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{{Short description|List and timeline of mass departure of Jews, forced or otherwise}}
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{{Antisemitism}}
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This article lists expulsions, ] crises and other forms of displacement that have affected ].
In the course of history, ]ish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought ] from ] numerous times. The articles ] and ] contain more detailed chronology of anti-Jewish hostilities, while ] and ] outline the broader picture.
==Timeline==
The status of ] is defined by the ], except for ]s defined by the 1949 ] convention and which includes all "people whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict."
{{See also|Timeline of Jewish history}}
{{expand list|date=March 2018}}
The following is a list of Jewish expulsions and events that prompted significant streams of Jewish refugees.
===Assyrian captivity===
After its ] in 1948, the ] adopted the 1950 ] making Israel a home not only for the inhabitants of the State, but also for all members of the Jewish people everywhere. This law was intended to encourage ]. After 1970 the ] accorded those Jewish emigrants from the Soviet block countries who desired to enter the United States the refugee status combined with federal assistance in the initial stages of their resettlement.
{{Main|Assyrian captivity|Ten Lost Tribes}}
;733/2 ]: ], King of the ], sacked the northern ] and annexed the ] of the tribes of ], ] and ] in ]. People from these tribes were taken captive and resettled in the region of the ], in ], Habor, Hara and ] ({{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:26}}). Tiglath-Pileser also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of ] in ], and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of ]. According to {{Bibleverse|2 Kings|15:29}}, the population of Naphtali was deported to Assyria.
;722 BCE: In ], ], the capital city of the northern Kingdom of Israel, was taken by ],<ref name="Cassuto">{{cite book |last1=Umberto Cassuto |first1=Elia Samuele Artom |title=The Books of Kings and Chronicles modern view |date=1981 |author-link=Umberto Cassuto}}</ref> who resettled the Israelites in Halah, Habor, Gozan and in the cities of ] ({{Bibleverse|2 Kings|18:11-12}}). Sargon recorded the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Some people of the northern tribes were spared,<ref>{{Bibleverse|2|Chronicles|30:1-18|NIV}}</ref><ref name="fink">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|0-684-86912-8}}</ref> and it has been suggested that many also fled south to Jerusalem.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |date=2015-06-28 |title=Migration of Israelites into Judah after 720 BCE: An Answer and an Update |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zaw-2015-0011/html |journal=Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |language=en |volume=127 |issue=2 |pages=188–206 |doi=10.1515/zaw-2015-0011 |s2cid=171178702 |issn=1613-0103}}</ref>
== Timeline of events that prompted major streams of Jewish refugees ==
;722 ]: The ]ns led by ] conquered the (Northern) ] and sent the ] into captivity at ]. ] of twelve ] are considered lost; but these tribes are not considered ], rather than ]. These tribes have been living since then near the city of ] in what is today the ].
=== Babylonian captivity ===
;597 ]: The ]. In 537 BCE the ], who conquered ] two years earlier, allowed Jews to return and rebuild Jerusalem and the ].
{{Main|Babylonian captivity}}
;597 BCE: In 598 BCE, ] of the ] ], then capital of the southern ]. The city fell after a three-month siege, and the new king ], who was either 8 or 18, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet ]) and craftsmen, were ].<ref>''The Oxford History of the Biblical World'', ed. by Michael D Coogan. Published by Oxford University Press, 1999. pg 350</ref> Jehoiakim's uncle ] was appointed king in his place.
; 587/6 BCE: When Zedekiah revolted against Babylonian rule, Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah ({{bibleverse|2|Kings|25:1|HE}}). In December 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar began ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Knight |first=Doug and Amy-Jill Levine |title=The Meaning of the Bible |publisher=HarperOne |year=2011 |isbn=9780062067739 |location=New York City |pages=31}}</ref> During the siege, many Jews fled to surrounding ], ], ] and other countries to seek refuge.<ref>{{bibleverse||Jeremiah|40:11–12|HE}}</ref> The city eventually fell after a thirty-month siege, and the Babylonian general ] was sent to complete its destruction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malamat |first1=Abraham |year=1968 |title=The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=137–156 |jstor=27925138 |quote=The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.}}</ref> The city was plundered, and ] was destroyed. Most of the members of the elite class were taken into captivity in Babylon. The city was razed. Only a few people were permitted to remain and tend to the land ({{bibleverse||Jeremiah|52:16|HE}}).: In 537 BCE ], the founding king of the ], allowed the Jews to ] and ].<ref name="Coogan">{{cite book |last1=Coogan |first1=Michael |title=A brief introduction to the old testament |date=2009 |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger |title=Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context |date=2015 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co |pages=7–11, 30, 226}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica |edition=2nd |volume=3 |page=27}}</ref>]
;70: The defeat of the ]. Masses of Jews were sold to slavery across the ], many fled.
=== 500–1 BCE ===
;119: Large Jewish communities of Cyprus, ] and Alexandria become extinct after the Jewish defeat in ] against Rome. This event caused a major demographic shift in the Levant and North Africa. According to Eusebius of Caesarea the outbreak of violence left Libya depopulated to such an extent that a few years later new colonies had to be established there by the emperor Hadrian just to maintain the viability of continued settlement.{{cn|date=November 2014}}
;139 BCE: Expulsion from the city of ] under the accusation of aggressive ] among the Romans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |year=2006 |title=Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays |publisher=Hotei Publishing |page=207}}</ref>
===1–599 CE===
;135: The ]s defeated ]. Emperor ] expelled hundreds of thousands Jews from ], wiped the name off the maps, replaced it with ], forbade Jews to set foot in Jerusalem.
;19 CE: Expulsion from the city of Rome by Emperor ] together with practitioners of the ].<ref>{{cite book |last= Williams |first=Margaret H. |year=2013 |title=Jews in a Graeco-Roman Environment |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |page=63}}</ref><ref>Suetonius, ''The Life of Tiberius'', . 1913. University of Chicago. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</ref>
;38 CE: Jews were expelled from one of their quarters in the city of ], in Egypt, under the instigation of ].<ref>], ''Flaccus'' VIII (53–57)</ref>
;629: The entire Jewish population of Galilee is massacred or expelled, following the ].
;41–53 CE: ].
;7th century: ] expelled Jewish tribes ] and ] from ], which was founded as a Jewish city.{{cn|date=November 2014}} The ] tribe was slaughtered and the Jewish settlement of ] was ransacked. All three tribes previously had a peace treaty with Muhammad, but they broke the treaty and sided with the opposition. The Banu Qurayza, not only sided with the opposing leaders (The Quraish) but they also waged war against Muhammad.
