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{{Short description|Super Neptune orbiting HAT-P-11}}
{{Planetbox begin
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
| name = ]-11b
{{Infobox planet
| name = ]-11b / Kepler-3b
| image = File:Neptune's (updated color) compared to Exoplanet HAT-P-11b.png
| caption = Size comparison of Neptune with HAT-P-11b (gray).
<!-- DISCOVERY -->
| discovery_ref = <ref name="Bakos2010"/>
| discoverer = Bakos ''et al.''
| discovery_site = ]
| discovered = 2 January 2009
| discovery_method = ] (])
<!-- DESIGNATIONS -->
<!-- ORBITAL -->
| apsis = astron
| aphelion = {{val|0.0637|0.0020|0.0019}} ]
| perihelion = {{val|0.0413|0.0018|0.0019}} ]
| semimajor = {{val|0.05254|0.00064|0.00066}} ]
| eccentricity = {{val|0.218|0.034|0.031}}<ref name="Yee2018"/>
| period = {{val|4.887802443|0.000000034|0.000000030}}<ref name="Huber2017"/> ]
| inclination = {{val|89.05|0.15|0.09}}<ref name="Huber2017"/>
| time_periastron = {{val|2454957.15|0.17|0.20}}<ref name="Yee2018"/>
| arg_peri = {{val|19|14|16}}<ref name="Yee2018"/>
| semi-amplitude = {{val|10.42|0.64|0.66}}<ref name="Yee2018"/>
| star = ]
<!-- PHYS CHARS -->
| mean_radius = {{val|4.36|0.06}}<ref name="Huber2017"/> {{Earth radius|link=y}}
| mass = {{val|23.4|1.5}}<ref name="Yee2018"/> {{Earth mass|link=y}}
| density = {{cvt|1440|kg/m3|g/cm3|disp=out|lk=on}}
| surface_grav = 1.20 ]
<!-- ATMOSPHERE -->
<!-- NOTES -->
}} }}
'''HAT-P-11b''' (or ''']-3b''') is an ] orbiting the star ]. It was discovered by the ] team in 2009 using the ], and submitted for publication on 2 January 2009.
{{Planetbox image
| image = Exoplanet Comparison HAT-P-11 b.png
| caption = Size comparison of HAT-P-11b (gray) with Neptune.
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = ]
| constell = ]
| RA = {{RA|19|50|50.25}}<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| DEC = {{DEC|+48|04|51.1}}<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| app_mag = 9.59<ref name="Bakos2010"/>
| dist_ly = 122 ± 4<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| dist_pc = 37 ± 1<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| class = K4<ref name="Bakos2010"/>
}}
{{Planetbox orbit
| semimajor = 0.053{{±|0.0002|0.0008}}
| semimajor_gigameter = 7.9{{±|0.03|0.12}}
| periastron = 0.043
| periastron_gigameter = 6.4
| apastron = 0.063
| apastron_gigameter = 9.4
| eccentricity = 0.198 ± 0.046
| period = 4.8878045±0.0000043<ref name="followup">{{cite journal| title=Follow-up Observations of the Neptune Mass Transiting Extrasolar Planet HAT-P-11b |year=2009| last1=Dittmann| first1=Jason A.| last2=Close | first2=Laird M. | last3=Green| first3=Elizabeth M.| last4=Scuderi| first4=Louis J. | last5=Males| first5=Jared R.| doi=10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/L48| journal=The Astrophysical Journal| volume=699| pages=L48–L51 |arxiv=0905.1114v2|bibcode = 2009ApJ...699L..48D }}</ref>
| period_year = 0.013381878 ± 0.000000019
| speed = 118
| inclination = 88.5 ± 0.6
| ang_dist = 1.4
| arg_peri = 355.2 ± 17.3
| t_transit = 2454605.89132 ± 0.00032
| semi-amp =
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass = 0.081 ± 0.009
| mass_earth = 26 ± 3
| radius = 0.422 ± 0.014
| radius_earth = 4.58 ± 0.15
| density = 1440
| gravity_earth = 1.20
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discovery_date = January 2, 2009
| discoverers = Bakos ''et al.''
| discovery_method = ] (])
| detection_methods = Radial velocity
| discovery_site = ]
| discovery_status = Published
}}
{{Planetbox reference
| star = HAT-P-11
| planet = b
}}
{{Planetbox end}}


This planet is located approximately {{convert|123|ly|pc|lk=on}} distant from Earth.<ref name="Gaia DR2"/>
'''HAT-P-11b''' (or ''']-3b''') is an ] orbiting the star ]. This planet was discovered by the ] and submitted for publication on January 2, 2009.


