| Revision as of 22:01, 23 June 2006 edit216.249.5.164 (talk) →Other accusations← Previous edit |
Latest revision as of 17:20, 16 January 2024 edit undoDsuke1998AEOS (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users37,937 edits Allegations of apartheid by country is a better target than the disambiguation pageTag: Redirect target changed |
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{{mergefrom|Israeli apartheid}} |
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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{mergefrom|Hafrada}} |
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{{mergefrom|Global apartheid}} |
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{{mergefrom|Gender apartheid}} |
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{{mergefrom|Sexual apartheid}} |
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{{mergefrom|Apartheid (disambiguation)}} |
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{{mergeto|Apartheid}} |
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{{Redirect category shell| |
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The term '''''apartheid''''' is most commonly used in reference to the ], a former official policy of political, legal, and economic ] against nonwhites. However, the term has also come into general usage to refer to any policy or practice involving the discriminatory separation of different groups. This usage is controversial and disputed; as there is little international agreement on how to establish standards for what constitutes ], the term is considered by some to be a mere ] outside of a historical South African context. |
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{{R from less specific name}} |
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== Definition of the ] == |
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{{R from short name}} |
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{{main|Crime of apartheid}} |
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{{R with history}} |
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According to the ], "'The crime of apartheid' means inhumane acts of a character similar to those referred to in paragraph 1, committed in the context of an institutionalised regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime".<ref>, retrieved June 9, 2006.</ref></blockquote> |
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==Accusations against countries == |
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===Afghanistan=== |
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], under ] religious leadership, has been charactered as a "gender apartheid" system where women are segregated from men in public and do not enjoy legal equality or equal access to employment or education.<ref>http://www.law-lib.utoronto.ca/Diana/afghanwomen.htm</ref> |
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===Australia=== |
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While there is no existing ]n government policy that segregates ], their poor socio-economic conditions typically leave them somewhat segregated from the rest of Australian society. This situation has led a number of commentators and civil rights groups to characterize the situation as "Apartheid".<ref>http://www.unswpress.com.au/isbn/0868407194.htm </ref><ref>http://www.zmag.org/content/Race/pilger0127.cfm </ref><ref>http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/054.html</ref> In fact, Australia's government policies are viewed by some as the original impetus for the Apartheid system in South Africa.<ref>http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/177.html </ref><ref>http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/articles/limb.htm </ref><ref>http://www.convictcreations.com/history/federation.htm</ref> |
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===Brazil=== |
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Growing inequities in the economic and social status of ]s in ] have been described as "social apartheid".<ref>http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9382/79/</ref> According to ] Congressman ], a leading member of Brazil's leftist ] (PT), "Just as South Africa had racial apartheid, Brazil has social apartheid."<ref>http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:Zu_PaujPdPQJ:www.freep.com/news/nw/ebrazil21_20020621.htm+Apartheid+%2BBrazil&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=5</ref> The exclusion of youth (particularly street youth) from Brazilian society has also been described as "social Apartheid".<ref>http://www.cydjournal.org/NewDesigns/ND_98Fall/brandao_A0.html</ref> Carlos Verrisimo states these two inequities are often inter-related,<ref>http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/42/035.html</ref> and ], Governor of the Federal District from 1995 to 98, Minister of Education from 2003 to 2004, and currently PT senator for the Federal District argues that "Brazil is a divided country, home to the greatest income concentration in the world and to a model of apartation, Brazilian social apartheid."<ref>http://www.brazzil.com/content/view/9382/79/</ref> '']'' has described Brazilian president ] as "fighting to bring the poor of Brazil out of economic apartheid".<ref>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20020916/weisbrot</ref> |
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===Canada=== |
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]'s treatment of its native peoples has been described as "Canada's Apartheid".<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/apartheid/stories/introduction.html</ref> In 1966, ] stated: |
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<blockquote>The history of the Indian people for the last century has been the history of the impingement of white civilization upon the Indian: the Indian was virtually powerless to resist the white civilization; the white community of B.C. adopted a policy of apartheid. This, of course, has already been done in eastern Canada and on the Prairies, but the apartheid policy adopted in B.C. was of a particularly cruel and degrading kind. They began by taking the Indians' land without any surrender and without their consent. Then they herded the Indian people on to ]s. This was nothing more nor less than apartheid, and that is what it still is today.<ref>http://collections.ic.gc.ca/magic/mt3.html</ref></blockquote> |
