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{{Short description|Incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods}}
], Eagle of ], Ox of ], Eagle of ], Wall of ], ''en surtout'' ]n Lion, upon ], garlanded by ]. Drawn by ] (1851–1919)]]
{{Redirect|Bohemian Crown|the ceremonial objects|Bohemian Crown Jewels|the 14th century crown|Crown of Princess Blanche}}
{{History of the Czech Republic}}
{{Infobox former country
The '''Lands of the Bohemian Crown''' ({{lang-cs|země Koruny české}}; {{lang-de|Böhmische Kronländer}}; {{lang-la|Corona regni Bohemiae}}), also called the '''Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas''' (''země Koruny svatováclavské'') or simply the '''Crown of Bohemia'''<ref name=nacr>{{cite web|title=The Archives of the Crown of Bohemia|website=http://www.nacr.cz/sua/cinnost/ackeng.htm|publisher=National Archive of the Czech Republic (Národní archiv ČR)|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="bohemia in history">{{cite book|last1=Teich|first1=Mikuláš (editor)|title=Bohemia in history|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-43155-7|page=117|edition=1. publ.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silesia – Pearl in the Crown of Bohemia|url=http://www.ngprague.cz/en/exposition-detail/silesia-8211-pearl-in-the-crown-of-bohemia/|publisher=National Gallery in Prague (Národní galerie v Praze)|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> or the '''Bohemian Crown''' (''Koruna česká''), alternatively '''Czech Crown lands''' (''České korunní země''), refers to the area connected by ] relations under the joint rule of the ]. Therefore the term does not refer to the physical crown worn by the Bohemian rulers—the ]—but to the Bohemian ] themselves.
| native_name = ''Země Koruny české'' <small>(])</small><br/>''Länder der Böhmischen Krone'' <small>(])</small><br/>''Corona regni Bohemiae'' <small>(])</small>
| conventional_long_name = Lands of the Bohemian Crown
| common_name = Bohemian Crown
| flag = Flag of Bohemia
| image_flag = Flag of Bohemia.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the lands of the Bohemian Crown.svg
| coa_size = 105px
| symbol = Coat of arms of the Czech Republic
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| image_map = Locator Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618).svg
| image_map_caption = Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)|
| today = {{unbulleted list|]|]|]}}
| government_type = ]
| status = Electorate
| empire = Holy Roman Empire
| status_text = ] of the ] <small>(1348–1806),</small><br/>
]s of the ] <small>(1526–1804),</small><br/>of the ] <small>(1804–1867),</small><br/>and of the ]n part of ] <small>(1867–1918)</small>|
| year_start = 1348
| year_end = 1918|
| event_start = Bohemian Crown established
| date_start = 7 April
| event1 = Inauguration of the<br/>{{spaces|3}}] dynasty
| date_event1 = 7 April 1348
| event2 = Became main part of<br/>{{spaces|3}}Bohemian Crown lands
| date_event2 = 5 April 1355
| event3 = ]
| date_event3 = 25 December 1356
| event4 = King ] becomes king of Bohemia
| date_event4 = 16 December 1526
| event_end = Dissolution of the ]
| date_end = <br/>31 October|
| p1 = Kingdom of Bohemia
| flag_p1 = Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bohemia (colorful).svg
| border_p1 = no
| p2 = Margraviate of Moravia
| flag_p2 = Banner of the Margraviate of Moravia.svg
| border_p2 = no
| p3 = Duchies of Silesia
| flag_p3 = Banner of the Duchy of Silesia.svg
| p4 = Upper Lusatia
| image_p4 = ]
| p5 = Lower Lusatia
| image_p5 = ]
| p6 = Hussite Wars#Bohemian civil war{{!}}Bohemian Crown lands controlled by the {{nowrap|Hussite movement}}
| flag_p6 = Husitská korouhev.svg
| border_p6 = no
| p7 = Egerland
| image_p7 = ]
| p8 = Upper Palatinate{{!}}Upper Palatinate (Electoral Palatinate)
| flag_p8 = Banner of the Palatinate.svg
| s1 = First Czechoslovak Republic
| flag_s1 = Flag of Bohemia.svg
| s2 = Electorate of Saxony
| flag_s2 = Flag of Electoral Saxony.svg
| s3 = Free State of Prussia
| flag_s3 = Flag_of_Prussia_(1918–1933).svg
| s4 = Second Polish Republic
| flag_s4 = Flag of Poland.svg|
| title_leader = ]
| leader1 = ] <small>(first)</small>
| year_leader1 = 1346–1378
| leader2 = ] <small>(last)</small>
| year_leader2 = 1916–1918|
| capital = ]
| religion = {{plainlist|'''Official religions:'''
* {{nowrap|]}}
* ], later {{nowrap|]}} {{small|(], ])}}
* '''Others:'''
* ] {{small|(majority during ])}}
* {{nowrap|] (])}}
* ]
* {{nowrap|]}}
* ]
* ]}}
| common_languages = ], ], ]|
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Lands of the Bohemian Crown''' were the states in ] during the ] and ]s with ] obligations to the ]. The ]s primarily consisted of the ], an ] of the ] according to the ], the ], the ], and the two ]s, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history. This agglomeration of states nominally under the rule of the Bohemian kings was referred to simply as '''Bohemia'''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFO-jTxxLY8C&pg=PA331 |title=The Cambridge Modern History |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1902 |pages=331 |language=en}}</ref> They are now sometimes referred to in scholarship as the ''']''', a direct translation of the Czech abbreviated name.


