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{{Short description|American home products line}}
{{for|its former parent company|Tupperware Brands}} {{for|the train station in Florida|Tupperware station}}
{{Infobox company {{Infobox company
|name = Tupperware Brands Corporation |name = Tupperware
|logo = ] |logo = Tupperware 2024.svg
|logo_size = 200px
|type = ]
|type = ]
||foundation = 1948 in ], ]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|1946}}<br/>]
|founder = ]
|founder = ]
|location =
|products = Preparation, storage, serving products for the kitchen and home, and beauty products
|area_served =
|revenue = {{Increase}} ]2.26 billion (2017)
|key_people = ], Chairman and CEO, ]
|num_employees = 13,500 (2010)<ref name=AR2010>{{cite web|url=http://ir.tupperwarebrands.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-11-42252&CIK=1008654|publisher=Tupperware Inc./] Filing|title=Form 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 22, 2011 (FY 2010)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727085933/http://ir.tupperwarebrands.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-11-42252&CIK=1008654|archive-date=2012-07-27}}</ref>
|industry =
|parent = Party Products LLC<ref>https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/party-products-llc-completes-acquisition-of-global-rights-to-tupperware-brand-name-and-operations-in-core-geographies-302317822.html</ref>
|products = Preparation, storage, containment, serving products for the kitchen and home and beauty products
|website = {{url|https://www.tupperware.com/|tupperware.com}}
|revenue = {{Increase}} ]2.3 billion (2010) <ref name=AR2010>{{cite web|url=http://ir.tupperwarebrands.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1193125-11-42252&CIK=1008654|publisher=Tupperware Inc./] Filing|title=Form 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 22, 2011 (FY 2010)}}</ref>
|operating_income = {{Increase}} ]326.5 million <small>(2010)</small><ref name=AR2010/>
|net_income = {{Increase}} ]225.6 million <small>(2010)</small><ref name=AR2010/>
|assets = {{Increase}} ]2.0 billion <small>(2010)</small><ref name=AR2010/>
|equity = {{Increase}} ]789.8 million <small>(2010)</small><ref name=AR2010/>
|num_employees = 13,500 (2010) <ref name=AR2010/>
|parent = ]
|homepage =
}} }}
'''Tupperware''' is an American company that manufactures and internationally distributes preparation, storage, and serving containers for the kitchen and home. It was founded in 1942 by ], who developed his first bell-shaped container and introduced the products to the public in 1946.


As of 2007, it was sold by approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract.<ref>{{cite news |title=New sales record in 2007, Growth in all regions |url=https://www.plasteurope.com/news/TUPPERWARE_t211529/ |work=www.plasteurope.com |date=8 November 2008}}</ref> In 2013, the top marketplace for Tupperware was ], topping ]. Indonesia's sales in 2013 were more than $200 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/world/asia/tupperwares-sweet-spot-shifts-to-indonesia.html?_r=0 |title=Tupperware's Sweet Spot Shifts to Indonesia |first=Joe |last=Cochrane |access-date=April 7, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 2015 }}</ref>
'''Tupperware''' is the name of a home products line that includes preparation, storage, containment, and serving products for the kitchen and home, which were first introduced to the public in 1948.


In September 2024, when its parent company filed for bankruptcy,<ref name=":0" /> it was a wholly owned ] of ] Corporation (TBC). Two months later, it was announced that a company formed by a group of TBC secured lenders, Party Products LLC, of the brand, as well as certain related operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/party-products-llc-completes-acquisition-of-global-rights-to-tupperware-brand-name-and-operations-in-core-geographies-302317822.html|title=Party Products LLC Completes Acquisition of Global Rights to Tupperware Brand Name and Operations in Core Geographies|work=PR Newswire|access-date=2024-12-13|language=en}}</ref>
Tupperware develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes its products as a wholly owned ] of its parent company ]. It is marketed by means of direct sales through an independent sales force of approximately 1.9 million consultants.<ref name=freshup>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/07/business/07interview.html|title=Tupperware Freshens Up the Party|work=]|date=July 7, 2007|accessdate=May 19, 2009 | first=Amy | last=Cortese}}</ref>


==Company history== ==Company history==
]
Tupperware was developed in 1948 by ] (1907–83) in ].<ref>. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.</ref> He developed plastic containers used in households to contain food and keep it airtight. The once-patented "burping seal" is a famous aspect of Tupperware, which distinguished it from competitors. Earl Tupper invented the plastic for Tupperware already in 1938, but the product only worked with the emergence of the sale through presentation in a party setting.
]


=== Early years ===
Tupperware pioneered the ] strategy made famous by the ]. The Tupperware Party allowed for women of the 1950s to work and enjoy the benefits of earning an income without completely taking away the independence granted to women during the Second World War when women first began entering the labor market, all the while keeping their focus in the domestic domain.<ref name="clarke" /> The "Party" model builds on characteristics generally developed by being a housewife (e.g., party planning, hosting a party, sociable relations with friends and neighbors) and created an alternative choice for women who either needed or wanted to work. Brownie Wise, a divorcee who did not have any prior sales training, realized Tupperware's potential as a fun commodity. She realized, however, that she had to be creative and therefore started to throw these Tupperware parties.
] (1907–1983) purchased ] pellets from ] to build Tupperware products in 1938.<ref>{{cite news |title=Earl Silas Tupper |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tupperware-tupper/ |work=www.pbs.org |language=en}}</ref> He developed the first product in 1946 in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/tupper.htm |title=Earl Silas Tupper|website= Ideafinder.com|access-date= 2013-02-28}}</ref> The ] plastic containers could be used in households to contain food and keep them airtight, and featured a "burping seal" that was patented in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/tupperware-stock-collapse-struggles-earl-tupper-1850322497|title=Tupperware's business is nowhere near as airtight as its containers|author=Ananya Bhattacharya|date=11 April 2023|website=Quartz}}</ref>


