| Revision as of 19:18, 29 June 2006 editDrboisclair (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users11,549 edits →Influence on modern anti-Semitism← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 17:21, 24 September 2007 edit undoAmire80 (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators19,952 edits ←Redirected page to On the Jews and Their Lies | ||
| (227 intermediate revisions by 58 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| #REDIRECT ] {{R from other capitalisation}} | |||
| ] in 1543]] | |||
| '''''On the Jews and Their Lies''''' ({{lang-de|Von den Juden und ihren Lügen}}) is a ] written in January 1543 by ], the ] ], in which he advocated harsh ] of the ]ish people, including that their ]s and ] be set on fire, ]s destroyed, ]s forbidden to preach, homes razed, and property and money confiscated. It argued that Jews should be shown no mercy or kindness, <ref>Michael, Robert. "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," ''Encounter'' 46:4, (Autumn 1985), p.342.</ref> should have no legal protection, <ref>Michael, Robert. "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," ''Encounter'' 46:4, (Autumn 1985), p.343.</ref> and that these "poisonous envenomed worms" should be drafted into forced labor or expelled for all time. <ref name=Luther1>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works</cite> (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971)</ref> It is regarded as one of the most notorious anti-Semitic tracts ever written. <ref>Richard Steigmann-Gall,<cite>The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945</cite> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.), 33. "On the Jews and Their Lies is one of the most notorious antisemitic tracts ever written, especially for someone of Luther's esteem."</ref>Four centuries later, the ]s used quotations from this pamphlet, which was cited by the publisher of the Nazi newspaper '']'' during the ], <ref name =Nazi>, Vol. 12, p. 318, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, ], ])</ref> to justify the ]. | |||
| ==Background and synopsis== | |||
| ]".]] | |||
| ::::::{{see|Martin Luther and the Jews}} | |||
| ''On the Jews and Their Lies'', published three years before Luther's death in 1546, expressed fear that Jews were successfully ] ] to ] and wrote that he wished to be identified among those in opposition to them: "I had made up my mind to write no more either about the Jews or against them. But since I learned that these miserable and accursed people do not cease to lure to themselves even us, that is, the Christians, I have published this little book, so that I might be found among those who opposed such poisonous activities of the Jews who warned the Christians to be on their guard against them." <ref <cite>Luther's Works,<cite/> Martin Bertram, trans., Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, 47:137</ref> | |||
| Luther stated in his introductory remarks to ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' that he was writing in response to an anti-Christian pamphlet, unidentified by historians, written by an unidentified Jew or Jews, sent to him by Count Wolfgang Schlick of Falkenau. | |||
| In the treatise, Luther wrote that Jews are ]s, ], and liars who "lie so clumsily and ineptly that anyone who is just a little observant can easily detect it," a "miserable, blind and senseless" people, "nothing but thieves and robbers who daily eat no morsel and wear no thread of clothing which they have not stolen and pilfered from us by means of their accursed usury." "] and all the ]s dance when ]s." They should be "toss out ... by the seat of their pants," and "eject ... forever from this country." God's anger with them is "so intense that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse and worse, while sharp mercy will reform them but little. Therefore, in any case, away with them!" <ref name=Luther1/> | |||
| He wrote that synagogues and Jewish schools must be set on fire to "bury and cover with dirt whatever will not burn, so that no man will ever again see a stone or cinder of them." Their houses must be "razed and destroyed," their "prayer books and Talmudic writings, in which such idolatry, lies, cursing and blasphemy are taught, be taken from them ... their rabbis be forbidden to teach henceforth on pain of loss of life and limb," their money, gold and silver confiscated, and no safe conduct on the highways be available to them, because they have "no business in the countryside, since they are not lords, officials, tradesmen, or the like. Let them stay at home ..." <ref name=Luther1/> | |||