The joint rule of ''Corona regni Bohemiae'' was legally established by decree of King ] issued on 7 April 1348, on the foundation of the original Czech lands ruled by the ] until 1306. By linking the territories, the interconnection of ]s thus no more belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy itself, symbolized by the ]. During the reign of King ] from 1526, the lands of the Bohemian Crown became a constituent part of the ]. A large part of Silesia was lost in the mid-18th century, but the rest of the Lands passed to the ] and the ]n half of ]. By the ] in 1918, the remaining Czech lands became part of the ].
The Bohemian Crown was neither a ] nor a ] of equal members. Rather, the ] had a higher status than the other incorporated constituent countries within the ]. Beside the Bohemian court, there were no common state institutions.<ref name=autogenerated2>(in German) </ref>


The Bohemian Crown was neither a ] nor a ] of equal members. Rather, the Kingdom of Bohemia had a higher status than the other incorporated constituent countries. There were only some common state institutions of the Bohemian Crown that did not survive the centralization of the ] under Queen ] in the 18th century. The most important of them was the ] which was united with the Austrian Chancellery in 1749.<ref name=autogenerated2> (in German and Czech)</ref>
==History==
]


==Name==
The '''Lands of the Bohemian Crown''' ({{langx|la|Corona regni Bohemiae, lit '''Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia'''}}) are called ''země Koruny české'' or simply ''Koruna česká'' ('''Crown of Bohemia''' or '''Bohemian Crown''')<ref name=nacr>{{cite web|title=The Archives of the Crown of Bohemia|url=http://www.nacr.cz/sua/cinnost/ackeng.htm|publisher=National Archive of the Czech Republic (Národní archiv ČR)|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220122442/http://nacr.cz/sua/cinnost/ackeng.htm|archive-date=20 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bohemia in history">{{cite book|editor-last=Teich|editor-first=Mikuláš|editor-link=Mikuláš Teich|title=Bohemia in history|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-43155-7|page=117|edition=1. publ.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silesia – Pearl in the Crown of Bohemia|url=http://www.ngprague.cz/en/exposition-detail/silesia-8211-pearl-in-the-crown-of-bohemia/|publisher=National Gallery in Prague (Národní galerie v Praze)|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> and ''České země'' (i.e. '''Czech lands'''), the ] adjective ''český'' referring to both "]n" and "]". The ] term ''Länder der Böhmischen Krone'' is likewise shortened to ''Böhmische Krone'' or ''Böhmische Kronländer''. Native names include {{langx|szl|Korōna Czeskigo Krōlestwa}}, {{langx|dsb|zemje Českeje krony}}, and {{langx|hsb|kraje Čěskeje Króny}}. The denotation '''Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas''' (''země Koruny svatováclavské'') refers to the ], part of the ] of the Bohemian monarchs.

==History==
{{For|more detailed histories|Czech lands in the High Middle Ages|Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1526)|Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)|Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)|Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)}}
===Přemyslids=== ===Přemyslids===
In the 10th and 11th century, the ], together with ] (the ] from 1182 on), and ] were consolidated under the ruling ].
In the 10th and 11th century ], the ] and ] were consolidated under the dukes of the ruling ], whose scion ] gained the hereditary royal title in 1198 from the German (anti-)king ] and the ] raised to ]. The regality was ultimately confirmed by ] in the 1212 ].


] acquired the ] in 1251, the ] in 1261, the ] in 1266, the ] with the ] and the ] in 1269 as well as the March of ] in 1272. His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading ] were aborted by his ] rival ] in the 1278 ].<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Duke ] gained the hereditary royal title to the Duchy of Bohemia in 1198, from the German (anti)−king ], for his support. Along with the title, Philip also raised the duchy to the Kingdom of Bohemia rank. The regality was ultimately confirmed by Philip's nephew the ] ], later the ] (1220−1250), in the ] issued in 1212.


