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{{Infobox military unit {{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Royal Moroccan Army
|unit_name= Royal Moroccan Armed Forces<br>Royal Armed Forces
القوات الملكية المغربية | native_name = {{langx|ar|القوات البرية الملكية المغربية}} <br /> {{langx|zgh|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ}}
|image= ] | image = ]
|caption= Flag of the Royal Moroccan Army | caption = Flag of the Royal Moroccan Army
|start_date= November 14th 1956 – present | start_date = 14 May 1956 (1088) 935 years the old version
| dates =
|country= ]
| country = {{flag|Morocco}}
|allegiance= ]
| allegiance = ]
|branch= ]
| branch = ]
|type=
| type =
|role= ]
| role = ]
|size= 175,000 regular (2011 est.)<ref name=INSS>{{citation|url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/%28FILE%291314707011.pdf|title=INSS Military Balance Files - Morocco|page=5|date=30 August 2011|publisher=]|accessdate=5 September 2011}}</ref><br/>150,000 reserve (2011 est.)<ref name=INSS/>
| size = 175,000<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2021.1868796|title= The Military Balance 2021 Volume 121 P.314-377|journal= The Military Balance|date= January 2021|volume= 121|issue= 1|pages= 314–377|doi= 10.1080/04597222.2021.1868796|s2cid= 232050772}}</ref>
|command_structure= ]
| command_structure = {{nowrap|]}}
|garrison=
| garrison =
|garrison_label=
| garrison_label =
|equipment=
| equipment =
|equipment_label=
| equipment_label =
|nickname=
| nickname =
|motto= God, Homeland, King<br>({{lang-ar|الله ,الوطن ,الملك}})
| motto = God, Homeland, King<br />{{langx|ar|الله ,الوطن ,الملك}}<br />{{langx|zgh|ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ}}
|colors=
| colors =
|colors_label=
| colors_label =
|march=
| march =
|mascot=
| mascot =
|battles= ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] (Alleged)<br>]
| battles = ]<br />
|anniversaries= November 14th
]<br />
|decorations=
]<br />
|battle_honours=
]<br />
<!-- Commanders -->
]<br />
| commander1 = ]
]<br />
| commander1_label = ]
]<br />
| commander2 = ]
]<br />
| commander2_label = Minister-Delegate
]''(alleged)''<br />
| commander3 = ]
]
| commander3_label = ]
| anniversaries = 14 May
| commander=
| decorations =
| commander_label=
| battle_honours = <!-- Senior Leaders -->
| notable_commanders= ]<br>]
| commander1 = ]
<!-- Insignia -->
| commander1_label = ]
|identification_symbol= ]
| commander2 = ]
|identification_symbol_label= Army Insignia
| commander2_label = Minister-Delegate of the Administration of Defense
|identification_symbol_2=
| commander3 = ]
|identification_symbol_2_label=
| commander3_label = ]
| notable_commanders = ]
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = ]
| identification_symbol_label = Army Insignia
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}} }}

]
]
]
]
The '''Royal Moroccan Army''', officially '''The Royal Army''' ({{lang-ar|الجيش الملكي}}, {{lang-fr|l'Armée Royale}}, {{lang-es|Ejército Real}}) is the branch of the ] responsible for land-based military operations. The '''Royal Moroccan Army''' ({{langx|ar|القوات البرية الملكية المغربية}} ''Al-Quwwat al-Bariyah al-Malakiyah al-Maghribiyah'', {{langx|zgh|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ}} ''tasrdast tagldant'') is the branch of the ] responsible for land-based military operations.


The army is about 175,000 troops strong. In case of war or state of siege, an additional force of 150,000 Reservists, and paramilitary forces, including 24,000 regulars of the ], 50,000 ] and 5,000 mobile intervention corps regulars come under the Ministry of Defence command. The Royal Moroccan Army is about 215,000 troops strong and consists of 195,000 professional soldiers and 20,000 conscripts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الخدمة العسكرية.. تكوين 20 ألف مجند في 2022 سيُكلف أزيد من 55 مليار سنتيم|url=https://al3omk.com/698989.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=al3omk.com|date=16 November 2021 |language=ar}}</ref> In case of war or state of siege, an additional force of 150,000 Reservists{{Citation needed|date=March 2021|reason=Source needed}} and paramilitary forces, including 24,000 regulars of the ] and 30,000 ] come under the Ministry of Defense command.


Army forces from Morocco have taken part in different wars and battles during the twentieth century, from ], to the recent ].<ref>A contingent of the Moroccan Royal Armed Forces (FAR) left Morocco last december 25 for the Central African Republic on December 25 to be deployed in the UN Integrated Peace building Office (BINUCA). Moroccan authorities also said they stand ready to support the Central African Republic in its path toward peace and stability.</ref> Army forces from Morocco have taken part in different wars and battles during the twentieth century, from ], to the recent ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moroccanembassy.sa/index.php?route=information/news&news_id=112|title=UN Secretary General Grateful to Morocco for Action for Stability in Central African Republic|website=www.moroccanembassy.sa}}</ref>


== History == == History ==
{{See also|Military history of Morocco}} {{See also|Military history of Morocco}}
]
The Moroccan army has existed continuously since the rising of ] in the 11th-century. During Colonisation and protectorates period (1912–1956),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html|publisher=CIA World Factbook}}</ref> large numbers of Moroccans were recruited for service in the ] and ] regiments of the French ]. Many served during ]. During World War II more than 300,000 Moroccan troops (including ] auxiliaries) served with the ] in North Africa, Italy, France and Austria. The two world conflicts saw Moroccan units earning the nickname of "Todesschwalben" (death swallows) by German soldiers as they showed particular toughness on the battlefield. After the end of ], Moroccan troops formed part of the ] engaged in the ] from 1946 to 1954.
]
] in 1960]]
]
]

The Moroccan army has existed continuously since the rising of ] in the 11th-century. During the protectorate period (1912–1955),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/|title=Africa :: Morocco – The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|date=12 January 2022}}</ref> large numbers of Moroccans were recruited for service in the ] and ] regiments of the French ] (]: ''Armée d'Afrique''). Many served during ]. During World War II more than 300,000 Moroccan troops (including ] auxiliaries) served with the ] in North Africa, Italy, France and Austria. The two world conflicts saw Moroccan units earning the nickname of "Todesschwalben" (death swallows) by German soldiers as they showed particular toughness on the battlefield. After the end of ], Moroccan troops formed part of the ] engaged in the ] from 1946 to 1954.


