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{{short description|Television programs designed for and marketed to children}}
'''Children's television shows''' are ] programs designed for and marketed to ]ren, normally aired during the morning and afternoon hours, mainly before and after ]. The purpose of the show is mainly to entertain and sometimes to ] the young audience about basic life skills or ideals.
{{distinguish|Educational television|Instructional television|Non-commercial educational station}}
{{Redirect|Children's television|the company originally known as the "Children's Television Workshop"|Sesame Workshop}}
]'' is named as one of the most well-known children's television series.]]
'''Children's television series''' (or '''children's television shows''') are ] designed specifically for ]. They are typically characterised by easy-going content devoid of sensitive or adult themes and are normally broadcast during the morning and afternoon when children are awake, immediately before and after school schedules generally start in the country where they air. ] are also prevalent, as well as the transmission of cautionary tales and narratives that teach problem-solving methods in some fashion or another, such as social disputes.


The purpose of these shows, aside from profit, is mainly to entertain or educate children, with each series targeting a certain age of child: some are aimed at infants and toddlers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here Are 25 Shows You Can Feel Good About Your 2-Year-Old Watching|url=https://www.romper.com/entertainment/the-best-shows-for-2-year-olds|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Romper|language=en}}</ref> some are aimed at those aged 6 to 11 years old, and others are aimed at all children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Working & Filming with Under 18's Guidelines {{!}} Channel 4|url=https://www.channel4.com/producers-handbook/c4-guidelines/working-and-filming-with-under-18s-guidelines|access-date=2021-12-08|website=www.channel4.com}}</ref>
Programs vary in their intended age group audience and style of presentation. Some take the form of ]s or ], but the term "children's television" is also often associated with ]. Cartoon television, however, was primarily intended for ]s until well into the late ] when "Saturday morning cartoons" became a U.S. television tradition.


==History==
Children's television is nearly as old as television itself, with early examples including shows such as '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']''. Early children's television was often a marketing branch of a larger corporate product such as ], and rarely contained an educational element. Though there is some debate on the intended audience, later non-educational children's television programs included the ] programs of ] (most notably '']''), the fantasy series of ], and the extensive cartoon empire of ].
Children's television is nearly as old as television itself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kids' TV Grows Up: The Path from Howdy Doody to SpongeBob|last=Holz|first=Jo|publisher=McFarland|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4766-6874-1|location=Jefferson, NC|pages=13–72}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the ]'s '']'' was first broadcast in 1946, and in English-speaking circles, is generally credited with being the first TV programme specifically for children.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/june/for-the-children/|title=''For the Children'', the first children’s television programme - History of the BBC|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>


Some authors posit television for children tended to originate from similar programs on radio. For example, the BBC's '']'' was launched as a radio broadcast in 1922,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/research/programming/children-and-the-bbc|title=Children & the BBC: from Muffin the Mule to Tinky Winky|website=BBC|access-date=6 May 2018|archive-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602052749/http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/research/programming/children-and-the-bbc|url-status=dead}}</ref> with ] commencing live broadcasts in 1924.
Many children's shows also have a large adult following, sometimes in appreciation of their quality and educational value, and sometimes among adults who watched the shows as children or with their own children and now have a nostalgic emotional connection.


In the early 1930s, radio ] such as '']'' began to emerge in the United States and became a staple of children's afternoon radio listening.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Little-Orphan-Annie-radio-program|publisher=Britannica |title=Little Orphan Annie &#124; radio program |access-date=January 13, 2017}}</ref>
== U.S. television ==


===Evolution of style in the US and beyond===
=== Sesame Street ===
Early children's shows included '']'' (1947), '']'', and '']''. Another show, '']'', aired from 1952 to 1965. Its creator and host, ], would sit in front of the camera and simulate small talk with the viewing audience at home, demonstrating basic skills for the camera.


This practice lives on in contemporary children's broadcasting as a genre in of itself, with Australia's ongoing program ] one example.
North American children's television took a dramatic turn in ] with the creation of the visionary ] program ]. Still in production over thirty years later, ''Sesame Street'' is an educational program produced by the ] and featuring ]. The show blends human and puppet characters, ], song and dance, and colorful production numbers with basic educational material oriented for children anywhere from toddler to six. It is on this television show that many children of the world are first exposed to things like basic math and language skills, as well as social skills and multiculturality. The effect of ''Sesame Street'' was so powerful that within a few years, children's television was universally considered to have an educational mandate.


At one time, a program called '']'' took a more interactive approach, prompting its viewers to affix a clear vinyl sheet to their television and draw pictures to match what was going on on-screen. This format did not persist, nor was it replicated, due to a number of factors unrelated to its popularity: children whose parents did not buy them the vinyl sheet would draw with crayons directly on the television screen itself, potentially causing expensive damage; there were also concerns that having children within arm's length of a television screen of the era could expose them to harmful radiation.<ref name=CNN-winkydink>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/31/opinion/greene-winky-dink-bill-gates/index.html?hpt=hp_bn7|title=Winky Dink and ... Bill Gates? |author=Bob Greene |author-link=Bob Greene |agency=]|date=March 31, 2013|accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref>
Though the perceived educational mandate continues to be promoted and debated, and many shows (particularly those on ]) are specifically designed to be educational, children's programming has moved toward back toward pure entertainment over time. Efforts by state and federal government to regulate children television into being exclusively educational have been evaded or defeated.


Later and more recognisably modern shows for young children include '']'', '']'' and '']''. In the 1990s, more children's television series such as ''],'' ''],'' ''],'' ''],'' and '']'' were created.
=== History of U.S. children's television ===


A voluminous range of children's television programming now exists in the 2020s.
In the ], most early children's programming ran during the late afternoon, or during otherwise-unused timeslots on weekend mornings. As time went on, Saturday morning became the most popular time for non-educational children's programming, and by the 1970s, all three major US networks had a full schedule of children's programs running in this space.


