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#REDIRECT ]
] (1773–1836), in his '']'' (1817),{{sfn|Khanna|2007|p=xvii}} distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.{{sfn|Khanna|2007|p=xvii}}{{sfn|Misra|2004|p=194}} This periodisation has been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to.{{sfn|Kulke|2004|p=7}} Another periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=21}} Smart{{sfn|Smart|2003|p=52-53}} and Michaels{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=32}} seem to follow Mill's periodisation,{{refn|group=note|Michaels mentions Flood 1996{{sfn|Flood|1996}} as a source for "Prevedic Religions".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=31, 348}}}}, while Flood{{sfn|Flood|1996}} and Muesse{{sfn|Muesse|2003}}{{sfn|Muesse|2011}} follow the "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods" periodisation.{{sfn|Muesse|2011|p=16}}


{{Rshell| {{R with history}} }}
{| class="wikitable"
|- 1
! Smart{{sfn|Smart|2003|p=52-53}}
! Michaels<br>(overall){{sfn|Michaels|2004}}
! Michaels<br>(detailed){{sfn|Michaels|2004}}
! Muesse{{sfn|Muesse|2011}}
! Flood{{sfn|Flood|1996|21-22}}
|- 2
| (Smart) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | ] and ]<br>(c. 3000–1000 BCE)
| (Michaels) overall style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(until c. 1750 BCE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=32}}
| (Michaels) detailed style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(until c. 1750 BCE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=32}}
| (Muesse) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(3300–1400 BCE)
| (Flood) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 2500 to 1500 BCE)
|- 3
| (Michaels overall) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 1750–500 BCE)
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | Early Vedic Period<br>(c. 1750–1200 BCE)
| (Muesse) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(1600–800 BCE)
| (Flood) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 1500–500 BCE)
|- 4
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | Middle Vedic Period<br>(from 1200 BCE)
|- 5
| (Smart) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Pre-classical period<br>(c. 1000 BCE – 100 CE)
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | Late Vedic period<br>(from 850 BCE)
| (Muesse) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(800–200 BCE)
|- 6
| (Michaels overall) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 500–200 BCE)
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 500–200 BCE)
| (Flood) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | ] and ] period<br>(c. 500 BCE to 500 CE)
|- 7
| (Michaels overall) rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Classical Hinduism<br>(c. 200 BCE – 1100 CE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=38}}
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | Preclassical Hinduism<br>(c. 200 BCE – 300 CE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=39}}
| (Muesse) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ] and ] period<br>(200 BCE – 500 CE)
|- 8
| (Smart) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Classical period<br>(c. 100 – 1000 CE)
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | "Golden Age" (])<br>(c. 320–650 CE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=40}}
|- 9
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 650–1100 CE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}
| (Muesse) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Medieval and Late Puranic Period<br>(500–1500 CE)
| (Flood) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Medieval and Late Puranic Period<br>(500–1500 CE)
|- 10
| (Smart) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Hindu-Islamic civilisation<br>(c. 1000–1750 CE)
| (Michaels overall) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ] and ]<br>(c. 1100–1850 CE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=43}}
| (Michaels detailed) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ] and ]<br>(c. 1100–1850 CE){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=43}}
|- 11
| (Muesse) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(1500–present)
| (Flood) rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(c. 1500 CE to present)
|- 12
| (Smart) style="text-align:center;" | Modern period<br>(c. 1750 CE – present)
| (Michaels overall) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(from c. 1850){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=45}}
| (Michaels detailed) style="text-align:center;" | ]<br>(from c. 1850){{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=45}}
|}

Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":
* Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism{{refn|group=note|Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.{{sfn|Smart|2003|p=52, 83-86}}}}, Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.{{sfn|Smart|2003|p=52}}
* For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism"{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=36}}, whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=38}}
* Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.{{sfn|Muesse|2003|p=14}}<noinclude>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|4}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin D. | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Khanna | first =Meenakshi | year =2007 | title =Cultural History Of Medieval India | publisher =Berghahn Books}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Kulke | first1 =Hermann | last2 =Rothermund | first2 =Dietmar | year =2004 | title =A History of India | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Misra | first =Amalendu | year =2004 | title =Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India | publisher =SAGE}}
* {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark William | year =2003 | title =Great World Religions: Hinduism | url =http://www.docshut.com/rquv/lectures-on-great-world-religions-hinduism.html}}
* {{Citation | last =Muesse | first =Mark W. | year =2011 | title =The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction | publisher =Fortress Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Smart | first =Ninian | year =2003 | title =Godsdiensten van de wereld (The World's religions) | place =Kampen | publisher =Uitgeverij Kok}}
{{refend}}
</noinclude>

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