greece Castles in Greece
See also: List of gates in Greece
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