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'''Ali Pasha''' was the name of numerous Ottoman ]s named ]. It is most commonly used to refer to ].{{Citation needed |date=September 2023|reason=There are more impotant Ali Pashas in history, some of which were Grand Viziers. E.g. Çandarlı}}
{{Other uses|Ali Pasha (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = ]
|name = Ali Pasha of Tepelena
|parents = Veli bey and Hanka
|honorific-suffix =
|image = Dupré - Ali Pasha.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
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|alt = Ali Pasha
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|term_start = 1788
|term_end = 1822
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|birth_date = 1740
|birth_place = ], ] (now ])
|death_date = {{Death year and age|1822|1740|df=yes}}
|death_place = ], Ottoman Empire (now ])
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<!--Military service-->
|nickname = ''"Arslan"'' ({{lang-tr|Lion}})<br>''"Lion of Yannina"''
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== People ==
'''Ali Pasha of Tepelena''' or '''of Yannina (Ioannina)''', surnamed ''Aslan'', "the Lion", or the "Lion of Yannina" (1740 – 24 January 1822), was an ] ] ruler (]) of the western part of ], the Ottoman Empire's European territory, which was referred to as the ]. His court was in ], but the territory he governed incorporated most of ] and the western parts of ] and ] in ]. Ali had three sons: ] (served in the 1809 war against the Russians), ] of ] and ] of ].<ref>http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/18/24/106.pdf</ref><ref name="Sellheim1992">{{cite book|last=Sellheim|first=R.|title=Oriens|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=la-RTLQiFRAC&pg=PA303|accessdate=21 October 2010|year=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09651-6|page=303}}</ref> Ali Pasha of Tepelena died fighting<ref name="Dumas"> by Alexandre Dumas, père</ref> in 1822 at the age of 81 or 82. He played a major part in the history of Epirus and more generally the history of Greece and Albania around the turn of the 19th century. He first appears in historical accounts as the leader of a band of brigands who became involved in many confrontations with Ottoman state officials in Albania and Epirus. He joined the administrative-military apparatus of the Ottoman Empire, holding various posts until 1788 when he was appointed pasha, ruler of the sanjak of Ioannina. His diplomatic and administrative skills, his interest in modernist ideas and concepts, his popular religiousness, his religious neutrality, his win over the bands terrorizing the area, his revengefulness and harshness in imposing law and order, and his looting practices towards persons and communities in order to increase his proceeds cause both the admiration and the criticism of his contemporaries, as well as an ongoing controversy among historians regarding his personality.
* ] (died 1406), Ottoman grand vizier (1387–1406)
* ] (died 1511), Ottoman grand vizier (1501–03, 1506–11)
* ] (fl. 1537–1560), Ottoman governor of Diyarbekir, Bosnia and Egypt
* ] (died 1565), Ottoman grand vizier (1561–1565)
* ] (died 1571), Ottoman governor of Egypt (1563–66) and commander in the Battle of Lepanto
* ] (1519–1587), Ottoman Kapudan Pasha (admiral of the navy)
* ] (died 1604), Ottoman grand vizier (1603–04) and governor of Egypt (1601–03)
* ] (d. 1621), Ottoman grand vizier (1616–21)
* ] (1645–1695), Ottoman grand vizier (1694–95)
* ] (died 1698), Ottoman grand vizier (1692–93)
* ] (1689—1758) served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire three times
* ] (1667–1716), Ottoman grand vizier (1713–16)
* ] (1670–1711), Ottoman grand vizier (1706–1710)
* ] (1688-1756), ruler of Tunisia 1735-1756
* ] (died 1735), Ottoman governor of various provinces, including Egypt (1725–26)
* ] or of Tepelena or of Janina/Yannina/Ioannina, or the Lion of Yannina (1740–1822), Ottoman Albanian ruler
* ] (1783–1851), Ottoman governor of Herzegovina (1833–51)
* ] (died 1804), Ottoman governor of Egypt (1803–04)
* ] (died 1821), Ottoman Kapudan Pasha (admiral of the navy)
* ] (1815–1871), Ottoman grand vizier (1852–71) and a leader of the Tanzimat reforms
* ] (1817–1889), Albanian military leader
* ] (r. 1802–1807)


==Name== == Places ==
His name in the local languages was: <!--alphabetical order -->]: ''Ali Pashë Tepelenjoti''; ]: ''Ali Pãshelu''; ]: Αλή Πασάς Τεπελενλής ''Ali Pasas Tepelenlis'' or Αλή Πασάς των Ιωαννίνων ''Ali Pasas ton Ioanninon'' (Ali Pasha of ]); and ]: ''Tepedelenli Ali Paşa''.