==Discovery==
This planet is located approximately {{convert|122|ly|pc|lk=on}} away<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/> in the ] of ], orbiting the 10th ] ] ] ]. This planet was the smallest transiting planet known when first discovered, with a radius about 5 times that of Earth; but is more massive than ] at a ] of 26 times that of ]. This planet orbits about the same distance from the star as ] is from ], typical of transiting planets. However, the orbit of this planet is eccentric, at around 0.198, unusually high for ]s. HAT-P-11b's orbit is also highly inclined, with a tilt of approximately 103 degrees relative to its star's rotation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.subarutelescope.org/Pressrelease/2010/12/20/index.html| title=Inclined Orbits Prevail in Exoplanetary Systems| date=January 12, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Ojeda">{{cite journal
The HATNet Project team initially detected the ] of HAT-P-11b from analysis of 11470 images, taken in 2004 and 2005, by the HAT-6 and HAT-9 telescopes. The planet was confirmed using 50 ] measurements taken with the HIRES radial velocity spectrometer at ].<ref name="Bakos2010"/>
|title=Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars
|author=Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda, Josh N. Winn, Daniel C. Fabrycky
|year=2012
|arxiv=1211.2002|bibcode = 2013AN....334..180S |doi = 10.1002/asna.201211765 }}</ref>


The HAT-P-11 system was within the ] of the ].<ref name="Bakos2010"/> At the time of its discovery HAT-P-11b was the smallest radius transiting extrasolar planet discovered by a ground based transit search and was also one of three previously known transiting planets within the initial ] of the ].<ref name="Bakos2010"/>


Its radial velocity is drifting and this may be a result of an as-yet-undiscovered planet in the system.<ref name="Bakos2010"/> There was a linear trend in the radial velocities indicating the possibility of another planet in the system.<ref name="Bakos2010"/> This planet, HAT-P-11c, was confirmed in 2018 .<ref name="Yee2018"/>


==Characteristics==
The planet fits models for 90% heavy elements. Expected temperature is 878 ± 15K.<ref name="Bakos2010"/>
This planet orbits about the same distance from the star as ] is from ], typical of transiting planets. However, the orbit of this planet is eccentric, at around 0.198, unusually high for ]s. HAT-P-11b's orbit is also highly inclined, with a tilt of 103{{±|26|10}}°.<ref>{{citation|arxiv=1206.6105|title=Obliquities of Hot Jupiter host stars: Evidence for tidal interactions and primordial misalignments|year=2012|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/18|last1=Albrecht|first1=Simon|last2=Winn|first2=Joshua N.|last3=Johnson|first3=John A.|last4=Howard|first4=Andrew W.|last5=Marcy|first5=Geoffrey W.|last6=Butler|first6=R. Paul|last7=Arriagada|first7=Pamela|last8=Crane|first8=Jeffrey D.|last9=Shectman|first9=Stephen A.|last10=Thompson|first10=Ian B.|last11=Hirano|first11=Teruyuki|last12=Bakos|first12=Gaspar|last13=Hartman|first13=Joel D.|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=757|issue=1|page=18|bibcode=2012ApJ...757...18A|s2cid=17174530}}</ref> degrees relative to its star's rotation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.subarutelescope.org/Pressrelease/2010/12/20/index.html| title=Inclined Orbits Prevail in Exoplanetary Systems| date=12 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Ojeda">{{cite journal|title=Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars|author1=Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda |author2=Josh N. Winn |author3=Daniel C. Fabrycky |date=2012|arxiv=1211.2002|bibcode = 2013AN....334..180S |doi = 10.1002/asna.201211765 |volume=334 |issue=1–2 |journal=Astronomische Nachrichten |pages=180–183|s2cid=38743202 }}</ref> The planet is probably composed primarily of heavy elements with only 10% hydrogen and helium by mass, like ].<ref name="Bakos2010"/>
Actual temperature must await calculations of secondary transit.