Notable successes outside the US include shows like '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'' and '']'' originating from the UK, '']'' from Canada, '']'' from France, '']'' from Germany, and '']'' and '']'' from Japan.
At the same time, as locally originated live-action children's programming fell out of style with the network affiliates (who filled the slots with cheaper ] programming, or more profitable ] shows), the ] stations filled the gap by scheduling cartoons (usually reruns of Saturday morning fare, or ] copies of old ] or ] shorts) in these afternoon time slots. By the early 1980s, the afternoon time slot was nearly as popular as Saturday morning was, and first-run programming (such as ] and ]) began to appear. Even Disney stepped into the fray eventually, premiering their first syndicated cartoon ('']'') in 1987.


Canadian studio ] is a particularly prolific producer of children's programming. Much of Nelvana's product is broadcast worldwide, especially in the US, where the similarities in dialect do not require any dubbing or localization.
The 1980s and early 1990s also saw the rise of Saturday morning's biggest competition yet:


=== Role of advertising ===
* ] was the first cable network to cater directly to children, and as it got carried on more and more cable systems, it took away more and more viewers from the broadcast networks. Nick's biggest selling point was that, unlike syndicated and Saturday morning programs, viewers could watch their favorite shows practically any time they wanted. Nickelodeon's programming during this period was mostly live action (though they did run cartoons produced by others during the midday "Pinwheel" block during the 1980s), but it introduced its own line of original cartoons (]) in ].
{{See also|Advertising to children|Television advertisement}}
In the United States, early children's television was often co-opted as a platform to market products and it rarely contained any educational elements (for instance, '']'', a popular early children's program, was primarily an advertisement for Bonomo's ].) In the early years of television, advertising to children posed a dilemma as most children have no ] of their own. As such, children's television was not a particularly high priority for the networks.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.ew.com/article/2007/06/08/bob-barker-saying-goodbye-price-right | title=Bob Barker on saying goodbye to ''The Price Is Right'' | first=Lynette | last=Rice | date=June 8, 2007 | magazine=] | access-date=April 30, 2016}}</ref>


This practice continued in a toned-down manner through the 1980s in the United States after the ] prohibited tie-in advertising on broadcast television. These regulations did not apply to cable, which remains out of the reach of the FCC's content regulations.
* In ], the upstart ] entered the kids-TV market. By 1993, ] had hits in ], ] and ].


Due in part to the success of '']'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=404–405}}</ref> the 1980s saw a dramatic rise in television programs featuring characters of whom toy characters were being sold to retail consumers in bricks and mortar stores, underscoring the value potential of manufacturing merchandise for fans of children's programs. This practice remains firmly embedded in the broadcast sector's business case broadly in the 2020s.
* Turner Broadcasting, having recently acquired ] from their bankrupt previous owners, used the combined H-B and MGM libraries to form the basis of the ], which launched in October ]. As with Nickelodeon, the ability to watch a cartoon anytime was the main attraction, even though CN's schedule was meager at first.


Commercial-free children television was first introduced with '']'' on ] in November 1969. It was produced by what is now known as ] (formerly Children's Television Workshop, known as CTW).
By this time, ] had had enough, and replaced its Saturday morning schedule with '']'' and teen-oriented live-action shows. ] later followed suit; however, they later merged with Nickelodeon's corporate parent ], and CBS now offers a block of Nickelodeon's educationally-oriented programming on Saturday mornings. ] continued to run cartoons in their Saturday morning block throughout the 1990s; after their acquisition by Disney, the block became mostly Disney-originated under the "One Saturday Morning" banner.


=== Saturday morning cartoon blocks ===
Cartoon Network introduced its own line of cartoons in ] with the World Premiere Toons/What A Cartoon! project, which spawned ] and ], among others.
{{main|Saturday morning cartoon}}


In the United States, Saturday mornings were generally scheduled with cartoons from the 1960s to 1980s.
Fox Kids fell on hard times in the late 1990s, after Warner Bros. (which had produced some of its biggest hits) broke ties with it, and the popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers began to wane. By this time, Fox had merged Power Rangers producer ] and the former Marvel Productions (which used to be Saturday morning fixture ]) into Fox Kids, and in 2000, most of Fox Kids' assets were put up for sale. Disney won the bid, acquiring all of the Saban assets and Fox Kids' international operations. Left without a programming block, Fox subcontracted their Saturday morning timeslots to ], and gave the new block the '']'' brand.


In 1992, teen comedies and a "Today" show weekend edition were first to displace the cartoon blocks on NBC.<ref name="wp">{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Gail|title=Saturday morning cartoons are no more|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/30/saturday-morning-cartoons-are-no-more/|access-date=October 2, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Starting in September 2002, the networks turned to affiliated cable cartoon channels or outside programmers for their blocks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Paula|title=Kid skeds tread on joint strategy|url=https://variety.com/2002/tv/news/kid-skeds-tread-on-joint-strategy-1117873477/|access-date=October 2, 2014|work=Variety|date=September 29, 2002}}</ref>
=== List of U.S. shows ===


On September 27, 2014, the last traditional Saturday network morning cartoon block, '']'', ended and was replaced the following week by the syndicated '']'' on ].<ref name=wp/>
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== List of shows == === Demographics ===
Children's television series can target a wide variety of ]s based on age and gender. Few television networks target infants and toddlers under two years of age.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-18/nickelodeon-retakes-kids-ratings-crown-with-paw-patrol-|title=Nickelodeon Retakes Kids' Ratings Crown With 'Paw Patrol'|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=18 December 2013|via=Bloomberg}}</ref>


]'', aimed at preschool viewers]]
The following is a partial list of television shows for children that have received particular recognition or popularity, listed by their country of origin. Successful children's television shows are often broadcast in multiple countries.
Preschool-oriented programming is generally more overtly educational. In a number of cases, such shows are produced in consultation with educators and child psychologists in an effort to teach ] lessons (the series '']'' pioneered this approach when it debuted in 1969).<ref name="truglio-234">{{cite book | last1 = Fisch | first1 = Shalom M. | first2 = Rosemarie T. | last2 = Truglio |editor-first= Shalom M. |editor-last= Fisch |editor-first2=Rosemarie T. |editor-last2=Truglio | title = "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street | url = https://archive.org/details/gisforgrowingthi00shal | url-access = registration | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers | year = 2001 | location = Mahweh, New Jersey | page = | isbn = 0-8058-3395-1 | chapter = Why Children Learn from Sesame Street}}</ref> A format that has increased in popularity since the 1990s is the "]" program, in which the action of the show stops and breaks the ] to give a young viewer the opportunity to answer a question or dilemma put forth on the show, with the action continuing as if the viewer answered correctly.