* ], Bosnia and Herzegovina
==Early years==
* ], Turkey
]
* ], Albania
Ali was born in 1740 into a powerful clan in the village ], at the foot of the ] mountains near the Albanian town of ]. He was one of the ] tribes and his ancestors had for some time held the hereditary office of ] of Tepeleni.<ref name="1911encyclopedia.org">http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ali_Pasha</ref> His father Veli was ] (and possibly a retired ]). His grandfather (father of his mother Hanka) was Ahmet Pasha Kurt, a sanjakbey of the ] In the middle of the 18th century, from the Muzaka family who was later appointed to the position of ''derbendci aga'' (guardian of the mountain passes). Ahmet Pasha Kurt held this position until the sultan appointed Ahmet's grandson, Ali Pasha, instead of him.<ref name="Elsie2012">{{cite book|author=Robert Elsie|authorlink=Robert Elsie|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&pg=PA27|date=24 December 2012|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-431-3|page=27}}</ref>

About his origin, ], an expert in Albanian culture and affairs, states that he was born of a Turkish family from ].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Highland Lute (Lahuta e malcís): the Albanian national epic|last=Fishta |first=Gjergj |coauthors= Robert Elsie & Janice Mathie-Heck (trans.) |year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location= London|isbn=978-1-84511-118-2 |page=402 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j7tLgANw8hAC&q=%22ali+pasha%22#v=onepage&q=Lion%20of%20Janina%2C%20was%20born%20of%20a%20Turkish%20family%20from%20Asia%20Minor.%22&f=false|quote=Lion of Janina, was born of a Turkish family from Asia Minor. |accessdate=26 August 2010 }}</ref> However, this has been refuted since it was proven that his family originated from southern Albania.<ref>Ahmet Uzun.. (Greek), p. 3: "Εξαιτίας της μοναδικότητας του ονόματος μιας οικογένειας που μετανάστευσε από την Ανατολία στη Ρούμελη και εγκαταστάθηκε στο Τεπελένι, υπάρχουν ισχυρισμοί που τον θέλουν Τούρκο. Εντούτοις οι ισχυρισμοί αυτοί είναι αβάσιμοι αφού στην πραγματικότητα είναι αποδεδειγμένο ότι καταγόταν από τη νότια Αλβανία."</ref> According to other sources Ali Pasha was part of the Albanian ] (''Liapis''). As this tribe was in disrepute among the other Albanians for their poverty and predatory habits, he thought it proper to call himself after Tepeleni, a town of the Tosks. No one dared to dispute this until after his death.<ref>] (1852), Mount Athos, Thessaly and Epirus: A diary of a Journey, Francis & John Rivington, London, p. 192, cited in Hart Laurie Kain (1999)Culture, civilization and demarcation at the northwest borders of Greece, American Ethnologist, 26(1), pp. 196–220, footnote 19.</ref>

Ali's father, Veli Bey, was murdered when Ali was fourteen years old by neighbouring rival chiefs who seized the territories of his Tosk tribe. The family lost much of its political and material status following the murder of his father. In 1758, his mother, Hanko, a woman of extraordinary character, thereupon herself formed and led a ] band, and studied to inspire the boy with her own fierce and indomitable temper, with a view to revenge and the recovery of their lost wealth. According to ]: "Ali inherited 6 ] and a ] after the death of his father ... Ali collected a few followers from among the retainers of his father, made himself master, first of one village, then of another, amassed money, increased his power, and at last found himself at the head of a considerable body of Albanians".