On 24 September 2014, NASA reported that HAT-P-11b is the first Neptune-sized exoplanet known to have a relatively cloud-free atmosphere and, as well, the first time ]s, namely ], of any kind have been found on such a relatively small exoplanet.<ref name="NASA-20140924">{{cite web |last1=Clavin |first1=Whitney |last2=Chou |first2=Felicia |last3=Weaver |first3=Donna |last4=Villard |first45=Ray |last5=Johnson |first5=Michele |title=NASA Telescopes Find Clear Skies and Water Vapor on Exoplanet |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&1 |date=24 September 2014 |work=] |accessdate=24 September 2014 }}</ref>
HAT-P-11b is the first Neptune-sized exoplanet to have relatively cloud-free atmosphere.<ref>http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-telescopes-find-clear-skies-and-water-vapor-on-exoplanet/index.html#.VCNZelGCEc0</ref>

In 2009 French astronomers observed what was thought to be a weak unpolarized radio signal coming from the exoplanet, but it was not observed in a repeat observation in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lightning as a possible source of the radio emission on HAT-P-11b|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=461 |issue=2 |pages=1222–1226 |publisher=ADS | bibcode=2016MNRAS.461.1222H|arxiv = 1604.07406 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stw977|year=2016 |last1=Hodosán |first1=G. |last2=Rimmer |first2=P. B. |last3=Helling |first3=Ch. |doi-access=free |s2cid=119248079 }}</ref> If the signal was real, then it was probably due to intense ] storms with similar properties as ones on ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Helling |first1=Christiane |last2=Rimmer |first2=Paul B. |title=Lightning and charge processes in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |date=23 September 2019 |volume=377 |issue=2154 |pages=20180398 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2018.0398|pmid=31378171 |pmc=6710897 |arxiv=1903.04565 |bibcode=2019RSPTA.37780398H }}</ref>

In December 2021 evidence of a ] was discovered in HAT-P-11b that could be the first ever in any exoplanet.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Ben-Jaffel|first1=Lotfi|title=Signatures of Strong Magnetization and Metal-poor Atmosphere for a Neptune-Size Exoplanet|date=2021|url=http://data.iap.fr/doi/bjaffel/20210727/|publisher=Institut d'astrophysique de Paris-CNRS|language=en|doi=10.48392/lbj-001|access-date=2021-12-23|last2=Ballester|first2=Gilda}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-20|title=Astronomers Detect Signature of Magnetic Field on an Exoplanet|url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/astronomers-detect-signature-magnetic-field-exoplanet|access-date=2021-12-23|website=University of Arizona News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Callaghan |first=Jonathan |date=2023-08-07 |title=Exoplanets Could Help Us Learn How Planets Make Magnetism |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/exoplanets-could-help-us-learn-how-planets-make-magnetism-20230807/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Quanta Magazine |language=en}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ] another extra solar planet with evidence of magnetic fields
* ]
* ] another extra solar planet with evidence of magnetic fields
* ]
* ] another extra solar planet with evidence of magnetic fields


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= {{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Bakos2010">{{cite journal | title=HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field | last1=Bakos | first1=G. Á. | last2=Torres | first2=G. | last3=Pál | first3=A. | last4=Hartman | first4= J. | last5=Kovács | first5=Géza | last6=Noyes | first6=R. W. | last7=Latham | first7=D. W. | last8=Sasselov | first8=D. D. | last9=Sipőcz | first9=B. | display-authors=1 | year=2010 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=710 | issue=2 | pages=1724–1745 | arxiv=0901.0282 | bibcode=2010ApJ...710.1724B | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1724 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Gaia DR2">{{cite DR2|2086512227851023872}}</ref>