Shows that target the demographic of persons 6 to 11 years old focus primarily on entertainment and can range from comedic cartoons to action series. Most children's television series targeting this age range are animated (with a few exceptions, perhaps the best-known being the '']'' franchise). Typically, programs are either 'for boys' or 'for girls'.
=== ] television ===


The teen demographic targets viewers 12 to 18 years of age. Live-action series that target this demographic are more dramatic and developed, including ]s and ]s. In some cases, they may contain more mature content that is usually not permissible on shows targeting younger viewers, and can include some ] or suggestive dialogue.
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Educational programming targeted at this demographic has historically been rare, other than on ]'s education block. However, some programming aimed at the demographic has had some tangential educational value in regard to social issues, such as the now-defunct ] block of sitcoms, which often tackled issues such as underage drinking or drug use.
===]===


=== Under-represented groups ===
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{{see also|Cartoon Network and LGBT representation|LGBT representation in children's television}}


According to at least one journalist, for years, ] departments of networks, ], and campaigns by ] limited "efforts to make kids animation more inclusive."<ref>{{cite web|last=White|first=Abbey|url=https://www.insider.com/why-tv-lacks-lgbtq-inclusion-according-to-experts-2021-6|title=TV animators were forced to scrap LGBTQ-inclusive storylines due to a culture of fear. Experts say fans are changing that.|website=]|date=June 15, 2021|access-date=June 16, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210616194517/https://www.insider.com/why-tv-lacks-lgbtq-inclusion-according-to-experts-2021-6|archive-date=June 16, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== ] television ===


One former executive of Disney, David Levine, said that "a lot of conservative opinion" drove what was depicted on ], ], and other alike channels. Some argued that cable television, which began to pick up in the 1990s, "opened the door for more representation" even though various levels of approvals remained.<ref name="insidersnydes">{{cite web|last1=Snyder|first1=Chris|last2=Desiderio|first2=Kyle|url=https://www.insider.com/the-evolution-of-queer-characters-in-kids-animated-tv-shows-2021-6|title=The evolution of queer characters in children's animation|website=]|date=June 29, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210701050407/https://www.insider.com/the-evolution-of-queer-characters-in-kids-animated-tv-shows-2021-6|archive-date=July 1, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Through the 2000s', advocacy group ] repeatedly highlighted the lack of LGBT representation in children's programming in particular.{{Sfn|Cook|2018|p=6, 11–12}}<ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnref|GLAAD|2009}} |date=2009 |title=Where We Are on TV Report: 2009–2010 |url=https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/whereweareontv2009-2010.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326013039/https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/whereweareontv2009-2010.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2020 |pages=2–3, 11, 14 |archive-date=2020-03-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnref|GLAAD|2008}} |date=2008 |title=Where We Are on TV Report: 2008–2009 |url=https://glaad.org/files/WWAT/WWAT_GLAAD_2008-2009.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325225641/https://glaad.org/files/WWAT/WWAT_GLAAD_2008-2009.pdf |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-date=2020-03-25 |page=18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnref|GLAAD|2006}} |date=August 21, 2006 |title=Where We Are on TV Report: 2006–2007 |url=http://www.glaad.org/files/2006-07%20Where%20We%20Are%20on%20TV.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011511/http://www.glaad.org/files/2006-07%20Where%20We%20Are%20on%20TV.pdf |page=1 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-date=2014-05-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnref|GLAAD|2014}} |date=2014 |title=Where We Are on TV Report: 2014-2015 |url=https://www.glaad.org/files/GLAAD-2014-WWAT.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328155604/https://www.glaad.org/files/GLAAD-2014-WWAT.pdf |access-date=April 11, 2020 |archive-date=2020-03-28 |page=23 }}</ref> Two years later, they recorded the highest number of LGBTQ characters they ever recorded up to that point.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glass |first1=Joe |title=LGBT characters on TV will make up larger percentage than ever, study finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/nov/03/lgbt-characters-tv-largest-percent-glaad-study |website=] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803074638/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/nov/03/lgbt-characters-tv-largest-percent-glaad-study |archive-date=August 3, 2019 |date=November 3, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
=== ] television ===


In 2017, some said that LGBTQ+ characters in animated television were somewhat rare,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Segal |first1=Cynthia |title=7 American Kids' Cartoons That Treat Their LGBTQ Characters With Respect |url=https://dotandline.net/lgbtq-american-cartoons-6b1557a4c846/ |website=] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327045355/https://dotandline.net/lgbtq-american-cartoons-6b1557a4c846/ |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |date=June 30, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sizer |first1=Artistaeus |title=We Need To Talk About LGBT Representation, Apparently |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/we-need-to-talk-about-lgbt-representation-apparently_b_5a3d4dede4b06cd2bd03da68 |website=] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419214106/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/we-need-to-talk-about-lgbt-representation-apparently_b_5a3d4dede4b06cd2bd03da68 |archive-date=April 19, 2020 |date=June 30, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref> despite the fact that GLAAD praised the number of characters in broadcast and primetime television.<ref name="Mak2017">{{cite web |last1=Mak |first1=Philip |title=In a Heartbeat: Why we need more LGBTQ animation. |url=https://blog.toonboom.com/in-a-heartbeat-why-we-need-more-lgbtq-animation |website=] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405025918/https://blog.toonboom.com/in-a-heartbeat-why-we-need-more-lgbtq-animation |archive-date=April 5, 2020 |date=June 21, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jusino |first1=Teresa |title=Why I'll Be Holding onto These Five Nuanced and Inspiring Bisexual Characters for Dear Life This Pride |url=https://www.themarysue.com/nuanced-inspiring-bisexual-characters/ |website=] |access-date=April 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329231547/https://www.themarysue.com/nuanced-inspiring-bisexual-characters/ |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |date=June 2, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>{{Sfn|Cook|2018|p=7}}
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From 2017 to 2019, ] noted that there was a "more than 200% spike in queer and gender-minority characters in children's animated TV shows."<ref name="insidersnydes" /> In 2018 and 2019, ] stated that ], ], and Netflix, had increased LGBTQ representation in "daytime kids and family television."<ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnref|GLAAD|2018}} |date=2018 |title=Where We Are on TV Report: 2018-2019 |url=https://glaad.org/files/WWAT/WWAT_GLAAD_2018-2019.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410224649/https://glaad.org/files/WWAT/WWAT_GLAAD_2018-2019.pdf |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=2020-04-10 |page=5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnref|GLAAD|2019}}|date=2019 |title=Where We Are on TV Report: 2019-2020 |url=https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/GLAAD%20WHERE%20WE%20ARE%20ON%20TV%202019%202020.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408124019/https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/GLAAD%20WHERE%20WE%20ARE%20ON%20TV%202019%202020.pdf |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=2020-04-08 |pages=5, 6, 12 }}</ref>
===]n television===