The product became notable with a sale-through-presentation idea, held in a party setting.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tupperware Documentary |url=http://archive.org/details/tupperware-documentary |access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref> Tupperware developed a ] strategy known as the ] to sell products. The party plan called Tupperware party enabled women of the 1950s to earn an income while keeping their focus in the domestic domain.<ref name="clarke" /> ] (1913–1992), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, started organizing more of these parties and was soon made vice president of marketing in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maurer |first=Elizabeth |title=Social Marketing Before the Internet |website=National Women's History Museum |year=2017 |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/social-marketing-internet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/property/interiors/secret-history-of-tupperware-2100910.html|title=Secret History Of: Tupperware|date=2010-10-08|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-08-12|language=en-GB}}</ref> Later, she created Tupperware Parties Inc.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bax C.|doi=10.1353/jowh.0.0159 |title=Entrepreneur Brownie Wise: Selling Tupperware to America's Women in the 1950s |year=2010 |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=171–180 |s2cid=154411167}}</ref>Women at the parties were exhorted to sell more via the slogan "No Sex, No Sup, Just Tup-Tup-Tup!".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/the-narrative-arc/no-sex-no-sup-just-tup-tup-tup-299c11e60d01 | title=No Sex, No Sup, Just Tup-Tup-Tup! | date=December 2022 }}</ref>
] (1913–92), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, developed the strategy. Tupper was so impressed that Brownie Wise was made vice president of marketing in 1951. Wise soon created Tupperware Parties Inc.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bax C.|doi=10.1353/jowh.0.0159|format=free text|title=Entrepreneur Brownie Wise: Selling Tupperware to America's Women in the 1950s|year=2010|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=171}}</ref> During the early 1950s, Tupperware's sales and popularity exploded, thanks in large part to Wise's influence among women who sold Tupperware, and some of the famous "jubilees" celebrating the success of Tupperware ladies at lavish and outlandishly themed parties. Tupperware was known—at a time when women came back from working during ] only to be told to "go back to the kitchen"<ref>{{cite news|last=Wortz|first=Eleanor Thompson|title=Fly Gals of World War II|url=http://www.rp-author.com/wortz/|accessdate=September 25, 2011|publisher=Robertson Publishing}}</ref>—as a method of empowering women, and giving them a toehold in the postwar business world.<ref name="DAILYMAIL">Mulkerrins, Jane, , '']'', 11 May 2011</ref><ref name="FORBES02142011">Goudreau, Jenna, , '']'', February 14, 2011</ref><ref name="PHI2009">, Public Health Institute, study, October 2009.</ref>


During the early 1950s Tupperware products gained popularity and sales increased. The company continued the Tupperware parties and rewarded top-selling women.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wortz|first=Eleanor Thompson|title=Fly Gals of World War II|url=http://www.rp-author.com/wortz/|access-date=September 25, 2011|website=Robertson Publishing}}</ref><ref name="FORBES02142011">{{cite news|first=Jenna |last=Goudreau |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2011/02/14/the-tupperware-effect-empowering-women-around-the-world-rick-goings-jobs-hiring-employment/ |title=The Tupperware Effect, Empowering Women Around The World|magazine=]|date= February 14, 2011}}</ref><ref name="PHI2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.phi.org/pdf-library/Tupperware_HOPE_Case.pdf|title= Empowering the Community at Risk: The Partnership of PT Tupperware Indonesia and HOPE worldwide|website= Public Health Institute|date= October 2009|access-date= 2012-03-21|archive-date= 2012-07-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120711135200/http://phi.org/pdf-library/Tupperware_HOPE_Case.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref>
The tradition of Tupperware's "Jubilee" style events continues to this day, with rallies being held in major cities to recognize and reward top-selling and top-recruiting individuals, teams, and organizations.


=== 1960–2000 ===
]
Tupperware expanded to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted Tupperware parties in ], ], and other locations around the world.<ref name="bbcnews11">{{cite news| title= What is today's American Dream?| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12688643 | work=] | date= 28 March 2011 | access-date= 2011-03-29}}</ref> A comparison technique called "carrot calling" was used by the representatives wherein they would travel ] in a neighborhood and ask housewives to compare ]s placed in a Tupperware container with anything that they would have ordinarily left them in. These would lead to scheduling of a Tupperware party.<ref name="bbcnews11"/>
]