<ref name="Bakos2010">{{cite journal | title=HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field | url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/710/2/1724/fulltext/ | last1=Bakos | first1=G. Á. | last2=Torres | first2=G. | last3=Pál | first3=A. | last4=Hartman | first4= J. | last5=Kovács | first5=Géza | last6=Noyes | first6=R. W. | last7=Latham | first7=D. W. | last8=Sasselov | first8=D. D. | last9=Sipőcz | first9=B. | display-authors=1 | year=2010 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1724 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=710 | issue=2 | pages=1724–1745 | arxiv=0901.0282|bibcode = 2010ApJ...710.1724B }}</ref> <ref name="Huber2017">{{cite journal | title=Discovery of the secondary eclipse of HAT-P-11 b | url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2017/01/aa29699-16/aa29699-16.html | last1=Huber | first1=K. F. | last2=Czesla | first2=S. | last3=Schmitt | first3=J. H. M. M. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=597 | at=A113 | year=2017 | arxiv=1611.00153 | bibcode=2017A&A...597A.113H | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629699 | doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name="Yee2018">{{cite journal | title=HAT-P-11: Discovery of a Second Planet and a Clue to Understanding Exoplanet Obliquities | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=155 | issue=6 | at=255 | year=2018 | last1=Yee | first1=Samuel W. | last2=Petigura | first2=Erik A. | last3=Fulton | first3=Benjamin J. | last4=Knutson | first4=Heather A. | last5=Batygin | first5=Konstantin | last6=Bakos | first6=Gáspár Á. | last7=Hartman | first7=Joel D. | last8=Hirsch | first8=Lea A. | last9=Howard | first9=Andrew W. | last10=Isaacson | first10=Howard | last11=Kosiarek | first11=Molly R. | last12=Sinukoff | first12=Evan | last13=Weiss | first13=Lauren M. | display-authors=1 | arxiv=1805.09352 | bibcode=2018AJ....155..255Y | bibcode-access=free | doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aabfec | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="van Leeuwen2007">{{cite journal | url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=bibcode&Itemid=129&bibcode=2007A%2526A...474..653VFUL | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | last1=van Leeuwen | first1=F. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | year=2007 | arxiv=0708.1752 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 }} </ref>


}} }}
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==External links== ==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|HAT-P-11 b|HAT-P-11b}} {{commonscat-inline|HAT-P-11 b|HAT-P-11b}}
* {{Cite web | url=http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/base/planete.php?etoile=HAT-P-11&planete=b | title=HAT-P-11 b | work=Exoplanets}} * {{Cite web | url=http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/base/planete.php?etoile=HAT-P-11&planete=b | title=HAT-P-11 b | work=Exoplanets | access-date=1 February 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318124920/http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/base/planete.php?etoile=HAT-P-11&planete=b | archive-date=18 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}


{{Sky|19|50|50.2469|+|48|04|51.085|123}} {{Sky|19|50|50.2469|+|48|04|51.085|123}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Hat-P-11b}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hat-P-11b}}
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 29 October 2024

Super Neptune orbiting HAT-P-11

HAT-P-11b / Kepler-3b
Size comparison of Neptune with HAT-P-11b (gray).
Discovery
Discovered byBakos et al.
Discovery siteCambridge, Massachusetts
Discovery date2 January 2009
Detection methodTransit (HATNet)
Orbital characteristics
Apastron0.0637+0.0020
−0.0019 AU
Periastron0.0413+0.0018
−0.0019 AU
Semi-major axis0.05254+0.00064
−0.00066 AU
Eccentricity0.218+0.034
−0.031
Orbital period (sidereal)4.887802443+0.000000034
−0.000000030 d
Inclination89.05+0.15
−0.09
Time of periastron2454957.15+0.17
−0.20
Argument of periastron19+14
−16
Semi-amplitude10.42+0.64
−0.66
StarHAT-P-11
Physical characteristics
Mean radius4.36±0.06 R🜨
Mass23.4±1.5 ME
Mean density1.44 g/cm
Surface gravity1.20 g

HAT-P-11b (or Kepler-3b) is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HAT-P-11. It was discovered by the HATNet Project team in 2009 using the transit method, and submitted for publication on 2 January 2009.

This planet is located approximately 123 light-years (38 pc) distant from Earth.

Discovery

The HATNet Project team initially detected the transits of HAT-P-11b from analysis of 11470 images, taken in 2004 and 2005, by the HAT-6 and HAT-9 telescopes. The planet was confirmed using 50 radial velocity measurements taken with the HIRES radial velocity spectrometer at W. M. Keck Observatory.

At the time of its discovery HAT-P-11b was the smallest radius transiting extrasolar planet discovered by a ground based transit search and was also one of three previously known transiting planets within the initial field of view of the Kepler spacecraft.

There was a linear trend in the radial velocities indicating the possibility of another planet in the system. This planet, HAT-P-11c, was confirmed in 2018 .