Ali became a famous brigand leader and attracted the attention of the Turkish authorities. He was assigned to suppress brigandage and fought for the "] and ]" with great bravery, particularly against the famous rebel ]. He aided the pasha of ] in putting down a rebellion at ], it was during this period that he was introduced to the Janissary units and was inspired by their discipline. In 1768 he married the daughter of the wealthy pasha of ], with whom he entered an alliance.

His rise through Ottoman ranks continued with his appointment as lieutenant to the pasha of ]. In 1787 he was awarded the ] of ] in reward for his services at ] during the ]. In 1788 he seized control of ], and enlisted most of the Brigands under his own banner. Ioannina would be his power base for the next 33 years. He took advantage of a weak Ottoman government to expand his territory still further until he gained control of most of Albania, western Greece and the ].

During war-time, Ali Pasha could assemble an army of 50,000 men in a matter of two to three days, and could double that number in two to three weeks. Leading these armed forces was the Supreme Council.<ref name="Historia e Popullit Shqipetar">{{cite book|title=Historia e Popullit Shqipetar|year=2002|publisher=Shtepia Botuese Toena|location=Tirana, Albania|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/14999592/ebook-shqip-albanian-Historia-e-Shqiperise-pjesa-e-pare}}</ref> The Commander in Chief was the founder and financier, Ali Pasha. Council members included ], ], ], ] and a number of his trusted men like ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (murdered by ]), and ].<ref name="Historia e Popullit Shqipetar"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë |year=1987 |title= Studime Historike|volume=41 |pages=140 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lJjiAAAAMAAJ&q=Thanas+Vaja+Ali&dq=Thanas+Vaja+Ali&cd=4 |accessdate=17 August 2010 }}</ref>

==Ali Pasha as ruler==
], southern Albania]]
] issued by Ali Pasha in 1810, written in vernacular Greek. Ali used Greek for all his courtly dealings.]]
].]]

During the early days of his rule he was personally known for his alertness{{clarify|date=July 2014}}. He soon became a well-known Albanian Muslim figure. He also commanded one of the largest battalions of ] ];<ref></ref> his servicemen also included men such as ]. Ali Pasha adhered to the ] Order of the ] Brotherhood. Ali Pasha was also known to have fasted during the month of ].<ref></ref>

As pasha of Ioannina, he slowly laid the foundations to create an almost independent state, which included a large part of Greece and Albania. During his rule, the town of Ioannina developed into a major educational, cultural, political and economic hub.
In order to achieve his goals he allied with all religious and ethnic groups in his territory. At the same time he did not hesitate to fiercely crash any opponent. He also developed relations with European powers.{{fact|date=July 2014}}

Ali's policy as ruler of Ioánnina was mostly governed by expediency; he operated as a semi-independent despot and pragmatically allied himself with whoever offered the most advantage at the time. In fact, it was Ali Pasha and his Albanian soldiers and mercenaries who subdued the independent ].<ref>Sakellariou pp. 250–251</ref>

Ali Pasha wanted to establish in the Mediterranean a sea-power which should be a counterpart of that of the ] of ], Ahmed ben Ali.<ref name="1911encyclopedia.org"/> In order to gain a seaport on the Albanian coast that was dominated by ], Ali Pasha formed an alliance with ], who had established ] as his general consul in Ioannina, with the complete consent of the ] ] ].

After the ], where Napoleon granted{{clarify|date=July 2014}} the Czar his plan to dismantle the Ottoman Empire, Ali Pasha switched sides and allied with ] in 1807; a detailed account of his alliance with the British was written by ]. His actions were permitted by the Ottoman government in ]. Ali Pasha was very cautious and unappeased by the emergence of the new Ottoman Sultan ] in the year 1808.

] visited Ali's court in Ioánnina in 1809<ref>''Lord Byron's Correspondence''; John Murray, editor.</ref> and recorded the encounter in his work '']''. He evidently had mixed feelings about the despot, noting the splendour of Ali Pasha's court and the Greek cultural revival that he had encouraged in Ioánnina, which Byron described as being "superior in wealth, refinement and learning" to any other Greek town.