In 1977, ], the owner of the Tupperware brand, sold its namesake drugstores and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged with ] to form Dart & Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets renamed to Premark International. ] was spun off from Premark in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tupperware Spinoff Is Set for May 31 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/20/business/tupperware-spinoff-is-set-for-may-31.html |work=] |date=20 May 1996}}</ref>
In 1958, Earl Tupper fired Brownie Wise over general difference of opinion in the Tupperware business operation. Officially, Tupper objected to the expenses incurred by the jubilee and other similar celebrations of Tupperware.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-429672/How-Tupperware-conquered-world.html|title=How Tupperware has conquered the world|author= Zoe Brennan |work= ]|date=January 18, 2007 |accessdate= May 19, 2009 |location=London}}</ref> However, the real reason was that Tupper had been approached by several companies interested in buying him out; he felt that he would not be able to sell with a woman in an executive position.<ref name="PBS.org-201202">{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/tupperware-transcript/ | title=Tupperware! Program transcript | publisher=WGBH | work=American Experience | year=2003 | accessdate=February 23, 2012 | quote=Charles McBurney, Tupperware staff: 'He wanted to sell the company. And he felt he couldn't sell it with a woman the head of it, and certainly a woman with such great power over the whole system, over the whole organization.'}}</ref> ] bought Tupperware in 1958.


Tupperware also produced limited products outside its core preparation and storage lines. The Shape O is a toddler toy/puzzle, first produced in 1969. Ten different geometric shapes are inserted into corresponding holes in the ball to complete the game.
Tupperware spread to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted a Tupperware party in ], ], and subsequently around the world. At the time, a strict ] was required for Tupperware ladies, with skirts and stockings (tights) worn at all times, and white gloves often accompanying the outfit.<ref name="bbcnews11">{{cite news| title= What is today's American Dream?| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12688643 | work=] | date= 28 March 2011 | accessdate= 2011-03-29}}</ref> A technique called "carrot calling" helped promote the parties: representatives would travel ] in a neighborhood and ask housewives to "run an experiment" in which ]s would be placed in a Tupperware container and compared with "anything that you would ordinarily leave it in"; it would often result in the scheduling of a Tupperware party.<ref name="bbcnews11"/>


=== 2001–present ===
] sold its namesake drugstores in 1977, and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged with ] to form Dart & Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets named Premark International. ] was spun off from Premark in 1996; Premark was acquired by ] three years later.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}
]
In 2003 Tupperware closed down operations in the ] and ], citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2685755.stm |title=Party Is over for Tupperware UK |date=23 January 2003 |access-date=10 May 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The company relaunched in the UK in mid-2011,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13331830 |title=Did Tupperware Parties Change the Lives of Women? |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=10 May 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and recruited UK staff, but in December the relaunch was canceled.


As of 2007 Tupperware was sold by means of approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract.<ref name="freshup">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/07/business/07interview.html|title=Tupperware Freshens Up the Party|work=]|date=July 7, 2007|access-date=May 19, 2009 | first=Amy | last=Cortese}}</ref>
In 2003, Tupperware closed down operations in the UK and Ireland, citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2685755.stm | title = Party is over for Tupperware UK
| date = 23 January 2003 | accessdate = 10 May 2011 | work=BBC News}}</ref> There has been limited importer-distribution since then.<ref>. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.</ref> The company announced a formal relaunch in the UK in mid-2011,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13331830 | title = Did Tupperware parties change the lives of women? | date = 10 May 2011 | accessdate = 10 May 2011 | work=BBC News}}</ref> and recruited UK staff, but in December the relaunch was cancelled.<ref>. LinkedIn. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.</ref>


In May 2018, the Israeli daily '']'' reported that Tupperware will withdraw from Israel leaving 2,000 agents without a job.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.themarker.com/career/1.6096635|title=טאפרוור עוזבת את ישראל - ו-2,000 מפיצות ללא עבודה|last=חרותי-סובר|first=טלי|date=2018-05-17|work=TheMarker|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> Tupperware Israel relaunched in December 2020 as an online shop.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tupperware.co.il/ |title=Home |website=tupperware.co.il}}</ref> In March 2021 Tupperware closed down operations in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2021/03/no-more-plastic-path-to-empowerment-tupperware-party-in-nl-is-over/|title=No more 'plastic path to empowerment': Tupperware party in NL is over|date=March 2021}}</ref> In August 2022, Tupperware announced it would be leaving the New Zealand market in late 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The famous Kiwi party's over: Tupperware closes lid on NZ operation |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/after-half-a-century-tupperware-closes-lid-on-nz-operation/AR2QI2JBLJUQPUJUDKZAPMR34I/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=NZ Herald |date=24 August 2022 |language=en-NZ}}</ref>
Tupperware is now sold in almost 100 countries, after peaking at more than a hundred after 1996.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/business/investing-it-is-tupperware-dated-not-in-the-global-market.html?pagewanted=all|title=Is Tupperware Dated? Not in the Global Market|work=The New York Times|date=May 26, 1996|accessdate=May 19, 2009 | first=Jon E. | last=Hilsenrath}}</ref>


In 2022 Tupperware has faced criticism for continuing its operations and actively hiring in Russia despite the country’s invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=These 20 companies are still doing business in Russia six months into Ukraine war |url=https://www.indy100.com/news/companies-still-operating-in-russia |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.indy100.com |language=en}}</ref> This decision has drawn scrutiny as many multinational companies have ceased their activities in Russia to comply with international sanctions and condemn the war, which has caused widespread civilian casualties and devastation in Ukraine. Critics argue that Tupperware's ongoing presence in Russia undermines global efforts to isolate the aggressor state and holds the company complicit in prioritizing profits over ethical considerations during a time of geopolitical crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=More than 550 firms still do business in Russia. Many are from the EU |url=https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/01/20/more-than-550-global-companies-are-still-doing-business-in-russia-many-are-european |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salisbury |first=Josh |date=2023-10-03 |title=Burger King franchise still operating in Russia despite pledge to quit |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/ukraine-war-burger-king-franchise-leave-russia-moral-rating-agency-b1110949.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref>
==Tupperware parties==
{{refimprove section|date=June 2013}}
Tupperware is still sold mostly through a ], with rewards for hosts. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant for a host who invites friends and neighbors into his or her home to see the product line. Tupperware hosts are rewarded with free products based on the level of sales made at their party. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups.