| <blockquote>Jerusalem was destroyed over 1400 years ago, and at that time we Christians were harassed and persecuted by the Jews throughout the world for about 300 years ... During that time they held us captive and killed us ... So we are even at fault for not avenging all this innocent blood of our Lord and of the Christians which they shed for 300 years after the destruction of Jerusalem, and the blood of the children they have shed since then ... We are at fault in not slaying them. <ref>Luther, Martin. ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' quoted in Michael 1985, pp. 343-4. The original German of this quotation is: "So ists auch unser schuld, das wir das grosse unschüldige Blut, so sie an unserm Herrn und den Christen bey dreyhundert jaren nach zerstoerung Jerusalem, und bis daher, an Kindern vergossen (welchs noch aus jren augen und haut scheinet) nicht rechen, sie nicht todschlahen"</ref></blockquote> | |||
| ==Influence on modern anti-Semitism== | |||
| Some historians believe that this book laid the groundwork for modern "racial" ] -- that is, persecution of Jews because of their supposed ethnic traits. | |||
| ], Professor Emeritus of European History at the ], has observed that "Luther wrote of the Jews as if they were a race that could not truly convert to Christianity. Indeed, like so many Christian writers before him, Luther, by making the Jews the devil's people, put them beyond conversion". Michael noted that in a sermon of ] 1539, "Luther tried to demonstrate through several examples that individual Jews could not convert permanently, and in several passages of ''The Jews and Their Lies'', Luther appeared to reject the possibility that the Jews would or could convert."<ref>Michael, Robert, , <cite>H-Net Discussions Networks</cite>, 2 Mar 2000.</ref></blockquote> | |||
| Franklin Sherman, editor of volume 47 of the American Edition of ''Luther's Works'' in which ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' appears,<ref>Helmut T. Lehmann, gen. ed., ''Luther's Works'', Vol. 47: The Christian in Society IV, edited by Franklin Sherman, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), iii.</ref> states that Luther's writings against the Jews are not "merely a set of cool, calm and collected theological judgments. His writings are full of rage, and indeed hatred, against ''an identifiable human group'', not just against a religious point of view; it is against that group that his action proposals are directed." Sherman continues, "Luther cannot be distanced completely from modern antisemites." Regarding Luther's treatise, ''On the Jews and Their Lies'', ] wrote, "Da steht das ganze Program der Nazi Zeit schon" ("There you already have the whole Nazi program").<ref>quoted from Franklin Sherman, ''Faith Transformed: Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism'', edited by John C Merkle, (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2003), 63-64.</ref> | |||
| However, other scholars assert that Luther's anti-Semitism as expressed in ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' is based on religion. Luther historian ] stresses the religious component to Luther's position: "His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial. The supreme ] for him was the persistent rejection of God's revelation of himself in ]. The centuries of Jewish suffering were themselves a mark of the divine displeasure. They should be compelled to leave and go to a land of their own. This was a program of enforced ]. But if it were not feasible, then Luther would recommend that the Jews be compelled to live from the soil. He was unwittingly proposing a return to the condition of the early ], when the Jews had been in ]. Forced off the land, they had gone into commerce and, having been expelled from commerce, into money lending. Luther wished to reverse the process and thereby inadvertently would accord the Jews a more secure position than they enjoyed in his day." <ref name="Bainton1">Bainton, Roland. ''Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther'' (Nashville:Abingdon Press, 1978), 299.</ref> | |||
| Regardless of the nature of Luther's hostility towards the Jews, his views as part of the pervasive medieval Christian anti-Semitism laid the groundwork for the racial European anti-Semitism, which emerged in the 19th century. Paul Halsall writes:<blockquote>although Luther's comments seem to be proto-Nazi, they are better seen as part of tradition of Medieval Christian anti-semitism. While there is little doubt that Christian anti-Semitism laid the social and cultural basis for modern anti-Semitism, modern anti-Semitism does differ in being based on pseud-scientific notions of race. The Nazis imprisoned and killed Jews who had converted to Christianity: Luther would have welcomed them.<ref></ref></blockquote> | |||
| ==Impact on Nazi ideology== | |||