The ] also made extensive use of Moroccan troops recruited in the ], during both the ] of 1921–26 and the ] of 1936–39. Moroccan '']'', together with the ], made up Spain's elite ]. A para-military ], known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas" and modelled on the French goumieres, was employed within the Spanish Zone. The ] also made extensive use of Moroccan troops recruited in the ], during both the ] of 1921–26 and the ] of 1936–39. Moroccan '']'', together with the ], made up Spain's elite ]. A para-military ], known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas" and modelled on the French goumieres, was employed within the Spanish Zone.


The Royal Armed Forces were created on 14 May 1956, after the French Protectorate was dissolved.<ref> du Maroc</ref> Fourteen thousand Moroccan personnel from the French Army and ten thousand from the Spanish Armed Forces transferred into the newly formed armed forces. This number was augmented by approximately 5,000 former guerrillas from the "Army of Liberation". About 2,000 French officers and NCOs remained in Morocco on short term contracts, until crash training programs at the military academies of St-Cyr, Toledo and Dar al Bayda produced sufficient numbers of Moroccan commissioned officers. The Royal Armed Forces were created on 14 May 1956, after ], a French Protectorate, was dissolved. Fourteen thousand Moroccan personnel from the French Army and ten thousand from the Spanish Armed Forces transferred into the newly formed armed forces. This number was augmented by approximately 5,000 former guerrillas from the "Army of Liberation". About 2,000 French officers and NCOs remained in Morocco on short-term contracts, until crash training programmes at the military academies of ], Toledo and Dar al Bayda produced sufficient numbers of Moroccan commissioned officers.


The first wars that Moroccan troops have taken part in the 20th-century as an independent country were the ] and ]. The first wars that Moroccan troops have taken part in the 20th century as an independent country were the ] and ].


The Royal Moroccan Army fought during the ] and on the Golan front during the ] of 1973 (mostly in the battle for ]) and intervened decisively in the 1977 conflict known as ] to save Zaire's regime. The Armed Forces also took part in the ] with a Mechanized Battalion and an infantry battalion in the Omar and Tariq Task Forces. But the Moroccan Armed Forces were mostly notable in fighting a 25-year asymmetric war (]) against the ], an ]n backed rebel ] seeking the independence of ] from Morocco. In the early 1960s, Moroccan troops were sent to the Congo as part of the first multifunctional UN peacekeeping operation, ]. But the Moroccan Armed Forces were most notable in fighting a 25-year asymmetric war (]) against the ], an ]n backed rebel national ] seeking the independence of ] from Morocco.


The Royal Moroccan Army fought during the ] and on the Golan front during the ] of 1973 (mostly in the battle for ]) and intervened decisively in the 1977 conflict known as ] to save Zaire's regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Errors/404.aspx|title=404|first=London School of Economics and Political|last=Science|website=London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP79T00975A030700010040-6.pdf|title=National Intelligence Daily (Cable) : 5 June 1978|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231024/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP79T00975A030700010040-6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP79T00975A030900010092-7.pdf|title=National Intelligence Daily (Cable), 27 novembre 1978|access-date=25 March 2014|archive-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329093652/http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP79T00975A030900010092-7.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> After Shaba II, Morocco was part of the ] deployed on the Zaire border, contributing about 1,500 troops.<ref>{{cite book |title=Peacekeeping in Africa : Capabilities And Culpabilities |last=Berman, Eric G. |author2=Sams, Katie E. |year=2000 |publisher=] |location=Geneva |isbn=92-9045-133-5 |pages=219–220}}</ref> The Armed Forces also took part in the ] with a Mechanized Battalion and an infantry battalion in the Omar and Tariq Task Forces.
* Other recent missions and conflicts:
**]/]<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>
**]
**]
**]
**]/]/]
**]
***]
**]
***]
**]
**]
**]
**]
**]
***Supporting ] and ] (2014)
**]
**]
**] Joint Command
**]
**]
**]
**]<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref></ref>
**]


In the 1990s, Moroccan troops went to Angola with the three UN Angola Versification Missions, ], ], and ]. They were also in Somalia, with ], the U.S.-led ] (UNITAF), sometimes known by its U.S. codename of 'Restore Hope,' and the follow-on ]. They saw fighting during the ] to rescue a U.S. anti-militia assault force. Other peace support involvement during the 1990s included ] (UNTAC) in Cambodia, and the missions in the former Yugoslavia: ], ], and ].
Algeria, Morocco, and other Maghreb states affected by the GSPC insurgency have been assisted in fighting Islamist militants by the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when ] began.