On November 2, 2022, after publishing quarterly results, the company said its inability to maintain compliance with its credit agreement raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The stock value dropped more than 40%.{{cn|date=April 2023}} In April 2023 the company warned that there is "substantial doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern". The stock price dropped almost 50% on the same day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/10/investing/tupperware-trouble/index.html|title=Tupperware stock plunges after warning it could go out of business|author=Jordan Valinsky|date=April 10, 2023|work=CNN}}</ref> On April 11, 2023, Tupperware's stock value plummeted to $1.30. Although there was a slight recovery the following day, its sliding sales and increasing debt prompted warnings of permanent company closure unless it receives substantial investment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65243711 |title=Tupperware: Why the household name could soon be history |work=BBC}}</ref>
In most countries, Tupperware's sales force is organized in a tiered structure with consultants at the bottom, managers and star managers over them, and next various levels of directors, with Legacy Executive Directors at the top level. In recent years, Tupperware has done away with distributorships in the United States. This has allowed Tupperware more flexibility, and more generous commission and rewards for their consultants.


As of April 2023 Tupperware had 82 countries listed as places they trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tupperwarebrands.com/company/worldwide-presence|title=Tupperware - Where you can find us - Our Story|website=www.tupperwarebrands.com}}</ref> In May 2023, a financially-ailing Tupperware signed on Moelis & Co. to explore various available strategic options, as it also detected inconsistencies in its prior periods' financial reportings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/tupperware-brings-moelis-co-help-explore-strategic-alternatives-2023-05-08/ |title=Tupperware brings on Moelis & Co to help explore strategic alternatives |website= reuters.com|date=8 May 2023 |access-date= 2023-06-07}}</ref>
In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included such strategies as selling through ] stores in the U.S., and Superstores in Canada, with disappointing results. Tupperware states this hurt direct sales.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/19/business/company-news-tupperware-to-end-partnership-with-target-stores.html|title=Tupperware to End Partnership with Target Stores|work=The New York Times|date=June 19, 2003|accessdate=May 19, 2009}}</ref> In countries with a strong focus on marketing through parties (such as ], ], and ]), Tupperware's market share and profitability continue to decline.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}


On June 1, 2023, Tupperware stopped supplying an independent sales force in the UK and Ireland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tupperwarequeen.co.uk/|title=Tupperware UK &#124; Tupperware Queen UK &#124; Buy Genuine Tupperware Online|website=Tupperware Queen Shop UK}}</ref> and moved fully to selling online and via the shopping TV channel ], shortly before Ideal World itself went out of business in early July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-66123542|title=Ideal World shopping channel goes into administration|work=BBC News |date=July 6, 2023}}</ref>
In many countries, Tupperware products come with a lifetime guarantee. In India, there are some restrictions on the lifetime guarantee clause. In the UK/Ireland the guarantee is 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tupperware.co.uk/service/1539.html|title=Customer Service|work=Tupperware UK & Ireland|accessdate=2009-05-19}}</ref> The company is best known for its plastic bowls and storage containers. However, in recent years it has branched out into stainless steel cookware, fine cutlery, chef's knives, and other kitchen gadgets. After experiencing a slump in sales and public image in the mid-1990s, the company created several new product lines to attract a younger market.


On October 14, 2023, Laurie Ann Goldman following leadership roles at Spanx, Avon and Guess. Tupperware Chair Susan Cameron said in a prepared statement that Goldman “brings the right mix of business and brand experience and has built consumer affinity for some of the world's most iconic brands.”
In some countries including Belgium, Australia, Ireland and the U.S., Tupperware markets their parties and career opportunities through mall kiosks from time to time.


On June 14, 2024, Tupperware announced that its last remaining US manufacturing plant in ] and shift production to their plant in ] in Mexico, with the closure to be completed in January 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plasticstoday.com/business/tupperware-says-adios-to-last-us-factory|title=Tupperware says adios to its last US factory|date=June 14, 2024|accessdate=August 6, 2024|first=Norbert|last=Sparrow|website=plasticstoday.com|publisher=Informa PLC}}</ref>
In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980424&slug=2747051|title=Tupperware Party's Over, Says China|work=]|date=April 24, 1998|accessdate=May 19, 2009|first1=Rone|last1=Tempest|first2=Maggie|last2=Farley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.plasticsnews.com/china/english/printer_en.html?id=1131755394|title=Tupperware adapts to serve diverse markets|work=]|date=November 17, 2005|accessdate=May 19, 2009}}</ref> The Chinese characters 特百惠 are used as the brand name, and translate as "hundred benefit".