In their January 2021 report, ] praised LGBTQ representation in episodes of '']'', '']'' and '']''.<ref name="glaad20202">{{cite report |date=January 2021 |title=Where We Are on TV: 2020–2021 |url=https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/GLAAD%20-%20202021%20WHERE%20WE%20ARE%20ON%20TV.pdf |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115060919/https://www.glaad.org/sites/default/files/GLAAD%20-%20202021%20WHERE%20WE%20ARE%20ON%20TV.pdf |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |page=40 }}</ref> Despite this, some industry practitioners state that more than 90% of LGBTQ characters in kid's animated shows within ]'s database of characters in children's animated television shows "require either a cable, satellite, streaming, or internet subscription to view them on first airing."<ref name="abbwhi2021">{{cite web|last=White|first=Abbey|url=https://www.insider.com/lgbtq-characters-kids-cartoons-tv-paywall-2021-6?amp=&s=03|title=Kids' cartoons have more LGBTQ representation than ever before — but only if you pay for it|date=June 21, 2021|website=]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210623225408/https://www.insider.com/lgbtq-characters-kids-cartoons-tv-paywall-2021-6|archive-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref>
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*'']''
*'']''


==Channels==
===]ese television===
===United States===
In the United States, there are three major ] ]s dedicated to children's television. All three also operate secondary services with specialized scopes drawing upon their respective libraries, such as a focus on specific demographics, or a focus upon classic programming that fall within their scope and demographics; all three have also extensively ] their brands outside the United States.
* ], the first children's television channel, launched in 1979 (though its history traces back to the 1977 launch of ]'s C-3 channel);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viacom.com/ourbrands/medianetworks/mtvnetworks/Pages/nickelodeon.aspx |title=Viacom |website=www.viacom.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117134441/http://www.viacom.com/ourbrands/medianetworks/mtvnetworks/Pages/nickelodeon.aspx |archive-date=17 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> it consists largely of original series aimed at children, preteens and young teenagers, including animated series, to live-action comedy and action series, as well as series aimed at preschoolers, and appeals to adult and adolescent audiences with a lineup of mainly live-action sitcom reruns and a limited amount of original programming on ].
** Nickelodeon operates four digital cable and satellite channels separate from the main service: ], a channel devoted to preschool programming; ], which primarily (although not exclusively) runs animated programming; ], a pop music video service branded as "] Hits" prior to 2016; and ], a channel devoted to live-action programming and sometimes animated. This is in addition to a flexible number of free digital channels under the Nickelodeon brand on parent company ]'s over-the-top service ]. ] service ] includes much of the Nickelodeon archives.
* ], launched in 1992, is devoted primarily to animated programming. It primarily targets children 6–12, while its early morning ] is aimed at preschoolers and kindergarteners aged 2–6, and its overnight daypart block ] targets older teenagers and young adults aged 16–34.
** Cartoon Network operates one digital cable channel: ], a channel that specializes in programs centered around classic brands that parent company ] owns (particularly ], ] and ]), along with some imported programs, reruns of Cartoon Network original programs, and ] properties. Warner Bros. Discovery also operates ] (along with its Spanish-language counterpart ]), a joint venture with Hasbro that Warner Bros. acquired a majority stake in along with its merger with ] and carries animated programming in daytime along with family-oriented factual programming (including Discovery library programs) at nighttime; ], a channel in the company's ] suite ] that includes a block of children's programs (]) in the morning and family-friendly films the rest of the day; ], a joint venture with ] that operates on the ]s of Weigel-owned stations and other affiliates of its parent network ] and carries much of the same program library as Boomerang.
* ] launched in 1983 as a ]; it consists of original first-run television series, theatrically released and original made-for-cable movies, and select other third-party programming. Disney Channel – which formerly operated as a pay-TV service – originally marketed its programs towards families during the 1980s, and later at younger children by the 1990s. Then, they marketed its programs at tweens aged 9-14 between 1998 and 2004. After 2004, they marketed their programs at ] kids ages 9-12 between 2005 and 2017, before returning to families.
** Disney Channel operates two digital channels separate from the main service: ], which launched in 2011 and primarily broadcasts animated series catered towards a preschool audience, and ], which caters primarily to an older youth audience with an action-oriented focus. Disney does not have a traditional television outlet for its archival programming, which it has historically kept in a ] with limited access; much of its programming is available through ], a subscription video on demand service. Disney also operates ], a channel primarily carrying live-action programming catered towards a teenage/young adult audience. Although its ] under other owners had family-oriented formats and children's programming, they have since been phased out in favor of series such as ]s, some coming from Disney Channel.