The Přemyslid king ] acquired the ] in 1251, the ] in 1261, the ] in 1266, the ] with the ] and the ] in 1269 as well as the March of ] in 1272. His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading ] were aborted by his ] rival King ], who seized his acquisitions and finally defeated him in the 1278 ].<ref name=autogenerated2 />
===Luxembourgs===
The ], Bohemian kings upon the extinction of the Přemyslids in 1306, again significantly enlarged the Bohemian lands: King ] vassalized most Polish ] dukes of ], his suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king ] in the 1335 ]. He also achieved the enfeoffment with the ]n lands of ] (1319) and ] (1329) by the German king ].
]
King John's eldest son ] was elected ] in 1346 and succeeded his father as King of Bohemia in the same year. Charles IV created Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Země Koruny české), together with the incorporated provinces in 1348 The Luxembourg dynasty reached its high point, when Charles was crowned ] in 1355.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> By his Imperial authority he decreed that the united Bohemian lands should endure regardless of dynastic developments, even if the Luxembourgs should die out.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |last=Prinz |first=Friedrich |language=German|title=Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Deutsche_Geschichte_im_Osten_Europas_Bö.html?id=MmwjAQAAIAAJ |accessdate= 25 February 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH |location=Berlin |isbn=3-88680-200-0 |page=381 |pages=}}</ref>


===Luxembourgers===
In 1367 he purchased ] from his stepson Margrave ]. Beside their home ] itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in the ], such as the duchies of ] and ], acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother ] in 1355 as well as the ] purchased in 1373. As both the King of Bohemia and the Margrave of Brandenburg had been designated ]s in the ], the Luxembourgs held two votes in the electoral college, securing the succession of Charles's son ] in 1376.
In 1306, the ] began producing Bohemian kings upon the extinction of the Přemyslids. They significantly enlarged the Bohemian lands again, including when King ] vassalized most Polish ] dukes of ]. His suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king ] in the 1335 ]. John also achieved the ] with the ]n lands of ] (1319) and ] (1329), by the ] ].
] in Prague.]]


King John's eldest son ] was elected ] in 1346 and succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in the same year. In 1348, Charles IV introduced the concept of the ''Crown of Bohemia'' (''Corona regni Bohemiae'' in Latin), a term which designated the whole state hereditarily ruled by the kings of Bohemia, not only its core territory of Bohemia but also the incorporated provinces.<ref name="radioprg">{{cite web |last1=Šitler |first1=Jiří |title=From Bohemia to Czechia |url=https://www.radio.cz/en/section/letter/from-bohemia-to-czechia |website=Radio Prague International |publisher=Czech Radio |access-date=26 January 2020 |language=en |date=12 July 2016}}</ref>
With King Wenceslaus, the decline of the Luxembourg dynasty began. He himself was deposed as King of the Romans in 1400; Brabant, Limburg (in 1406) and even Luxembourg itself (in 1411) were ceded to the French ], while Brandenburg passed to the ] in 1415.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Nevertheless the joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the ] and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor ] in 1437.


The Luxembourg dynasty reached its high point, when Charles was crowned ] in 1355.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> By his Imperial authority he decreed that the united Bohemian lands should endure regardless of dynastic developments, even if the Luxembourgs should die out.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |last=Prinz |first=Friedrich |language=de|title=Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmwjAQAAIAAJ |access-date= 25 February 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH |location=Berlin |isbn=3-88680-200-0 |page=381 }}</ref>
] of the ], son of the Polish king ], was designated King of Bohemia in 1471, while the crown lands of Moravia, Silesia and the Lusatias were occupied by rivaling King ] of Hungary. In 1479 both kings signed the Treaty of ], whereby the unity of the Bohemian crown lands was officially retained unchanged and the monarchs appointed each other as sole heir. Upon the death of King Matthias in 1490, Vladislas ruled the Bohemian crown lands and the ] in personal union.

In 1367, he purchased ] from his stepson Margrave ] and the ]. Beside their home ] itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in the ], such as: the ] and ], acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother ] in 1355; as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg, purchased in 1373. As both the king of Bohemia and the margrave of Brandenburg had been designated ]s in the ], the Luxembourgs held two votes in the electoral college, securing the succession of Charles's son ] in 1376.

With King Wenceslaus, the decline of the Luxembourg dynasty began. He himself was deposed as king of the Romans in 1400. The duchies of Brabant, Limburg (in 1406), and even Luxembourg itself (in 1411) were ceded to the French ]; while the Margraviate of Brandenburg passed to the ] (in 1415).<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Nevertheless, the joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the ] and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor ] in 1437.