On September 16, 2024, Tupperware Brands Corp. announced that they were preparing to file for ] protection later in the week after a failed comeback after beneficial sales during the ]. The company's stock fell nearly 60% after the announcement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/tupperware-brands-plans-file-bankruptcy-bloomberg-reports-2024-09-16/|title=Tupperware Brands plans to file for bankruptcy, Bloomberg News reports|date=September 16, 2024|access-date=September 16, 2024|website=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> On September 18, Tupperware Brands filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, with plans to continue operating during the proceedings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2024/09/18/business/tupperware-files-bankruptcy|title= ‘The party is over’ as Tupperware files for bankruptcy after years of troubles|last=Dmitracova|first=Olesya|last2=Maruf|first2=Ramishah|date=September 18, 2024|access-date=September 18, 2024|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Lenders involved are advocating for a foreclosure in order to claim assets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25 |title=Tupperware Gets About Two Weeks to Use Cash Amid Lender Disputes |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-25/tupperware-gets-about-two-weeks-to-use-cash-amid-lender-disputes |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref>
==Cultural and historical impact==
On October 22, with $818 million obligations, it signed a deal with lenders for $23.5 million cash and $63 million ] in the ] ] for approval of Judge Brendan Shannon.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Tupperware cancels auction, agrees to lender takeover|url=https://www.rappler.com/business/tupperware-cancels-auction-agrees-lender-takeover/ |accessdate= October 25, 2024 |work =] |date=October 23, 2024}}</ref>
]
Tupperware created a means for the housewife to maintain her obligations in the domestic sphere of the household while creating an independence from the home in a sociable atmosphere.<ref>Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 176. {{doi|10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x}}</ref> It has been argued that the repercussions of the Tupperware boom in American households and the American economy are the elevation of the status of women in the labor market along with increased status within the home and facilitating their entrance into the labor market in further years.<ref name="v">Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 180–184. {{doi|10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x}}</ref>


==Tupperware parties==
<nowiki> </nowiki>The reciprocity that emerges at the “parties,” which are traditionally composed of friends and family members of the hostess, creates a nurturing atmosphere without a direct sales feeling. Studies show that the creation of the “Tupperware party” is a gendered construct aimed at appeasing the general ethos of the domestic arrangements of the era where men were the sole earners and it was the women's responsibility to manage the housework. It was the Larkin company, however that were the forerunners of these types of "parties", during the 1890s, that were popularized by such organizations as Tupperware.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3116433|author=Stanger, Howard R. |title=From Factory to Family: The Creation of a Corporate Culture in the Larkin Company of Buffalo, New York|journal= The Business History Review|volume=74|issue= 3|year= 2000|pages= 407–433|doi=10.2307/3116433|url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2154.html}}</ref>
]
Tupperware is still sold mostly through a ]. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant as a host or hostess who invites friends and neighbors into their home to see the product line. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blakemore |first1=Erin |title=Tupperware Parties: Suburban Women's Plastic Path to Empowerment |url=https://www.history.com/news/tupperware-parties-brownie-wise |work=History.com |date=1 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> To stay in touch with its sales force, Tupperware published the monthly magazine ''Tupperware Sparks''. The magazine had snapshots of saleswomen posing with awards and recognition for high sales. To avoid spending money on advertising, Tupperware created events that attracted free publicity.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tupperware-parties| title=Tupperware Home Parties| publisher=PBS| access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>


The ] strategy adopted by Tupperware has been criticized as manipulative.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richards |first1=Laura |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-mlm-female-friendship-costs-20190122-story.html |website=Chicago Tribune |title=How MLMs — multilevel marketing schemes — are hurting female friendships |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> Statistics released by Tupperware in 2018 showed that 94% of its active distributors remained on the lowest level of the pyramid, with average gross earnings of $653.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tupperware Income Disclosure Summary |url=http://blog.tupperware.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_Income_disclosure_CA.pdf |website=Tupperware |access-date=30 March 2019 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330230648/http://blog.tupperware.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018_Income_disclosure_CA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Feminist views vary regarding the Tupperware format of sales through parties, and the social and economic role of women portrayed by the Tupperware model. Opposing views state that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking.<ref name=v/> The positive feminist views consider that Tupperware provided work for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to the unequal gender laws in the workplace. The company promoted the betterment of women and the endless opportunities Tupperware offered to women; whereas, the negative view includes the restriction of women to the domestic sphere and limiting the real separation between running the household and a career.<ref name=clarke>Allison J. Clarke, Tupperware, Washington: ] (1999), 192–193.</ref> The emergence of Tupperware on the American market created a new kind of opportunity to an entirely underrepresented labor demographic; women, and especially suburban housewives, which subsequently facilitated the calls for equal rights between men and women in the workplace.