Under current mandates, all ] television stations in the United States must show a minimum of three hours per week of ], regardless of format. Until 2019, this rule also applied to ]; as a result, digital multicast networks whose formats should not fit children's programming, such as ] and ], were required to carry educational programs to fit the ] mandates. (The rule for digital subchannels was repealed in July 2019;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/fcc-vote-to-ease-kid-vid-rules-draws-pushback-and-democrats-dissent-1202644411/|title=FCC's Vote To Ease "Kid Vid" Rules Draws Pushback And Democrats' Dissent|last=Hayes|first=Dade|date=July 10, 2019|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/fcc-gives-broadcasters-more-kidvid-flexibility|title=FCC Gives Broadcasters More KidVid Flexibility|last=Eggerton|first=John|date=July 10, 2019|website=Broadcasting & Cable|language=en-us|access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref> in practice, most still carry educational programs anyway.) In 2017, there was a programming block that aired on syndication called ]; it was notable as a concerted effort to program children's shows on television without regard to their educational content, one of the first such efforts since the E/I rule took effect. The transition to digital television has allowed for the debut of whole subchannels that air children's programming 24/7; examples include ], ], ], and ]. The country's only directly nationally operated TV service for public consumption, ], also includes educational programs in its schedule for use in schools.
*'']''
*'']''
*'']''


===Canada===
===] television===
English-language children's specialty channels in Canada are primarily owned by ] and ]. Corus operates ] and ], as well as localized versions of the ], ], ], ], and ] brands. WildBrain operates ], as well as the spin-off services ] and ] it has been majority owned and operated by British Columbia's public broadcaster ].
*'']''
*'']''


In French, Corus operates ] and ], WildBrain operates ] (a French version of Family Jr.), ] operates the preschool-oriented ], and ] runs the teen-oriented ]. Via its majority-owned subsidiary ], Corus also operates two children and family-oriented networks in Spanish and Italian, ] and ] respectively.
===] television===
*'']''


On broadcast television and satellite to cable undertakings, children's television content is relegated to the country's public and designated provincial educational broadcasters, including ] and ], as well as ], ] (formerly Access), ], ], ], and ] (]).
]

Aided by the cultural similarities between Canada and the US, along with film credits and subsidies available from the Canadian government, a large number of animated children's series have been made in Canada with the intention of exporting them to the United States. Such programs carry ] in their closing credits.

===United Kingdom===
<!--- image deleted ]'']] --->
The ] and ] both operate children's oriented television networks on digital terrestrial television: the BBC runs ] as well as the preschool-oriented ], while ITV runs ] as well as the preschool-oriented ], as a programming block on ]. Both channels were spun off from children's television strands on their respective flagship channels (], ], and ]). The BBC and ITV have largely phased out children's programming from their main channels to focus on the dedicated services; in 2012, as part of the "Delivering Quality First" initiative, the BBC announced that it would end the broadcast of CBBC programmes on BBC One following the completion of the transition to digital terrestrial television, citing low viewership in comparison to broadcasts of the programmes on the CBBC channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18083178|title=Children's shows to leave BBC One|work=BBC News|access-date=12 May 2012 | date=16 May 2012}}</ref> ] also broadcasts a preschool-oriented block known as '']'', while its owner, ], also runs versions of ] and its sister networks ] and ]

Narrative Capital operate a number of children's channels under the ] and ] brands. British versions of ] and its sister channels ] and ] also operate in the country, some 25 years after the initial launch.

===Ireland===
Ireland has one dedicated children's TV service ]. Since 1998 ] has provided children's programming from 07:00 to 17:30 each weekday, originally titled ], the service was renamed ] and ] in 2010. Irish-language service ] provide two strands of children's programming Cúla 4 Na nÓg and ] during the day. Commercial broadcaster ] broadcast a children's strand called ''Gimme 3'' from 1998 to 1999. And then broadcast a new strand called ].

===Australia===
Children's channels that exist in Australia are ], ], and its spin-off ], ] and its spin-off ], and ] and its spin-off ].

===Japan===
{{see also|Children's anime and manga}}
Children's channels that exist in Japan are ], ], ], ], ] (also under a block on ], known as "Nick Time") and ] (Cartoon Network's age demographic is moving towards older viewers with shows such as '']'', '']'' and '']'')

===Iceland===
One of the most well-known children's TV programmes comes from Iceland, ], was created by ], European Gymnastics Champion and CEO of ]. The show has aired in over 180 countries, been dubbed into more than 32 languages and is the most expensive children's show of all time.

===India===
In 1995, ] became the first children's channel to be launched in India. Subsequently, Disney Channel and ] arrived. ] (2004) was the first children's channel that had local content. ] and ] came later in 2006. By 2018, 23 channels have aired in India.

===Romania===
] was the first children's channel in Romania, launched in December 1998. Afterwards, ] became the first Romanian children's channel to air locally produced content, launched on ] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.minimaxtv.ro/min20.php?&l=1 |title = minimaxtv.ro – totul despre copii pentru copii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217093201/http://www.minimaxtv.ro/min20.php?&l=1 |archive-date=17 February 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, channels like ] and ] have arrived.

===Turkey===

Children's channels that exist in Turkey are ], ], ], ] and ].

==See also==
* ]
* ] for an in-depth history of children's television in the United States
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite thesis |last=Cook |first=Carson |date=May 2018 |title=A content analysis of LGBT representation on broadcast and streaming television streaming television |type=Honors |chapter=A History of LGBT Representation on TV |publisher=University of Tennessee at Chattanooga |chapter-url=https://scholar.utc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=honors-theses |access-date=July 14, 2021}}

== External links ==
* , online exhibition from ], a website of the ]
*
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085223/http://www.lasarletter.net/drupal/node/14 |date=2012-03-04 }}
* Ryan Black, , The Reporter, March 4, 2016

{{Authority control}}

]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 01:59, 28 December 2024

Television programs designed for and marketed to children Not to be confused with Educational television, Instructional television, or Non-commercial educational station. "Children's television" redirects here. For the company originally known as the "Children's Television Workshop", see Sesame Workshop.
Sesame Street is named as one of the most well-known children's television series.

Children's television series (or children's television shows) are television programs designed specifically for children. They are typically characterised by easy-going content devoid of sensitive or adult themes and are normally broadcast during the morning and afternoon when children are awake, immediately before and after school schedules generally start in the country where they air. Educational themes are also prevalent, as well as the transmission of cautionary tales and narratives that teach problem-solving methods in some fashion or another, such as social disputes.