Characteristics

This planet orbits about the same distance from the star as Dimidium is from Helvetios, typical of transiting planets. However, the orbit of this planet is eccentric, at around 0.198, unusually high for hot Neptunes. HAT-P-11b's orbit is also highly inclined, with a tilt of 103
−10°. degrees relative to its star's rotation. The planet is probably composed primarily of heavy elements with only 10% hydrogen and helium by mass, like Awohali.

On 24 September 2014, NASA reported that HAT-P-11b is the first Neptune-sized exoplanet known to have a relatively cloud-free atmosphere and, as well, the first time molecules, namely water vapor, of any kind have been found on such a relatively small exoplanet.

In 2009 French astronomers observed what was thought to be a weak unpolarized radio signal coming from the exoplanet, but it was not observed in a repeat observation in 2010. If the signal was real, then it was probably due to intense lightning storms with similar properties as ones on Saturn.

In December 2021 evidence of a magnetosphere was discovered in HAT-P-11b that could be the first ever in any exoplanet.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bakos, G. Á.; et al. (2010). "HAT-P-11b: A Super-Neptune Planet Transiting a Bright K Star in the Kepler Field". The Astrophysical Journal. 710 (2): 1724–1745. arXiv:0901.0282. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710.1724B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/2/1724.
  2. ^ Yee, Samuel W.; et al. (2018). "HAT-P-11: Discovery of a Second Planet and a Clue to Understanding Exoplanet Obliquities". The Astronomical Journal. 155 (6). 255. arXiv:1805.09352. Bibcode:2018AJ....155..255Y. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aabfec.
  3. ^ Huber, K. F.; Czesla, S.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2017). "Discovery of the secondary eclipse of HAT-P-11 b". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 597. A113. arXiv:1611.00153. Bibcode:2017A&A...597A.113H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629699.
  4. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  5. Albrecht, Simon; Winn, Joshua N.; Johnson, John A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W.; Butler, R. Paul; Arriagada, Pamela; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Shectman, Stephen A.; Thompson, Ian B.; Hirano, Teruyuki; Bakos, Gaspar; Hartman, Joel D. (2012), "Obliquities of Hot Jupiter host stars: Evidence for tidal interactions and primordial misalignments", The Astrophysical Journal, 757 (1): 18, arXiv:1206.6105, Bibcode:2012ApJ...757...18A, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/18, S2CID 17174530
  6. "Inclined Orbits Prevail in Exoplanetary Systems". 12 January 2011.
  7. Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda; Josh N. Winn; Daniel C. Fabrycky (2012). "Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars". Astronomische Nachrichten. 334 (1–2): 180–183. arXiv:1211.2002. Bibcode:2013AN....334..180S. doi:10.1002/asna.201211765. S2CID 38743202.
  8. Clavin, Whitney; Chou, Felicia; Weaver, Donna; Villard; Johnson, Michele (24 September 2014). "NASA Telescopes Find Clear Skies and Water Vapor on Exoplanet". NASA. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  9. Hodosán, G.; Rimmer, P. B.; Helling, Ch. (2016). "Lightning as a possible source of the radio emission on HAT-P-11b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 461 (2). ADS: 1222–1226. arXiv:1604.07406. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.461.1222H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw977. S2CID 119248079.
  10. Helling, Christiane; Rimmer, Paul B. (23 September 2019). "Lightning and charge processes in brown dwarf and exoplanet atmospheres". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 377 (2154): 20180398. arXiv:1903.04565. Bibcode:2019RSPTA.37780398H. doi:10.1098/rsta.2018.0398. PMC 6710897. PMID 31378171.
  11. Ben-Jaffel, Lotfi; Ballester, Gilda (2021), Signatures of Strong Magnetization and Metal-poor Atmosphere for a Neptune-Size Exoplanet, Institut d'astrophysique de Paris-CNRS, doi:10.48392/lbj-001, retrieved 23 December 2021
  12. "Astronomers Detect Signature of Magnetic Field on an Exoplanet". University of Arizona News. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  13. O'Callaghan, Jonathan (7 August 2023). "Exoplanets Could Help Us Learn How Planets Make Magnetism". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

External links

Media related to HAT-P-11b at Wikimedia Commons


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