;73 CE: The Jewish defeat in the ] (66–73 CE) resulted in significant loss of life from battle, famine, and disease, extensive city destruction—including ]—and widespread forced displacement.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Seth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259 |title=The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-107-04127-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=85–86 |oclc=863044259}}</ref> Many Jews were enslaved or sent into forced labor in locations such as ] and the ],<ref name=":1">Van Kooten, G. H. (2011). The Jewish War and the Roman Civil War of 68–69 CE: Jewish, Pagan, and Christian Perspectives. In ''The Jewish Revolt against Rome'' (pp. 419–450). Brill.</ref> while others were dispersed across the Roman Empire. Young men were coerced into ], and others were sold into ] or slavery.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Herr |first=Moshe David |title=The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.) |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1984 |editor-last=Shtern |editor-first=Menahem |location=Jerusalem |pages=288}}</ref> As a result, a substantial portion of the Jewish population of Judaea was either expelled or displaced.<ref name=":8" />
;1095 - mid-13th century: The waves of ]s destroyed hundreds of Jewish communities in Europe and in the Middle East, including ].
;117: The suppression of the ] (115–117) involved a devastating campaign of ] that resulted in the near-total annihilation and expulsion of Jews from ], ], and large portions of ].{{sfn|Kerkeslager|2006|pp=61–62}}
;Mid-12th century: The invasion of ] brought to end the ]. Among other refugees was ], who fled to ], then ], then ].
;135
;12th-14th centuries: ]. The practice of expelling the Jews accompanied by confiscation of their property, followed by temporary readmissions for ransom, was used to enrich the crown: expulsions from ] by ] in 1182, from France by ] in 1254, by ] in 1322, by ] in 1359, by ] in 1394.
: The ] (132–136 CE) had catastrophic effects on the Jewish population in Judaea, resulting in massive loss of life, extensive forced displacements, and widespread enslavement, which left central ] in a state of desolation.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485 |quote=These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tell us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction}}</ref> Some scholars describe the Roman suppression of the revolt as constituting an act of ].<ref name="Taylor2">{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=J. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243 |title=The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199554485 |quote=Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction}}</ref><ref name="google.co.il">Totten, S. ''Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources.'' p24. </ref> Following the revolt, Jews were expelled from the vicinity of Jerusalem and the districts of ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bar |first=Doron |date=2005 |title=Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284 |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1017/S0017816005000854 |issn=0017-8160 |jstor=4125284 |s2cid=162644246 |quote=The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132-135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mor|2016|pp=483–484}}: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. There is no doubt that this area (Judea) suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba."</ref> The revolt triggered a significant migration of Jews from Judea to coastal cities and ].<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=James Donald |title=The Impact of Rome on the Periphery: The Case of Palestina - Roman Period (63 BCE - 324 CE) |last2=Levy |first2=Thomas Evan |date=1995 |publisher=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land |pages=449 |chapter=}}</ref> Jewish captives were sold into slavery and dispersed across various parts of the empire, causing a significant influx of new slaves into the market.{{sfn|Mor|2016|p=471}}
;415: After a massacre of Christians by some Jews, Jews were expelled from ] under the leadership of Saint ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyril of Alexandria |website=Britannica.com |date=2018-06-14 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Cyril-of-Alexandria |access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> Sources differ over whether all ] were expelled or just the ones involved in the massacre.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seaver|first=James Everett|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/6501|title=Persecution of the Jews in the Roman Empire (300-438)|date=1952|publisher=Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1952.|language=en}}</ref>
;13th century: The influential ] and ] ] (1232-1315) called for expulsion of all Jews who would refuse conversion to Christianity. Some scholars regard Llull's as the first comprehensive articulation, in the Christian West, of an expulsionist policy regarding Jews.
;418: Jews expelled from ] or asked to convert.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bradbury |first1=Scott |title=severus of minorca:letter of the conversion of the jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1996 |page=154}}</ref>
;1290: King ] issues the ] for all Jews from ]. The policy was ] after 365 years in 1655 by ].
===Sixth to tenth centuries===
;1348: European Jews were blamed for ] during the ]. Many of those who survived the ] and pogroms were either expelled or fled.
;612: ] king ] mandated that every Jew who would refuse for over a year to have himself or his children and servants baptized would be banished from the country and deprived of his possessions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jews in Spain Under the Visigoths. |url=http://www.jewish-history.com/occident/volume7/nov1849/visigoths.html |website=Jewish-American History Foundation}}</ref>
;629: The entire Jewish population of Galilee massacred or expelled, following the ].
;1492: ] and ] issued the ], General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from ] (approx. 200,000), from ] (1493, approx. 37,000), from ] (1496) from ] ] 1554. It is important to note that this event happened on ], as with many other events in Jewish history.
;7th century: ] expelled two Jewish tribes: the ] and ] from ]. The ] tribe was slaughtered and the Jewish settlement of ] was ransacked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Expulsion Of Banu Qaynuqa|url=https://www.bismikaallahuma.org/history/the-expulsion-of-banu-qaynuqa/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet . Muhammad and Jews of Medina {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/muhammad/ma_jews.shtml|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.pbs.org|quote=Two of the tribes--the Banu Nadir and the Banu Qaynuqa--were eventually exiled for falling short on their agreed upon commitments and for the consequent danger they posed to the nascent Muslim community.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Expedition of Banu Qaynuqa » Questions on Islam|url=https://questionsonislam.com/article/expedition-banu-qaynuqa|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Questions on Islam|language=en}}</ref>
;1654: The fall of the Dutch colony of ] in ] to the ] prompted the first group of Jews to flee to ].
===Eleventh to thirteenth centuries===
;1648-1654: ] ]s and peasants led by ] destroyed hundreds of Jewish communities and committed mass atrocities. Ukraine was annexed by the ], where officially no Jews were allowed.
;1012: Jews expelled from ].]
;1095–mid-13th century: The waves of ]s destroyed many Jewish communities in Europe (most notably in ]) and in the Middle East (most notably in ]).{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
;1744-1790s: The reforms of ], ] and ] sent masses of impoverished ] and ]n Jews east. ''See also: ].''
;Mid-12th century: The invasion of ] brought to an end the ]. Among other refugees was ], who fled to ], then ], then Palestine.