Recent United Nations deployment in Africa and elsewhere have included the ] (MONUSCO), the ], ] and ] (2014)
== Forces today ==
]
]


Other missions have included:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
===Situation and Equipment===
*]
From the beginning of 21st-century, the Moroccan army began a modernisation program that included the purchase of modern equipment and the transformation into a more professional army performing multiple exercises with allied's armies, as a ], member of the initiative 5+5 <ref>On 21 December 2004 the Ministers of Defence from Algeria, Spain, France, Italy, Libya, Morocco, Mauretania, Portugal and Tunisia signed a Declaration of Intentions in order to create a new Mediterranean security initiative, restricted to the western part of the Mediterranean basin, called the 5+5 Initiative.</ref> and other cooperation agreements. The army's modernisation program took shape with the acquisitions of weapons such as the Chinese VT-1A and MRLS AR2, American M1A1 Abrams, the HAWK air defense system or the M109A5 Self-Propelled Howitzer.
*] Joint Command
*]
*]
*] (UNSMIS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unsmis/facts.shtml|title=UNSMIS Facts and Figures}}</ref>


Algeria, Morocco, and other Maghreb states affected by the ] insurgency have been assisted in fighting Islamist militants by the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when ] began.
The organisation and structure of command remained the same:
*General Command HQ (]
**Northern Command (])
**Southern Command (])


== Army of Liberation ==
<ref>Please be advised that despite the seeming precision of this order of Battle, the Kingdom of Morocco maintains the real Orbat as a classified information. The info used in this wiki has been taked from Orbat and INSS reports</ref> Formations are 10 Independent Armored battalions (GEB), 3 Mechanized Brigades with 19 battalions (RIMZ), 35 Independent Infantry Battalions (BIS), 6 Light security Brigades, 2 Cavalry and 3 Camel Corps battalions (Meharis), 2 Paratroops Brigades (BIP), 2 Airborne battalions (BIAP), 4 Commando battalions and 13 Artillery battalions (GAR), Air defence is included in the Artillery structures and divisions.
{{main|Moroccan Army of Liberation}}


The Army of Liberation ({{langx|ar|جيش التحرير}}, {{langx|zgh|ⴰⵙⴻⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ}}) was a force fighting for the ] of ]. In 1956, units of the Army began infiltrating ] and other enclaves of ], as well as the ]. Initially, they received important backing from the Moroccan government. In the Spanish Sahara, the Army rallied ] tribes along the way, and triggered a ]. In early 1958, the Moroccan king reorganized the Army of Liberation units fighting in the Spanish Sahara as the "Saharan Liberation Army" {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}.
Armored diviones are mostly deployed in eastern and southern provinces, all along Algerian border and ]. More than 600 tanks are in service: 150 ], 148 ] and 427 ] Patton. Some ]s were retired from active service and stored as reserve with the 1991 cease-fire, the ]s had the same fate. In Addition, 200 ex-US ] Abrams are expected to be delivered after refurbishement and modernization to the ] Configuration.


The revolt in the ] was put down in 1958 by a joint ] and Spanish offensive. The ] then signed an agreement with the Spanish, as he asserted control over the rebellious southern border areas, and parts of the Army of Liberation was absorbed back into the Moroccan armed forces.
The mechanized brigades and Cavalries, equipped with ] (LAVs), ] (APCs) and ] (IFVs) for transport, combat and recon missions, are equipped with, more or less: 1,200 ] in different variants (M113A1/A1-B/A2 APCs, ] mortar carriers, ], ], ], etc.), 60 ], 395 ], 110 ex-Belgian ], 175 ] and 110 ]. Other APCs are part of other corps as the ]'s ], or the recent purchase of 88 ] for the ]<ref></ref>


]ic Moroccans tend to see the Army of Liberation battles in Western Sahara as a proof of Western Sahara's loyalty to the Moroccan crown, whereas sympathizers to the ] view it only as an anti-colonial war directed against ]. Sahrawi veterans of the Army of Liberation today exist on both sides of the Western Sahara conflict, and both the ] and the ] celebrate it as part of their political history.
The Artillery, grouped in GARs, includes Self-Propelled Howitzers, towed Howitzers, MRLS and Air Defense Systems, mortar carriers are part of the RIMZ. The equipment includes: 213 ] SPH in different versions, 60 ] SPH, received as EDA from USA, and 100 ] remain in service. Note that only 155mm towed howitzers are deployed all along the ], that includes 140 155mm (M198, FH-70, M-1950, M114), 18 130mm (M1954) and 54 105mm (M101 and L118) are deployed in different regions. 2 Battalions of ] are also listed as part of RMAs inventory, the first with 36 ] and the second with 36 ].


== Forces today ==
Moroccan ] have been based basically on Self Propelled Air Defense Systems, waiting the arrival of ] HIMAD ]. In its inventory we find 72 ], 12 ], 90 ] and 115 ], in addition of The ] used by the infantry are the 9K32 “Strela-2” (]), 9K38 “Igla” (]). Other systems include ] as ], ] or ], usually mounted on LUVs and CUCVs. For base protections 100 Type-90 (PG99)were purchassed from china, and recently, vehicles part of the ] Air Defence System has been seen in Moroccan roads.

===Situation and equipment===
]

From the beginning of 21st-century, the Moroccan army began a modernisation program that included the purchase of modern equipment and the transformation into a more professional army performing multiple exercises with allied armies, and as a ] of the US, and member of the initiative 5+5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensa.gob.es/en/politica/seguridad-defensa/contexto/mediterranea/iniciativa5mas5/|title=Spanish ministry of defense website|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731140702/http://www.defensa.gob.es/en/politica/seguridad-defensa/contexto/mediterranea/iniciativa5mas5/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and other cooperation agreements. The army's modernisation program took shape with the acquisitions of weapons such as the Chinese VT-1A and MRLS AR2, American M1A1 Abrams, the HAWK air defense system or the M109A5 Self-Propelled Howitzer.

The organisation and structure of command remained the same:
*General Command HQ (])
***Northern operational Sector.
**eastern Command HQ (])
***Eastern operational sector
***Tafilalt operational sector
***Saghro operational sector
**Southern Command (])
***Oued draa operational sector.
***Sakia El Hamra operational sector.
***Oued eddahab operational sector.