===Jagiellons===
] of the ], son of the Polish king ], was designated king of Bohemia in 1471, while the crown lands of Moravia, Silesia, and the Lusatias were occupied by rivaling King ] of Hungary. In 1479, both kings signed the ], whereby the unity of the Bohemian crown lands was officially retained unchanged and the monarchs appointed each other as sole heir. Upon the death of King Matthias in 1490, Vladislas ruled the Bohemian crown lands and the ] in personal union.


===Habsburgs=== ===Habsburgs===
]
When Vladislas' only son ] was killed at the ] in 1526, a convention of Bohemian nobles elected his brother-in-law, the ] archduke ], new king of the Bohemian crown lands. Together with the ] "hereditary lands" and the Hungarian kingdom they formed the ], which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power. Attempts by the Bohemian ] estates to build up an autonomous confederation dashed at the 1620 ], whereafter the administration was centralised at ]. Moreover the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the ] in the 1635 ] and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to King ] in the 1742 ].<ref name=autogenerated2 />
When Vladislas' only son ] was killed at the ] in 1526, ending the Jagiellon dynasty rule in Bohemia, a convention of Bohemian nobles elected his brother-in-law, the ] archduke ], as the new king of the Bohemian crown lands. Together with the ] "]" and the ], they formed the ], which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power. Attempts by the Bohemian ] estates to build up an autonomous confederation were dashed at the 1620 ], whereafter the administration was centralised at ]. Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the ] after the ] in the 1635 ], and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the ] after the ] in the 1742 ].<ref name=autogenerated2 />


From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia was frequently ] by the ] and its vassals (especially the ] and ]). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Petra |last=Košťálová|editor-first1=Mateusz|editor-last1=Chmurski|editor-first2=Irina|editor-last2=Dmytrychyn|year=2022 |title=Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958 |journal=] |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/res.5138|issn=2117-718X|publisher=OpenEdition|page=110|jstor=27185958 }}</ref>
In the modern era, the remaining crown lands of ], ] and ] became constituent parts of the ] in 1804 and the ]n half of ] in 1867. After ] and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, these became the historic regions usually referred to as the ] forming the ]. Austrian Silesia with the ] is today known as ], with the exception of eastern ] which passed to the ] in 1920.<ref name=autogenerated1 />


In the modern era, the remaining crown lands of ], ] and ] became constituent parts of the ] in 1804, and later the ]n half of ] in 1867.
==Lands==

Beside the ] proper, the incorporated territories included:
After ] and the ], these became the historic regions usually referred to as the ] forming the ]. Austrian Silesia with the ] is today known as ], with the exception of eastern ] which passed to the ] in 1920.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
* The ] (''Markrabství moravské''), acquired by ] and ] Bohemian rulers after the 955 ], lost in 999 to ] and reconquered by Duke ] in 1035;

* The Egerland (''Chebsko'') was again obtained by ] between 1291–1305; definitely given in pawn to Bohemia by ] in 1322 and subsequently joined in personal union with Bohemia proper;
==Bohemian territories==
* ] (''Horní Lužice''), incorporated by King ] (''Jan Lucemburskýi'') in 1319 (]) and 1329 (]), and ] (''Dolní Lužice''), former ]), acquired by John's son ] from ], Margrave of ] in 1367. ] lost the Lusatias to the ] with the 1635 ];
===Crown lands===
* The Duchies of ] (''Slezsko''), acquired by the 1335 ] between King ] and King ]. Queen ] lost Silesia in 1742 to King ] by the ], with the exception of its South-East part which became called the ] and later as the ]
{| class="wikitable"
as well as:
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Crown land
* The northern part of the ] ("]") at ], incorporated by Charles IV in 1355. Charles' son ] lost the area in 1401 to the ] under ];
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Type
* The ], acquired by Charles IV from Duke Otto V of Wittelsbach in 1373. Charles' son ] lost Brandenburg in 1415 to ].
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Map
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Capital or important city
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Ethnic group
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Religion
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ] ]
| ]
| ]
| ]
| Bohemians (])<br/>]
| ]<br/>] (15th-17th centuries)<br/>] (15th-17th centuries)<br/>]
| Royal dignity first bestowed upon ] in 1085, hereditary since 1198 under King ]; ] of the ], confirmed by the ]. Included the Imperial ] of ] (''Chebsko''), obtained by King ] between 1291–1305, definitely given in pawn to Bohemia by King ] in 1322 and subsequently ruled in personal union with Bohemia proper; as well as the ], established in 1459 and conquered by the ] king ] in 1742.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ] ]
| ]
| ]
| ],<br/>]
| ] (])<br/>]
| ]<br/>] (15th-17th centuries)<br/>] (15th-17th centuries)<br/>]
| Principalities of Olomouc, Brno and ], acquired by ] and ] Bohemian rulers after the 955 ], lost in 999 to ] and reconquered by Duke ] in 1035. Elevated to a margraviate by the Přemyslid dukes in 1182, Bohemian ] from 1197.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ] ]
| ]
| ]
| ]
| ]<br/>]/Bohemians<br/>]<br/>]<br/>]
| ]<br/>]
| Many various duchies, acquired by the 1335 ] between King ] and King ]. The Habsburg queen ] lost Silesia in 1742 to the ] king ] by the ], with the exception of its South-East part which became called ] (later ]). Today divided between Poland, the Czech Republic, and Germany.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ]<br/>]
| Margraviate
| ]
| ]
| ]<br/>]
| ]<br/>]
| Former ] lands of ], finally incorporated by King ] in 1319 (Bautzen) and 1329 (Görlitz). The Habsburg emperor ] of Habsburg lost the Lusatias to the ] with the 1635 ]. Formally part of the Crown of Bohemia until 1815, today divided between Germany and Poland.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ]<br/>]
| Margraviate
| ]
| ]
| ]<br/>]
| ]
| Former ], acquired by Emperor ] from Margrave ] in 1367. The Habsburg emperor ] of Habsburg lost the Lusatias to the ] with the 1635 ]. Formally part of the Crown of Bohemia between until 1815, today divided between Germany and Poland.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | ] ]<br/>(Zgorzelec)
| Duchy
| ]
| ]
| ]<br/>]
| ]
| Duchy created by Emperor ] for his third son ]; he was the only Duke of Görlitz (Zgorzelec) from 1377 until his death.
|}