The purpose of these shows, aside from profit, is mainly to entertain or educate children, with each series targeting a certain age of child: some are aimed at infants and toddlers, some are aimed at those aged 6 to 11 years old, and others are aimed at all children.

History

Children's television is nearly as old as television itself. In the United Kingdom, the BBC's For the Children was first broadcast in 1946, and in English-speaking circles, is generally credited with being the first TV programme specifically for children.

Some authors posit television for children tended to originate from similar programs on radio. For example, the BBC's Children's Hour was launched as a radio broadcast in 1922, with BBC School Radio commencing live broadcasts in 1924.

In the early 1930s, radio adventure serials such as Little Orphan Annie began to emerge in the United States and became a staple of children's afternoon radio listening.

Evolution of style in the US and beyond

Early children's shows included Kukla, Fran and Ollie (1947), Howdy Doody, and Captain Kangaroo. Another show, Ding Dong School, aired from 1952 to 1965. Its creator and host, Frances Horwich, would sit in front of the camera and simulate small talk with the viewing audience at home, demonstrating basic skills for the camera.

This practice lives on in contemporary children's broadcasting as a genre in of itself, with Australia's ongoing program Play School one example.

At one time, a program called Winky Dink and You took a more interactive approach, prompting its viewers to affix a clear vinyl sheet to their television and draw pictures to match what was going on on-screen. This format did not persist, nor was it replicated, due to a number of factors unrelated to its popularity: children whose parents did not buy them the vinyl sheet would draw with crayons directly on the television screen itself, potentially causing expensive damage; there were also concerns that having children within arm's length of a television screen of the era could expose them to harmful radiation.

Later and more recognisably modern shows for young children include Sesame Street, The Electric Company and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. In the 1990s, more children's television series such as Barney & Friends, Blue's Clues, SpongeBob SquarePants, Bear in the Big Blue House, and The Big Comfy Couch were created.

A voluminous range of children's television programming now exists in the 2020s.

Notable successes outside the US include shows like Play School, Noggin the Nog, Clangers, Bagpuss, Teletubbies, Thunderbirds, Danger Mouse, Count Duckula, Mr. Men and Thomas & Friends originating from the UK, Paw Patrol from Canada, Le Manege Enchantè from France, The Singing Ringing Tree from Germany, and Marine Boy and Pokémon from Japan.

Canadian studio Nelvana is a particularly prolific producer of children's programming. Much of Nelvana's product is broadcast worldwide, especially in the US, where the similarities in dialect do not require any dubbing or localization.

Role of advertising

See also: Advertising to children and Television advertisement

In the United States, early children's television was often co-opted as a platform to market products and it rarely contained any educational elements (for instance, The Magic Clown, a popular early children's program, was primarily an advertisement for Bonomo's Turkish taffy.) In the early years of television, advertising to children posed a dilemma as most children have no disposable income of their own. As such, children's television was not a particularly high priority for the networks.

This practice continued in a toned-down manner through the 1980s in the United States after the Federal Communications Commission prohibited tie-in advertising on broadcast television. These regulations did not apply to cable, which remains out of the reach of the FCC's content regulations.

Due in part to the success of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, the 1980s saw a dramatic rise in television programs featuring characters of whom toy characters were being sold to retail consumers in bricks and mortar stores, underscoring the value potential of manufacturing merchandise for fans of children's programs. This practice remains firmly embedded in the broadcast sector's business case broadly in the 2020s.

Commercial-free children television was first introduced with Sesame Street on PBS in November 1969. It was produced by what is now known as Sesame Workshop (formerly Children's Television Workshop, known as CTW).

Saturday morning cartoon blocks

Main article: Saturday morning cartoon

In the United States, Saturday mornings were generally scheduled with cartoons from the 1960s to 1980s.

In 1992, teen comedies and a "Today" show weekend edition were first to displace the cartoon blocks on NBC. Starting in September 2002, the networks turned to affiliated cable cartoon channels or outside programmers for their blocks.

On September 27, 2014, the last traditional Saturday network morning cartoon block, Vortexx, ended and was replaced the following week by the syndicated One Magnificent Morning on The CW.

Demographics

Children's television series can target a wide variety of key demographics based on age and gender. Few television networks target infants and toddlers under two years of age.

British animated series Hey Duggee, aimed at preschool viewers

Preschool-oriented programming is generally more overtly educational. In a number of cases, such shows are produced in consultation with educators and child psychologists in an effort to teach age-appropriate lessons (the series Sesame Street pioneered this approach when it debuted in 1969). A format that has increased in popularity since the 1990s is the "pseudo-interactive" program, in which the action of the show stops and breaks the fourth wall to give a young viewer the opportunity to answer a question or dilemma put forth on the show, with the action continuing as if the viewer answered correctly.

Shows that target the demographic of persons 6 to 11 years old focus primarily on entertainment and can range from comedic cartoons to action series. Most children's television series targeting this age range are animated (with a few exceptions, perhaps the best-known being the Power Rangers franchise). Typically, programs are either 'for boys' or 'for girls'.

The teen demographic targets viewers 12 to 18 years of age. Live-action series that target this demographic are more dramatic and developed, including teen dramas and teen sitcoms. In some cases, they may contain more mature content that is usually not permissible on shows targeting younger viewers, and can include some profanity or suggestive dialogue.

Educational programming targeted at this demographic has historically been rare, other than on NASA TV's education block. However, some programming aimed at the demographic has had some tangential educational value in regard to social issues, such as the now-defunct TNBC block of sitcoms, which often tackled issues such as underage drinking or drug use.

Under-represented groups

See also: Cartoon Network and LGBT representation and LGBT representation in children's television

According to at least one journalist, for years, Broadcast Standards and Practices departments of networks, Parental Guidelines, and campaigns by social conservatives limited "efforts to make kids animation more inclusive."

One former executive of Disney, David Levine, said that "a lot of conservative opinion" drove what was depicted on Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, and other alike channels. Some argued that cable television, which began to pick up in the 1990s, "opened the door for more representation" even though various levels of approvals remained.