Formations are as follows:
* 2 Airborne infantry brigades.
* 15 Motorised infantry brigades/Regiments.
* 3 Royal Armored brigades.
* 13 Royal tanks regiments.
* 6 mechanised infantry brigades.
* 24 Royal Artillery groups (4 Ground to air Groups/2 Rocket artillery groups/18 field artillery groups)
* 1 light security brigade.
* 1 mechanised intervention brigade.
* 1 mountain infantry battalion.
* 2 Royal cavalry regiments.
* 12 Borders surveillance battalions.
* 17 intervention light infantry battalions.
* 11 Makhzen Groups of ], includes :
** Unites of Makhzen Borders surveillance (MMS)
** 4 Green March Commandos (CMV)
** Auxiliary Forces Motorised (GMM)


===International projection=== ===International projection===
]
The Kingdom of Morocco is part of multiple international organisations, is a ], part of the ], and has established military cooperations with different countries such as USA,<ref>The U.S. cooperation program in Morocco is a model for the region and is an important aspect of on-going regional multilateral security cooperation activities, including peacekeeping operations. Requested FY 2010 funding will allow the U.S. to meet a target of assisting Moroccan military personnel participation in 50 exercises with U.S. or coalition forces.</ref> Russia,<ref>In Moscow, the signing of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco on cooperation in military field </ref> Portugal,<ref>No que se refere ao objetivo 3, em 2011, foram realizadas 13 atividades com Marrocos </ref> Tunisia,<ref>Tunisie-Maroc. L’impératif d’impulser davantage la coopération militaire (Fr)</ref> China,<ref>Les entretiens entre les deux responsables militaires ont porté sur la coopération militaire entre les deux pays et les possibilités de la développer, précise la même source. (fr) </ref> Qatar,<ref>Le Maroc et le Qatar ont signé, mardi à Rabat, un accord de coopération dans le domaine militaire, axé sur la formation, les technologies et les sciences.</ref> Italy,<ref>Un accord de coopération militaire italo-marocain ratifié à l'unanimité par le Sénat italien </ref> France,<ref>Ce déplacement a permis d’aborder les nouvelles perspectives de coopération dans les domaines suivants : la gestion des ressources humaines, la sécurité des systèmes d’information, la reconversion professionnelle des militaires, les achats et la gestion financière par programmes, et le développement durable dans la gestion patrimoniale.</ref> Spain,<ref>La commission mixte maroco-espagnole se réunit tous les deux ans, de manière alternative, en Espagne et au Maroc. Elle s'inscrit dans le contexte de la coopération militaire bilatérale et contribue à consolider et promouvoir les liens de partenariat des deux forces armées, rappelle le communiqué.</ref> UAE <ref></ref> or Turkey.<ref>The two countries are exploring signing a formal memorandum of understanding on military cooperation. </ref> As part of the ], Moroccan Army participed in different ] missions. Moroccan troops were sent as part of ], ], ] or the more recent ] in Syria. It has also responded the call of its allies, taking part of conflicts such as ], ], the ] or the ], among others. Morocco has dispatched several ]s to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters, the latest contributions were at ],<ref></ref> the ].<ref>Morocco had also provided urgent medical aid to Syrian refugees in Jordan, in cooperation with that country’s Government and through UNHCR </ref> and in the Gaza strip after ] <ref>Morocco announced on Sunday it will set up a field hospital in the Gaza Strip to help Palestinians injured in Israeli air strikes, which the king described as "military aggression" in a statement.</ref>

The Kingdom of Morocco is part of multiple international organisations, is a ], part of the ], and has established military cooperation with different countries such as USA,<ref>The U.S. cooperation program in Morocco is a model for the region and is an important aspect of on-going regional multilateral security cooperation activities, including peacekeeping operations. Requested FY 2010 funding will allow the U.S. to meet a target of assisting Moroccan military personnel participation in 50 exercises with U.S. or coalition forces.{{cite web |url=http://www.almc.army.mil/ALU_INTERNAT/CountryNotes/AFRICOM/MOROCCO.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024215655/http://www.almc.army.mil/ALU_INTERNAT/CountryNotes/AFRICOM/MOROCCO.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2014 }}</ref> Russia,<ref>In Moscow, the signing of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco on cooperation in military field </ref> Portugal,<ref>No que se refere ao objetivo 3, em 2011, foram realizadas 13 atividades com Marrocos </ref> Tunisia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapresse.tn/25022011/23389/limperatif-dimpulser-davantage-la-cooperation-militaire.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301083256/http://www.lapresse.tn/25022011/23389/limperatif-dimpulser-davantage-la-cooperation-militaire.html|archive-date=1 March 2011|title=La Presse de Tunisie - limperatif-dimpulser-davantage-la-cooperation-militaire &#124; 23389 &#124; 25022011|date=1 March 2011}}</ref> China, Qatar, Italy, France,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sga/a-la-une/echanges-franco-marocains |title=Échanges franco-marocains - French ministry of defense |publisher=Defense.gouv.fr |access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref> Spain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lareleve.ma/news1931.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722155404/http://lareleve.ma/news1931.html|url-status=dead|title=Réunion à Rabat de la 7e commission mixte militaire maroco-espagnole|archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> UAE or Turkey. As part of the ], Moroccan Army participated in different ] missions. Moroccan troops were sent as part of ], ], ] or the more recent ] in Syria. It has also responded the call of its allies, taking part of conflicts such as ], ], the ] or the ], among others. Morocco has dispatched several ]s to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters, the latest contributions were at ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201103050202.html|title=Morocco Sends Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees at the Libyan Border}}</ref> the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10752.doc.htm|title=Security Council, Meeting on Situation in Syria, Shifts Focus to Plight of Externally, Internally Displaced Persons &#124; Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org}}</ref> and in the Gaza strip after ].