In a letter to his mother, however, Byron deplored Ali's cruelty: "His Highness is a remorseless tyrant, guilty of the most horrible cruelties, very brave, so good a general that they call him the Mahometan Buonaparte ... but as barbarous as he is successful, roasting rebels, etc, etc.."<ref>Rowland E. Prothero, ed., ''The Works of Lord Byron: Letters and Journals'', Vol. 1, 1898, (letter dated ], 12 November 1809)</ref>

Different tales about his ]<!--"sexual orientation" is an anachronistic and culturally inappropriate term here--> emerged from western visitors to Pasha's court (including Byron, the Baron de Vaudoncourt,<ref>Vaudoncourt, Guillaume de Memoirs on the Ionian Islands ... : including the life and character of Ali Pasha. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1816</ref> and ]). These documenters wrote that he kept a large ] of both women and men. Such accounts may reflect the ] imagination of Europe and underplay the historical role of Pasha rather than telling us anything concrete about his sexuality.<ref>Murray, Stephen O. & Roscoe, Will (1997) ''Islamic Homosexualities: culture, history, and literature'', NYU Press</ref>

Ali Pasha, according to one opinion, "was a cruel and faithless tyrant; still he was not a Turk, but an Albanian; he was a rebel against the Sultan (]), and he was so far an indirect friend of the Sultan's enemies".<ref name="Freeman"> by Edward Augustus Freeman</ref> Throughout his rule he is known to have maintained close relations and corresponded with famous leaders such as ], ], ] and ].{{citation needed|date=August 2011}}

Though certainly no friend to the Greek Nationalists (he had personally ordered the painful execution of the Klepht ]), however his rule brought relative stability. It was only after his forceful deposition that the people of Greece objected the rule of the Sultan ] and the newly appointed ] and thus began the ].

Ali Pasha was using Greek almost as his official language, and over the gate of his castle in Yannina there was an inscription in Greek in which he claimed descent from King Pyrrhus of Epirus. It is reported that he was conversing with foreigners in Greek.<ref></ref>

A long epic poem known as the ] consists of more than 10,000 lines is dedicated to the exploits of Ali Pasha. The ] was composed by ], an ] Muslim from ] and was written entirely in Greek.<ref>Wace A.J.B. and Thompson M. S. (1914) The nomads of the Balkans: An account of life and customs among the Vlachs of Northern Pindus, Methuen & Co., Ltd., p. 192.</ref>

===Impact on modern Greek Enlightenment===
Although Ali Pasha's native language was ] he used ] for all his courtly dealings<ref name=Fleming63/> since the population of the region of ] (now mainly in northwestern Greece) which he controlled was predominantly ] speaking.<ref name=Fleming64>Fleming (1999): p. 64.</ref> As a consequence, a part of the local Greek population showed sympathy towards his rule.<ref name=Fleming63>Fleming (1999): p. 63.</ref> This also activated new educational opportunities, with businessmen of the ], subsidizing a number of new educational purposes. As historian ] notes:<ref name=Fleming64/> {{Quote| colourful career belongs to Greek as well as to Turkish history. His court was Greek and had been the centre of a Greek renaissance.}}

===Atrocities===
]
The cruelties inflicted by Ali Pasha on his subjects became notorious throughout the region, and have been described in local folksong and poetry. Forty years after the inhabitants of ] and ] had wronged his mother after murdering his father Veli Bey (according to the story, she was tied and put in prison and, with her daughter, raped and tortured every night by another group of men), Ali wrought revenge by having 739 male descendants of the original offenders executed.

In 1808, Mühürdar a commanding Janissary of Ali Pasha captured one of his most renowned opponents, the Greek ] ], who was executed in public by having his bones broken with a sledgehammer.<ref>Merry, Bruce. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. ISBN 978-0-313-30813-0, p. 231.</ref> One of Ali's notorious crimes was the massive murder of arbitrarily chosen young Greek girls of Ioannina. They were unfoundedly sentenced as adulteresses, tied up in sacks and drowned in ].<ref>Fleming (1999): p. 168.</ref> Oral ] tradition (songs) tells about the cruelty of Ali Pasha's troops.