Through the 2000s', advocacy group GLAAD repeatedly highlighted the lack of LGBT representation in children's programming in particular. Two years later, they recorded the highest number of LGBTQ characters they ever recorded up to that point.

In 2017, some said that LGBTQ+ characters in animated television were somewhat rare, despite the fact that GLAAD praised the number of characters in broadcast and primetime television.

From 2017 to 2019, Insider noted that there was a "more than 200% spike in queer and gender-minority characters in children's animated TV shows." In 2018 and 2019, GLAAD stated that Amazon, Hulu, and Netflix, had increased LGBTQ representation in "daytime kids and family television."

In their January 2021 report, GLAAD praised LGBTQ representation in episodes of DuckTales, The Owl House and Adventure Time: Distant Lands. Despite this, some industry practitioners state that more than 90% of LGBTQ characters in kid's animated shows within Insider's database of characters in children's animated television shows "require either a cable, satellite, streaming, or internet subscription to view them on first airing."

Channels

United States

In the United States, there are three major commercial cable networks dedicated to children's television. All three also operate secondary services with specialized scopes drawing upon their respective libraries, such as a focus on specific demographics, or a focus upon classic programming that fall within their scope and demographics; all three have also extensively franchised their brands outside the United States.

  • Nickelodeon, the first children's television channel, launched in 1979 (though its history traces back to the 1977 launch of QUBE's C-3 channel); it consists largely of original series aimed at children, preteens and young teenagers, including animated series, to live-action comedy and action series, as well as series aimed at preschoolers, and appeals to adult and adolescent audiences with a lineup of mainly live-action sitcom reruns and a limited amount of original programming on Nick at Nite.
    • Nickelodeon operates four digital cable and satellite channels separate from the main service: Nick Jr. Channel, a channel devoted to preschool programming; Nicktoons, which primarily (although not exclusively) runs animated programming; NickMusic, a pop music video service branded as "MTV Hits" prior to 2016; and TeenNick, a channel devoted to live-action programming and sometimes animated. This is in addition to a flexible number of free digital channels under the Nickelodeon brand on parent company Paramount Global's over-the-top service Pluto TV. Subscription video on demand service Paramount+ includes much of the Nickelodeon archives.
  • Cartoon Network, launched in 1992, is devoted primarily to animated programming. It primarily targets children 6–12, while its early morning Cartoonito is aimed at preschoolers and kindergarteners aged 2–6, and its overnight daypart block Adult Swim targets older teenagers and young adults aged 16–34.
    • Cartoon Network operates one digital cable channel: Boomerang, a channel that specializes in programs centered around classic brands that parent company Warner Bros. Discovery owns (particularly Hanna-Barbera, MGM and Warner Bros. Animation), along with some imported programs, reruns of Cartoon Network original programs, and burn-off properties. Warner Bros. Discovery also operates Discovery Family (along with its Spanish-language counterpart Discovery Familia), a joint venture with Hasbro that Warner Bros. acquired a majority stake in along with its merger with Discovery Channel and carries animated programming in daytime along with family-oriented factual programming (including Discovery library programs) at nighttime; HBO Family, a channel in the company's premium cable suite HBO that includes a block of children's programs (Play Off) in the morning and family-friendly films the rest of the day; MeTV Toons, a joint venture with Weigel Broadcasting that operates on the digital subchannels of Weigel-owned stations and other affiliates of its parent network MeTV and carries much of the same program library as Boomerang.
  • Disney Channel launched in 1983 as a premium channel; it consists of original first-run television series, theatrically released and original made-for-cable movies, and select other third-party programming. Disney Channel – which formerly operated as a pay-TV service – originally marketed its programs towards families during the 1980s, and later at younger children by the 1990s. Then, they marketed its programs at tweens aged 9-14 between 1998 and 2004. After 2004, they marketed their programs at preadolescent kids ages 9-12 between 2005 and 2017, before returning to families.
    • Disney Channel operates two digital channels separate from the main service: Disney Jr., which launched in 2011 and primarily broadcasts animated series catered towards a preschool audience, and Disney XD, which caters primarily to an older youth audience with an action-oriented focus. Disney does not have a traditional television outlet for its archival programming, which it has historically kept in a proverbial vault with limited access; much of its programming is available through Disney+, a subscription video on demand service. Disney also operates Freeform, a channel primarily carrying live-action programming catered towards a teenage/young adult audience. Although its previous incarnations under other owners had family-oriented formats and children's programming, they have since been phased out in favor of series such as teen dramas, some coming from Disney Channel.

Under current mandates, all broadcast television stations in the United States must show a minimum of three hours per week of educational children's programming, regardless of format. Until 2019, this rule also applied to digital subchannels; as a result, digital multicast networks whose formats should not fit children's programming, such as Live Well Network and TheCoolTV, were required to carry educational programs to fit the FCC mandates. (The rule for digital subchannels was repealed in July 2019; in practice, most still carry educational programs anyway.) In 2017, there was a programming block that aired on syndication called KidsClick; it was notable as a concerted effort to program children's shows on television without regard to their educational content, one of the first such efforts since the E/I rule took effect. The transition to digital television has allowed for the debut of whole subchannels that air children's programming 24/7; examples include Universal Kids, PBS Kids, Smile, and BabyFirst. The country's only directly nationally operated TV service for public consumption, NASA TV, also includes educational programs in its schedule for use in schools.

Canada

English-language children's specialty channels in Canada are primarily owned by Corus Entertainment and WildBrain. Corus operates YTV and Treehouse, as well as localized versions of the Cartoon Network, Disney Channel, Disney Junior, Disney XD, and Nickelodeon brands. WildBrain operates Family Channel, as well as the spin-off services WildBrainTV and Family Jr. it has been majority owned and operated by British Columbia's public broadcaster Knowledge Network.

In French, Corus operates Télétoon and La chaîne Disney, WildBrain operates Télémagino (a French version of Family Jr.), TVA Group operates the preschool-oriented Yoopa, and Bell Media runs the teen-oriented Vrak. Via its majority-owned subsidiary Telelatino, Corus also operates two children and family-oriented networks in Spanish and Italian, TeleNiños and Telebimbi respectively.