The Royal Moroccan Army also performs annual training exercise called "African Lion" with the United States Marine Corps. The exercise is a regularly scheduled, combined U.S. - Moroccan military exercise designed to promote improved interoperability and mutual understanding of each nation's tactics, techniques, procedures, unit readiness and enhancing foreign relations.<ref>U.S. Marine Corps, </ref> The Royal Moroccan Army also performs annual training exercise called "African Lion" with the United States Marine Corps. The exercise is a regularly scheduled, combined U.S. - Moroccan military exercise designed to promote improved interoperability and mutual understanding of each nation's tactics, techniques, procedures, unit readiness and enhancing foreign relations.


Morocco has also been the venue for Exercise “Jebel Sahara” since September 2000, taken 10 times since, and gathering elements from 33 Squadron, 230 Squadron, 18 Squadron, 27 Squadron, Joint Helicopter Force HQ from RAF Benson, 1st Battalion Royal Gibraltar Regiment and 2nd Brigade d’Infanterie Parachutiste of the Royal Moroccan Army. The aim of the Exercise was to increase the Support Helicopter warfighting capability in desert ‘hot and high’ conditions and foster good relations between the UK and Morocco. To achieve this, the scenario consisted of a joint counter insurgency operation in the desert and mountain foothills to re-establish control and authority within a troubled region of North Africa.<ref></ref> Another exercises were the “Jebel Tarik”, with the Moroccan contribution of service personnel to an annual bilateral deployment of two companies (up to 180 personnel) of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment (RG) to the UK, on seven occasions since 2003.<ref></ref> “Desert Vortex”, a one-off bilateral helicopter exercise which is run between 16 May and 30 June 2009. This was a UK training exercise with objectives set by Joint Helicopter Command (JHC) and run concurrently with Moroccan Air Force annual helicopter crew training.<ref></ref> Morocco has also been the venue for Exercise "Jebel Sahara" since September 2000, taken 10 times since, and gathering elements from 33 Squadron, 230 Squadron, 18 Squadron, 27 Squadron, Joint Helicopter Force HQ from RAF Benson, 1st Battalion Royal Gibraltar Regiment and 2nd Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste of the Royal Moroccan Army. The aim of the Exercise was to increase the Support Helicopter warfighting capability in desert 'hot and high' conditions and foster good relations between the UK and Morocco. To achieve this, the scenario consisted of a joint counter insurgency operation in the desert and mountain foothills to re-establish control and authority within a troubled region of North Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/C0E9CE90_1143_EC82_2E09419AEA63ACDB.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207041016/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/C0E9CE90_1143_EC82_2E09419AEA63ACDB.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another exercises were the "Jebel Tarik", with the Moroccan contribution of service personnel to an annual bilateral deployment of two companies (up to 180 personnel) of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment (RG) to the UK, on seven occasions since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=4151&offset=0|title = Panorama Home Page}}</ref> "Desert Vortex", a one-off bilateral helicopter exercise which is run between 16 May and 30 June 2009. This was a UK training exercise with objectives set by Joint Helicopter Command (JHC) and run concurrently with Moroccan Air Force annual helicopter crew training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm101208/text/101208w0001.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 08 Dec 2010 (pt 0001)|website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>


The ] ran an exercise with the Moroccan 2e Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste (2e BIP) in late 2008.<ref>'African Adventure,' ], January 2009, p.58</ref> The ] ran an exercise with the Moroccan 2e Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste (2e BIP) in late 2008.<ref>'African Adventure,' ], January 2009, p.58</ref>


The Royal Armed Forces also take part of different international exercises as Leapfest , Flintlock , Blue Sand , and occasional military operations exercises with Belgium, U.A.E., Spain, France and others. The Royal Armed Forces also take part of different international exercises as Leapfest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalguard.com/news/2011/aug/04/300-paratroopers-will-participate-in-leapfest|title=Army National Guard|website=www.nationalguard.com}}</ref> Flintlock,<ref>http://207.58.148.253/category.php?NID=60073{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Blue Sand,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/040901/6383-1.shtml |title=Blue Sands exercise challenges bluesuiters |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419005415/http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/040901/6383-1.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> and occasional military operations exercises with Belgium, U.A.E., Spain, France and others.


==Ranks== ==Ranks and structure==
{{main|Military ranks of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces}}
'''Militaires du rang / ''Enlisted'''''
* Soldat de deuxième classe / ]
* Soldat de première classe / ]
* Caporal (infantry) or Brigadier (cavalry) / ]
* Caporal-chef (infantry) or Brigadier-chef (cavalry) / ]
'''Sous-officiers / ''non-commissioned officer'''''
* Eleve Sous-Officier / candidat at Officers School
* Sergent / ]
* Sergent-chef / ]
* Sergent-major / ]
* Adjudant / ]
* Adjudant chef / ]
'''Officiers subalternes / ''Junior officers'''''
* Eleve Officier ]
* Aspirant / ]
* Sous-lieutenant / ]
* Lieutenant / ]
* Capitaine / ]
'''Officiers supérieurs / ''Senior officers'''''
* Commandant / ]
* Lieutenant-Colonel/ ]
* Colonel / ]
* Colonel Major / ]
'''Généraux / ''General officers'''''
* Général de brigade / ]
* Général de division / ]
* Général de corps d'armée / ]
* Général de l'armé et commandant en chef: ] and ] Retained by His Majesty the King of Morocco.


=== Officers ===
In 2009, the Moroccan army had:<ref>{{cite news|last=M Sehimi|title=Qui dirige l'armée au Maroc ?|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/marochebdo/84308|accessdate=13 February 2014|newspaper=Maroc Hebdo|date=12 June 2009}}</ref>
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
*24 Generals (''Généraux de divison'')
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
*80 Colonel-Major
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Morocco}}
*200 Lt-Colonel
|}
* Général de l'armé et commandant en chef: Retained by His Majesty the King of Morocco.