In October 1798 Ali's troops attacked the coastal town of ], which was defended by a small garrison of 280 French grenadiers and local Greeks. When the town was finally conquered a major slaughter occurred against the local people as retaliation for their resistance.<ref>Fleming (1999): p. 99.</ref> He also tortured the French and Greek prisoners of war before their execution. A French officer described the atrocities ordered by Ali Pasha and his cruel character:<br/>
:"''The chamber where Mr. Tissot had been locked, was facing to the place with the bloody remainders of the French and Greeks killed in Preveza. The officer witnessed the cruel death of several Prevezans whom Ali sacrificed to his rage, and the behavior of the Pasha during executions: one hundred times more cruel than Nero, Ali was viewing with sarcasm the torments of his victims. His bloody soul enjoyed with execrable pleasure his indiscribable vengeance, and meditated still more atrocities.''
Every French captive was given a razor with which he was forced to skin the severed heads of his compatriots. Those who refused were beaten on the head with clubs. After the heads were skinned, the masks were salted and put in cloth bags. When the operation was finished, the French were driven back into the hangar, and they were warned to prepare for death.

:"Soon after they brought the unfortunate Prevezans, whose hands had been tied behind their back by the Albanians. They piled them in large boats and drove to Salagora (a small island in the gulf of ]), where a legion of executioners were waiting. Ali did a hecatomb of these four hundred misfortunes. Their heads were carried in a triumph offered soon in ], a spectacle worthy of his ferocity''".<ref></ref>

In the early nineteenth century his troops completed the destruction of the once prosperous cultural center of ], in modern southeastern Albania, and forced its ] population to flee from the region.<ref>Winnifrith, Tom. . Duckworth, 1987, ISBN 978-0-7156-2135-6, p. 130.</ref>

==Ali Pasha and Metsovo==
His prevalence as the highest ranking Ottoman ruler in the Epirus-Thessaly region overturned the balanced status hitherto achieved between Metsovo and the Ottoman state. In 1795 he leased to himself the mukataa of Chora Metsovou. Historians see this as the end of the privileged regime enjoyed by the Metsovo region since the mid-17th century. Nevertheless, despite the arbitrary imposing of taxes and the end of the supervision of the area by Ottoman officials in Constantinople, this change does not rescind the tax status and, primarily, the administrative and geographic framework that governed the area until then. Even in 1802, seven years after the mukataa of Metsovo came under the rule of Ali Pasha, Sultan Selim III addressed a document to the ruler and the Islamic judge of the sanjak of Trikala, which notifies them of the reinstatement of the previous orders (firmans) regarding Metsovo. This administrative action confirms that Ali Pasha had not turned Chora Metsovou into his personal fief, as he had done with many other districts in his territory. Despite, however, the respect he formally demosntratestowards the privileged regime of Metsovo, in reality he tries to undermine it in all its aspects. Besides the fact that he becomes the sole lord of the district, he imposes harsh measures on its population. In particular, he increases the amount of taxes paid thus far and makes them include an Albanian garrison appointed by him in the mountain passages they oversaw. Furthermore, he burdens the town of Metsovo with the expenses for the wages of Metsovite builders and carpenters working in his building projects and the cost of the required timber. Still, in spite of the conflicts they cause in the local society, these developments do not change the internal structure of the administration of Chora Metsovou. The tax collection mechanism continues to operate based on the methods applied in the 18th century.

==Downfall==
In 1819, ] brought to the attention of Sultan ] issues conspicuously related to Ali Pasha; ] accused Ali Pasha of ''grabbing power'' and influence in Ottoman ] away from the ]. In 1820, Ali Pasha, after long tensions with the ], allegedly ordered the assassination of ], a political opponent in ]; Sultan ], who sought to restore the authority of the ], took this as a major opportunity to move against Ali Pasha by ordering his immediate deposition.