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In the 1980s, the Urban Alliance on Race Relations compared Canada's practices to Apartheid, and stated "Perhaps the most severe and yet overlooked example of discriminatory practices towards Canadians is to be found in the treatment of our own indigenous people, the Native Canadians".<ref>http://collections.ic.gc.ca/magic/mt3.html</ref> Canada's citizenship laws (described as "apartheid laws") did not grant full citizenship to native peoples until 1985.<ref>http://www.danielnpaul.com/Col/1994/RegisteredIndianCitizenship.html</ref> Even in the 21st century, according to Canada's '']'' newspaper, "Economically, socially, politically, culturally, we have come to accept a quiet apartheid that segregates, and thus weakens, native and non-native society",<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/apartheid/stories/introduction.html</ref> and in 2004 the Canadian Taxpayers Federation described Canada's Indian Act, and reserve system for native Indians, as "Apartheid: Canada's ugly secret".<ref>http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/admin/events/files/Apartheid%20Study.pdf</ref> |
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===China=== |
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]'s ''houku'' system of residency permits, which has effectively discriminated against China's 800 million rural peasants for decades, has been been described as "China's apartheid".<ref>http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010610/ai_n14391109</ref><ref>http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/shunli1] </ref> According to Jiang Wenran, acting director of the China Institute at the ], this system has been "one of the most strictly enforced "apartheid" social structures in modern world history. He states "Urban dwellers enjoy a range of social, economic and cultural benefits while peasants, the majority of the Chinese population, are treated as second-class citizens."<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4424944.stm</ref> |
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===France=== |
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]s in ] have recently been accused of apartheid due to their unwillingness to integrate into the French society. Many Muslim quarters in France are no-go areas for non-Muslims, and even the police avoids them. An internal security agency in France reported in 2004 that 300 communities across the country were marked by ], ], and violence, coupled with hatred of France and the ]. Some Muslims are already calling for the imposition of ] in predominantly Muslim districts; in some areas, they have imposed Islamic dress, chase away French shopkeepers selling pork and alcohol, and shut down cinemas on the basis that they are "places of sin". |
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===India=== |
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]'s treatment of its lower-class ]s has been described by ] as "India's hidden apartheid".<ref>http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_09/uk/doss22.htm</ref> According to Rajeev Dhavan, of India's leading English-language newspaper '']'', "''casteism'' is India's apartheid which will continue in its most vicious and persistent forms for decades to come."<ref>http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/24/stories/05242523.htm</ref> ] has claimed that India "frantically tr to prevent its caste system, which is often called ‘hidden apartheid" from being put on the agenda of the 2001 ] in ].<ref>http://www.ericmargolis.com/archives/2001/08/indias_hidden_a.php</ref> |
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===Iran=== |
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] has also been accused of implementing a "gender apartheid" system at the behest of religious leaders.<ref>http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3327/is_199409/ai_n8033813</ref> |
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===Israel=== |
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{{main|Israeli apartheid}} |
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The phrase "Israeli apartheid", or the description of ] as an "apartheid state", is a controversial method of criticizing Israel's policies by drawing an analogy between the policies of the Israeli government towards ] and ] to those of the apartheid-era South African government towards its Black and mixed-race populations. Critics of the term argue that it is historically inaccurate, offensive, antisemitic, and a ] used as justification for ] against Israel. |
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The analogy was used as early as 1987 by ], an Israeli-born academic and Jewish member of the ], in his book ''Israel: An Apartheid State'' (ISBN 0862323177), which provided a detailed comparison of Israel and South Africa. The highly controversial ] in ] adopted resolutions describing Israel as an "apartheid state".<ref>http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm</ref> |
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===Malaysia=== |
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In 2006 Marina Mahathir, the daughter of ]'s former Prime Minister, and a campaigner for women's rights, described the status of ] women in Malaysia as similar to that of Black South Africans under apartheid. She was apparently doing so in response to new family laws which make it easier for Muslim men to divorce wives, or take multiple wives, or gain access to their property. Mahathir stated ""In our country, there is an insidious growing form of apartheid among Malaysian women, that between Muslim and non-Muslim women."<ref name="bbcm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4795808.stm</ref> According to the '']'', she sees Muslim Malaysian women as "subject to a form of apartheid - second-class citizens held back by discriminatory rules that do not apply to non-Muslim women."<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4784784.stm</ref> Her comments were strongly criticized: the Malaysian Muslim Professionals Forum stated "Her prejudiced views and assumptions smack of ignorance of the objectives and methodology of the Sharia, and a slavish capitulation to western feminism's notions of women's rights, gender equality and sexuality," and Dr Harlina Halizah Siraj, women's chief of the reform group ] said "Women in Malaysia are given unlimited opportunities to obtain high education level, we are free to choose our profession and career besides enjoying high standard of living with our families."<ref name="bbcm"/> |
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===Northern Ireland=== |
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Many ] ]s and ] have described Northern Ireland as being a ]ed or even ] state, on the grounds that it was created to ensure a built-in ] minority, resulting in discrimination against ]s in government, ], housing and employment.{{fact}} One legacy of this has been that most state schools in Northern Ireland are either Protestant or Catholic, although there now also a number of integrated schools. This has often exacerbated religious, political and cultural differences between the two comunities. |
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===Saudi Arabia=== |
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]'s practices against women have been referred to as "gender apartheid" and "sexual apartheid".<ref>http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2212/context/ourdailylives </ref><ref>http://www.hri.ca/tribune/viewArticle.asp?ID=2603 </ref><ref>http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIIA.html </ref><ref>http://www.rationalist.org.uk/newhumanist/5thColumn/WomenandIslamicLaw.shtml</ref> Saudi Arabia's treatment of religious minorities has also been described as "apartheid".<ref>http://www.shianews.com/hi/americas/news_id/0000232.php </ref><ref>http://lantos.house.gov/HoR/CA12/Human+Rights+Caucus/Briefing+Testimonies/TESTIMONY+OF+ALI+AL-AHMED.htm </ref><ref>http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/386 |
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</ref><ref>http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/dershowitz/Articles/israelalien.html </ref> Until ], ], the official government ] stated that ]s were forbidden from entering the country.<ref>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41731.htm</ref> |
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===Soviet Union=== |
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Soviet propaganda often used the term "apartheid" as a political epithet during the ],<ref>{{ru icon}} (BBC)</ref> in order to contrast the "rotting capitalism"<ref>]'s expression</ref> as colonialist and racist, with declared advantages of ] such as ]. After the ], the pejorative is still being used in the political discourse, for example to describe national problems within Russia<ref>{{ru icon}} (2001)</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} (], 2005)</ref>, or the status of ethnic Russian minority in the ]<ref>{{ru icon}} (1996)</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} (2004)</ref><ref>{{ru icon}} (2003)</ref> or the situation in ].<ref>{{ru icon}} (2006)</ref> |
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==Other uses== |
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The term "apartheid" has been used to describe differential treatment of women in institutions such as the ]<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,580180,00.html</ref> or the ]. See, for example, Patricia Budd Kepler in her 1978 ''Theology Today'' article "Women Clergy and the Cultural Order".<ref>http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/jan1978/v34-4-article6.htm</ref> |
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'']'' is also a term specifically used by some ] advocates to describe a legal system that "subjects lesbians and gays to separate and unequal treatment in terms of the laws governing sexual behaviour, marriage, employment, child adoption, membership of the armed forces and so on."<ref>http://www.petertatchell.net/discrimination/discrimination%20-%20sexual%20apartheid.htm</ref> The concept of "sexual apartheid" is used to argue against legal discrimination in ] between heterosexual and homosexual sex and the non-recognition of ] or the advocacy of ] as a substitute<ref>http://www.scottishgreens.org.uk/site/id/3927/title/CIVIL_PARTNERSHIPS_BILL_DOES_NOT_END_SEXUAL_APARTHEID.html</ref> are cited. |
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{{main|global apartheid}} |
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{{main|gender apartheid}} |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small"><references/></div> |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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==External links== |
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* ( and |
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*, in '']'', February 7, 2006 |
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* in ''The Guardian'', February 6, 2006 |
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* by Lawrence Davidson, Professor of Middle East History at West Chester University |
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* in '']'', November 2003 |
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*, in '']'', March 2006 |
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* by ] and ] in '']'' (July 15, 2002) |
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* pro-Palestinian site |
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* by ] |
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* BBC article on ]'s legal battle for the right to live in a Jewish town. |
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* ''Jerusalem Post'' |
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* by ] |
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*, ] |
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* by ], a former anti-apartheid activist from South Africa now living in Israel. |
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* by Gerald M. Steinberg, ''Jerusalem Post'' August 24, 2004 |
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