===Other territories===
]]]
* ] The ], acquired by Charles IV from Margrave Otto V in 1373. Charles' son ] granted Brandenburg in 1415 to ].
* ] The adjacent northern part of the ] ("]") at ], incorporated by Charles IV in 1355. Charles' son ] lost the area in 1401 to the ] under ].
* ] ]


==Administrative divisions== ==Administrative divisions==
], Eagle of ], Ox of ], Eagle of ], Wall of ], ''en surtout'' ]n Lion, upon ], garlanded by ]. Drawn by ] (1851–1919)]]
]
{| {|
| valign="top" | | valign="top" |
''']e of ]''' ''']e of ]'''
*] ({{lang-de|Beching}}) *] ({{langx|de|Beching}})
*] ({{lang-de|Jung-Bunzlau}}) *] ({{langx|de|Jung-Bunzlau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Tschaslau}}) *] ({{langx|de|Tschaslau}})
*] *]
*] ({{lang-de|Königgrätz}}) *] ({{langx|de|Königgrätz}})
*] ({{lang-de|Glatz}}) *] ({{langx|de|Glatz}})
*] at ] ({{lang-de|Prag}}) *] at ] ({{langx|de|Prag}})
*] ({{lang-de|Leitmeritz}}) *] ({{langx|de|Leitmeritz}})
*] ({{lang-de|Elbogen}}) *] ({{langx|de|Elbogen}})
*] ({{lang-de|Moldau}}) *] ({{langx|de|Moldau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Pilsen}}) *] ({{langx|de|Pilsen}})
*Podbrdsko at ] ({{lang-de|Beraun}}) *Podbrdsko at ] ({{langx|de|Beraun}})
*Prácheň at ] *Prácheň at ]
*] ({{lang-de|Rakonitz}}) *] ({{langx|de|Rakonitz}})
*] ({{lang-de|Schlan}}) *] ({{langx|de|Schlan}})
*] ({{lang-de|Saaz}}) *] ({{langx|de|Saaz}})
| valign="top" | | valign="top" |
'''Kraje of ]'''{{spaces|3}} '''Kraje of ]'''{{spaces|3}}
*] ({{lang-de|Brünn}}) *] ({{langx|de|Brünn}})
*] ({{lang-de|Ungarisch Hradisch}}) *] ({{langx|de|Ungarisch Hradisch}})
*] ({{lang-de|Iglau}}) *] ({{langx|de|Iglau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Olmütz}}) *] ({{langx|de|Olmütz}})
*] ({{lang-de|Prerau}}) *] ({{langx|de|Prerau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Znaim}}) *] ({{langx|de|Znaim}})
| valign="top" | | valign="top" |
''']'''{{spaces|3}} ''']'''{{spaces|3}}
*] ({{lang-de|Brieg}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Břeh}}) ({{langx|de|Brieg}})
*] ({{lang-de|Beuthen}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Bytom}}) ({{langx|de|Beuthen}})
*] ({{lang-de|Teschen}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Těšín}}) ({{langx|de|Teschen}})
*] ({{lang-de|Glogau}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Hlohov}}) ({{langx|de|Glogau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Jauer}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Javor}}) ({{langx|de|Jauer}})
*] ({{lang-de|Liegnitz}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Lehnice}}) ({{langx|de|Liegnitz}})
*] ({{lang-de|Neiße}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Nisa}}) ({{langx|de|Neiße}})
*] ({{lang-de|Oels}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Olešnice}}) ({{langx|de|Oels}})
*] ({{lang-de|Troppau}}) *] ({{langx|pl|Opawa}}) ({{langx|de|Troppau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Oppeln}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Opolí}}) ({{langx|de|Oppeln}})
*] ({{lang-de|Pless}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Pština}}) ({{langx|de|Pless}})
*] ({{lang-de|Ratibor}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Ratiboř}}) ({{langx|de|Ratibor}})
*] ({{lang-de|Steinau}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Stěnava}}) ({{langx|de|Steinau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Schweidnitz}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Svídnice}}) ({{langx|de|Schweidnitz}})
*] ({{lang-de|Breslau}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Vratislav}}) ({{langx|de|Breslau}})
*] ({{lang-de|Sagan}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Zaháň}}) ({{langx|de|Sagan}})
*] ({{lang-de|Münsterberg}}) *] ({{langx|cs|Minstrberk}}) ({{langx|de|Münsterberg}})
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==See also== ==See also==
{{History of the Czech Republic}}
*] *]
*] *]
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*] *]
*] *]
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==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}
ЧСГФ

==External links==
* . BBC Radio 4 discussion with Norman Davies, Karin Friedrich and Robert Pynsent (''In Our Time''; April 11, 2002).

{{Crown lands}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohemian Crown, Lands of}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bohemian Crown, Lands of}}
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Latest revision as of 21:00, 18 December 2024

Incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods "Bohemian Crown" redirects here. For the ceremonial objects, see Bohemian Crown Jewels. For the 14th century crown, see Crown of Princess Blanche.
Lands of the Bohemian CrownZemě Koruny české (Czech)
Länder der Böhmischen Krone (German)
Corona regni Bohemiae (Latin)
1348–1918
Flag of Bohemian Crown Flag Coat of arms of Bohemian Crown Coat of arms
Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire (1618)
StatusStates of the Holy Roman Empire (1348–1806),
Crown lands of the Habsburg monarchy (1526–1804),
of the Austrian Empire (1804–1867),
and of the Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918)
CapitalPrague
Common languagesCzech, German, Latin
Religion Official religions:
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 1346–1378 Charles I (first)
• 1916–1918 Charles III (last)
History 
• Bohemian Crown established 7 April 1348
• Inauguration of the
   Luxembourg dynasty 		7 April 1348
• Became main part of
   Bohemian Crown lands 		5 April 1355
• King confirmed Elector 25 December 1356
• King Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor becomes king of Bohemia 16 December 1526
• Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
31 October 1918
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of Bohemia
Margraviate of Moravia
Duchies of Silesia
Upper Lusatia
Lower Lusatia
Bohemian Crown lands controlled by the Hussite movement
Egerland
Upper Palatinate (Electoral Palatinate)
First Czechoslovak Republic
Electorate of Saxony
Free State of Prussia
Second Polish Republic
Today part of

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings. The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, the Margraviate of Moravia, the Duchies of Silesia, and the two Lusatias, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history. This agglomeration of states nominally under the rule of the Bohemian kings was referred to simply as Bohemia. They are now sometimes referred to in scholarship as the Czech lands, a direct translation of the Czech abbreviated name.

The joint rule of Corona regni Bohemiae was legally established by decree of King Charles IV issued on 7 April 1348, on the foundation of the original Czech lands ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty until 1306. By linking the territories, the interconnection of crown lands thus no more belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy itself, symbolized by the Crown of Saint Wenceslas. During the reign of King Ferdinand I from 1526, the lands of the Bohemian Crown became a constituent part of the Habsburg monarchy. A large part of Silesia was lost in the mid-18th century, but the rest of the Lands passed to the Austrian Empire and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary. By the Czechoslovak declaration of independence in 1918, the remaining Czech lands became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic.

The Bohemian Crown was neither a personal union nor a federation of equal members. Rather, the Kingdom of Bohemia had a higher status than the other incorporated constituent countries. There were only some common state institutions of the Bohemian Crown that did not survive the centralization of the Habsburg monarchy under Queen Maria Theresa in the 18th century. The most important of them was the Bohemian Court Chancellery which was united with the Austrian Chancellery in 1749.

Name

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Latin: Corona regni Bohemiae, lit Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia) are called země Koruny české or simply Koruna česká (Crown of Bohemia or Bohemian Crown) and České země (i.e. Czech lands), the Czech adjective český referring to both "Bohemian" and "Czech". The German term Länder der Böhmischen Krone is likewise shortened to Böhmische Krone or Böhmische Kronländer. Native names include Silesian: Korōna Czeskigo Krōlestwa, Lower Sorbian: zemje Českeje krony, and Upper Sorbian: kraje Čěskeje Króny. The denotation Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas (země Koruny svatováclavské) refers to the Crown of Saint Wenceslas, part of the regalia of the Bohemian monarchs.

History

For more detailed histories, see Czech lands in the High Middle Ages, Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1526), Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648), Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867), and Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918).

Přemyslids

In the 10th and 11th century, the Duchy of Bohemia, together with Moravia (the Margraviate of Moravia from 1182 on), and Kłodzko Land were consolidated under the ruling Přemyslid dynasty.

Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia gained the hereditary royal title to the Duchy of Bohemia in 1198, from the German (anti)−king Philip of Swabia, for his support. Along with the title, Philip also raised the duchy to the Kingdom of Bohemia rank. The regality was ultimately confirmed by Philip's nephew the German King Frederick II, later the Holy Roman Emperor (1220−1250), in the Golden Bull of Sicily issued in 1212.

The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and the Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272. His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading Imperial State were aborted by his Habsburg rival King Rudolph I of Germany, who seized his acquisitions and finally defeated him in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld.

Luxembourgers

In 1306, the House of Luxembourg began producing Bohemian kings upon the extinction of the Přemyslids. They significantly enlarged the Bohemian lands again, including when King John the Blind vassalized most Polish Piast dukes of Silesia. His suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king Casimir III the Great in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin. John also achieved the enfeoffment with the Upper Lusatian lands of Bautzen (1319) and Görlitz (1329), by the German king Louis IV.

Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire and the Bohemian Crown on the Tower of Charles Bridge in Prague.

King John's eldest son Charles IV was elected king of the Romans in 1346 and succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in the same year. In 1348, Charles IV introduced the concept of the Crown of Bohemia (Corona regni Bohemiae in Latin), a term which designated the whole state hereditarily ruled by the kings of Bohemia, not only its core territory of Bohemia but also the incorporated provinces.

The Luxembourg dynasty reached its high point, when Charles was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355. By his Imperial authority he decreed that the united Bohemian lands should endure regardless of dynastic developments, even if the Luxembourgs should die out.

In 1367, he purchased Lower Lusatia from his stepson Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Beside their home County of Luxembourg itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in the Low Countries, such as: the Duchy of Brabant and Duchy of Limburg, acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1355; as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg, purchased in 1373. As both the king of Bohemia and the margrave of Brandenburg had been designated Prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356, the Luxembourgs held two votes in the electoral college, securing the succession of Charles's son Wenceslaus in 1376.

With King Wenceslaus, the decline of the Luxembourg dynasty began. He himself was deposed as king of the Romans in 1400. The duchies of Brabant, Limburg (in 1406), and even Luxembourg itself (in 1411) were ceded to the French House of Valois-Burgundy; while the Margraviate of Brandenburg passed to the House of Hohenzollern (in 1415). Nevertheless, the joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the Hussite Wars and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437.

Jagiellons

Vladislas II of the Jagiellon dynasty, son of the Polish king Casimir IV, was designated king of Bohemia in 1471, while the crown lands of Moravia, Silesia, and the Lusatias were occupied by rivaling King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. In 1479, both kings signed the Treaty of Olomouc, whereby the unity of the Bohemian crown lands was officially retained unchanged and the monarchs appointed each other as sole heir. Upon the death of King Matthias in 1490, Vladislas ruled the Bohemian crown lands and the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union.

Habsburgs

Lands of the Bohemian Crown within Austria-Hungary (1910)

When Vladislas' only son Louis was killed at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, ending the Jagiellon dynasty rule in Bohemia, a convention of Bohemian nobles elected his brother-in-law, the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, as the new king of the Bohemian crown lands. Together with the Archduchy of Austria "hereditary lands" and the Hungarian kingdom, they formed the Habsburg monarchy, which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power. Attempts by the Bohemian Protestant Reformation estates to build up an autonomous confederation were dashed at the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, whereafter the administration was centralised at Vienna. Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague, and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau.

From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.

In the modern era, the remaining crown lands of Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia became constituent parts of the Austrian Empire in 1804, and later the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary in 1867.

After World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, these became the historic regions usually referred to as the Czech lands forming the Czech Republic. Austrian Silesia with the Hlučín Region is today known as Czech Silesia, with the exception of eastern Cieszyn Silesia which passed to the Second Polish Republic in 1920.

Bohemian territories

Crown lands

Crown land Type Map Capital or important city Ethnic group Religion Notes
Bohemia Kingdom Prague Bohemians (Czechs)
Germans 		Roman Catholic
Hussite (15th-17th centuries)
Anabaptist (15th-17th centuries)
Lutheran 		Royal dignity first bestowed upon Vratislaus II of Bohemia in 1085, hereditary since 1198 under King Ottokar I; Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356. Included the Imperial domain of Egerland (Chebsko), obtained by King Wenceslaus II between 1291–1305, definitely given in pawn to Bohemia by King Louis IV in 1322 and subsequently ruled in personal union with Bohemia proper; as well as the County of Kladsko, established in 1459 and conquered by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in 1742.
Moravia Margraviate Olomouc,
Brno 		Czechs (Moravians)
Germans 		Roman Catholic
Hussite (15th-17th centuries)
Anabaptist (15th-17th centuries)
Lutheran 		Principalities of Olomouc, Brno and Znojmo, acquired by Přemyslid and Slavník Bohemian rulers after the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, lost in 999 to Poland and reconquered by Duke Bretislaus I in 1035. Elevated to a margraviate by the Přemyslid dukes in 1182, Bohemian fief from 1197.
Silesia Duchies Wrocław Germans
Czechs/Bohemians
Silesians
Poles
Moravians 		Roman Catholic
Lutheran 		Many various duchies, acquired by the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin between King John of Bohemia and King Casimir III of Poland. The Habsburg queen Maria Theresa lost Silesia in 1742 to the Prussian king Frederick the Great by the Treaty of Breslau, with the exception of its South-East part which became called Austrian Silesia (later Czech Silesia). Today divided between Poland, the Czech Republic, and Germany.

Upper Lusatia 		Margraviate Bautzen Germans
Sorbs 		Roman Catholic
Lutheran 		Former Milceni lands of Meissen, finally incorporated by King John of Bohemia in 1319 (Bautzen) and 1329 (Görlitz). The Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony with the 1635 Peace of Prague. Formally part of the Crown of Bohemia until 1815, today divided between Germany and Poland.

Lower Lusatia 		Margraviate Lübben Germans
Sorbs 		Lutheran Former March of Lusatia, acquired by Emperor Charles IV from Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg in 1367. The Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony with the 1635 Peace of Prague. Formally part of the Crown of Bohemia between until 1815, today divided between Germany and Poland.
Görlitz
(Zgorzelec) 		Duchy Görlitz Germans
Sorbs 		Roman Catholic Duchy created by Emperor Charles IV for his third son John of Görlitz; he was the only Duke of Görlitz (Zgorzelec) from 1377 until his death.

Other territories

Margraviate of Brandenburg

Administrative divisions

Coat of arms of the Bohemian crown lands (until 1635), clockwise from left above: (checked) Eagle of Moravia, Eagle of Lower Silesia, Ox of Lower Lusatia, Eagle of Upper Silesia, Wall of Upper Lusatia, en surtout Bohemian Lion, upon Crown of Saint Wenceslas, garlanded by lime. Drawn by Hugo Gerard Ströhl (1851–1919)

Kraje of Kingdom of Bohemia

Kraje of Margraviate of Moravia   

Duchies of Silesia   

Margraviate of Lusatia

See also

Part of a series on the
History of the Czech lands
Early history
Middle Ages
Early modern period
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic
flag Czech Republic portal

References

  1. The Cambridge Modern History. The Macmillan Company. 1902. p. 331.
  2. ^ Geschichte der tschechischen öffentlichen Verwaltung Karel Schelle, Ilona Schelleová, GRIN Verlag, 2011 (in German and Czech)
  3. "The Archives of the Crown of Bohemia". National Archive of the Czech Republic (Národní archiv ČR). Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  4. Teich, Mikuláš, ed. (1998). Bohemia in history (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-521-43155-7.
  5. "Silesia – Pearl in the Crown of Bohemia". National Gallery in Prague (Národní galerie v Praze). Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  6. Šitler, Jiří (12 July 2016). "From Bohemia to Czechia". Radio Prague International. Czech Radio. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  7. ^ Prinz, Friedrich (1993). Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren (in German). Berlin: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH. p. 381. ISBN 3-88680-200-0. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  8. Košťálová, Petra (2022). Chmurski, Mateusz; Dmytrychyn, Irina (eds.). "Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative". Revue des études slaves. 93 (1). OpenEdition: 110. doi:10.4000/res.5138. ISSN 2117-718X. JSTOR 27185958.

ЧСГФ

External links

  • "Bohemia". BBC Radio 4 discussion with Norman Davies, Karin Friedrich and Robert Pynsent (In Our Time; April 11, 2002).
Crown lands
Lands of the Bohemian Crown
Lands of the German Crown
Lands of the Hungarian Crown
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

50°05′00″N 14°25′00″E / 50.0833°N 14.4167°E / 50.0833; 14.4167

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