]]]
]
Ali Pasha refused to resign his official post and put up a fierce resistance to the Sultan's troop movements, as some 20,000 Turkish troops led by ] were fighting Ali Pasha's small but formidable army. Most of his followers abandoned him without fighting and fled, including ] and his sons Veli and Muhtar, or passed to the Ottoman army, such as ] and ], who went unopposed to Ioannina, which was besieged from September 1820.

On December 4, 1820, Ali Pasha and the ] formed an anti-Ottoman coalition, to which the Souliotes contributed 3,000 soldiers. Ali Pasha gained the support of the Souliotes mainly because he offered to allow the return of the Souliotes to their land, and partly by appeal to their perceived Albanian origin.<ref name="Fleming1999">{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Katherine Elizabeth|title=The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NX93wUlfYpEC&pg=PA47&dq=Ioannina+%2B+Albanian#v=onepage&q=support%20in%20part%20through%20an%20appeal%20to%20shared%20Albanian%20origins&f=false|accessdate=19 October 2010|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00194-4|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Katherine Elizabeth|title=The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NX93wUlfYpEC&pg=PA47&dq=Ioannina+%2B+Albanian#v=onepage&q=was%20obtained%20only%20after%20Ali's%20promise&f=false|accessdate=19 October 2010|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00194-4|page=63}}</ref> Initially, the coalition was successful and managed to control most of the region, but when the Muslim Albanian troops of Ali Pasha were informed of the beginning of the Greek revolts in the Morea, it was terminated.<ref name = Clogg>{{citation
|last=Victor Roudometof; Roland Robertson
|title=Nationalism, globalization, and orthodoxy: the social origins of ethnic conflict in the Balkans
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA189&dq=Victor+Roudometof%2BChams
|year=2001
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001
|isbn=978-0-313-31949-5
|ean=
|page=25
}}</ref>

Ali's rebellion against the ] increased the value of the Greek military element since their services were sought by the Porte as well. He is said to have contracted the services of the ] and ] in exile in the ] as well as the armatoles under his command.<ref>John S. Koliopoulos '' Brigands with a Cause'', p. 40</ref> However he feared that the ] might rout him before the arrival of the Ottoman Turks.

His separatist actions constitute a great example of the institutional corruption and dividing trends prevailing in the Ottoman empire at the time. His effort to become an independent ruler finally causes the reaction of the High Gate, which sends the army against him. After about two years of fighting, in January 1822, Ottoman forces had taken most of the fortifications of Ioannina except the fortified palace inside the kastro. Ali Pasha opened negotiations. Deceived with offers of a full pardon, he was persuaded to leave the fortress and settle in the Monastery of St Panteleimon on the island in ], previously taken by the Ottoman army during the siege. When asked to surrender for beheading, he famously proclaimed, "My head ... will not be surrendered like the head of a slave,"<ref name="Dumas" /> and kept fighting till the end, but was shot through the floor of his room and his head cut off to be sent to the Sultan. Ali Pasha of Tepelena died in 1822.

<blockquote>], to whom it was presented on a large dish of silver plate, rose to receive it, bowed three times before it, and respectfully kissed the beard, expressing aloud his wish that he himself might deserve a similar end. To such an extent did the admiration with which Ali's bravery inspired these men efface the memory of his crimes.<ref name="Dumas"/></blockquote>

Ali Pasha was buried with full honors in a mausoleum next to the ], which still stands. Despite his brutal rule, villagers paid their last respect to Ali: "Never was seen greater mourning than that of the warlike Epirotes."<ref name="Dumas"/>

The former monastery in which Ali Pasha was killed is today a popular tourist attraction. The holes made by the bullets can still be seen, and the monastery has a museum dedicated to him, which includes a number of his personal possessions.<ref name="ioannina.a3io8eata">{{gr icon}} {{cite web |year= 2009|url = http://www.ioannina.gr/DI/tourismos/a3io8eata.htm#mouseio|title = Μουσεία| accessdate =12 November 2009 | last= Νήσος Ιωαννίνων. | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091103200740/http://www.ioannina.gr/DI/tourismos/a3io8eata.htm| archivedate=3 November 2009<!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Ali Pasha in literature==

], now in the Topkapi Palace, is said to have been part of the treasury of Ali Pasha.|left]]
], now at the ] in Geneva.]]