===Enlisted===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin:0 12px 12px 0;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Morocco}}
|}

In 2009, the Moroccan army had:<ref>{{cite news|last=M Sehimi|title=Qui dirige l'armée au Maroc ?|url=http://www.maghress.com/fr/marochebdo/84308|access-date=13 February 2014|newspaper=Maroc Hebdo|date=12 June 2009}}</ref>


==Equipment== ==Equipment==
{{Main|List of equipment of the Royal Moroccan Army}} {{Main|List of equipment of the Royal Moroccan Army}}
<center><gallery widths="200px" heights="120px"> <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="120px">
File:M60 morocco.jpg|RMA's ] MBT File:M60 morocco.jpg|RMA's ] MBT
File:Moroccan M109A5 howitzer, 2012-03.jpg|RMA's ] howitzer File:Moroccan M109A5 howitzer, 2012-03.jpg|RMA's ] howitzer
File:M113 morocco.jpg|RMA's ] File:M113 morocco.jpg|RMA's ]
</gallery></center> </gallery>
]
]]]


==Uniform== ==Uniform==
The most common service uniform of the Royal Moroccan Army is ], but you can also see Moroccan troops with other types of uniforms such as the ], ] and ] uniforms.The uniform has been changed into a newer and modern one :

<center><gallery widths="200px" heights="120px"> <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="120px">
File:Moroccan soldiers conduct a dry-fire rehearsal with U.S. Marines assigned to Bravo Company, Battalion Landing Team, 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit in preparation for the final 120414-M-TK324-048.jpg|Moroccan Soldiers with ] Battle Uniform and ] File:Moroccan soldiers conduct a dry-fire rehearsal with U.S. Marines assigned to Bravo Company, Battalion Landing Team, 1st Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit in preparation for the final 120414-M-TK324-048.jpg|Moroccan Soldiers with ] Battle Uniform and ]
File:USMC-090529-M-0884D-003.jpg|General ] with ] Camo Battle Uniform File:USMC-090529-M-0884D-003.jpg|General ] with ] Camo Battle Uniform
File:USMC-100519-A-1944H-006.jpg|Moroccan soldiers with ] Camo Battle Uniform File:USMC-100519-A-1944H-006.jpg|Moroccan soldiers with ] Camo Battle Uniform
</gallery>
File:Moroccan soldier.jpg|Moroccan soldier with ] Camo Battle Uniform and ].
</gallery></center>


==See also== ==See also==
Line 194: Line 195:


== References == == References ==
{{reflist|2}} {{reflist|30em}}


== Further reading == == Further reading ==
* Anthony Cordesman, 'A Tragedy of Arms' * Anthony Cordesman, 'A Tragedy of Arms'
*John Keegan "World Armies" ISBN 0-333-17236-1 *John Keegan "World Armies" {{ISBN|0-333-17236-1}}
*R. Hure "L'Armee d' Afrique 1830-1962" *R. Hure "L'Armee d' Afrique 1830-1962"


{{Morocco Military}} {{Morocco Military}}
{{Moroccan security forces}} {{Moroccan security forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}


] ]
]

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Royal Moroccan Army
Arabic: القوات البرية الملكية المغربية
Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ
Flag of the Royal Moroccan Army
Founded14 May 1956 (1088) 935 years the old version
Country Morocco
AllegianceKing of Morocco
BranchArmy
RoleLand force
Size175,000
Part ofRoyal Moroccan Armed Forces
Motto(s)God, Homeland, King
Arabic: الله ,الوطن ,الملك
Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ
Anniversaries14 May
EngagementsIfni War

Sand War
Six-Day War
Yom Kippur War
Western Sahara War
Shaba I
Gulf War
Battle of Mogadishu
Operation Scorched Earth(alleged)

Central African Republic conflict
Commanders
Supreme Commander of the Armed ForcesMohammed VI of Morocco
Minister-Delegate of the Administration of DefenseAbdellatif Loudiyi
General Inspector of the Armed ForcesMohammed Berrid
Notable
commanders		Ahmed Dlimi
Insignia
Army Insignia
Military unit

The Royal Moroccan Army (Arabic: القوات البرية الملكية المغربية Al-Quwwat al-Bariyah al-Malakiyah al-Maghribiyah, Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ tasrdast tagldant) is the branch of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations.

The Royal Moroccan Army is about 215,000 troops strong and consists of 195,000 professional soldiers and 20,000 conscripts. In case of war or state of siege, an additional force of 150,000 Reservists and paramilitary forces, including 24,000 regulars of the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie and 30,000 Auxiliary Forces come under the Ministry of Defense command.

Army forces from Morocco have taken part in different wars and battles during the twentieth century, from World War I, to the recent Central African Republic conflict.

History

See also: Military history of Morocco
Moroccan troops in Italy, December 1943
Moroccan Goumier sharpening his bayonet, Italy 1944
Moroccan soldiers during a military parade in 1960
Zairian troops with a beret-wearing Moroccan military advisor (1977)
Moroccan troops and international coalition forces united against Saddam Hussein during Operation Desert Storm.

The Moroccan army has existed continuously since the rising of Almoravid Empire in the 11th-century. During the protectorate period (1912–1955), large numbers of Moroccans were recruited for service in the Spahi and Tirailleur regiments of the French Army of Africa (French: Armée d'Afrique). Many served during World War I. During World War II more than 300,000 Moroccan troops (including goumier auxiliaries) served with the Free French forces in North Africa, Italy, France and Austria. The two world conflicts saw Moroccan units earning the nickname of "Todesschwalben" (death swallows) by German soldiers as they showed particular toughness on the battlefield. After the end of World War II, Moroccan troops formed part of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps engaged in the First Indochina War from 1946 to 1954.

The Spanish Army also made extensive use of Moroccan troops recruited in the Spanish Protectorate, during both the Rif War of 1921–26 and the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. Moroccan Regulares, together with the Spanish Legion, made up Spain's elite Spanish Army of Africa. A para-military gendarmerie, known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas" and modelled on the French goumieres, was employed within the Spanish Zone.