In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included selling through ] stores in the US and Superstores in Canada with disappointing results.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/19/business/company-news-tupperware-to-end-partnership-with-target-stores.html|title=Tupperware to End Partnership with Target Stores|work=The New York Times|date=June 19, 2003|access-date=May 19, 2009}}</ref> In countries with a focus on marketing through parties (such as ], ], and ]), Tupperware's market share and profitability continue to decline.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/tupperware-matches-profit-views-sales-fall-slightly-less-than-expected-2018-04-25|title=Tupperware matches profit views, sales fall slightly less than expected|last=Kilgore|first=Tomi|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> In ], products can be also purchased online without a salesperson.
==Product lines==
]


In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-24-mn-42595-story.html|title=China Slams Door on Direct-Sales Firms|last1=Tempest|first1=Rone|date=April 24, 1998|work=]|access-date=May 19, 2009|last2=Farley|first2=Maggie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.plasticsnews.com/china/english/printer_en.html?id=1131755394|title=Tupperware adapts to serve diverse markets|work=]|date=November 17, 2005|access-date=May 19, 2009|archive-date=December 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208232317/http://www.plasticsnews.com/china/english/printer_en.html?id=1131755394|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Tupperware's product ranges are often marketed under different names in different markets, and the product ranges and colors themselves differ between markets. Tupperware's most popular lines include:


==Feminist reactions==
* ''Eleganzia'' (UK, DE), ''Illusions'' (AU): a "glasslike" range of serving dishes
Feminist academics had different reactions to Tupperware. A more positive interpretation argued Tupperware provided employment for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to unequal laws in the workplace.<ref name="clarke"/> Opposing views argued that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking.<ref name="v">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x |title = Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women's Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles |journal = Canadian Review of Sociology |volume = 40 |issue = 2 |pages = 171–196 |year = 2008 |last1 = Vincent |first1 = S. }}</ref> Negative views also argued Tupperware helped keep women restricted to the ].<ref name=clarke>Clarke, Allison J. (1999) ''Tupperware'', Washington: ]. pp. 192–193. {{ISBN|1560989203}}.</ref>
* ''Wonderlier'' (US, Canada, UK), ''Bowl Maravilloso'' (URU): round storage bowl sets in bright colours
* ''FlatOut!'' (US), ''MiniMax'' (UK), ''Go Flex'' (AU), ''Compactware'' (URU): bowls that flatten for storage, and can be expanded when needed
* ''FridgeSmart'' (US, UK, AU), ''PrimaKlima'' (DE), ''Marine'' (URU): with air control vents, FridgeSmart containers are modular containers intended for refrigerated fruits and vegetables. FridgeSmarts have air control vents intended to allow different levels of airflow around different types of fruits and vegetables, as well as a corrugated bottom to allow them to store securely on a refrigerator shelf.
* ''Stuffables'' (US, AU), ''Bungee'': refrigerator storage with flexible lids for overfilling
* ''UltraPro'' (DE, AU, UK), ''UltraPlus'' : plastic casseroles advertised as being safe when used in a microwave or a conventional oven, with heat-resistant properties

== See also==
* ]
* ] aka Lock & Lock


==See also==
{{Portal|Food|Technology}}
*]
*] aka Lock & Lock
*]
*]
*]
==External links==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{Reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*''Tupperware: The Promise of Plastic in 1950s America'' by Alison Clarke, published by the ] ({{date|2014-09-30|MDY}}), {{ISBN|1588344363}}.
* Elayne Rapping, "Tupperware and Women", ''Radical America'', vol. 14, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1980), pp.&nbsp;39–49.
*Charles Duhigg, ''New York Times,'' {{date|2006-11-17|MDY}}.
*Elayne Rapping, "Tupperware and Women", ''Radical America'', vol.&nbsp;14, no.&nbsp;6 (November–December 1980), pp.&nbsp;39–49.


{{Authority control}}
==External links==
*
* program from PBS' American Experience, 2005
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/business/13short.html|title=Why Short Sellers Want to Crash the Tupperware Party|work=The New York Times|date=November 17, 2006|accessdate=May 19, 2009 | first=Charles | last=Duhigg}}
*


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Latest revision as of 02:09, 25 December 2024

American home products line For its former parent company, see Tupperware Brands. For the train station in Florida, see Tupperware station.
Tupperware
Company typeSubsidiary
Founded1946; 78 years ago (1946)
Leominster, Massachusetts
FounderEarl Tupper
HeadquartersOrlando Edit this on Wikidata
ProductsPreparation, storage, serving products for the kitchen and home, and beauty products
RevenueIncrease US$2.26 billion (2017)
Number of employees13,500 (2010)
ParentParty Products LLC
Websitetupperware.com

Tupperware is an American company that manufactures and internationally distributes preparation, storage, and serving containers for the kitchen and home. It was founded in 1942 by Earl Tupper, who developed his first bell-shaped container and introduced the products to the public in 1946.

As of 2007, it was sold by approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract. In 2013, the top marketplace for Tupperware was Indonesia, topping Germany. Indonesia's sales in 2013 were more than $200 million.

In September 2024, when its parent company filed for bankruptcy, it was a wholly owned subsidiary of Tupperware Brands Corporation (TBC). Two months later, it was announced that a company formed by a group of TBC secured lenders, Party Products LLC, had completed the purchase of the brand, as well as certain related operations.

Company history

Tupperware containers from 2011
2 Colorful Tupperware containers
Colorful Tupperware containers

Early years

Earl Tupper (1907–1983) purchased polyethylene pellets from DuPont to build Tupperware products in 1938. He developed the first product in 1946 in Leominster, Massachusetts. The polyethylene plastic containers could be used in households to contain food and keep them airtight, and featured a "burping seal" that was patented in 1949.