In early 19th century, Ali's personal ]eer, Haxhi Shekreti,<ref>{{cite book | last= Ruches|first= Pyrrhus J., ed. | title=Albanian Historical Folksongs, 1716–1943: a survey of oral epic poetry from southern Albania, with original texts | publisher=Argonaut| year=1967| location=Chicago |url=http://books.google.com/books?cd=2&id=9H9CAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Pyrrhus+J.+Ruches%22&q=alipasiad#search_anchor| page = 123 | isbn=}}</ref> composed the poem '']''. The poem was written in ], since the author considered it a more prestigious language in which to praise his master.<ref>{{cite book | last=Tziovas|first= Dēmētrēs | title=Greece and the Balkans: identities, perceptions and cultural encounters since the Enlightenment | publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2003| editor= | page = 5|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=RjGidYC9pUYC&dq=|isbn=978-0-7546-0998-8}}</ref> Alipashiad bears the unusual feature to be written from the Muslim point of view of that time.<ref>{{cite book | last=Merry|first= Bruce | title=Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| year=2004| editor= | page= 12 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q-lr20SuvfIC&dq=| isbn=978-0-313-30813-0}}</ref>

In the novel '']'' by ], Ali Pasha's downfall was brought about by the treachery of Fernand Mondego, an officer in the French Army. Not knowing of the betrayal, Pasha entrusted his wife and daughter to Mondego for safekeeping but he sold them into slavery. Monte Cristo subsequently located the daughter, Haydée, and helped her take revenge on Mondego by testifying in Paris of his betrayal of Ali Pasha.

Ali Pasha is also a major character in the 1854 ]'s Hungarian novel ''Janicsárok végnapjai'' ("The Last Days of the ]"), translated into English by R. Nisbet Bain, 1897, under the title ''The Lion of Janina''.

Ali Pasha and ] are the main characters in ]'s historic novel '']'' (original title "]").

Many of the conflicting versions about the origin of the "]", a major treasure of the ] in Istanbul, link it with Ali Pasha – though their historical authenticity is doubtful. {{citation needed|date=February 2013}}


==See also== ==See also==
* ] (1769–1849), Ottoman Albanian commander, one-time governor of Egypt and Sudan
*]
* ] (fl. 1831–1842), Ottoman military leader and governor of Baghdad
*]
* ] (1860–1932), Ottoman grand vizier (1919–20)
*]
* ]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* "Ali Pasa Tepelenë." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2005)
* "Ali Pasha (1744? – 1822)". ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (2004).
* Ellingham et al. ''Rough Guide to Greece'', (2000)
* Fleming, Katherine Elizabeth. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-691-00194-4.
* Koliopoulos, John S. (1987) ''Brigands with a Cause, Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821–1912''. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-822863-5
*{{cite book|last=Sakellariou|first=M. V.|title=Epirus: 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization|publisher=Ekdotike Athenon|year=1997|isbn=960-213-371-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ}}
*S. Aravantinos, Istoria Ali Pasa tou Tepelenli, Athens 1895, (photographic reprint, Athens 1979).
*Gr. Lars, I Albania kai I Epiros sta teli tou IG’ kai stis arches tou IH’ aion. Ta Dytikovalkanika Pasalikia tis Othomanikis Autokratorias [Albania and Epirus I the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Ottoman Eyalets of Western Balkans, transl. A. Dialla, publ. Gutenberg, Athens 1994, pp. 144-173.
*G. Siorokas, I eksoteriki politiki tou Ali pasa ton Ioanninon. Apo to Tilsit sti Vienni (1807-1815), Ioannina, 1999.
*D. Skiotis, “Apo listis pasas. Ta prota vimata stin anodo tou Ali pasa ton Ioanninon , (1750-1784)”, Thisaurimata 6 (1969), pp. 257-290
*Dim. A. Zotos, I dikaiosyni eis to kratos tou Ali pasa , Athens, 1938.
*Vaso D. Psimouli, Souli kai Souliotes, Athens 1998
*Ali Pasha Archives, 2007, I. Chotzi collection, Gennadius Library, Ed. – Cpmmentary – Index: V. Panagiotopoulos with collaboration of D. Dimitropoulou, P. Michailari, Vol. 4
*A. Papastavros, Ali Pasas, apo listarchos igemonas , publ. Apeirotan, 2013.
*W. M. Leake, Travels in northern Greece, Α.Μ.Ηakkert-Publisher, (photographic reprint Amsterdam 1967). Vol. 1, pp.295,Vol. 4, pp. 260
*I. Lampridis, “Malakasiaka”, Epirotika Meletimata 5 (1888), publ. 2. Society for Epirote Studies. (EHM),, Ioannina 1993, p. 25
*Ali Pasha Archives, I. Chotzi collection, Gennadius Library, Ed. – Commentary – Index: V. Panagiotopoulos with the collaboration of D. Dimitropoulou, P. Michailari, 2007, Vol. B’, pp. 672-674 (doc. 851), 676-677, (doc. 855), 806-807 (doc. 943).
*G. Plataris, Kodikas Choras Metsovou ton eton 1708-1907 , Athens 1982, pp. 105, 120.
*V. Skafidas, “Istoria tou Metsovou” , Epirotiki Estia 11/121, 122 (1962), p. 387.
*M. Tritos, “Ta sozomena firmania ton pronomion tou Metsovou” , Minutes of the 1st Conference of Metsovite Studies, Athens 1993, pp. 404.