;1881–1884, 1903–1906, 1914–1921: Repeated waves of ]s swept ], propelling mass Jewish emigration (more than 2 million ] emigrated in the period 1881-1920). During ], some 250,000 Jews were transferred from western Russia. ''See also ], ], ].''
;12th–14th centuries: ]. The practice of expelling the Jews accompanied by confiscation of their property, followed by temporary readmissions for ransom, was used to enrich the crown: expulsions from ] by ] in 1182, from France by ] in 1254, by ] in 1306, by ] in 1322, by ] in 1359, by ] in 1394.
;1933-1945: The ] persecution started with the ] in 1933, reached a first climax during the '']'' in 1938 and culminated in ] of the ]. The ] prohibited Jewish emigration to Palestine ]. The 1938 ], the 1943 ] and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in ] (see also ]). Many German and Austrian Jewish refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain and many fought for Britain in the second World War.
;13th century: The influential ] and ] ] (1232–1315) called for expulsion of all Jews who would refuse conversion to Christianity. Some scholars regard Llull's as the first comprehensive articulation, in the Christian West, of an expulsionist policy regarding Jews.
;1947-1972: The ], in which the combined population of Jewish communities of the ] and ]<ref>http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/talking/jew_refugees.html</ref> (excluding Israel) was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to less than 8,000 today. The history of the exodus is politicized, given its proposed relevance to a final settlement ].<ref name=TOI> ""To define them as refugees is exaggerated,” said Alon Liel, a former director-general of the Foreign Ministry"</ref><ref name=JPOST></ref><ref name=CSM> "Palestinian and Israeli critics have two main arguments: that these Jews were not refugees but eager participants in a new Zionist state, and that Israel cannot and should not attempt to settle its account with the Palestinians by deducting the lost assets of its own citizens, thereby preventing individuals on both sides from seeking compensation."</ref><ref name=Mendes>Philip Mendes </ref><ref name=Shenhav>] </ref><ref name=Shlaim>] </ref><ref name=ALJ></ref> When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as equivalent to the ], such as the ] and NGOs such as JJAC and JIMENA, emphasize "push factors", such as cases of anti-Jewish violence and forced expulsions,<ref name=TOI/> and refer to those affected as "]".<ref name=TOI/> Those who argue that the exodus does not equate to the ] emphasize "pull factors", such as the actions of local ] aiming to fulfil the ],<ref name=CSM/> highlight good relations between the Jewish communities and their country's governments,<ref name=Shenhav/> emphasize the impact of other push factors such as the ] in the ] and the ] and ] in ],<ref name=Shenhav/> and argue that many or all of those who left were not refugees.<ref name=TOI/><ref name=CSM/> Israel absorbed approximately 600,000 of these refugees, many of whom were temporarily settled in tent cities called '']''. They were eventually absorbed into Israeli society, and the last ''Maabarah'' was dismantled in 1958.
;1231: ] expels the Jews of ].<ref>Delany (2002), p. 48.</ref><ref>Mundill (2002), p. 60</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Oliver |title=Jews, jurats and the Jewry Wall: a name in context |journal=Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society |volume=82 |year=2008 |pages=113–33 (129–31) |url=https://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/2008/2008%20(82)%20113-133%20Harris.pdf}}</ref>
;1960s-1989: Due to the ] thousands of Jews were forced by the communist authorities to leave Poland. ''See also ], ], ], ], ], ].''
;1253: On July 23 (Menachem Av 25) the Jews of ] were expelled by order of Pope ].<ref>{{cite web
;1970s: State-sponsored persecution in the ] prompted tens of thousands of ] to emigrate to Israel, and some also to the United States with "refugee" status.
|author=Jeff Reznik |date=February 28, 1992 |page=M11}}</ref> "Several Jews were put to death there in consequence of a ]", but a deal involving the Jews paying money reverted the expulsion.
=== 14th century ===
;1360: Jews expelled from Hungary by ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Patai |first=Raphael |author-link=Raphael Patai |year=1996 |title=The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=0-8143-2561-0 }}</ref>
;1392: Jews expelled from ], ]. Although between 1408 and 1427 Jews were again residing in the city, the only Jews to appear in Bern subsequently were transients, chiefly physicians and cattle dealers.
=== 15th century ===
;1420–1421: ] orders the imprisonment and forcible conversion to Christianity of all Jews in Austria. Some convert and others leave the country. In 1421 Austrian authorities again arrest and expel Jews and Jews are banned from the capital Vienna.{{sfn|Melton|2014|p=967}}
;1442: Jews again expelled from Upper ].
;1478: Jews expelled from ].
;1491: Jews of ] expelled, synagogues destroyed.
;1492: ] and ] issued the ], General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from ] and ] (approx. 200,000) and from ] (1493, approx. 37,000).
;1495: Charles VIII of France occupies Kingdom of Naples, bringing new persecution against Jews, many of whom were refugees from Spain.
;1496: Jews expelled from ]. ], issues a decree expelling all Jews from ] and ].
;1498: ].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Last Jews on Iberian Soil: Navarrese Jewry, 1479–1498|first=Benjamin R.|last=Gampel|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|volume=53|year=1986|doi=10.2307/3622608|pages=49–69|jstor=3622608}}</ref>
;1499: Jews expelled from ].
=== 16th century ===
;1510: Jews expelled from Naples.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-01-24 |title=Jewish migrations in the 16th century |url=https://www.heimatkunde-brandenburg.de/story/jewish-migrations-in-the-16th-century |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152242/https://www.heimatkunde-brandenburg.de/geschichte/juedische-migrationen-im-16-jahrhundert/ |archive-date=2022-05-04 |access-date=2021-01-24 |website=Heimatkunde: Flucht - Migration - Integration in Brandenburg}}</ref>
;1515: Jews expelled from ]. Exceptions are made for physicians and for short stays of merchants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Marianna D. |title=The Long Journey of Gracia Mendes |date=2003 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9789639241671|page=68}}</ref>
;1519: Jews expelled from ].
;1526: Jews expelled from ] (Bratislava) in the wake of the defeat of the ] by the ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Silber |first1=Michael K. |title=Bratislava |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Bratislava |website=] |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>
;1551: All remaining Jews expelled from the duchy of Bavaria. Jewish settlement in Bavaria ceased until toward the end of the 17th century, when a small community was founded in Sulzbach by refugees from Vienna.
;1569: Pope Pius V expels Jews from the papal states, except for Ancona and Rome.
;1593: Pope Clement VIII expels Jews living in all the papal states, except Rome, Avignon and Ancona. Jews are invited to settle in ], the main port of Tuscany, where they are granted full religious liberty and civil rights, by the Medici family, who want to develop the region into a center of commerce.
;1597: Nine hundred Jews expelled from ].
=== 17th century ===
] in 1614]]
;1614: ]: Jews are expelled from ], ], following the plundering of the ].
;1654:The fall of the Dutch colony of ] in ] to the ] prompted the ], the first group of Jews to flee to ].
;1669–1670: Jews expelled from Vienna by ] and subsequently forbidden to settle in the Austrian Hereditary Lands. The former Jewish ghetto on the Unterer Werd was renamed ] in honour of the emperor and the expropriated houses and land given to Catholic citizens.<ref>{{cite web |title=1670: The Holy Roman Emperor Banishes the Jews From Austria |website=Haaretz |date=2015-05-01 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1670-austrian-jews-banned-1.5330064 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
;1679–1680: Jews throughout ] expelled from their towns and villages and sent to a desert place, in what is known as the ].
;1683: Jews expelled from the ]'s Caribbean territories by ]'s decree in the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0004_0_03964.html |title=Caribbeans, Spanish--Portuguese Nation of the: La Nacion |access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/lecodenoirouedi00fran/page/4/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Le code noir ou Edit du roy, servant de reglement pour le gouvernement & l'administration de justice & la police des isles françoises de l'Amerique, & pour la discipline & le commerce des negres & esclaves dans ledit pays. : Donné à Versailles au mois de mars 1685. Avec l'Edit du mois d'aoust 1685. portant établissement d'un conseil souverain & de quatre sieges royaux dans la coste de l'Isle de S. Domingue |access-date=December 16, 2023}}</ref>
=== 18th century ===
;1701–1714: ]. After the war, Jews of Austrian origin were expelled from Bavaria, but some were able to acquire the right to reside in Munich.
;1744–1790s: The reforms of ], ] and ] sent masses of impoverished ] and ]n Jews east.{{NoteTag|See also: ] {{citation needed|date=March 2018}}}}
;1791: The tzarina of Russia ] institutes the ], restricting Jews to the western parts of the empire by means of deportation. By the late 19th century, over four million Jews would live in the Pale.
=== 19th century ===
;1862 ], ], ]: Jews expelled by ] by ].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Y Simon|title=The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 7: December 9, 1862 – March 31, 1863|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uDIGQWEQVEC&pg=PA56|year=1979|publisher=SIU Press|page=56|isbn=9780809308804}}</ref>
;1880–1910s: ] in the ]: around 2.5 million Jews emigrated from eastern Europe, mostly to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-emigration-in-the-19th-century/|title=Jewish Emigration in the 19th Century}}</ref>
=== 20th century ===
;1917
: Jews expelled ] by Ottoman authorities during World War I.
]
]
;1933–1957: The ] persecution started with the ] in 1933, reached a first climax during '']'' in 1938 and culminated in ] of ]. The 1938 ], the 1943 ] and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in ].{{NoteTag|See also: ]}} A small number of ] and ] refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain, where attitudes were not necessarily positive.<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-02-british-jews-nazis-myth.html |title=Warm British welcome for Jews fleeing Nazis a 'myth' |publisher=] / ] |date=February 27, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> Many of the refugees fought for Britain in the Second World War. Already before the Holocaust, by February 1940, the ] from ] western Poland also targeted some 20,000 Polish Jews.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=]|page=15|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> There was a special institution set up in 1939 to coordinate the expulsion, initially named the Special Staff for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (''Sonderstab für die Aussiedlung von Polen und Juden''), soon renamed to Office for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (''Amt für Umsiedlung der Polen und Juden''), and eventually to Central Bureau for Resettlement (''Umwandererzentralstelle'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=IPN|page=35|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> After the war, central and eastern European Holocaust survivors migrated to the western ]-controlled part of Europe, as the Jewish society to which most of them belonged did not exist anymore. Often they were lone survivors consumed by the often futile search for other family and friends, and often unwelcome in the towns from which they came. They were known as ]s (also known as ]) and placed in ]s, most of which were by 1951 closed. The last camp ] was closed in 1957.
;1940: During ], the so-called June Deportation, carried out by the Soviet Union in June and July 1940, as the fourth of five waves of mass deportations of Polish citizens from ], also targeted some 65,000 Polish Jews who fled from the German-occupied part of Poland.<ref name=db>{{cite book|last=Boćkowski|first=Daniel|year=1999|title=Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii ]|page=83|isbn=83-86842-52-0}}</ref> According to the ], Polish Jews accounted for 85% of people deported in the June Deportation.<ref name=db/> The victims were deported to the ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] in ], and ], ], ], ], ] and ] in European Russia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boćkowski|first=Daniel|year=1999|title=Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk|page=85}}</ref>
;1943–1944: Jews are expelled, their citizenship is stripped from them and they are subjected to pogroms in some Italian cities, including Rome, Verona, Florence, Pisa and Alessandria.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roth|first=Cecil|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/551115|title=The history of the Jews of Italy.|date=1969|publisher=|isbn=0-576-80117-8|location=|pages=540–549|oclc=551115}}</ref>
;1947–1972:]] displaced 1951.]]] bringing in refugees.]]]" (1949–1950), most of the community of ] (called Teimanim, about 49,000) immigrated to Israel.]]The ], in which the combined population of the Jewish communities of the ] and ] (excluding Israel) was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to under 8,000 today, and approximately 600,000 of them became citizens of Israel. The history of the exodus is politicized, given its proposed relevance to a final settlement to the ].<ref name=TOI> "'To define them as refugees is exaggerated,' said ], a former director-general of the Foreign Ministry"</ref><ref name=JPOST>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jerusalem-Report/Israel/Changing-the-refugee-paradigm|title=Changing the refugee paradigm|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name=CSM> "Palestinian and Israeli critics have two main arguments: that these Jews were not refugees because they were eager participants in a new Zionist state, and Israel cannot and should not attempt to settle its account with the Palestinians by deducting the lost assets of its own citizens, thereby preventing individuals on both sides from seeking compensation."</ref><ref name=Mendes>Philip Mendes {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130113093432/http://mefacts.org/cached.asp?x_id=10985 |date=2013-01-13}}</ref><ref name=Shenhav>] </ref><ref name=Shlaim>] , ''Haaretz''.</ref> When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as equivalent to the ], such as the ] and NGOs such as JJAC and JIMENA, emphasize "push factors", such as cases of anti-Jewish violence and forced expulsions,<ref name=TOI /> and refer to those affected as "]".<ref name=TOI /> Those who argue that the exodus does not equate to the ] emphasize "pull factors", such as the actions of local ] officials aiming to fulfil the ],<ref name=CSM /> highlight good relations between the Jewish communities and their country's governments,<ref name=Shenhav /> emphasize the impact of other push factors such as the ] in the ] and the ] and ] in ],<ref name=Shenhav /> and argue that many or all of those who left were not refugees.<ref name=TOI /><ref name=CSM />
:Then ] announced in February 1957 and in July 1967, that these Jews who had fled from Arab countries "may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this office," so according them in international law, as bona fide refugees.<ref>{{cite web |title=S.Res.494 - A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate regarding the creation of refugee populations in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf region as a result of human rights violations. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-resolution/494/text |website=Congress.gov |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=U.S. Congress |access-date=11 July 2020}}</ref>
;1947: ] passed the Companies' Law. This law required that no less than 75% of employees of companies in Egypt must be Egyptian citizens. This law strongly affected Jews, as only about 20% of all ] were ]. The rest, although in many cases born in Egypt and living there for generations, did not hold Egyptian citizenship.
;1948: State of Israel established. ] strongly intensified. On May 15, 1948, emergency law was declared, and a royal decree forbade Egyptian citizens to leave the country without a special permit. This was applied to Jews. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and many had their property confiscated. In June through August 1948, bombs were planted in Jewish neighborhoods and Jewish businesses looted. About 250 Jews were killed or wounded by the bombs. Roughly 14,000 Jews left Egypt between 1948 and 1950.
;1949: Jordan occupies and then annexes the ] – largely allotted by the 1947 UN Partition of Palestine to an Arab state, proposal rejected by the Arab leadership – and conducts large scale discrimination and persecution of all non-Muslim residents – Jewish, Christian (of many denominations), Druze, Circassian, etc. – and forces Arabisation of all public activity, including schools and public administration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark A. Tessler.|title=A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url={{Google books |id=3kbU4BIAcrQC |plainurl=yes}} |year=1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|page=329|quote=Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank}}</ref>
;1951–1952: During ], ~120,000 Jews are expelled under the De-Naturalization Act of ] ].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=J.|date=2004-10-15|title=The forgotten pogrom|url=https://jweekly.com/2004/10/15/the-forgotten-pogrom/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=J.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Iraq Expelled Its Jews to Israel—The Inside Story|url=https://www.jpost.com/blogs/the-cutting-edge/when-iraq-expelled-its-jews-to-israelthe-inside-story-456129|access-date=2021-03-12|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=7 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Farhud--The Violent Dispossession of Jews and Property in Iraq in 1951 {{!}} History News Network|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/8727|access-date=2021-03-12|website=historynewsnetwork.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kendal|first=Elizabeth Natalie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9jPDAAAQBAJ|title=After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East|date=2016-06-08|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-3987-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Black|first=Edwin|title=The expulsion that backfired: When Iraq kicked out its Jews|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-expulsion-that-backfired-when-iraq-kicked-out-its-jews/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
;1954: ] seizes power in Egypt. Nasser immediately arrested many Jews who were tried on various charges, mainly for Zionist and communist activities. Jews were forced to donate large sums of money to the military. Strict supervision of Jewish enterprises was introduced; some were confiscated and others forcibly sold to the government.{{bsn|date=May 2022}}
;1956: ]. Roughly 3,000 Egyptian Jews were interned without charge in four detention camps. The government ordered thousands of Jews to leave the country within a few days, and they were not allowed to sell their property, nor to take any capital with them. The deportees were made to sign statements agreeing not to return to Egypt and transferring their property to the administration of the government. The ] helped about 8,000 stateless Jews to leave the country, taking most of them to Italy and Greece. Most of the Jews of Port Said (about 100) were smuggled to Israel by Israel agents. The system of deportation continued into 1957. Other Jews left voluntarily, after their livelihoods had been taken from them, until only 8,561 were registered in the 1957 census. The Jewish exodus continued until there were about 3,000 Jews left as of in 1967.
;1962
:Jews flee ] as result of ] violence. The community feared that the proclamation of independence would precipitate a Muslim outburst. By the end of July 1962, 70,000 Jews had left for France and another 5,000 for Israel. It is estimated that some 80% of Algerian Jews settled in France.
;1965
:Situation of ] rapidly deteriorates. By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews remain. By the 1990s, the numbers had dwindled to approximately 70.{{bsn|date=May 2022}}
;1967: ]. Hundreds of Egyptian Jews arrested, suffering beatings, torture, and abuse. Some were released following intervention by foreign states, especially by Spain, and were permitted to leave the country. ], who numbered approximately 7,000, were subjected to ]s in which 18 were killed, prompting a mass exodus that left fewer than 100 Jews in ].
;1968:] forced thousands of Jews to leave ].
;
;1970
:Less than 1,000 Jews still lived in Egypt in 1970. They were given permission to leave but without their possessions. As of 1971, only 400 Jews remained in Egypt. As of 2013, only a few dozen Jews remain in Egypt. {{asof|2019}}, there were five in Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Only-5-Jews-left-in-Cairo-following-death-of-Jewish-community-president-595042|title=Only 5 Jews left in Cairo following death of Jewish community president|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Marcy|last=Oster|date=9 July 2019|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> As of 2022 the total number of known Egyptian Jews permanently residing in Egypt is three.<ref name="The Yeshiva World">{{cite web|url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/2029523/bde-one-of-the-last-jews-in-egypt-passes-away.html|title=BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away|work=The Yeshiva World|date=17 November 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref></ref>
;1970–1986: State-sponsored persecution in the ] prompted hundreds of thousands of ], known as ]s because they had been denied official permission to leave, to flee; most went to Israel or to the United States as refugees.<ref>] and Grace Pierce Forbes. ], 1981. {{ISBN|0-395-30226-9}}</ref>
;1972: ] expels all Israelis from Uganda.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834697|jstor=25834697|title=Israeli-Ugandan Relations in the Time of Idi Amin|last1=Oded|first1=Arye|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|year=2006|volume=18|issue=3/4|pages=65–79}}</ref>
;1984–1985: 10,000 Jews flee Ethiopia as part of ] and ].
;1991: 14,000 Jews flee Ethiopia as part of ].
=== 21st century ===
;2003:Last Jew left Libya.<ref>Fendel, Hillel: "" Retrieved March 29, 2011.</ref>
;2010:Contact with last two Jews in Somalia was lost.<ref>, 28 January 2019</ref>
;2021:Last Jews left Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-last-last-jew-simentov-relative-flees-afghanistan-after-taliban-takeover/|title=The last, last Jew? Simentov relative flees Afghanistan after Taliban takeover|work=The Times of Israel|first1=Ilan|last1=Ben Zion|first2=Llazar|last2=Semini|date=29 October 2021|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
;2021:The ] of ] decreases from 18 to six,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boxerman |first=Aaron |title=As 13 Yemeni Jews leave pro-Iran region for Cairo, community of 50,000 down to 6 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-13-yemeni-jews-leave-pro-iran-region-for-cairo-nations-community-down-to-6/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Some of Yemen's last remaining Jews said expelled by Iran-backed Houthis |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/some-of-yemens-last-remaining-jews-said-expelled-by-iran-backed-houthis/ |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Almost all remaining Jews in Yemen deported - Saudi media |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486 |access-date=2021-03-31}}</ref> and later to five by 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/sj7dfbxic|title='A great loss': Yemen bids farewell to one of its last remaining Jews|author=Lior Ben Ari|date=19 June 2024|website=Ynet|access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref>
| {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Sicily|name=Sicily}} || {{sort|1492-12-31|31 December 1492}} || colspan=2 | {{sort|1740-02-03|3 February 1740}}
|-
| {{flagcountry|Spain|1506}} || {{sort|1492-03-31|31 March 1492}} || {{sort|1900|19th century}} || {{sort|1968-12-16|16 December 1968<ref>, ''The New York Times'', Dec. 17, 1968</ref>}}
|-
| {{flagcountry|Yemen}} || 1679<br/>{{sort|2020-03-|29 March 2021}} || colspan=2 | {{sort||}}
|-
|}
== See also ==
== See also ==
{{portal|History|Judaism}}
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==Notes==
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{{NoteFoot}}
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==References==
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Books ===
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aschheim |first=Steven E. |title=Brothers and strangers: the east European Jew in German and German Jewish consciousness, 1800-1923 |year=1982}}
* {{cite book
| first=J. Gordon | last=Melton
| title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]
* {{cite book|first=Menahem|last=Mor|title=The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ|date=4 May 2016|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-31463-4}}
{{refend}}
====Anglo-Jewish history====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Citation |publisher=Routledge |ol=7496826M |isbn=978-0-415-93882-2 |editor=Sheila Delany |title=Chaucer and the Jews |date=2002}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hillaby |first1=Joe |last2=Hillaby |first2=Caroline |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History |year=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |isbn=978-0-23027-816-5 }}
* {{Citation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ol=26454030M |isbn=978-0-521-52026-3 |location=Cambridge |first=Robin R. |last=Mundill |title=England's Jewish Solution |date=2002 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Richardson |first1=Henry |title=English Jewry under Angevin Kings |date=1960 |publisher=Methuen |location=London |ol= OL17927110M}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kerkeslager |first=Allen |url= |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |publisher=] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Steven T. |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4th |location= |chapter=The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE |pages=61–62}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
== External links ==
*, the story of Austrian Jewish refugees in France and in Belgium
* , the story of Austrian Jewish refugees in France and in Belgium
* by Lys Anzia. WNN - Women News Network
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090223/http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/21/a-lifes-worth-of-living-witnessing-the-life-of-foreign-correspondent-ruth-gruber-in-her-new-book-witness/ |date=2007-09-28 }} by Lys Anzia. WNN - Women News Network
* {{YouTube|iuq3GnOXXjg|Silent Exodus, a documentary by Pierre Rehov}}
* {{YouTube|iuq3GnOXXjg|Silent Exodus}}, a documentary by ]
{{Jewsand Judaism}}
{{Jewish history}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jewish Refugees}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jewish Refugees}}
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Latest revision as of 14:51, 21 November 2024
List and timeline of mass departure of Jews, forced or otherwise
In 722 BCE, Samaria, the capital city of the northern Kingdom of Israel, was taken by Sargon II, who resettled the Israelites in Halah, Habor, Gozan and in the cities of Media (2 Kings 18:11–12). Sargon recorded the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Some people of the northern tribes were spared, and it has been suggested that many also fled south to Jerusalem.
When Zedekiah revolted against Babylonian rule, Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah (2 Kings 25:1). In December 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar began another siege of Jerusalem. During the siege, many Jews fled to surrounding Moab, Ammon, Edom and other countries to seek refuge. The city eventually fell after a thirty-month siege, and the Babylonian general Nebuzaradan was sent to complete its destruction. The city was plundered, and Solomon's Temple was destroyed. Most of the members of the elite class were taken into captivity in Babylon. The city was razed. Only a few people were permitted to remain and tend to the land (Jeremiah 52:16).: In 537 BCE Cyrus the Great, the founding king of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, allowed the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple.Fall of Jerusalem; Solomon's Temple is on fire
500–1 BCE
139 BCE
Expulsion from the city of Rome under the accusation of aggressive proselytizing among the Romans.
1–599 CE
19 CE
Expulsion from the city of Rome by Emperor Tiberius together with practitioners of the Egyptian religion.
38 CE
Jews were expelled from one of their quarters in the city of Alexandria, in Egypt, under the instigation of Aulus Avilius Flaccus.
The Jewish defeat in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) resulted in significant loss of life from battle, famine, and disease, extensive city destruction—including Jerusalem—and widespread forced displacement. Many Jews were enslaved or sent into forced labor in locations such as Egypt and the Isthmus of Corinth, while others were dispersed across the Roman Empire. Young men were coerced into gladiatoral combat, and others were sold into brothels or slavery. As a result, a substantial portion of the Jewish population of Judaea was either expelled or displaced.
117
The suppression of the Diaspora Revolt (115–117) involved a devastating campaign of ethnic cleansing that resulted in the near-total annihilation and expulsion of Jews from Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and large portions of Egypt.
135
The Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE) had catastrophic effects on the Jewish population in Judaea, resulting in massive loss of life, extensive forced displacements, and widespread enslavement, which left central Judea in a state of desolation. Some scholars describe the Roman suppression of the revolt as constituting an act of genocide. Following the revolt, Jews were expelled from the vicinity of Jerusalem and the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. The revolt triggered a significant migration of Jews from Judea to coastal cities and Galilee. Jewish captives were sold into slavery and dispersed across various parts of the empire, causing a significant influx of new slaves into the market.
415
After a massacre of Christians by some Jews, Jews were expelled from Alexandria under the leadership of Saint Cyril of Alexandria. Sources differ over whether all Alexandrian Jews were expelled or just the ones involved in the massacre.
Visigothic king Sisebut mandated that every Jew who would refuse for over a year to have himself or his children and servants baptized would be banished from the country and deprived of his possessions.
France. The practice of expelling the Jews accompanied by confiscation of their property, followed by temporary readmissions for ransom, was used to enrich the crown: expulsions from Paris by Philip Augustus in 1182, from France by Louis IX in 1254, by Philip IV in 1306, by Charles IV in 1322, by Charles V in 1359, by Charles VI in 1394.
13th century
The influential philosopher and logicianRamon Llull (1232–1315) called for expulsion of all Jews who would refuse conversion to Christianity. Some scholars regard Llull's as the first comprehensive articulation, in the Christian West, of an expulsionist policy regarding Jews.
On June 24 (4th of Tamuz), the Jews of Berne, Switzerland were expelled. "Several Jews were put to death there in consequence of a blood libel", but a deal involving the Jews paying money reverted the expulsion.
Jews expelled from Bern, Switzerland. Although between 1408 and 1427 Jews were again residing in the city, the only Jews to appear in Bern subsequently were transients, chiefly physicians and cattle dealers.
15th century
1420–1421
Duke Albert V orders the imprisonment and forcible conversion to Christianity of all Jews in Austria. Some convert and others leave the country. In 1421 Austrian authorities again arrest and expel Jews and Jews are banned from the capital Vienna.
All remaining Jews expelled from the duchy of Bavaria. Jewish settlement in Bavaria ceased until toward the end of the 17th century, when a small community was founded in Sulzbach by refugees from Vienna.
1569
Pope Pius V expels Jews from the papal states, except for Ancona and Rome.
1593
Pope Clement VIII expels Jews living in all the papal states, except Rome, Avignon and Ancona. Jews are invited to settle in Leghorn, the main port of Tuscany, where they are granted full religious liberty and civil rights, by the Medici family, who want to develop the region into a center of commerce.
Jews expelled from Vienna by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and subsequently forbidden to settle in the Austrian Hereditary Lands. The former Jewish ghetto on the Unterer Werd was renamed Leopoldstadt in honour of the emperor and the expropriated houses and land given to Catholic citizens.
1679–1680
Jews throughout Yemen expelled from their towns and villages and sent to a desert place, in what is known as the Mawza Exile.
War of the Spanish Succession. After the war, Jews of Austrian origin were expelled from Bavaria, but some were able to acquire the right to reside in Munich.
The tzarina of Russia Catherine the Great institutes the Pale of Settlement, restricting Jews to the western parts of the empire by means of deportation. By the late 19th century, over four million Jews would live in the Pale.
First Batch of Refugee children arrive in England from GermanyBuchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa
1933–1957
The Nazi German persecution started with the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933, reached a first climax during Kristallnacht in 1938 and culminated in the Holocaust of European Jewry. The 1938 Evian Conference, the 1943 Bermuda Conference and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in Nazi propaganda. A small number of German and Austrian Jewish refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain, where attitudes were not necessarily positive. Many of the refugees fought for Britain in the Second World War. Already before the Holocaust, by February 1940, the expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany from occupied western Poland also targeted some 20,000 Polish Jews. There was a special institution set up in 1939 to coordinate the expulsion, initially named the Special Staff for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (Sonderstab für die Aussiedlung von Polen und Juden), soon renamed to Office for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (Amt für Umsiedlung der Polen und Juden), and eventually to Central Bureau for Resettlement (Umwandererzentralstelle). After the war, central and eastern European Holocaust survivors migrated to the western Allied-controlled part of Europe, as the Jewish society to which most of them belonged did not exist anymore. Often they were lone survivors consumed by the often futile search for other family and friends, and often unwelcome in the towns from which they came. They were known as displaced persons (also known as Sh'erit ha-Pletah) and placed in displaced persons camps, most of which were by 1951 closed. The last camp Föhrenwald was closed in 1957.
Jews are expelled, their citizenship is stripped from them and they are subjected to pogroms in some Italian cities, including Rome, Verona, Florence, Pisa and Alessandria.
1947–1972
Jewish refugees look out through the portholes of a ship while it is docked in the port city of Haifa.Iraqi Jews displaced 1951.The Exodus bringing in refugees.In the course of the operation "Magic Carpet" (1949–1950), most of the community of Yemenite Jews (called Teimanim, about 49,000) immigrated to Israel.The Jewish exodus from the Muslim world, in which the combined population of the Jewish communities of the Middle East and North Africa (excluding Israel) was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to under 8,000 today, and approximately 600,000 of them became citizens of Israel. The history of the exodus is politicized, given its proposed relevance to a final settlement to the Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations. When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as equivalent to the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, such as the Israeli government and NGOs such as JJAC and JIMENA, emphasize "push factors", such as cases of anti-Jewish violence and forced expulsions, and refer to those affected as "refugees". Those who argue that the exodus does not equate to the Palestinian exodus emphasize "pull factors", such as the actions of local Jewish Agency for Israel officials aiming to fulfil the One Million Plan, highlight good relations between the Jewish communities and their country's governments, emphasize the impact of other push factors such as the decolonization in the Maghreb and the Suez War and Lavon Affair in Egypt, and argue that many or all of those who left were not refugees.
Then UNHCR announced in February 1957 and in July 1967, that these Jews who had fled from Arab countries "may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this office," so according them in international law, as bona fide refugees.
1947
Egypt passed the Companies' Law. This law required that no less than 75% of employees of companies in Egypt must be Egyptian citizens. This law strongly affected Jews, as only about 20% of all Jews in Egypt were Egyptian citizens. The rest, although in many cases born in Egypt and living there for generations, did not hold Egyptian citizenship.
1948
State of Israel established. Antisemitism in Egypt strongly intensified. On May 15, 1948, emergency law was declared, and a royal decree forbade Egyptian citizens to leave the country without a special permit. This was applied to Jews. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and many had their property confiscated. In June through August 1948, bombs were planted in Jewish neighborhoods and Jewish businesses looted. About 250 Jews were killed or wounded by the bombs. Roughly 14,000 Jews left Egypt between 1948 and 1950.
1949
Jordan occupies and then annexes the West Bank – largely allotted by the 1947 UN Partition of Palestine to an Arab state, proposal rejected by the Arab leadership – and conducts large scale discrimination and persecution of all non-Muslim residents – Jewish, Christian (of many denominations), Druze, Circassian, etc. – and forces Arabisation of all public activity, including schools and public administration.
Gamal Abdel Nasser seizes power in Egypt. Nasser immediately arrested many Jews who were tried on various charges, mainly for Zionist and communist activities. Jews were forced to donate large sums of money to the military. Strict supervision of Jewish enterprises was introduced; some were confiscated and others forcibly sold to the government.
1956
Suez Crisis. Roughly 3,000 Egyptian Jews were interned without charge in four detention camps. The government ordered thousands of Jews to leave the country within a few days, and they were not allowed to sell their property, nor to take any capital with them. The deportees were made to sign statements agreeing not to return to Egypt and transferring their property to the administration of the government. The International Red Cross helped about 8,000 stateless Jews to leave the country, taking most of them to Italy and Greece. Most of the Jews of Port Said (about 100) were smuggled to Israel by Israel agents. The system of deportation continued into 1957. Other Jews left voluntarily, after their livelihoods had been taken from them, until only 8,561 were registered in the 1957 census. The Jewish exodus continued until there were about 3,000 Jews left as of in 1967.
1962
Jews flee Algeria as result of FLN violence. The community feared that the proclamation of independence would precipitate a Muslim outburst. By the end of July 1962, 70,000 Jews had left for France and another 5,000 for Israel. It is estimated that some 80% of Algerian Jews settled in France.
1965
Situation of Jews in Algeria rapidly deteriorates. By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews remain. By the 1990s, the numbers had dwindled to approximately 70.
1967
Six-Day War. Hundreds of Egyptian Jews arrested, suffering beatings, torture, and abuse. Some were released following intervention by foreign states, especially by Spain, and were permitted to leave the country. Libyan Jews, who numbered approximately 7,000, were subjected to pogroms in which 18 were killed, prompting a mass exodus that left fewer than 100 Jews in Libya.
Less than 1,000 Jews still lived in Egypt in 1970. They were given permission to leave but without their possessions. As of 1971, only 400 Jews remained in Egypt. As of 2013, only a few dozen Jews remain in Egypt. As of 2019, there were five in Cairo. As of 2022 the total number of known Egyptian Jews permanently residing in Egypt is three.
1970–1986
State-sponsored persecution in the Soviet Union prompted hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews, known as Refuseniks because they had been denied official permission to leave, to flee; most went to Israel or to the United States as refugees.
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, Simon & Schuster, ISBN0-684-86912-8
Malamat, Abraham (1968). "The Last Kings of Judah and the Fall of Jerusalem: An Historical – Chronological Study". Israel Exploration Journal. 18 (3): 137–156. JSTOR27925138. The discrepancy between the length of the siege according to the regnal years of Zedekiah (years 9–11), on the one hand, and its length according to Jehoiachin's exile (years 9–12), on the other, can be cancelled out only by supposing the former to have been reckoned on a Tishri basis, and the latter on a Nisan basis. The difference of one year between the two is accounted for by the fact that the termination of the siege fell in the summer, between Nisan and Tishri, already in the 12th year according to the reckoning in Ezekiel, but still in Zedekiah's 11th year which was to end only in Tishri.
Coogan, Michael (2009). A brief introduction to the old testament. Oxford.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226.
Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). p. 27.
Goodman, Martin (2006). Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays. Hotei Publishing. p. 207.
Williams, Margaret H. (2013). Jews in a Graeco-Roman Environment. Mohr Siebeck. p. 63.
Suetonius, The Life of Tiberius, Chapter 36. 1913. University of Chicago. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
Van Kooten, G. H. (2011). The Jewish War and the Roman Civil War of 68–69 CE: Jewish, Pagan, and Christian Perspectives. In The Jewish Revolt against Rome (pp. 419–450). Brill.
Herr, Moshe David (1984). Shtern, Menahem (ed.). The History of Eretz Israel: The Roman Byzantine period: the Roman period from the conquest to the Ben Kozba War (63 B.C.E-135 C.E.). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. p. 288.
Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199554485. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tell us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199554485. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
Totten, S. Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources. p24.
Bar, Doron (2005). "Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine". The Harvard Theological Review. 98 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1017/S0017816005000854. ISSN0017-8160. JSTOR4125284. S2CID162644246. The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132-135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries.
Mor 2016, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. There is no doubt that this area (Judea) suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba."
Anderson, James Donald; Levy, Thomas Evan (1995). The Impact of Rome on the Periphery: The Case of Palestina - Roman Period (63 BCE - 324 CE). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. p. 449.
"Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet . Muhammad and Jews of Medina | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2021-03-14. Two of the tribes--the Banu Nadir and the Banu Qaynuqa--were eventually exiled for falling short on their agreed upon commitments and for the consequent danger they posed to the nascent Muslim community.
Gampel, Benjamin R. (1986). "The Last Jews on Iberian Soil: Navarrese Jewry, 1479–1498". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 53: 49–69. doi:10.2307/3622608. JSTOR3622608.
Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 15. ISBN978-83-8098-174-4.
Wardzyńska, Maria (2017). Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 35. ISBN978-83-8098-174-4.
^ Boćkowski, Daniel (1999). Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943 (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 83. ISBN83-86842-52-0.
Boćkowski, Daniel (1999). Czas nadziei. Obywatele Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w ZSRR i opieka nad nimi placówek polskich w latach 1940–1943 (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Neriton, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 85.
^ Israel scrambles Palestinian 'right of return' with Jewish refugee talk "Palestinian and Israeli critics have two main arguments: that these Jews were not refugees because they were eager participants in a new Zionist state, and Israel cannot and should not attempt to settle its account with the Palestinians by deducting the lost assets of its own citizens, thereby preventing individuals on both sides from seeking compensation."
Richardson, Henry (1960). English Jewry under Angevin Kings. London: Methuen. OL17927110M.
Kerkeslager, Allen (2006). "The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.). The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4th. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN978-0-521-77248-8.
External links
Ordinary exile, the story of Austrian Jewish refugees in France and in Belgium
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