The product became notable with a sale-through-presentation idea, held in a party setting. Tupperware developed a direct marketing strategy known as the party plan to sell products. The party plan called Tupperware party enabled women of the 1950s to earn an income while keeping their focus in the domestic domain. Brownie Wise (1913–1992), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, started organizing more of these parties and was soon made vice president of marketing in 1951. Later, she created Tupperware Parties Inc.Women at the parties were exhorted to sell more via the slogan "No Sex, No Sup, Just Tup-Tup-Tup!".

During the early 1950s Tupperware products gained popularity and sales increased. The company continued the Tupperware parties and rewarded top-selling women.

1960–2000

Tupperware expanded to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted Tupperware parties in Weybridge, England, and other locations around the world. A comparison technique called "carrot calling" was used by the representatives wherein they would travel door-to-door in a neighborhood and ask housewives to compare carrots placed in a Tupperware container with anything that they would have ordinarily left them in. These would lead to scheduling of a Tupperware party.

In 1977, Rexall, the owner of the Tupperware brand, sold its namesake drugstores and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged with Kraft Foods to form Dart & Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets renamed to Premark International. Tupperware Brands was spun off from Premark in 1996.

Tupperware also produced limited products outside its core preparation and storage lines. The Shape O is a toddler toy/puzzle, first produced in 1969. Ten different geometric shapes are inserted into corresponding holes in the ball to complete the game.

2001–present

Tupperware logo from 1994 to 2024.

In 2003 Tupperware closed down operations in the UK and Ireland, citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model. The company relaunched in the UK in mid-2011, and recruited UK staff, but in December the relaunch was canceled.

As of 2007 Tupperware was sold by means of approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract.

In May 2018, the Israeli daily TheMarker reported that Tupperware will withdraw from Israel leaving 2,000 agents without a job. Tupperware Israel relaunched in December 2020 as an online shop. In March 2021 Tupperware closed down operations in the Netherlands. In August 2022, Tupperware announced it would be leaving the New Zealand market in late 2022.

In 2022 Tupperware has faced criticism for continuing its operations and actively hiring in Russia despite the country’s invasion of Ukraine. This decision has drawn scrutiny as many multinational companies have ceased their activities in Russia to comply with international sanctions and condemn the war, which has caused widespread civilian casualties and devastation in Ukraine. Critics argue that Tupperware's ongoing presence in Russia undermines global efforts to isolate the aggressor state and holds the company complicit in prioritizing profits over ethical considerations during a time of geopolitical crisis.

On November 2, 2022, after publishing quarterly results, the company said its inability to maintain compliance with its credit agreement raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The stock value dropped more than 40%. In April 2023 the company warned that there is "substantial doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern". The stock price dropped almost 50% on the same day. On April 11, 2023, Tupperware's stock value plummeted to $1.30. Although there was a slight recovery the following day, its sliding sales and increasing debt prompted warnings of permanent company closure unless it receives substantial investment.

As of April 2023 Tupperware had 82 countries listed as places they trade. In May 2023, a financially-ailing Tupperware signed on Moelis & Co. to explore various available strategic options, as it also detected inconsistencies in its prior periods' financial reportings.

On June 1, 2023, Tupperware stopped supplying an independent sales force in the UK and Ireland and moved fully to selling online and via the shopping TV channel Ideal World, shortly before Ideal World itself went out of business in early July 2023.

On October 14, 2023, Laurie Ann Goldman became CEO and board director following leadership roles at Spanx, Avon and Guess. Tupperware Chair Susan Cameron said in a prepared statement that Goldman “brings the right mix of business and brand experience and has built consumer affinity for some of the world's most iconic brands.”

On June 14, 2024, Tupperware announced that it would close its last remaining US manufacturing plant in Hemingway, South Carolina and shift production to their plant in Lerma in Mexico, with the closure to be completed in January 2025.

On September 16, 2024, Tupperware Brands Corp. announced that they were preparing to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection later in the week after a failed comeback after beneficial sales during the COVID-19 pandemic. The company's stock fell nearly 60% after the announcement. On September 18, Tupperware Brands filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, with plans to continue operating during the proceedings. Lenders involved are advocating for a foreclosure in order to claim assets. On October 22, with $818 million obligations, it signed a deal with lenders for $23.5 million cash and $63 million debt relief in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware bankruptcy court for approval of Judge Brendan Shannon.

Tupperware parties

A Tupperware party advertisement from the late 1950s

Tupperware is still sold mostly through a party plan. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant as a host or hostess who invites friends and neighbors into their home to see the product line. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups. To stay in touch with its sales force, Tupperware published the monthly magazine Tupperware Sparks. The magazine had snapshots of saleswomen posing with awards and recognition for high sales. To avoid spending money on advertising, Tupperware created events that attracted free publicity.

The multi-level marketing strategy adopted by Tupperware has been criticized as manipulative. Statistics released by Tupperware in 2018 showed that 94% of its active distributors remained on the lowest level of the pyramid, with average gross earnings of $653.

In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included selling through Target stores in the US and Superstores in Canada with disappointing results. In countries with a focus on marketing through parties (such as Germany, Australia, and New Zealand), Tupperware's market share and profitability continue to decline. In New Zealand, products can be also purchased online without a salesperson.

In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998.

Feminist reactions

Feminist academics had different reactions to Tupperware. A more positive interpretation argued Tupperware provided employment for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to unequal laws in the workplace. Opposing views argued that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking. Negative views also argued Tupperware helped keep women restricted to the domestic sphere.