==Further reading==
* ], ''Interviews with Ali Pacha''; edited by Jacob Isager'', (Athens, 1998)
* Davenport, ''The Life of Ali Pasha'', (London, 1837)
* ], ''''
* Fauriel, Claude Charles: ''Die Sulioten und ihre Kriege mit Ali Pascha von Janina'', (Breslau, 1834)
* ]: ''Janicsárok végnapjai'', Pest, 1854. (in English: Maurus Jókai: ''The Lion of Janina'', translated by R. Nisbet Bain, 1897).
* Manzour, Ibrahim, ''Mémoires sur la Grèce et l'Albanie pendant le gouvernement d'Ali Pacha'', (Paris, 1827)
* Pouqueville, François, ''Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie, et dans plusieurs autres parties de l'Empire Ottoman'' (Paris, 1805, 3 vol. in-8°), translated in English, German, Greek, Italian, Swedish, etc. available at ]
* Pouqueville, François, ''Travels in Epirus, Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly'' (London: printed for Sir Richard Phillips and Co, 1820), an English denatured and truncated edition available
* Pouqueville, François, ''Voyage en Grèce'' (Paris, 1820–1822, 5 vol. in-8° ; 20 édit., 1826–1827, 6 vol. in-8°), his capital work
* Pouqueville, François, ''Histoire de la régénération de la Grèce'' (Paris, 1824, 4 vol. in-8°), translated in many languages. French original edition available on Google books
* Pouqueville, François, ''Notice sur la fin tragique d’Ali-Tébélen'' (Paris 1822, in-8°)
* Skiotis, Dennis N., "From Bandit to Pasha: first steps in the rise to power of Ali of Tepelen, 1750–1784", ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' '''2''': 3: 219–244 (July 1971) ()
* Vaudoncourt, Guillaume de ''Memoirs on the Ionian Islands ... : including the life and character of Ali Pacha''. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1816



==External links==
*{{commons-inline|Tepedelenli Ali Paşa}}

{{Greek War of Independence|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=26048799}}


{{disambiguation|tndis}}
{{Persondata
| NAME = Ali Pasha
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Ottoman ruler
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1740
| PLACE OF BIRTH = ], ] (now ])
| DATE OF DEATH = 24 January 1822
| PLACE OF DEATH = ], Ottoman Empire (now ])
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali Pasha}}
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Latest revision as of 21:29, 18 September 2023

Ali Pasha was the name of numerous Ottoman pashas named Ali. It is most commonly used to refer to Ali Pasha of Ioannina.

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