| Four centuries after it was written, the Nazis cited Luther's treatise to justify the Final Solution. Some scholars have attributed the Final Solution directly to Luther. <ref>William Shirer, ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 91, 236 </ref> Others oppose this point of view. <ref>Uwe Siemon-Netto, The Fabricated Luther: The Rise and Fall of the Shirer Myth, (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1995), 17-20.</ref> | |||
| ], the Nazi publisher of the anti-Semitic ''Der Stürmer'', cited ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' during the ]: "Anti-Semitic publications have existed in Germany for centuries. A book I had, written by Dr. Martin Luther, was, for instance, confiscated. Dr. Martin Luther would very probably sit in my place in the defendants' dock today, if this book had been taken into consideration by the Prosecution. In the book ''The Jews and Their Lies'', Dr. Martin Luther writes that the Jews are a serpent's brood and one should burn down their synagogues and destroy them ..." <ref name=Nazi/> | |||
| Martin Bertram, the ] Lutheran scholar who translated the treatise in ''Luther's Works'' into ] notes that "t is impossible to publish Luther's treatise today ... without noting how similar to his proposals were the actions of the ] regime in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, the so-called ], for example, 119 synagogues in all parts of Germany, together with many Jewish homes and shops, were burned to the ground." <ref name=Bertram>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works</cite> (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), 47:268, note 173.</ref> | |||
| The first physical violence against the Jews under Hitler's government came on November 9-10 on Kristallnacht (Crystal Night) where the Nazis killed Jews, shattered glass windows, and destroyed hundreds of synagogues, just as Luther had proposed. In ]'s book, ''Hitler's Willing Executioners'', he writes: | |||
| "One leading Protestant churchman, Bishop Martin Sasse published a compendium of Martin Luther's antisemitic vitriol shortly after Kristallnacht's orgy of anti-Jewish violence. In the foreword to the volume, he applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day: 'On November 10, 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany.' The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words 'of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews'".<ref name=Goldhagen21>Goldhagen , Daniel Jonah. "Hitler's Willing Executioners". p.178 </ref> | |||
| Many of the events of ''Kristallnacht'' echoed material in ''The Jews and Their Lies''. ], the head of the Nazi Party court, admitted Luther's influence on Nazi Germany, in ]'s ''The Holy Reich'', "When Luther turned his attention to the Jews, after he completed his translation of the Bible, he left behind "on the Jews and their Lies" for posterity". Buch then said, "Many people confess their amazement that Hitler preaches ideas which they have always held.... From the Middle Ages we can look to the same example in Martin Luther. What stirred in the soul and spirit of the German people of that time, finally found expression in his person, in his words and deeds". <ref name=Steigmann-Gall22>Steigmann-Gall, Richard. "The Holy Reich". p.226 </ref> | |||
| == Selected Quotes == | |||
| "Oh, that was too insulting for the noble blood and race of ], and they declared, 'He has a demon' (Matthew 11:18) Our Lord also calls them a 'brood of vipers'; furthermore, in John 8 he states: 'If you were ]'s children, you would do what Abraham did.... You are of your father the devil.' It was intolerable to them to hear that they were not Abraham's but the devil's children, nor can they bear to hear this today."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.141.</ref> | |||
| "There, Jew, you have your boast, and we Gentiles have ours together with you, as well as you with us. Now go ahead and pray that God might respect your nobility, your race, your flesh and blood."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.149.</ref> | |||
| "They boast of their race and of their descent from the fathers, but they neither see nor pay attention to the fact that he chose their race that they should keep his commandments."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.174.</ref> | |||
| "Therefore it is not a clever and ingenious, but a clumsy, foolish, and stupid lie when the Jews boast of their circumcision before God, presuming that God should regard them graciously for that reason, though they should certainly know from Scripture that they are not the only race circumcised in compliance with God's decree, and that they cannot on that account be God's special people."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.152.</ref> | |||
| "There is one thing about which they boast and pride them selves beyond measure, and that is their descent from the foremost people on earth, from Abraham, ], ], ], ], and from the twelve patriarchs, and thus from the holy people of Israel. St. Paul himself admits this when he says in Romans 9:5 Quorum patres, that is, 'To them belong the patriarchs, and of their race is the Christ,' etc."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.140.</ref> | |||
| "They are the boastful, arrogant rascals who to the present day can do no more than boast of their race and lineage, praise only themselves, and disdain and curse all the world in their synagogues, prayers, and doctrines. Despite this, they imagine that in God's eyes they rank as his dearest children."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.156.</ref> | |||
| "They turned a deaf ear to us in the past and still do so, although many fine scholarly people, including some from their own race, have refuted them so thoroughly that even stone and wood, if endowed with a particle of reason, would have to yield.<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.176.</ref> | |||
| "Furthermore, as Gabriel says, he must have come from among their people, undoubtedly from the royal tribe of Judah. Now it is certain that since Herod's time they had had no king who was a member of their people or race."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.250.</ref> | |||
| "This was accomplished despite the fact that the other faction, the blind, impenitent Jews — the fathers of the present-day Jews — raved, raged, and ranted against it without letup and without ceasing, and shed much blood of members of their own race both within their own country and abroad among the Gentiles, as was related earlier also of Kokhba."<ref name=>Luther, Martin. <cite>On the Jews and Their Lies</cite>, Trans. Martin H. Bertram, in <cite>Luther's Works Vol. 47, The Christian in Society, IV</cite>, ed. Franklin Sherman, Helmut T. Lehmann. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, p.299.</ref> | |||
| ==Luther's sources== | |||
| According to Martin Bertram, <ref name=Pelikan>Pelikan, Jaroslav & Lehmann, Helmut (eds). ''Luther's Works''. Vol. 47: "The Christian in Society" IV, Sherman, Franklin (ed) (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), 121-306, especially, 130-31, 137-38.</ref> who translated ''On the Jews and their lies'' for the ''American Edition'' (vol. 47), Luther used the following sources: | |||
| *Burgos, Paul of. ''Scrutinium Scripturarum'' ("''Investigation of the Scriptures''"). | |||
| *]. ''Pulcherrimae quaestiones Iudaicam perfidam in catholicam fide improbantes'' ("''Most Excellent Inquiries Rejecting Judaic Falsities by the Catholic Faith''"). | |||
| *Margaritha, Anthony. ''Der gantz Jüdisch glaub'' ("''The Entire Jewish Faith''"). <ref name=Pelikan>Pelikan, Jaroslav & Lehmann, Helmut (eds). ''Luther's Works''. Vol. 47: "The Christian in Society" IV, Sherman, Franklin (ed) (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), 121-306, especially, 130-31, 137-38.</ref> | |||
| *Porchetus, Salvagus. ''Victoria adversus impios Hebraeos'' ("''Victory over the godless Hebrews''") <ref name=Brecht>Brecht, Martin, James L. Schaaf, trans., ''Martin Luther'', 3:346.</ref> | |||
| In the text itself Luther makes mention of these sources by naming their authors. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="40%" | |||
| |- | |||
| | style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;" | {{wikiquote|On the Jews and Their Lies}} | |||
| |} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| ==English-language translations== | |||
| * Luther, Martin. ''On the Jews and Their Lies'' (1543). Translated by Martin H. Bertram. ''Luther's Works'' Volume 47: The Christian in Society IV. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971. | |||
| * ''The Jews and Their Lies'', Liberty Bell Publications, 2004. ISBN 1593640242 | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *<cite> </cite> (excerpts) at Medieval Sourcebook | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:21, 24 September 2007
Redirect to:
- From other capitalisation: This is a redirect from a title with another method of capitalisation. It leads to the title in accordance with the Misplaced Pages naming conventions for capitalisation, or it leads to a title that is associated in some way with the conventional capitalisation of this redirect title. This may help writing, searching and international language issues.
- If this redirect is an incorrect capitalisation, then {{R from miscapitalisation}} should be used instead, and pages that use this link should be updated to link directly to the target. Miscapitalisations can be tagged in any namespace.
- Use this rcat to tag only mainspace redirects; when other capitalisations are in other namespaces, use {{R from modification}} instead.