The Royal Armed Forces were created on 14 May 1956, after French Morocco, a French Protectorate, was dissolved. Fourteen thousand Moroccan personnel from the French Army and ten thousand from the Spanish Armed Forces transferred into the newly formed armed forces. This number was augmented by approximately 5,000 former guerrillas from the "Army of Liberation". About 2,000 French officers and NCOs remained in Morocco on short-term contracts, until crash training programmes at the military academies of Saint-Cyr, Toledo and Dar al Bayda produced sufficient numbers of Moroccan commissioned officers.

The first wars that Moroccan troops have taken part in the 20th century as an independent country were the Ifni War and Sand War.

In the early 1960s, Moroccan troops were sent to the Congo as part of the first multifunctional UN peacekeeping operation, ONUC. But the Moroccan Armed Forces were most notable in fighting a 25-year asymmetric war (Western Sahara War) against the POLISARIO, an Algerian backed rebel national liberation movement seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco.

The Royal Moroccan Army fought during the Six-Day War and on the Golan front during the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (mostly in the battle for Quneitra) and intervened decisively in the 1977 conflict known as Shaba I to save Zaire's regime. After Shaba II, Morocco was part of the Inter-African Force deployed on the Zaire border, contributing about 1,500 troops. The Armed Forces also took part in the Gulf War with a Mechanized Battalion and an infantry battalion in the Omar and Tariq Task Forces.

In the 1990s, Moroccan troops went to Angola with the three UN Angola Versification Missions, UNAVEM I, UNAVEM II, and UNAVEM III. They were also in Somalia, with UNOSOM I, the U.S.-led Unified Task Force (UNITAF), sometimes known by its U.S. codename of 'Restore Hope,' and the follow-on UNOSOM II. They saw fighting during the 3–4 October 1993 confrontation in Mogadishu to rescue a U.S. anti-militia assault force. Other peace support involvement during the 1990s included United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in Cambodia, and the missions in the former Yugoslavia: IFOR, SFOR, and KFOR.

Recent United Nations deployment in Africa and elsewhere have included the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the UNOCI, BINUCA and MISCA (2014)

Other missions have included:

Algeria, Morocco, and other Maghreb states affected by the GSPC insurgency have been assisted in fighting Islamist militants by the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara began.

Army of Liberation

Main article: Moroccan Army of Liberation

The Army of Liberation (Arabic: جيش التحرير, Standard Moroccan Tamazight: ⴰⵙⴻⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ) was a force fighting for the independence of Morocco. In 1956, units of the Army began infiltrating Ifni and other enclaves of Spanish Morocco, as well as the Spanish Sahara. Initially, they received important backing from the Moroccan government. In the Spanish Sahara, the Army rallied Sahrawi tribes along the way, and triggered a large-scale rebellion. In early 1958, the Moroccan king reorganized the Army of Liberation units fighting in the Spanish Sahara as the "Saharan Liberation Army" .

The revolt in the Spanish Sahara was put down in 1958 by a joint French and Spanish offensive. The king of Morocco then signed an agreement with the Spanish, as he asserted control over the rebellious southern border areas, and parts of the Army of Liberation was absorbed back into the Moroccan armed forces.

Nationalistic Moroccans tend to see the Army of Liberation battles in Western Sahara as a proof of Western Sahara's loyalty to the Moroccan crown, whereas sympathizers to the Polisario Front view it only as an anti-colonial war directed against Spain. Sahrawi veterans of the Army of Liberation today exist on both sides of the Western Sahara conflict, and both the Kingdom of Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic celebrate it as part of their political history.

Forces today

Situation and equipment

Moroccan soldiers training in 2017

From the beginning of 21st-century, the Moroccan army began a modernisation program that included the purchase of modern equipment and the transformation into a more professional army performing multiple exercises with allied armies, and as a Major non-NATO ally of the US, and member of the initiative 5+5 and other cooperation agreements. The army's modernisation program took shape with the acquisitions of weapons such as the Chinese VT-1A and MRLS AR2, American M1A1 Abrams, the HAWK air defense system or the M109A5 Self-Propelled Howitzer.

The organisation and structure of command remained the same:

  • General Command HQ (Rabat)
      • Northern operational Sector.
    • eastern Command HQ (Errachidia)
      • Eastern operational sector
      • Tafilalt operational sector
      • Saghro operational sector
    • Southern Command (Agadir)
      • Oued draa operational sector.
      • Sakia El Hamra operational sector.
      • Oued eddahab operational sector.

Formations are as follows:

  • 2 Airborne infantry brigades.
  • 15 Motorised infantry brigades/Regiments.
  • 3 Royal Armored brigades.
  • 13 Royal tanks regiments.
  • 6 mechanised infantry brigades.
  • 24 Royal Artillery groups (4 Ground to air Groups/2 Rocket artillery groups/18 field artillery groups)
  • 1 light security brigade.
  • 1 mechanised intervention brigade.
  • 1 mountain infantry battalion.
  • 2 Royal cavalry regiments.
  • 12 Borders surveillance battalions.
  • 17 intervention light infantry battalions.
  • 11 Makhzen Groups of Auxiliary Forces, includes :
    • Unites of Makhzen Borders surveillance (MMS)
    • 4 Green March Commandos (CMV)
    • Auxiliary Forces Motorised (GMM)

International projection

Moroccan soldiers during African Lion 2021 exercises

The Kingdom of Morocco is part of multiple international organisations, is a Major non-NATO ally, part of the Arab League, and has established military cooperation with different countries such as USA, Russia, Portugal, Tunisia, China, Qatar, Italy, France, Spain, UAE or Turkey. As part of the UN, Moroccan Army participated in different Peacekeeping missions. Moroccan troops were sent as part of SFOR, KFOR, MINUSTAH or the more recent UNSMIS in Syria. It has also responded the call of its allies, taking part of conflicts such as Shaba I, Battle of Mogadishu (1993), the Gulf War or the Operation Scorched Earth, among others. Morocco has dispatched several field hospitals to conflict zones and areas affected by natural disasters, the latest contributions were at Libyan Civil War, the Syrian civil war. and in the Gaza strip after Operation Pillar of Defense.

The Royal Moroccan Army also performs annual training exercise called "African Lion" with the United States Marine Corps. The exercise is a regularly scheduled, combined U.S. - Moroccan military exercise designed to promote improved interoperability and mutual understanding of each nation's tactics, techniques, procedures, unit readiness and enhancing foreign relations.

Morocco has also been the venue for Exercise "Jebel Sahara" since September 2000, taken 10 times since, and gathering elements from 33 Squadron, 230 Squadron, 18 Squadron, 27 Squadron, Joint Helicopter Force HQ from RAF Benson, 1st Battalion Royal Gibraltar Regiment and 2nd Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste of the Royal Moroccan Army. The aim of the Exercise was to increase the Support Helicopter warfighting capability in desert 'hot and high' conditions and foster good relations between the UK and Morocco. To achieve this, the scenario consisted of a joint counter insurgency operation in the desert and mountain foothills to re-establish control and authority within a troubled region of North Africa. Another exercises were the "Jebel Tarik", with the Moroccan contribution of service personnel to an annual bilateral deployment of two companies (up to 180 personnel) of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment (RG) to the UK, on seven occasions since 2003. "Desert Vortex", a one-off bilateral helicopter exercise which is run between 16 May and 30 June 2009. This was a UK training exercise with objectives set by Joint Helicopter Command (JHC) and run concurrently with Moroccan Air Force annual helicopter crew training.

The Royal Gibraltar Regiment ran an exercise with the Moroccan 2e Brigade d'Infanterie Parachutiste (2e BIP) in late 2008.

The Royal Armed Forces also take part of different international exercises as Leapfest, Flintlock, Blue Sand, and occasional military operations exercises with Belgium, U.A.E., Spain, France and others.

Ranks and structure

Main article: Military ranks of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces

Officers

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Royal Moroccan Army
Maréchal Général d'armée Général de corps d'armée Général de division Général de brigade Colonel-major Colonel Lieutenant-colonel Commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous-lieutenant
  • Général de l'armé et commandant en chef: Retained by His Majesty the King of Morocco.

Enlisted

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Royal Moroccan Army
Adjudant-chef Adjudant Sergent-major Sergent-chef Sergent Caporal-chef Caporal Soldat de première classe Soldat de deuxième classe

In 2009, the Moroccan army had:

Equipment

Main article: List of equipment of the Royal Moroccan Army
Moroccan paratrooper , African Lion 2022.
RMA's F-16C

Uniform

The most common service uniform of the Royal Moroccan Army is olive drab, but you can also see Moroccan troops with other types of uniforms such as the Desert lizard, Red Lizard and Camouflage Central-Europe uniforms.The uniform has been changed into a newer and modern one :

See also

References

  1. "The Military Balance 2021 Volume 121 P.314-377". The Military Balance. 121 (1): 314–377. January 2021. doi:10.1080/04597222.2021.1868796. S2CID 232050772.
  2. "الخدمة العسكرية.. تكوين 20 ألف مجند في 2022 سيُكلف أزيد من 55 مليار سنتيم". al3omk.com (in Arabic). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  3. "UN Secretary General Grateful to Morocco for Action for Stability in Central African Republic". www.moroccanembassy.sa.
  4. "Africa :: Morocco – The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 12 January 2022.
  5. Science, London School of Economics and Political. "404". London School of Economics and Political Science. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  6. "National Intelligence Daily (Cable) : 5 June 1978" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  7. "National Intelligence Daily (Cable), 27 novembre 1978" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  8. Berman, Eric G.; Sams, Katie E. (2000). Peacekeeping in Africa : Capabilities And Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. pp. 219–220. ISBN 92-9045-133-5.
  9. "UNSMIS Facts and Figures".
  10. "Spanish ministry of defense website". Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  11. The U.S. cooperation program in Morocco is a model for the region and is an important aspect of on-going regional multilateral security cooperation activities, including peacekeeping operations. Requested FY 2010 funding will allow the U.S. to meet a target of assisting Moroccan military personnel participation in 50 exercises with U.S. or coalition forces."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. In Moscow, the signing of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Morocco on cooperation in military field
  13. No que se refere ao objetivo 3, em 2011, foram realizadas 13 atividades com Marrocos
  14. "La Presse de Tunisie - limperatif-dimpulser-davantage-la-cooperation-militaire | 23389 | 25022011". 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011.
  15. "Échanges franco-marocains - French ministry of defense". Defense.gouv.fr. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  16. "Réunion à Rabat de la 7e commission mixte militaire maroco-espagnole". Archived from the original on 22 July 2012.
  17. "Morocco Sends Humanitarian Assistance to Refugees at the Libyan Border".
  18. "Security Council, Meeting on Situation in Syria, Shifts Focus to Plight of Externally, Internally Displaced Persons | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org.
  19. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  22. 'African Adventure,' Air International, January 2009, p.58
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  24. http://207.58.148.253/category.php?NID=60073
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  26. ^ Ehrenreich, Frederich (1985). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Morocco: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American University. pp. 350–351. LCCN 85600265. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  27. M Sehimi (12 June 2009). "Qui dirige l'armée au Maroc ?". Maroc Hebdo. Retrieved 13 February 2014.

Further reading

  • Anthony Cordesman, 'A Tragedy of Arms'
  • John Keegan "World Armies" ISBN 0-333-17236-1
  • R. Hure "L'Armee d' Afrique 1830-1962"
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