On broadcast television and satellite to cable undertakings, children's television content is relegated to the country's public and designated provincial educational broadcasters, including CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé, as well as City Saskatchewan, CTV Two Alberta (formerly Access), Knowledge Network, Télé-Québec, TFO, and TVOntario (TVOKids).

Aided by the cultural similarities between Canada and the US, along with film credits and subsidies available from the Canadian government, a large number of animated children's series have been made in Canada with the intention of exporting them to the United States. Such programs carry a prominent Government of Canada wordmark in their closing credits.

United Kingdom

The BBC and ITV plc both operate children's oriented television networks on digital terrestrial television: the BBC runs CBBC as well as the preschool-oriented CBeebies, while ITV runs CITV as well as the preschool-oriented LittleBe, as a programming block on ITVBe. Both channels were spun off from children's television strands on their respective flagship channels (BBC One, BBC Two, and ITV). The BBC and ITV have largely phased out children's programming from their main channels to focus on the dedicated services; in 2012, as part of the "Delivering Quality First" initiative, the BBC announced that it would end the broadcast of CBBC programmes on BBC One following the completion of the transition to digital terrestrial television, citing low viewership in comparison to broadcasts of the programmes on the CBBC channel. Channel 5 also broadcasts a preschool-oriented block known as Milkshake!, while its owner, Paramount Networks International, also runs versions of Nickelodeon and its sister networks Nicktoons and Nick Jr.

Narrative Capital operate a number of children's channels under the Pop and Tiny Pop brands. British versions of Cartoon Network and its sister channels Boomerang and Cartoonito also operate in the country, some 25 years after the initial launch.

Ireland

Ireland has one dedicated children's TV service RTÉjr. Since 1998 RTÉ2 has provided children's programming from 07:00 to 17:30 each weekday, originally titled The Den, the service was renamed TRTÉ and RTÉjr in 2010. Irish-language service TG4 provide two strands of children's programming Cúla 4 Na nÓg and Cúla 4 during the day. Commercial broadcaster TV3 broadcast a children's strand called Gimme 3 from 1998 to 1999. And then broadcast a new strand called 3Kids.

Australia

Children's channels that exist in Australia are ABC Family, ABC Kids, and its spin-off CBeebies, Nickelodeon and its spin-off Nick Jr., and Cartoon Network and its spin-off Boomerang.

Japan

See also: Children's anime and manga

Children's channels that exist in Japan are NHK Educational TV, Kids Station, Disney Channel, Disney XD, Nickelodeon (also under a block on Animax, known as "Nick Time") and Cartoon Network (Cartoon Network's age demographic is moving towards older viewers with shows such as Hello Kitty, Regular Show and Adventure Time)

Iceland

One of the most well-known children's TV programmes comes from Iceland, LazyTown, was created by Magnus Scheving, European Gymnastics Champion and CEO of Lazytown Entertainment. The show has aired in over 180 countries, been dubbed into more than 32 languages and is the most expensive children's show of all time.

India

In 1995, Cartoon Network became the first children's channel to be launched in India. Subsequently, Disney Channel and Nickelodeon arrived. Hungama TV (2004) was the first children's channel that had local content. Pogo and BabyTV came later in 2006. By 2018, 23 channels have aired in India.

Romania

Nickelodeon was the first children's channel in Romania, launched in December 1998. Afterwards, Minimax became the first Romanian children's channel to air locally produced content, launched on Children's Day in 2001. Since then, channels like BabyTV and Disney Channel have arrived.

Turkey

Children's channels that exist in Turkey are Cartoon Network, TRT Çocuk, MinikaÇOCUK, Minika GO and Zarok TV.

See also

References

Citations

  1. "Here Are 25 Shows You Can Feel Good About Your 2-Year-Old Watching". Romper. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  2. "Working & Filming with Under 18's Guidelines | Channel 4". www.channel4.com. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  3. Holz, Jo (2017). Kids' TV Grows Up: The Path from Howdy Doody to SpongeBob. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 13–72. ISBN 978-1-4766-6874-1.
  4. "For the Children, the first children's television programme - History of the BBC". Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  5. "Children & the BBC: from Muffin the Mule to Tinky Winky". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  6. "Little Orphan Annie | radio program". Britannica. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  7. Bob Greene (March 31, 2013). "Winky Dink and ... Bill Gates?". CNN. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  8. Rice, Lynette (June 8, 2007). "Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  9. Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 404–405. ISBN 978-1476665993.
  10. ^ Sullivan, Gail (September 30, 2014). "Saturday morning cartoons are no more". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  11. Bernstein, Paula (September 29, 2002). "Kid skeds tread on joint strategy". Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  12. "Nickelodeon Retakes Kids' Ratings Crown With 'Paw Patrol'". Bloomberg.com. 18 December 2013 – via Bloomberg.
  13. Fisch, Shalom M.; Truglio, Rosemarie T. (2001). "Why Children Learn from Sesame Street". In Fisch, Shalom M.; Truglio, Rosemarie T. (eds.). "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers. p. 234. ISBN 0-8058-3395-1.
  14. White, Abbey (June 15, 2021). "TV animators were forced to scrap LGBTQ-inclusive storylines due to a culture of fear. Experts say fans are changing that". Insider. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  15. ^ Snyder, Chris; Desiderio, Kyle (June 29, 2021). "The evolution of queer characters in children's animation". Insider. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  16. Cook 2018, p. 6, 11–12.
  17. Where We Are on TV Report: 2009–2010 (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2009. pp. 2–3, 11, 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-26. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  18. Where We Are on TV Report: 2008–2009 (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2008. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-25. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  19. Where We Are on TV Report: 2006–2007 (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. August 21, 2006. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-13. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  20. Where We Are on TV Report: 2014-2015 (PDF) (Report). GLAAD. 2014. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-28. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  21. Glass, Joe (November 3, 2016). "LGBT characters on TV will make up larger percentage than ever, study finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
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Sources

  • Cook, Carson (May 2018). "A History of LGBT Representation on TV". A content analysis of LGBT representation on broadcast and streaming television streaming television (Honors). University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Retrieved July 14, 2021.

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