See also

External links

References

  1. "Form 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 22, 2011 (FY 2010)". Tupperware Inc./SEC Filing. Archived from the original on 2012-07-27.
  2. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/party-products-llc-completes-acquisition-of-global-rights-to-tupperware-brand-name-and-operations-in-core-geographies-302317822.html
  3. "New sales record in 2007, Growth in all regions". www.plasteurope.com. 8 November 2008.
  4. Cochrane, Joe (March 2015). "Tupperware's Sweet Spot Shifts to Indonesia". The New York Times. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  5. ^ Dmitracova, Olesya; Maruf, Ramishah (September 18, 2024). "'The party is over' as Tupperware files for bankruptcy after years of troubles". CNN. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  6. "Party Products LLC Completes Acquisition of Global Rights to Tupperware Brand Name and Operations in Core Geographies". PR Newswire. Retrieved 2024-12-13.
  7. "Earl Silas Tupper". www.pbs.org.
  8. "Earl Silas Tupper". Ideafinder.com. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
  9. Ananya Bhattacharya (11 April 2023). "Tupperware's business is nowhere near as airtight as its containers". Quartz.
  10. Tupperware Documentary, retrieved 2022-10-05
  11. ^ Clarke, Allison J. (1999) Tupperware, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 192–193. ISBN 1560989203.
  12. Maurer, Elizabeth (2017). "Social Marketing Before the Internet". National Women's History Museum.
  13. "Secret History Of: Tupperware". The Independent. 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
  14. Bax C. (2010). "Entrepreneur Brownie Wise: Selling Tupperware to America's Women in the 1950s". Journal of Women's History. 22 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1353/jowh.0.0159. S2CID 154411167.
  15. "No Sex, No Sup, Just Tup-Tup-Tup!". December 2022.
  16. Wortz, Eleanor Thompson. "Fly Gals of World War II". Robertson Publishing. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  17. Goudreau, Jenna (February 14, 2011). "The Tupperware Effect, Empowering Women Around The World". Forbes.
  18. "Empowering the Community at Risk: The Partnership of PT Tupperware Indonesia and HOPE worldwide" (PDF). Public Health Institute. October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
  19. ^ "What is today's American Dream?". BBC News. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  20. "Tupperware Spinoff Is Set for May 31". The New York Times. 20 May 1996.
  21. "Party Is over for Tupperware UK". BBC News. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  22. "Did Tupperware Parties Change the Lives of Women?". BBC News. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
  23. Cortese, Amy (July 7, 2007). "Tupperware Freshens Up the Party". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
  24. חרותי-סובר, טלי (2018-05-17). "טאפרוור עוזבת את ישראל - ו-2,000 מפיצות ללא עבודה". TheMarker. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  25. "Home". tupperware.co.il.
  26. "No more 'plastic path to empowerment': Tupperware party in NL is over". March 2021.
  27. "The famous Kiwi party's over: Tupperware closes lid on NZ operation". NZ Herald. 24 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
  28. "These 20 companies are still doing business in Russia six months into Ukraine war". www.indy100.com. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  29. "More than 550 firms still do business in Russia. Many are from the EU". euronews. 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  30. Salisbury, Josh (2023-10-03). "Burger King franchise still operating in Russia despite pledge to quit". The Standard. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
  31. Jordan Valinsky (April 10, 2023). "Tupperware stock plunges after warning it could go out of business". CNN.
  32. "Tupperware: Why the household name could soon be history". BBC.
  33. "Tupperware - Where you can find us - Our Story". www.tupperwarebrands.com.
  34. "Tupperware brings on Moelis & Co to help explore strategic alternatives". reuters.com. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
  35. "Tupperware UK | Tupperware Queen UK | Buy Genuine Tupperware Online". Tupperware Queen Shop UK.
  36. "Ideal World shopping channel goes into administration". BBC News. July 6, 2023.
  37. Sparrow, Norbert (June 14, 2024). "Tupperware says adios to its last US factory". plasticstoday.com. Informa PLC. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  38. "Tupperware Brands plans to file for bankruptcy, Bloomberg News reports". Reuters. September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  39. "Tupperware Gets About Two Weeks to Use Cash Amid Lender Disputes". Bloomberg.com. 2024-09-25. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  40. "Tupperware cancels auction, agrees to lender takeover". Rappler. October 23, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
  41. Blakemore, Erin (1 March 2019). "Tupperware Parties: Suburban Women's Plastic Path to Empowerment". History.com.
  42. "Tupperware Home Parties". PBS. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
  43. Richards, Laura (22 January 2019). "How MLMs — multilevel marketing schemes — are hurting female friendships". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  44. "Tupperware Income Disclosure Summary" (PDF). Tupperware. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  45. "Tupperware to End Partnership with Target Stores". The New York Times. June 19, 2003. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
  46. Kilgore, Tomi. "Tupperware matches profit views, sales fall slightly less than expected". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  47. Tempest, Rone; Farley, Maggie (April 24, 1998). "China Slams Door on Direct-Sales Firms". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
  48. "Tupperware adapts to serve diverse markets". Plastics News. November 17, 2005. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
  49. Vincent, S. (2008). "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women's Changing Domestic, Social and Economic Roles". Canadian Review of Sociology. 40 (2): 171–196. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x.

Further reading

Categories: