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| {{about|the beheading incidents of the Islamic State|executions by the Islamic State|Killing of captives by the Islamic State}} | |||
| {{Short description|Mostly 2014–2015 beheadings by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} | |||
| {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}} | {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}} | ||
| {{Multiple issues| | |||
| {{terrorism|expanded=methods}} | |||
| {{Update|date=November 2023}} | |||
| In 2014, an unknown number of Syrians, several Lebanese soldiers, at least 10 Kurds, two American journalists and one American and two British aid workers, have been ] by the ] (ISIL), a radical ] ] group operating in ] and parts of ], and ]s were posted to ].<ref></ref><ref></ref> Some of the beheadings have apparently been conducted by an individual who appears in several videos speaking English with an English accent who is known by the ] "]". He is reported as a member of an ISIL cell that uses the name ]. <!--Please use neither executioner or murderer as both are NPOV see talk page --> | |||
| {{Lead rewrite|date=November 2023}} | |||
| {{Copyedit|date=November 2023}} | |||
| }} | |||
| ] in ], protesting about the 2015 beheading of ] in Libya ]] | |||
| {{History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} | |||
| The beheadings received wide coverage around the world |
Beginning in 2014, a number of people from various countries were ] by the ] (IS), a radical ] ] group operating in Iraq and Syria as well as elsewhere. In January 2014, a copy of an IS penal code surfaced describing the penalties it enforces in areas under its control, including multiple beheadings.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-publishes-penal-code-listing-amputation-crucifixion-and-stoning-as-punishments--and-vows-to-vigilantly-enforce-it-9994878.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Heather | last=Saul | title=Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments - and vows to vigilantly enforce it | date=January 22, 2015}}</ref> ]s have been frequently posted by IS members to ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://numun.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/BOP-Syria-Committee-Dossier.pdf |title=Staffer, Crisis, and Jake Hume. "Balance of Powers: Syria." (2014). |access-date=2015-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2014/PSU%20presentation.pdf |title=Celso, Anthony N. "Jihadist Organizational Failure and Regeneration: the Transcendental Role of Takfiri Violence." |access-date=2015-03-04}}</ref> Several of the recorded beheadings were conducted by ], whom the media referred to as "Jihadi John" ("John" because of his English accent) before his identification.<!--Please use neither executioner or murderer as both are NPOV see talk page --> The beheadings received wide coverage around the world and attracted international condemnation. Political scientist ] posited that IS may be using well-publicized beheadings as a means of differentiating itself from ], and identifying itself with ], the ] member who beheaded ].<ref name=tribune-8-21>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|title=From Daniel Pearl to James Foley: The modern tactic of Islamist beheadings|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-foley-pearl-islamist-beheadings-20140821-story.html|access-date=September 21, 2014|work=]|date=August 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914154316/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-foley-pearl-islamist-beheadings-20140821-story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> The publicised beheadings represent a small proportion of a larger number of total people killed following capture by IS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cumming-Bruce|first=Nick|title=5,500 Iraqis Killed Since Islamic State Began Its Military Drive, U.N. Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/03/world/middleeast/un-reports-at-least-26000-civilian-casualties-in-iraq-conflict-this-year.html|access-date=16 August 2015|work=The New York Times|date=2 October 2014}}</ref> | ||
| == |
== Background == | ||
| === Islamic State's earlier incarnations === | |||
| According to Professor ], IS's earlier incarnations used beheadings to force foreign policy changes such as getting the ] to withdraw from the ].<ref name=Marashi/> | |||
| === Islamic State's justifications or reasons for beheadings === | |||
| ===Syrian soldiers=== | |||
| On 12 August 2014, prior to the 2014–2015 wave of IS beheadings of Westerners and Japanese, IS members sent an email to the family of American hostage ] stating that American hostages would be killed in retaliation for: | |||
| Photos of the beheadings of a number of Syrian soldiers were posted by ISIL members to social media on July 25. The reports said up to 75 Syrian soldiers from a captured base were beheaded with their heads and bodies displayed along the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/175884-isis-syria-raqqa-beheadings|title=ISIS ‘beheads scores of Syrian soldiers’ after daring assault on army base (GRAPHIC)|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibtimes.com/isis-kills-50-syrian-soldiers-beheads-many-raqqa-1639948|title=ISIS Kills 50 Syrian Soldiers, Beheads Many In Raqqa|work=International Business Times|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/reports-syrian-troops-beheaded-raqqa-20147268024618783.html|title='Syrian troops beheaded' in Raqqa|work=Al Jazeera English|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| * the 8 August 2014 beginning of the ];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/17996042/isis-captured-and-executed-james-foley-and-steven-sotloff-two-american-journalists |title=ISIS captured and executed James Foley and Steven Sotloff, two American journalists |first=Zack |last=Beauchamp |date=17 November 2015 |access-date=14 April 2019 |work=] |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| * U.S. incarceration of Pakistani Muslim woman ];<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/21/world/middleeast/isis-pressed-for-ransom-before-killing-james-foley.html |title=Before Killing James Foley, ISIS Demanded Ransom From U.S. |first=Rukmini |last=Callimachi |author-link=Rukmini Callimachi |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=] |publisher=] |page=A1}}</ref> | |||
| * the U.S. and its government having "no motivation to deal with the Muslims except with the language of force."<ref name=BigNews22-8-14>{{cite news |title=Jihadists sent chilling email to Foley family before execution |url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/225005187 |date=22 August 2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |work=Big News Network.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126153449/http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/225005187 |archive-date=26 November 2014}}</ref> | |||
| According to Professor Ibrahim al-Marashi, IS is using beheadings of locals to intimidate people, including their own soldiers, into obeying the dictates of a weak state. Beheadings of Westerners are designed to strike back at the United Kingdom and the United States for military actions against IS that they have no other way of responding to. "With an act of a sword, they manage to force both ] and ] to react. The two men, who control the world's most advanced militaries, find themselves at the mercy of the sword. Both displayed physical pain and grief when they condemned the way their nationals died." says al-Marashi.<ref name=Marashi>{{cite news |last=al-Marashi |first=Ibrahim |title=The truth about beheadings |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/11/truth-about-beheadings-20141123112635132978.html |newspaper=] |access-date=24 November 2014 |date=24 November 2014 |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| ===Khaled Sharrouf incident=== | |||
| {{anchor|Khaled Sharrouf incident}} | |||
| In 2014, Khaled Sharrouf, an Australian citizen, joined ISIL, which was proscribed by Australian authorities as a terrorist organisation.<ref name=natsec-isis>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx|title=Australian National Security – Islamic State|work=Australian Government|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}</ref> Sharrouf's activities received wide coverage in Australia following his posting of a photo of his seven-year-old son holding the decapitated head of a Syrian soldier.<ref name=dm-head-pose>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2721230/Thats-boy-Australian-jihadists-seven-year-old-son-poses-decapitated-head-Syrian-solider.html|title='I'm sure you've seen much worse than that': Staggering reaction of uncle of Australian boy, SEVEN, who was pictured brandishing head of slaughtered Syrian soldier|last=Crane|first=Emily|date=August 11, 2014|work=]|accessdate=August 12, 2014}}</ref> The incident was strongly condemned by Australian leaders and by the public.<ref name=decapit1>{{cite news|url=http://www.rt.com/news/179480-australia-decapitation-syria-abbott|title=Photo of boy holding decapitated Syrian soldier's head 'barbaric' – Australia PM|publisher=RT.com|date=August 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=decapit2>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/khaled-sharroufs-sister-describes-his-actions-fighting-with-islamic-state-as-abhorrent-20141002-10pbir.html|title=Khaled Sharrouf's sister describes his actions fighting with IS as 'abhorrent'|work=smh.com.au|date=October 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name=aust-jihad-child>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/jihads-child-soldiers-spark-calls-for-action-on-extremists/story-e6frg8yo-1227021107132|title=Jihad's 'child soldiers' spark calls for action on extremists|author=Maley, Paul|date=August 12, 2014|work=]|accessdate=August 12, 2014}}</ref> Sharrouf's activities are thought to be ].<ref name=dm-aus-jihadi>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2705008/Australian-jihadist-poses-decapitated-heads-sickening-pictures-posted-online.html|title='Bucket full of heads any1 in aus want some organs please dont be shy to ask': Smirking Australian terrorist poses with decapitated heads in sickening pictures posted online|date=July 25, 2014|work=]|location=London, UK|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}</ref> The incident raised concerns about ]s being recruited for terrorist activity abroad, and the possibility that the recruits would return to Australia and conduct further attacks.<ref name=Securityconcern>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/policy/returned-radicalised-jihadis-a-significant-risk-says-asio/story-e6frg8yo-1226991564685|title=Returned radicalised jihadis ‘a significant risk’, says ASIO|author=Brendan Nicholson|date=July 17, 2014|work=]|accessdate=July 26, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| "Terror marketing" to recruit new fighters is another motivation. "Some of these men have sort of a pornographic attraction to these violent scenes, these violent beheading videos. It really sort of energizes them," said Paul Cruickshank, a terrorism analyst for ].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Beheadings as Terror Marketing Beheading videos, especially those with the most graphic content removed, are used to recruit new soldiers to terrorist organizations. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/beheadings-as-terror-marketing/381049/ |journal=] |access-date=24 November 2014 |first=Poly |last=Mosendz |date=2 October 2014 }}</ref> | |||
| ===James Foley=== | |||
| {{main|James Foley (journalist)}} | |||
| James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973{{spaced ndash}}{{circa}} August 19, 2014) was an American freelance journalist and ] of the ] when he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. Foley was the first American citizen to be killed by "]".<ref name=first>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/steven-sotloff-american-journalist-threatened-with-isis-execution|title=Another American hostage threatened with death|author=Alyssa Newcomb|work=]|agency=World News|date=August 20, 2014|accessdate=August 20, 2014}}</ref> James Foley's beheading by ISIL received wide condemnation in the United States. | |||
| == List of incidents == | |||
| ===Ali al-Sayyed=== | |||
| {{toptextcells}} | |||
| {{main|Ali al-Sayyed}} | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable toptextcells" | |||
| ] Sergeant Ali al-Sayyed (July 15, 1985{{spaced ndash}}{{circa}} August 28, 2014) was beheaded following his capture by ISIL during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-fighters-behead-captive-lebanese-soldier-video-267727|title=Islamic State Fighters Behead Captive Lebanese Soldier in Video|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-03/269394-dna-test-confirms-identity-of-soldier-beheaded-by-isis.ashx|title=DNA test confirms identity of soldier beheaded by ISIS|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> ISIL member Abu Musaab Hafid al-Baghdadi posted pictures of his beheading on Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.hrw.org/news/2014/09/01/lebanonis-soldier-beheading-war-crime-if-confirmed|title=Lebanon/IS: Soldier Beheading a War Crime if Confirmed – Human Rights Watch|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> The beheading sparked public outrage in Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/angry-mourners-accuse-polticians-over-lebanese-soldier-beheaded-by-isis|title=Angry mourners accuse politicians over Lebanese soldier beheaded by Isis - World news - theguardian.com|work=the Guardian|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> Sergeant Al-Sayed's body was delivered to Lebanese authorities on September 1, and the body confirmed through DNA tests on September 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-03/269411-gunfire-in-nlebanon-after-beheaded-soldier-identified.ashx#axzz3CYVvVcAd|title=Thousands mourn beheaded Lebanese soldier|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> His funeral ceremony was held on September 3, with family, friends, members of the public, comrades, and Lebanese Army Commander Gen. ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-03/269411-gunfire-in-nlebanon-after-beheaded-soldier-identified.ashx#axzz3CYVvVcAd|title=Thousands mourn beheaded Lebanese soldier|work=The Daily Star Newspaper (Lebanon)|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| !Event | |||
| !Date<br /><small>(approx.)</small> | |||
| !Number killed<br /><small>(approx.)</small> | |||
| !Description | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Steven Sotloff=== | |||
| | Syrian soldiers | |||
| {{main|Steven Sotloff}} | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Jul|25}} | |||
| Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – {{circa}} September 2, 2014) was an ]<ref name=hirschson>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/steven-sotloff-journalist-beheaded-isis-was-also-israeli-citizen-n194436|title=Steven Sotloff, Journalist Beheaded by ISIS, Was Also Israeli Citizen|work=]|author=Paul Hirschson|date=September 3, 2014 |accessdate=September 3, 2014}}</ref> journalist for '']'' magazine and '']'', although the ''Post'' disavowed any relationship once Sotloff's life was threatened. In 2013, he was kidnapped in ], Syria, and was held captive by Islamic militants. On September 2, 2014, a video was released purporting to show "]" beheading Steven Sotloff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11071159/Steven-Sotloff-beheaded-by-Islamic-State-live.html|title=Steven Sotloff 'beheaded by Islamic State' – latest|work=]|author=Raf Sanchez |date=September 2, 2014|accessdate=September 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/After-James-Foley-ISIS-beheads-another-US-journalist-Steven-Sotloff/articleshow/41551162.cms|title=After James Foley, ISIS beheads another US journalist Steven Sotloff|publisher=The Times of India|date=September 3, 2014|accessdate=September 3, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | 75 | |||
| | Photos of the beheadings of a number of Syrian soldiers were posted by IS members to social media on July 25, 2014. The reports said up to 75 Syrian soldiers from a captured base were beheaded with their heads and bodies displayed along the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibtimes.com/isis-kills-50-syrian-soldiers-beheads-many-raqqa-1639948|title=ISIS Kills 50 Syrian Soldiers, Beheads Many In Raqqa|work=International Business Times|access-date=September 14, 2014|date=July 26, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150406/http://m.ibtimes.com/isis-kills-50-syrian-soldiers-beheads-many-raqqa-1639948|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/reports-syrian-troops-beheaded-raqqa-20147268024618783.html|title='Syrian troops beheaded' in Raqqa|work=Al Jazeera English|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===David Haines=== | |||
| | ] | |||
| {{main|David Cawthorne Haines}} | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Aug|19}} | |||
| David Haines (May 9, 1970 – {{circa}} September 13, 2014) was abducted in March 2013 by ISIL while working in Syria for the ] group ] assessing the Atmeh ] near the Turkish border and the Syrian province of ].<ref name=dhobit>{{cite news|title=David Haines – obituary|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11095290/David-Haines-obituary.html|work=]|location=London|date=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name=bbc-3sept>{{cite news|last=Robinson|first=Nick|title=British hostage: PM says UK will not be 'cowed' by threats|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-29040550|accessdate=September 8, 2014|work=]|date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973{{spaced ndash}}{{circa}} August 19, 2014) was an American freelance journalist and photojournalist of the ] when he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. Foley was the first American citizen to be killed by "]".<ref name=first>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/steven-sotloff-american-journalist-threatened-with-isis-execution|title=Another American hostage threatened with death|author=Alyssa Newcomb|work=]|agency=World News|date=August 20, 2014|access-date=August 20, 2014}}</ref> James Foley's beheading by IS received wide condemnation in the United States. | |||
| |- | |||
| Haines' family requested that his abduction be kept a secret.<ref name="Dearden">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/david-haines-isis-kidnapping-family-of-british-hostage-appeal-to-militants-to-respond-to-contact-attempts-9730922.html|title=David Haines Isis kidnapping: Family of British hostage appeal to militants to respond to contact attempts|work=]|location=London|date=September 13, 2014|accessdate=September 13, 2014|first=Lizzie|last=Dearden}}</ref> The abduction became public when Haines appeared in the purported Sotloff beheading video, being held by "]" who threatened that Haines would be the next victim.<ref name=MSNBC-SITE>{{cite news|title=Inside the private intel group that scooped and ‘embarrassed’ ISIS|url=http://www.msnbc.com/ronan-farrow/watch/inside-the-group-that-scooped-isis-324906563796|accessdate=September 10, 2014|work=]|date=September 3, 2014|format=video}}</ref><ref name="SotloffBeheading">{{cite news|title=IS jihadi group beheads US journalist Steven Sotloff|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/02/world/meast/isis-american-journalist-sotloff/|date=September 2, 2014|accessdate=September 3, 2014|publisher=''CNN''}}</ref> The ] originally requested the British media to not publish Haines' identity, fearing for his safety, though international press had published his name.<ref name=DM>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/06/world/meast/isis-british-hostage|title=British hostage of ISIS was helping displaced Syrians, aid group says|publisher=]|date=September 6, 2014|accessdate=September 13, 2014|first=Jason|last=Hanna}}</ref> | |||
| | ] | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Aug|28}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | ] Sergeant Ali al-Sayyed (July 15, 1985{{spaced ndash}}{{circa}} August 28, 2014) was beheaded following his capture by IS during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-fighters-behead-captive-lebanese-soldier-video-267727|title=Islamic State Fighters Behead Captive Lebanese Soldier in Video|website=] |access-date=September 14, 2014|date=August 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-03/269394-dna-test-confirms-identity-of-soldier-beheaded-by-isis.ashx|title=DNA test confirms identity of soldier beheaded by ISIS|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> IS member Abu Musaab Hafid al-Baghdadi posted pictures of the beheading on Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.hrw.org/news/2014/09/01/lebanonis-soldier-beheading-war-crime-if-confirmed|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140903182844/http://m.hrw.org/news/2014/09/01/lebanonis-soldier-beheading-war-crime-if-confirmed|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 3, 2014|title=Lebanon/IS: Soldier Beheading a War Crime if Confirmed – Human Rights Watch|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> The beheading sparked public outrage in Lebanon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/03/angry-mourners-accuse-polticians-over-lebanese-soldier-beheaded-by-isis|title=Angry mourners accuse politicians over Lebanese soldier beheaded by Isis - World news - theguardian.com|newspaper=the Guardian|access-date=September 14, 2014|date=September 3, 2014|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Al-Sayyed's body was delivered to Lebanese authorities on September 1, and his identity was confirmed through DNA tests on September 2.<ref name="dailystar">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-03/269411-gunfire-in-nlebanon-after-beheaded-soldier-identified.ashx#axzz3CYVvVcAd|title=Thousands mourn beheaded Lebanese soldier|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> His funeral ceremony was held on September 3, with family, friends, members of the public, comrades, and Lebanese Army Commander Gen. ].<ref name="dailystar"/> | |||
| |- | |||
| | Kurdish soldier | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Aug|29}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | An unidentified Kurdish fighter was beheaded following capture. 23 other captive soldiers are seen in the video but are not beheaded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/29/isis-video-beheading-kurdish-fighter|title=Isis video shows beheading of Kurdish fighter|newspaper=the Guardian|access-date=September 14, 2014|date=August 29, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| A video of the lead-up and aftermath of David Haines' beheading, entitled "A Message to the Allies of America", was released by ISIL on September 13, 2014.<ref name=nyt-transcript>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Zach|title=David Haines video: Full transcript of ISIS footage that allegedly depicts beheading of British aid worker|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/transcript-isis-video-alleged-beheading-david-haines-article-1.1938691|accessdate=September 14, 2014|work=]|date=September 13, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | ] | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Sept|2}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – {{circa}} September 2, 2014) was an ]<ref name=hirschson>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/steven-sotloff-journalist-beheaded-isis-was-also-israeli-citizen-n194436|title=Steven Sotloff, Journalist Beheaded by ISIS, Was Also Israeli Citizen|work=]|author=Paul Hirschson|date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> journalist for '']'' magazine and '']'', although the ''Post'' disavowed any relationship once Sotloff's life was threatened. In 2013, he was kidnapped in ], Syria. On September 2, 2014, a video was released purporting to show "]" beheading Steven Sotloff.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11071159/Steven-Sotloff-beheaded-by-Islamic-State-live.html|title=Steven Sotloff 'beheaded by Islamic State' – latest|work=]|author=Raf Sanchez |date=September 2, 2014|access-date=September 2, 2014|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/After-James-Foley-ISIS-beheads-another-US-journalist-Steven-Sotloff/articleshow/41551162.cms|title=After James Foley, ISIS beheads another US journalist Steven Sotloff|newspaper=The Times of India|date=September 3, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Abbas Medlej=== | |||
| | Abbas Medlej | |||
| Lebanese Army soldier Abbas Medlej is believed to have been beheaded following an attempted escape from his captors. ISIL members claim that he was contained following an escape attempt, where he fired upon his captors, according to comments made by an IS Leader on the Turkish Anatolia news channel. Gruesome photos of the slaughtered soldier were posted on several pro-jihadist ] accounts on September 6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/146416-is-says-beheaded-another-lebanese-soldier-after-he-tried-to-escape|title=IS Says Beheaded Another Lebanese Soldier after He 'Tried to Escape'|work=Naharnet|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-06/269801-isis-executes-second-lebanese-soldier.ashx#axzz3CYVvVcAd|title=ISIS executes second Lebanese soldier|work=The Daily Star Newspaper (Lebanon)|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> Abbas Medlej was captured by ISIL during the ]. | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Sept|6}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | Lebanese Army soldier Abbas Medlej is believed to have been beheaded following an attempted escape from his captors. IS members claim that he was contained following an escape attempt, where he fired upon his captors, according to comments made by an IS Leader on the Turkish Anatolia news channel. Gruesome photos of the dead soldier were posted on several pro-jihadist Twitter accounts on September 6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/146416-is-says-beheaded-another-lebanese-soldier-after-he-tried-to-escape|title=IS Says Beheaded Another Lebanese Soldier after He 'Tried to Escape'|work=Naharnet|access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Sep-06/269801-isis-executes-second-lebanese-soldier.ashx#axzz3CYVvVcAd|title=ISIS executes second Lebanese soldier|work=The Daily Star Newspaper (Lebanon)|date=September 6, 2014 |access-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> Abbas Medlej was captured by IS during the ]. | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Kurdish soldier=== | |||
| | ] | |||
| An unidentified ] soldier was beheaded following capture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2737344/2ndAmessagetoAmerica-Hours-marching-300-Syrian-soldiers-desert-execution-ISIS-releases-chilling-new-beheading-video-captured-Kurdish-soldiers-orange-boiler-suits.html|title=ISIS parade captured Kurds then behead one on video|work=Mail Online|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/29/isis-video-beheading-kurdish-fighter|title=Isis video shows beheading of Kurdish fighter|work=the Guardian|accessdate=September 14, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Sept|13}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | David Haines (May 9, 1970 – {{circa}} September 13, 2014) was a British aid worker abducted in March 2013 while working in Syria for the humanitarian aid group ] assessing the Atmeh refugee camp near the Turkish border and the Syrian province of ].<ref name=dhobit>{{cite news|title=David Haines – obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11095290/David-Haines-obituary.html|work=]|location=London|date=September 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name=bbc-3sept>{{cite news|last=Robinson|first=Nick|title=British hostage: PM says UK will not be 'cowed' by threats|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-29040550|access-date=September 8, 2014|work=]|date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> Haines' family requested that his abduction be kept a secret.<ref name="Dearden">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/david-haines-isis-kidnapping-family-of-british-hostage-appeal-to-militants-to-respond-to-contact-attempts-9730922.html|title=David Haines Isis kidnapping: Family of British hostage appeal to militants to respond to contact attempts|work=]|location=London|date=September 13, 2014|access-date=September 13, 2014|first=Lizzie|last=Dearden}}</ref> The abduction became public when Haines appeared in the purported Sotloff beheading video, being held by "]" who threatened that Haines would be the next victim.<ref name=MSNBC-SITE>{{cite news|title=Inside the private intel group that scooped and 'embarrassed' ISIS|url=http://www.msnbc.com/ronan-farrow/watch/inside-the-group-that-scooped-isis-324906563796|access-date=September 10, 2014|work=]|date=September 3, 2014|format=video}}</ref><ref name="SotloffBeheading">{{cite news|title=IS jihadi group beheads US journalist Steven Sotloff|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/02/world/meast/isis-american-journalist-sotloff/|date=September 2, 2014|access-date=September 3, 2014|publisher=CNN}}</ref> The ] originally requested the British media to not publish Haines' identity, fearing for his safety, though international press had published his name.<ref name=DM>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/06/world/meast/isis-british-hostage|title=British hostage of ISIS was helping displaced Syrians, aid group says|publisher=CNN|date=September 6, 2014|access-date=September 13, 2014|first=Jason|last=Hanna}}</ref> A video of the lead-up and aftermath of David Haines' beheading, entitled "A Message to the Allies of America", was released by IS on September 13, 2014.<ref name=nyt-transcript>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Zach|title=David Haines video: Full transcript of ISIS footage that allegedly depicts beheading of British aid worker|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/transcript-isis-video-alleged-beheading-david-haines-article-1.1938691|access-date=September 14, 2014|work=]|date=September 13, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===15 beheadings in Afghanistan=== | |||
| | Family of ] | |||
| On September 20, 2014, local officials in ] Afghanistan reported that ] insurgents from different regions of the country lead by camouflaged men wearing black masks had captured several villages, set at least 60 homes on fire, killed more than 100 people and beheaded fifteen family members of local police officers. The masked insurgents reportedly carried the ] of ISIL, openly called themselves soldiers of ], and did not speak any local languages.<ref name=nbcnews-09-27>{{cite news|last1=Rahim|first1=Fazul|last2=Smith|first2=Alexander|title=ISIS-Allied Militants Behead 15 During Afghanistan Offensive: Official|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-allied-militants-behead-15-during-afghanistan-offensive-official-n212166|accessdate=September 27, 2014|publisher=NBC News|date=September 26, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Sept|20}} | |||
| | 15 | |||
| | On September 20, 2014, local officials in the ] of Afghanistan reported that ] insurgents from different regions of the country led by camouflaged men wearing black masks had captured several villages, set at least 60 homes on fire, killed more than 100 people and beheaded fifteen family members of local police officers. The masked insurgents reportedly carried the ] of IS, openly called themselves soldiers of Islamic State, and did not speak any local languages.<ref name=nbcnews-09-27>{{cite news|last1=Rahim|first1=Fazul|last2=Smith|first2=Alexander|title=ISIS-Allied Militants Behead 15 During Afghanistan Offensive: Official|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-allied-militants-behead-15-during-afghanistan-offensive-official-n212166|access-date=September 27, 2014|publisher=NBC News|date=September 26, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| Deputy Police Chief General Asadullah Ensafi reported that Taliban ambushes stopped reinforcements from the ] and ] from reaching the area. ] inserted by helicopter were able to reinforce units already defending the area and the "immediate threat to district's center had been nullified."<ref name=nbcnews-09-27/> | Deputy Police Chief General Asadullah Ensafi reported that Taliban ambushes stopped reinforcements from the ] and ] from reaching the area. ] inserted by helicopter were able to reinforce units already defending the area and the "immediate threat to district's center had been nullified."<ref name=nbcnews-09-27/> | ||
| |- | |||
| ===Hervé Gourdel=== | |||
| | Hervé Gourdel | |||
| Hervé Gourdel (September 12, 1959 – {{circa}} September 24, 2014) was a French citizen and ] guide.<ref name=nicematin>{{cite news|title=Niçois enlevé en Algérie: Fabius confirme l'authenticité de la vidéo|work=Nice Matin|url=http://www.nicematin.com/derniere-minute/nicois-enleve-en-algerie-fabius-confirme-lauthenticite-de-la-video.1914423.html|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> Gourdel was kidnapped on September 21, 2014, while hiking in the ] in Algeria.<ref name=dailymail-09-25>{{cite news|last1=Hall|first1=John|author2=Allen, Peter|title=Beheaded French hostage will be avenged, country vows as tributes paid to married father of two|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2769375/Beheaded-French-hostage-avenged-country-vows-tributes-paid-married-father-two.html|accessdate=September 28, 2014|work=]|location=London|date=September 25, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Sept|24}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | {{anchor|Hervé Gourdel}} | |||
| Hervé Gourdel (September 12, 1959 – {{circa}} September 24, 2014) was a French citizen and mountaineering guide.<ref name=nicematin>{{cite news|title=Niçois enlevé en Algérie: Fabius confirme l'authenticité de la vidéo|work=Nice Matin|url=http://www.nicematin.com/derniere-minute/nicois-enleve-en-algerie-fabius-confirme-lauthenticite-de-la-video.1914423.html|date=September 22, 2014|access-date=September 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201201040/http://www.nicematin.com/derniere-minute/nicois-enleve-en-algerie-fabius-confirme-lauthenticite-de-la-video.1914423.html|archive-date=February 1, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Gourdel was kidnapped on September 21, 2014, while hiking in the ] in Algeria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-18 |title=Hervé Gourdel: Man sentenced over French tourist's killing |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56120459 |access-date=2023-10-22}}</ref> | |||
| The following day, a recently formed |
The following day, a recently formed IS affiliate in Algeria, ], released a video which showed Hervé Gourdel being held hostage. The group threatened to kill Gourdel if the French government continued to conduct ]. On September 24, they carried through on threats to behead him after a 24-hour deadline passed.<ref name=ap-2014-09-24>{{cite news|title=Algerian extremists behead French hostage|url=https://news.yahoo.com/watchdog-french-hostage-killed-extremists-152926915.html|access-date=September 24, 2014|agency=Associated Press|date=September 24, 2014}}</ref> The beheading was captured in a video titled "A Message of Blood for French Government."<ref name=cnn-TV>{{cite news|title=Legal View|work=]|issue=September 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name=site-2014-09-24>{{cite news|title=Jund al-Khilafah in Algeria Beheads French Hostage in Video |url=http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/entry/289-jund-al-khilafah-in-algeria-beheads-french-hostage-in-video |access-date=September 24, 2014 |work=] |date=September 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925125428/http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/entry/289-jund-al-khilafah-in-algeria-beheads-french-hostage-in-video |archive-date=September 25, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
| The video is similar to other |
The video is similar to other IS beheading videos. It opens with a news clip of French President ] and a title screen. It then shows Hervé Gourdel handcuffed and kneeling in front of four armed masked men. After Gourdel delivers a statement, one of the militants reads a statement. In it he declares that this kidnapping and execution were in response to the order of IS spokesman ] to attack citizens of countries participating in the U.S.-led coalition against the Islamic State. Like the other IS beheading videos, it does not show the actual beheading, but the final scene does show Hervé Gourdel's dead body with his severed head in his lap, and then the fighters holding it up.<ref name="site-2014-09-24"/> | ||
| |- | |||
| The day after the beheading, approximately 2,000 Algerian soldiers and 500 marines assisted by helicopters and ]s searched the ] region to try to find the militants responsible for the beheading. A spokesman for the Algerian government reiterated its commitment to protecting foreign residents living inside the country, which includes around 30,000 French citizens.<ref name=dailymail-09-25/> | |||
| | Kobane and Eastern Syria | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Oct|1}} | |||
| | 10 | |||
| | The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported on October 1 that IS had beheaded 10 individuals near ], Syria – two male and three female Kurdish fighters, four Syrian Arab rebels and a male Kurdish civilian. "I don't know why they were arrested or beheaded. Only the Islamic State knows why. They want to scare people," according to Rami Abdulrahman. He also reported IS has used beheadings in eastern Syria to scare local leaders of Sunni Muslim tribes to withdraw from the battlefield. The beheadings are often carried out in public and the public is told that any violent or non-violent dissent will not be tolerated.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Islamic State beheads seven men, three women in Syria: monitor|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-killings-idUSKCN0HQ3QE20141001|website=]|access-date=October 9, 2014|date=October 1, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Kobane and eastern Syria beheadings=== | |||
| | ] | |||
| The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported on October 1 that ISIL had beheaded 10 individuals near ], Syria – two male and three female Kurdish fighters, four Syrian Arab rebels and a male Kurdish civilian. "I don't know why they were arrested or beheaded. Only the Islamic State knows why. They want to scare people," according to Rami Abdulrahman. He also reported ISIL has used beheadings in eastern Syria to scare local leaders of Sunni Muslim tribes to withdraw from the battlefield. The beheadings are often carried out in public and the public is told that any violent or non-violent dissent will not be tolerated.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Islamic State beheads seven men, three women in Syria: monitor|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/01/us-mideast-crisis-killings-idUSKCN0HQ3QE20141001|website=]|accessdate=October 9, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Oct|3}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | Alan Henning (August 15, 1967 – {{circa}} October 3, 2014)<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-29485405|title=Alan Henning 'killed by Islamic State'|work=BBC|date=October 3, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2014}}</ref> was a British ] worker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11099969/Alan-Henning-charity-campaigned-for-release-of-Lady-al-Qaeda-Aafia-Siddiqui.html|title = Alan Henning charity campaigned for release of 'Lady al-Qaeda' Aafia Siddiqui| date=September 16, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=bbc2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-29485405|title=Alan Henning 'killed by Islamic State'|work=BBC|date=4 October 2014|accessdate=3 October 2014}}</ref> Henning was the fourth Western hostage killed by IS. Henning was captured during IS's occupation of the Syrian city of ] in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-henning-second-british-hostage-in-isis-beheading-video-named-as-kind-and-funny-aid-worker-9732162.html|title=Alan Henning: Second British hostage in Isis beheading video named as 'kind and funny' aid worker|work=]|location=London|date=September 14, 2014|access-date=September 14, 2014|first=Tom|last=Harper}}</ref> The ] withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Alan Henning was shown at the end of David Haines' beheading video, released on September 13, 2014, and referred to by "]" as the next victim.<ref name="cnn haines execution">{{cite news|last1=Botelho|first1=Greg|last2=Pearson|first2=Michael|last3=Taylor|first3=Phillip|title=ISIS executes British aid worker David Haines; Cameron vows justice|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/13/world/meast/isis-haines-family-message/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|access-date=September 14, 2014|publisher=CNN.com|date=September 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian henning">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/14/alan-henning-isis-syria-hostage-aid-worker|title=Isis hostage: Alan Henning described as 'a big man with a big heart'|work=]|date=September 14, 2014|access-date=September 14, 2014|first=Ian|last=Cobain}}</ref> A video of Henning's beheading was released by IS on October 3, 2014.<ref name=bbc/> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Alan Henning=== | |||
| | Baiji, Iraq | |||
| {{main|Alan Henning}} | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Oct|10}} | |||
| Alan Henning (August 15, 1967 – {{circa}} October 3, 2014)<ref name=bbc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-29485405|title=Alan Henning 'killed by Islamic State'|work=BBC|date=October 3, 2014|accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref> was a British ] worker.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2755705/Find-s-late-He-s-Manchester-taxi-driver-went-Syria-help-refugees-Now-s-facing-death-hands-Jihadi-John.html |title=Special forces hunt for IS hostage Alan Henning |work=Daily Mail |location=London |accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref> Henning was the fourth Western hostage killed by ISIL. Henning was captured during ISIL's occupation of the Syrian city of ] in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-henning-second-british-hostage-in-isis-beheading-video-named-as-kind-and-funny-aid-worker-9732162.html|title=Alan Henning: Second British hostage in Isis beheading video named as 'kind and funny' aid worker|work=]|location=London|date=September 14, 2014|accessdate=September 14, 2014|first=Tom|last=Harper}}</ref> The ] withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Alan Henning was shown at the end of David Haines's beheading video, released on September 13, 2014, and referred to by "]" as the next victim.<ref name="cnn haines execution">{{cite news|last1=Botelho|first1=Greg|last2=Pearson|first2=Michael|last3=Taylor|first3=Phillip|title=ISIS executes British aid worker David Haines; Cameron vows justice|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/13/world/meast/isis-haines-family-message/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate=September 14, 2014|publisher=CNN.com|date=September 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian henning">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/14/alan-henning-isis-syria-hostage-aid-worker|title=Isis hostage: Alan Henning described as 'a big man with a big heart'|work=]|date=September 14, 2014|accessdate=September 14, 2014|first=Ian|last=Cobain}}</ref> A video of Henning's beheading was released by ISIL on October 3, 2014.<ref name=bbc/> | |||
| | 3 | |||
| | A security official in Baiji said three men were beheaded on October 10, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nine people executed by ISIS in northern Iraq|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21954|access-date=November 18, 2014|publisher=Al Akhbar|date=October 10, 2014|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031933/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21954|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Raad al-Azzawi and others=== | |||
| | Raad al-Azzawi and several others | |||
| ] (RSF) and his family said that on September 7, 2014 ISIL seized<ref>{{cite news|title=RSF: ISIS threatens to behead Iraqi journalist|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/09/11/RSF-ISIS-threatens-to-behead-Iraqi-journalist.html|accessdate=November 18, 2014|agency=Agence France Presse|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=September 11, 2014}}</ref> and on October 11 publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi (or translated Azzaoui), 37, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit in Iraq. According to RSF al-Azzawi was taken because he refused to work for ISIL. They also kidnapped and killed, possibility also by beheading, al-Azzawi's brother and several other civilians. In December 2013 ISIL militants had attacked al-Azzawi's TV station with suicide bombs, killing 5 journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community." These actions are part of a widespread organized effort to ] through violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISIL 'publicly executes Iraqi journalist'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/reports-isil-executes-iraqi-journalist-20141010194149556427.html|accessdate=November 18, 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=October 11, 2014}}</ref> At about the same time, AP reported that ISIL beheaded a number of journalists in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yacoub|first1=Sameer N.|last2=Abdul-Zahra|first2=Qassim|title=Car bombs kill 38 in Iraq's capital, Baghdad|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/277f1444d8014dde95afbfeb3fa8f77c/islamic-state-group-kills-iraqi-tv-journalist|accessdate=November 18, 2014|publisher=Associated Press|date=October 11, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Oct|11}} | |||
| | 5 | |||
| {{anchor|Raad al-Azzawi and others}} | |||
| | ] (RSF) and his family said that on September 7, 2014 IS seized<ref>{{cite news|title=RSF: ISIS threatens to behead Iraqi journalist|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/09/11/RSF-ISIS-threatens-to-behead-Iraqi-journalist.html|access-date=November 18, 2014|agency=Agence France Presse|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=September 11, 2014}}</ref> and on October 11 publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi (or translated Azzaoui), 37, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit in Iraq. According to RSF al-Azzawi was taken because he refused to work for IS. They also kidnapped and killed, possibly also by beheading, al-Azzawi's brother and several other civilians. In December 2013 IS militants had attacked al-Azzawi's TV station with suicide bombs, killing five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community." These actions are part of a widespread organized effort to ] through violence.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISIL 'publicly executes Iraqi journalist'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/reports-isil-executes-iraqi-journalist-20141010194149556427.html|access-date=November 18, 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=October 11, 2014}}</ref> At about the same time, AP reported that IS beheaded a number of journalists in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yacoub|first1=Sameer N.|last2=Abdul-Zahra|first2=Qassim|title=Car bombs kill 38 in Iraq's capital, Baghdad|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/277f1444d8014dde95afbfeb3fa8f77c/islamic-state-group-kills-iraqi-tv-journalist|access-date=November 18, 2014|agency=Associated Press|date=October 11, 2014|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082802/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/277f1444d8014dde95afbfeb3fa8f77c/islamic-state-group-kills-iraqi-tv-journalist|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ===Baiji, Iraq=== | |||
| |] | |||
| A security official in Baiji said three men were beheaded on October 10, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nine people executed by ISIS in northern Iraq|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21954|accessdate=November 18, 2014|publisher=Al Akhbar|date=October 10, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Nov|16}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| {{anchor|Peter Kassig}} | |||
| |Kassig next worked in Syria and Lebanon as a humanitarian worker. He aided Syrian refugees through Special Emergency Response and Assistance (SERA),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seramedic.org/|title=SERA International|access-date=November 17, 2014|archive-date=October 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029022833/https://seramedic.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a ] he founded in the Fall of 2012 to provide refugees in Syria and Lebanon with medical assistance, supplies, clothing, and food.<ref name="the Guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/parents-us-hostage-peter-kassig-appeal-isis|title=Parents of US hostage Peter Kassig appeal to Isis for his release|work=the Guardian|access-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="indystar.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/04/parents-isis-captive-abdul-rahman-peter-kassig-release-video-message/16712829|title=Peter Kassig's parents in video plea to ISIS: 'Show mercy'|date=October 4, 2014|access-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="indystar">{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2014/10/03/reports-indianapolis-man-named-next-isis-target/16667489|title=Indianapolis native Peter Kassig named next ISIS target|date=October 3, 2014|access-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="timekassig">{{cite magazine|url=https://nation.time.com/2013/01/08/an-army-ranger-turned-refugee-helper/|title=An Army Ranger Helps Syrian Refugees|magazine=Time|date=January 8, 2013|access-date=October 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Eason|first1=Brian|title=Mother of ISIS captive Peter Kassig offers prayers of her own|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2014/10/10/islamic-prayer-service-set-isis-captive-abdul-rahman-kassig/17027075|access-date=October 12, 2014|newspaper=Indianapolis Star|date=October 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sherlock">{{cite news|last1=Sherlock|first1=Ruth|title=Isil hostage Peter Kassig 'is now devout Muslim who prays five times a day', says ex-captive|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11149947/Isil-hostage-Peter-Kassig-is-now-devout-Muslim-who-prays-five-times-a-day-says-ex-captive.html|access-date=October 12, 2014|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=October 8, 2014|location=London}}</ref> Kassig was a trained ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Peter Kassig, Indiana aid worker threatened by ISIS, wrote he was 'scared to die' in June letter: parents|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/peter-kassig-iss-hostage-wrote-scared-die-june-parents-article-1.1964513|access-date=October 12, 2014|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| On October 1, 2013, as he was on his way to ] in eastern Syria to deliver food and medical supplies to refugees, Kassig was taken captive by IS.<ref name="indystar"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11140973/Peter-Kassig-Idealistic-aid-worker-who-converted-to-Islam-in-captivity.html|title=Peter Kassig: Idealistic aid worker who converted to Islam in captivity|date=October 4, 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=October 7, 2014|location=London|first=Rob|last=Crilly}}</ref> He was kept in a cell with French journalist ] and British journalist ], and beaten regularly.<ref name="Sherlock"/> While in captivity, Kassig – formerly a ] – converted to Islam and changed his name to Abdul-Rahman Kassig, sometime between October and December 2013.<ref name=militarytimes.com>{{cite news|title=The back story of the former Ranger held captive by Islamic State|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20141006/NEWS08/310060045/The-back-story-former-Ranger-held-captive-by-Islamic-State|access-date=October 12, 2014|publisher=Military Times|date=October 6, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006193753/http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20141006/NEWS08/310060045/The-back-story-former-Ranger-held-captive-by-Islamic-State|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/10/06/peter-kassig-conversion-islamic-state-beheading|title=Peter Kassig's Conversion Unlikely to Halt ISIS Headsman, Experts Say|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref> On October 3, 2014, his parents released a video in which they stressed that his conversion to Islam was not forced, and that his path to conversion began before he was taken captive.<ref name="militarytimes.com"/> | |||
| === Peter Kassig=== | |||
| Peter Edward Kassig, also known by the name Abdul-Rahman Kassig which he assumed in captivity, was 26 years old at the time he was beheaded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30076629|title=BBC News - Abdul-Rahman Kassig killing is pure evil, says Obama|work=BBC News|accessdate=November 19, 2014}}</ref> He was born and raised in ].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schuster|first1=Shawn|title=Conversion to Islam Doesn't Save American Aid Worker Peter Kassig from Being Next Target of ISIS Beheading|url=http://www.gospelherald.com/articles/52763/20141006/conversion-to-islam-doesnt-save-american-aid-worker-from-being-next-target-of-isis-beheading.htm|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=The Gospel Herald|date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> He was the adopted child of Ed, a school teacher, and Paula Kassig, a nurse.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eason|first1=Brian|last2=Wang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Adams|first3=Michael Anthony|title=Indianapolis native Peter Kassig named next ISIS target|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2014/10/03/reports-indianapolis-man-named-next-isis-target/16667489/|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=Indianapolis Star|date=October 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wagner|first1=Meg|title='On our own, with no help from the government': Peter Kassig's mom claims U.S. won't help kidnapped son, tweets to ISIS for his release|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/peter-kassig-mom-tweets-isis-article-1.1968467|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=New York Daily News|date=October 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-29501837|title=US hostage Kassig letter: 'I am scared to die'|work=BBC News|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="the Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/parents-us-hostage-peter-kassig-appeal-isis|title=Parents of US hostage Peter Kassig appeal to Isis for his release|work=the Guardian|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="indystar.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2014/10/04/parents-isis-captive-abdul-rahman-peter-kassig-release-video-message/16712829|title=Peter Kassig's parents in video plea to ISIS: 'Show mercy'|date=October 4, 2014|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | |||
| | author = Brian Eason | |||
| | title = Peter Kassig's birth family breaks silence | |||
| | quote = The Kassigs acknowledged on Thursday that they adopted Peter as an infant. | |||
| | newspaper = ] | |||
| | date = November 20, 2014 | |||
| | pages = | |||
| | url = http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2014/11/20/peter-kassigs-birth-family-breaks-silence/70021094/ | |||
| | accessdate = November 24, 2014 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| Kassig was named as the next victim to be beheaded in the video released by IS on October 3, 2014, that showed ]'s beheading.<ref name="vocativkassig">{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/british-isis-fighter-challenges-u-k-prime-minister-ground-fight/|title=ISIS Releases Two Videos, Including Beheading of Briton Alan Henning|work=Vocativ|date=October 3, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2014|archive-date=December 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212170933/https://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/british-isis-fighter-challenges-u-k-prime-minister-ground-fight/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On October 3, his family sent a video message to the Islamic State, asking for mercy for their son.<ref name="YouTube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLk4yxc9aks|title=Islamic State Siege of Kobane Intensifies|work=YouTube|date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lim|first1=Sara|title=Former Ranger discusses latest ISIS captive Peter Kassig|url=http://www.wtvm.com/story/26705478/former-ranger-discusses-latest-isis-captive-peter-kassig|access-date=October 12, 2014|publisher=WTVM|date=October 4, 2014}}</ref> Kassig's mother later tweeted an entreaty to the leader of the Islamic State over Twitter, asking to communicate with him, and Kassig's parents maintain Facebook<ref>{{Facebook|MercyforAbdulRahman|Mercy for Abdul Rahman}}</ref> and Twitter<ref>{{Twitter|id=kassigfamily|name=Kassig Family}}</ref> accounts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCoy|first1=Terrence|title=The agony of waiting for your son's beheading|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/09/waiting-for-the-beheading-of-an-american-hostage-with-no-help-from-the-government|access-date=October 12, 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|date=October 9, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| He attended ] in Indianapolis, graduating in 2006. Kassig then became a ], with an army ] unit, ], ]. His service including training in ], and a four-month deployment to Iraq, from June 2006 to September 2007, when he received a ].<ref name="militarytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State threatens Indiana-native Peter Kassig|url=http://khon2.com/2014/10/03/islamic-state-threatens-indiana-native-peter-kassig|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=]|date=October 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/03/isis-militants-threaten-kill-american-peter-kassig|title=Peter Kassig: Isis hostage threatened with death was captured on aid mission|author=Raya Jalabi|work=the Guardian|accessdate=November 16, 2014}}</ref> Thereafter, he was a student at ] (which he attended from 2007–09) and ] (which he attended from spring 2011 to 2012, majoring in political science).<ref name=militarytimes.com>{{cite news|title=The back story of the former Ranger held captive by Islamic State|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/article/20141006/NEWS08/310060045/The-back-story-former-Ranger-held-captive-by-Islamic-State|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=Miltary Times|date=October 6, 2014}}</ref><ref name="indystar"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://madisoncourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=178&SubSectionID=961&ArticleID=86159|title=ISIS threatens ex-Hanover student with beheading|publisher=The Madison Courier Daily Newspaper – Madison, Indiana|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fox59.com/2014/10/03/isis-video-claims-to-show-beheading-of-british-aid-worker/|title=ISIS threatens life of central Indiana native, former Butler student in beheading video|work=Fox 59|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| On November 16, 2014, IS posted a video showing "]" standing over a severed human head.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-beheads-peter-kassig-challenges-u-s-to-send-ground-troops.html|title=IS Beheads Peter Kassig, Challenges U.S. to Send Ground Troops|publisher=SITE Monitoring Service|date=November 16, 2014}} (transcript of the video, largely based on the original English subtitles)</ref> The beheading itself was not shown in the video. The ] later confirmed the person killed was Kassig.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hjelmgaard|first1=Kim|title=U.S. review of Islamic State video confirms American's death|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/11/16/peter-kassig-islamic-state-claims-beheading-syria/19128067/|access-date=November 16, 2014|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 16, 2014}}</ref> '']'' and security expert Will Geddes speculated that Kassig may have defied his captors, and refused to provide a beheading video statement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Farmer|first1=Ben|title=Peter Kassig may have defied captors over beheading video statement|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11234241/Peter-Kassig-may-have-defied-captors-over-beheading-video-statement.html|access-date=November 16, 2014|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 16, 2014|location=London}}</ref> | |||
| Kassig next worked in Syria and Lebanon as a humanitarian worker. He aided Syrian refugees through Special Emergency Response and Assistance (SERA),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seramedic.org|title=SERA International|work=SERA International|accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> a ] he founded in the Fall of 2012 to provide refugees in Syria and Lebanon with medical assistance, supplies, clothing, and food.<ref name="the Guardian"/><ref name="indystar.com"/><ref name="indystar">{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2014/10/03/reports-indianapolis-man-named-next-isis-target/16667489|title=Indianapolis native Peter Kassig named next ISIS target|date=October 3, 2014|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="timekassig">{{cite web|url=http://nation.time.com/2013/01/08/an-army-ranger-turned-refugee-helper|title=An Army Ranger Helps Syrian Refugees|work=Time|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Eason|first1=Brian|title=Mother of ISIS captive Peter Kassig offers prayers of her own|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2014/10/10/islamic-prayer-service-set-isis-captive-abdul-rahman-kassig/17027075|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=Indianapolis Star|date=October 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sherlock">{{cite news|last1=Sherlock|first1=Ruth|title=Isil hostage Peter Kassig 'is now devout Muslim who prays five times a day', says ex-captive|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11149947/Isil-hostage-Peter-Kassig-is-now-devout-Muslim-who-prays-five-times-a-day-says-ex-captive.html|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> Kassig trained as a ], provided ] to Syrians who were injured, and helped train others to provide medical aid.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peter Kassig, Indiana aid worker threatened by ISIS, wrote he was 'scared to die' in June letter: parents|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/peter-kassig-iss-hostage-wrote-scared-die-june-parents-article-1.1964513|accessdate=October 12, 2014|agency=Associated Press|publisher=New York Daily News|date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| On October 1, 2013, as he was on his way to ] in eastern Syria to deliver food and medical supplies to refugees, Kassig was taken captive by ISIL.<ref name="indystar"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11140973/Peter-Kassig-Idealistic-aid-worker-who-converted-to-Islam-in-captivity.html|title=Peter Kassig: Idealistic aid worker who converted to Islam in captivity|date=October 4, 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref> He was kept in a cell with French journalist Nicolas Henin and British journalist ], and beaten regularly.<ref name="Sherlock"/> While in captivity, during torture, Kassig – formerly a ] – converted to Islam and changed his name to Abdul-Rahman Kassig, sometime between October and December 2013.<ref name="militarytimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/10/06/peter-kassig-conversion-islamic-state-beheading|title=Peter Kassig's Conversion Unlikely to Halt ISIS Headsman, Experts Say|work=US News & World Report|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref> On October 3, 2014, his parents released a video in which they stressed that his conversion to Islam was not forced, and that his path to conversion began before he was taken captive.<ref name="militarytimes.com"/> | |||
| | Syrian soldiers | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Nov|16}} | |||
| | 21 | |||
| | On November 16, 2014, in the same video that depicted Peter Kassig's death, IS also included the beheading of 22 Syrian soldiers in gruesome detail.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/12/world/isis-syria-video-analysis/ |title = ISIS's brutal beheading video: Search for clues| website=] }}</ref> The ] pointed out that this video "revels in gore", and unlike previous videos, this one showed the faces of many of the militants and provided the location as ] in Aleppo Province.<ref name="BBC-30073602">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30073602|title=US hostage Kassig 'killed by IS'|date=November 16, 2014|work=]|access-date=November 16, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| On November 17, French media reported that 22-year-old French citizen Maxime Hauchard, who goes by the nom de guerre Abdallah Al-Faransi, was believed to be among the executioners in the beheading video. Hauchard lived in Normandy and converted to Islam at the age of 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20141117-peter-kassig-execution-video-islamic-state-france-executioners-maxime/|title=Middle East - 'Strong probability' French jihadist in Kassig execution video - France 24|work=France 24|date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> A French prosecutor said that another Frenchman may have also been present.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30080874|title=BBC News - Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=November 17, 2014|date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> On November 19, 22-year-old Michael Dos Santos, known by fellow militants with his nom de guerre Abou Uthman, was also identified by the French media as the second French Jihadist featured in the beheading video. Dos Santos lived in Champigny-sur-Marne east of Paris and converted to Islam in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-beheading-video-second-french-jihadist-named-michael-dos-santos-1475608|title=Isis Beheading Video: Second French Jihadist Named as Michael Dos Santos|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=November 19, 2014|date=November 19, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| Kassig was named as the next victim to be beheaded in the video released by ISIL on October 3, 2014, that showed ]'s beheading, and Kassig was shown in the video wearing a ]-style orange jump suit.<ref name="vocativkassig">{{cite web|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/british-isis-fighter-challenges-u-k-prime-minister-ground-fight/|title=ISIS Releases Two Videos, Including Beheading of Briton Alan Henning|work=Vocativ|date=October 3, 2014|accessdate=October 3, 2014}}</ref> On October 3, his family sent a video message to the Islamic State, asking for mercy for their son.<ref name="YouTube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLk4yxc9aks|title=Islamic State Siege of Kobane Intensifies|work=YouTube|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lim|first1=Sara|title=Former Ranger discusses latest ISIS captive Peter Kassig|url=http://www.wtvm.com/story/26705478/former-ranger-discusses-latest-isis-captive-peter-kassig|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=WTVM|date=October 4, 2014}}</ref> Kassig's mother later tweeted an entreaty to the leader of the Islamic State over Twitter, asking to communicate with him, and Kassig's parents maintained Facebook<ref>{{Facebook|MercyforAbdulRahman|Mercy for Abdul Rahman}}</ref> and Twitter<ref>{{Twitter|id=kassigfamily|name=Kassig Family}}</ref> accounts dedicated to raising awareness of their son’s captivity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCoy|first1=Terrence|title=The agony of waiting for your son's beheading|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/09/waiting-for-the-beheading-of-an-american-hostage-with-no-help-from-the-government|accessdate=October 12, 2014|publisher=Washington Post|date=October 9, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| On November 16, 2014, ISIL posted a video showing "]" standing over a severed human head.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/is-beheads-peter-kassig-challenges-u-s-to-send-ground-troops.html|title=IS Beheads Peter Kassig, Challenges U.S. to Send Ground Troops|publisher=SITE Monitoring Service|date=2014-11-16}} (transcript of the video, largely based on the original English subtitles)</ref> The beheading itself was not shown in the video. The ] later confirmed the person killed was Kassig.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hjelmgaard|first1=Kim|title=U.S. review of Islamic State video confirms American's death|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/11/16/peter-kassig-islamic-state-claims-beheading-syria/19128067/|accessdate=November 16, 2014|publisher=USA Today|date=November 16, 2014}}</ref> '']'' and security expert Will Geddes speculated that Kassig may have defied his captors, and refused to provide a beheading video statement.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Farmer|first1=Ben|title=Peter Kassig may have defied captors over beheading video statement|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11234241/Peter-Kassig-may-have-defied-captors-over-beheading-video-statement.html|accessdate=November 16, 2014|publisher=''The Daily Telegraph''|date=November 16, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | Alleged beheading of deserters | |||
| | {{dts|2014|Dec}} | |||
| | 100 | |||
| | In December 2014, after some recent military setbacks, IS was reported to have beheaded about 100 foreign fighters who tried to leave ].<ref name=ft12>{{cite news| url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f1705f00-85e6-11e4-a105-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3MUryVrW7|author=Erika Solomon |title=Isis morale falls as momentum slows and casualties mount|newspaper=]| date=December 19, 2014| access-date=December 20, 2014}}</ref> A military police had been established in Raqqa to look for fighters who failed to report.<ref name=ft12/> | |||
| |- | |||
| === 18 Syrian soldiers === | |||
| | Haruna Yukawa and ] | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Jan}} | |||
| | 2 | |||
| | {{Nihongo|Haruna Yukawa|湯川 遥菜|Yukawa Haruna}}, born {{nihongo|Masayuki Yukawa|湯川 正行|Yukawa Masayuki|April 1972 – {{circa}} January 2015}}, was a Japanese national reported to be beheaded in January 2015. {{not a typo|He}}<!-- all sources describe him as "he" --> aspired to become a private military contractor providing protection to Japanese companies in areas of conflict. In April 2014, he was in Syria where he was captured by the Free Syrian Army; Japanese journalist {{Nihongo|]|後藤 健二|Gotō Kenji|1967 – {{circa}} 31 January 2015}} was brought in to interpret, and Goto secured Yukawa's release. Both Yukawa and Goto went back to Japan, but Yukawa soon returned to Syria, where he disappeared after July 2014; IS released a video on YouTube of Yukawa on the ground bleeding. In October 2014, Goto returned to Syria to try to secure Yukawa's release; he was soon captured. The two appeared in a video in January 2015 in which IS gave the Japanese government a deadline of 72 hours for a ransom of $200 million. The deadline passed without fulfillment of the ransom, and a video of Yukawa's beheading was released. Yukawa and Goto were the first Japanese nationals to be held hostage by IS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sim|first=Shuan|title=ISIS Beheads Haruna Yukawa: Why The Japanese Hostages Were In Syria|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-beheads-haruna-yukawa-why-japanese-hostages-were-syria-1791690|access-date=January 24, 2015|work=International Business Times|date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> By the end of the month, the group released another video of the beheading of Goto, in which ] proclaimed to Japanese prime minister ] "because of your reckless decision to take part in an unwinnable war, this knife will not only slaughter Kenji, but will also carry on and cause carnage wherever your people are found. So let the nightmare for Japan begin."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2015/01/31/kenji-goto-the-last-japanese-hostage-seen-beheaded-in-unconfirmed-isis-video/|newspaper=]|title=Japanese hostage Kenji Goto seen beheaded in ISIS video, bringing abrupt end to negotiations to free him|first=Karin|last=Laub|date= January 31, 2015|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| On November 16, 2014, in the same video that depicted Peter Kassig's death, ISIS also included the beheading of 18 Syrian soldiers in gruesome detail. The ] pointed out that this video "revels in gore", and unlike previous videos, this one showed the faces of many of the militants and provided the location as ] in Aleppo Province.<ref name="BBC-30073602">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30073602|title=US hostage Kassig 'killed by IS'|date=November 16, 2014|work=]|accessdate=November 16, 2014}}</ref> The same day, Welsh citizen Ahmed Muthana, originally from Yemen, said his 20-year-old son Nasser Muthana was among the 16 jihadists in the 16-minute video. Nasser was a medical student and lived in Cardiff.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Larisa|last2=Dolan|first2=Andy|last3=Martin|first3=Daniel|last4=Robinson|first4=Martin|title='I'm not going to make excuses... A head for a head': Father of British medical student 'in Jihadi beheading video' says his son should be executed too|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2837090/British-medical-student-Jihadi-beheading-video-20-year-old-appears-Jihadi-John-sickening-film.html|accessdate=November 18, 2014|publisher=Daily Mail|date=November 16, 2014}}</ref> However it was later revealed by facial analysis that the militant in question was not Nasser Muthana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article4270709.ece|title=Father’s relief as experts say video killer is not his son|work=TheTimes|accessdate=November 21, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | Hujam Surchi | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Jan|28}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | Hujam Surchi, an Iraqi Kurdish ] officer, was beheaded days before Kenji Goto, allegedly by a Kurdish member of IS.<ref>{{cite news|author=Name* |url=http://basnews.com/en/news/2015/01/28/basnews-identifies-the-peshmerga-beheaded-by-is/ |title=BasNews |publisher=BasNews |access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| On November 17, French media reported that 22-year-old French citizen Maxime Hauchard, who goes by the nom de guerre Abdallah Al-Faransi, was believed to be among the executioners in the beheading video. Hauchard lived in Normandy and converted to Islam at the age of 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20141117-peter-kassig-execution-video-islamic-state-france-executioners-maxime/|title=Middle East - ‘Strong probability’ French jihadist in Kassig execution video - France 24|work=France 24|accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> A French prosecutor said that another Frenchman may have also been present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30080874|title=BBC News - Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed|work=BBC News|accessdate=November 17, 2014}}</ref> On November 19, 22-year-old Michael Dos Santos, known by fellow militants with his nom de guerre Abou Uthman, was also identified by the French media as the second French Jihadist featured in the beheading video. Dos Santos lived in Champigny-sur-Marne east of Paris and converted to Islam in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-beheading-video-second-french-jihadist-named-michael-dos-santos-1475608|title=Isis Beheading Video: Second French Jihadist Named as Michael Dos Santos|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=November 19, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | Alleged spies in Egypt | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Feb}} | |||
| | 10 | |||
| | In February 2015, in response to the buffer zone the Egyptian government placed along the ], IS members beheaded 10 men they believed were spies for ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Sinai-terrorists-linked-with-ISIS-decapitate-10-alleged-Israeli-spies-390574 |title=Sinai terrorists linked with ISIS decapitate 10 alleged Israeli spies |publisher=Jpost.com |date=February 28, 2015 |access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ==Alleged Australian beheading plot== | |||
| | ] | |||
| {{main|2014 Australian terror raids}} | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Feb|15}} | |||
| In a pre-dawn ] on September 18, 2014, Australian law enforcement detained 15 individuals in Sydney and ] who were allegedly plotting a "demonstration execution".<ref name=abc.au-9-18>{{cite news|title=Authorities thwart 'beheading' plot in Australia's biggest ever counter-terrorism raids|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-18/authorities-thwart-beheading-plot-in-australias-biggest-raid/5754276|accessdate=September 21, 2014|work=]|date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> The purported plan was to kidnap a random resident of ] and behead the individual on camera, draped in the black flag of the Islamic State.<ref name=reuters-9-18>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Matt|title=Australian PM says police raids follow IS linked beheading plot|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/18/us-australia-security-raids-idUSKBN0HC2FJ20140918|accessdate=September 21, 2014|work=]|date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | 21 | |||
| | On February 15, 2015, IS's al-Hayat Media Center posted a video on Twitter titled "a message signed with blood to ]". It showed the beheading of 21 ] masons by the sea shore in ], Libya. They were kidnapped from ] in late December 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2015/2/15/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-21-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7 |title=تسجيل يظهر إعدام تنظيم الدولة 21 قبطيا مصريا بليبيا |publisher=Aljazeera.net |date=February 15, 2015 |access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| ==Reasons for beheadings== | |||
| | Ethiopian Christians | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Apr|19}} | |||
| | 30 | |||
| | On April 19, 2015, two videos purportedly made by Islamic State and posted on social media sites on April 19, 2015, appeared to show militants shooting and beheading two groups of Ethiopian Christians in Libya totaling about 30 victims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/19/africa/libya-isis-executions-ethiopian-christians/ |title=ISIS executes more Christians in Libya, video shows |work=CNN |author=Eliott C. McLaughlin |date=April 20, 2015 |access-date=August 12, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| Those who commit beheadings point to one specific passage in the Quran: | |||
| | ] | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Aug|12}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | On August 12, 2015, a still image, shared by IS sympathizers on social media, showed the apparent body of Croatian Tomislav Salopek, a married, 30-year-old father of two, whose first video containing his captors′ threat and demand that the government of Egypt free imprisoned ″Muslim women″, was released on August 5, 2015,<ref></ref> the day when Croatia was staging ] to commemorate its ].<ref> BBC, August 5, 2015.</ref> | |||
| On the new image, Salopek wore a beige jumpsuit looking like the one he had worn in a previous video. A black flag used by IS and a knife were planted in the sand next to his severed body. Islamic State group's Egyptian affiliate, Sinai Province claimed the responsibility for the beheading. The picture also contained an inset of two Egyptian newspaper reports, with one headline declaring Croatia's support of Egypt in its war against terrorism and extremism, and another saying Croatia reiterated its support for the ].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://news.vice.com/article/islamic-state-claim-to-have-beheaded-croatian-hostage |title = Islamic State Claim to Have Beheaded Croatian Hostage|date = August 12, 2015}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| "When you encounter the unbelievers on the battlefield, strike off their heads until you have crushed them completely; then bind the prisoners tightly." | |||
| | ] | |||
| | {{dts|2015|Aug|18}} | |||
| According to Professor Ibrahim al-Marashi, ISIL's earlier incarnations used beheadings to force foreign policy changes such as getting the ] to withdraw from the ]. Now ISIL is using beheadings of locals to intimidate people, including their own soldiers, into obeying the dictates of a weak state. Beheadings of westerners are designed to strike back at the United Kingdom and the United States for military actions against ISIL that they have no other way of responding to. "With an act of a sword, they manage to force both Obama and Cameron to react. The two men, who control the world's most advanced militaries, find themselves at the mercy of the sword. Both displayed physical pain and grief when they condemned the way their nationals died." says al-Marashi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=al-Marashi (Professor/Book Author)|first1=Ibrahim|title=The truth about beheadings With an act of a sword, they manage to force both Obama and Cameron to react.|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/11/truth-about-beheadings-20141123112635132978.html|website=Al Jazerra|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | In May 2015, ] (the modern city of Palmyra) and the adjacent ancient city of ] came under the control of the Islamic State.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32820857 |title=Islamic State seizes Syria's ancient Palmyra|date=May 21, 2015 |work=BBC News |access-date=August 21, 2015 }}</ref> Al-Asaad, a Syrian archaeologist who was a retired head of antiquities in Palmyra helped evacuate the city museum prior to IS's takeover. He was among those captured during this time, and IS attempted to get al-Asaad to reveal the location of the ancient artifacts that he had helped to hide. | |||
| Khaled al-Asaad was beheaded in Tadmur on August 18, 2015, aged 81, following non-compliance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/18/isis-beheads-archaeologist-syria |title=Beheaded Syrian scholar refused to lead Isis to hidden Palmyra antiquities|date= August 19, 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=August 21, 2015 }}</ref> His body was reported to have been displayed in Tadmur, and then later in the ancient city of Palmyra. Al-Asaad was accused by IS of being an "apostate"; the group listed his alleged crimes, including representing Syria at "infidel conferences," serving as "the director of idolatry" in Palmyra, visiting Iran and communicating with a brother in the Syrian security services. His archaeological discoveries and relentless scholarly efforts contributed to the elevation of Palmyra as a ] in 1980.<ref>{{Cite news|title = ISIS Beheads Syrian Antiquities Scholar in Palmyra|url = https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/08/19/world/middleeast/ap-ml-islamic-state.html?_r=0|newspaper = The New York Times|date =August 19, 2015|access-date = August 19, 2015|issn = 0362-4331|first = Ben|last = Hubbard}}</ref> | |||
| "Terror Marketing" to recruit new fighters is another motivation. "Some of these men almost have a pornographic attraction to these violent scenes, these violent beheading videos. It really sort of energizes them." said ], a terrorism analyst for ] <ref>{{cite web|title=Beheadings as Terror Marketing Beheading videos, especially those with the most graphic content removed, are used to recruit new soldiers to terrorist organizations.|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/beheadings-as-terror-marketing/381049/|website=The Atlantic|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] | |||
| | {{dts|2017|Aug|10}} | |||
| | 1 | |||
| | Mohsen Hojjaji, a fighter from Iran's ], was beheaded days after he was captured by IS in Syrian Desert.<ref>{{cite web|author=Name* |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/08/iran-mohsen-hojjajji-irgc-beheading-isis-syria-iraq.html#ixzz4q2AoplZC |title=Beheading of IRGC fighter unites Iranians|publisher=AlMonitor|date=August 14, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> | |||
| |} | |||
| <!-- Do NOT add deaths by shooting or non-beheading related incidents to the list. Add them to the ] article --> | |||
| ==Alleged beheading plots== | |||
| ===Jihadi John=== | |||
| ] spoke to a defector member of the Islamic State, who claimed he witnessed Mohammed Emwazi, known as ], murder Japanese hostage ].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31075769 |title=Japan outraged at IS 'beheading' of hostage Kenji Goto |date=1 February 2015 |access-date=14 April 2019 |work=] |publisher=]}}</ref> He is the only person to admit seeing Emwazi kill.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-defector-watched-jihadi-john-kill-kenji-goto-and-claims-british-executioner-is-chief-killer-of-10097336.html |title=Isis defector 'watched Jihadi John kill Kenji Goto' and claims British executioner is chief killer of foreign hostages |first=Heather |last=Saul |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=14 April 2019 |newspaper=]}}</ref> The Islamic State said Emwazi was employed as the chief killer of foreign hostages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jihadi-john-executions-isis-defector-2015-3 |title=ISIS defector describes how 'Jihadi John' ran executions |first=Pamela |last=Engel |date=13 November 2015 |access-date=14 April 2019 |work=] |publisher=]}}</ref> | |||
| The Islamic State claimed foreign hostages captured and murdered by the group were subjected to numerous mock executions<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://leaksource.info/2015/07/12/leaked-video-shows-making-of-islamic-state-execution-in-studio-via-cyberberkut-hack-of-sen-mccain-staffer/ |title=Leaked Video Shows Making of Islamic State "Execution" in Studio — via CyberBerkut Hack of Sen. McCain Staffer |access-date=November 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209120949/http://leaksource.info/2015/07/12/leaked-video-shows-making-of-islamic-state-execution-in-studio-via-cyberberkut-hack-of-sen-mccain-staffer/ |archive-date=December 9, 2015 |date=12 July 2015 |work=Leak Source}}</ref> until the procedure became normal, which, it has been suggested, was why many hostages appeared calm in execution videos published online by the group. The Islamic State said the hostages were beheaded later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.sky.com/story/1441818/is-defector-i-saw-jihadi-john-kill-hostage |title=IS Defector: I Saw Jihadi John Kill Hostage |first=Stuart |last=Ramsay |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=14 April 2019 |work=] |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313213154/http://news.sky.com/story/1441818/is-defector-i-saw-jihadi-john-kill-hostage |archive-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
| ===2014 Australian counter-terrorism raids=== | |||
| {{main|2014 Australian counter-terrorism raids}} | |||
| {{see also|#Khaled Sharrouf incident}} | |||
| In a pre-dawn ] on September 18, 2014, Australian law enforcement detained 15 individuals in Sydney and ] who were allegedly plotting a "demonstration execution".<ref name=abc.au-9-18>{{cite news|title=Authorities thwart 'beheading' plot in Australia's biggest ever counter-terrorism raids|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-18/authorities-thwart-beheading-plot-in-australias-biggest-raid/5754276|access-date=September 21, 2014|work=]|date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> The purported plan was to kidnap a random resident of ] and behead the individual on camera, draped in the black flag of the Islamic State.<ref name=reuters-9-18>{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Matt|title=Australian PM says police raids follow IS linked beheading plot|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-security-raids-idUSKBN0HC2FJ20140918|access-date=September 21, 2014|work=]|date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> The beheading did not occur. | |||
| ===Theresa May assassination plot=== | |||
| In November 2017, ] planned to detonate bombs and behead the then British prime minister ] in the name of Islamic State. He was arrested before he could do so and convicted in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=The City of Westminster: A timeline of terror |url=https://news.sky.com/story/the-city-of-westminster-a-timeline-of-terror-11472534 |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=Sky News}}</ref> | |||
| ===Beheading of a child in Mozambique=== | |||
| In March 2021, Save the Children, a UK-based aid group, reported the beheading of a 12-year-old child by IS-linked militants.<ref>{{cite news | |||
| | author =<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> | |||
| | title = Isis-linked militants beheading children in Mozambique, says aid group | |||
| | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/16/isis-linked-militants-beheading-children-in-mozambique-says-aid-group | |||
| | work = The Guardian | |||
| | location = | |||
| | date = 2021-03-16 | |||
| | access-date = 2021-03-28 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==International response== | ==International response== | ||
| Barack Obama condemned the actions of the militants and Jihadi John in particular and vowed punishment for all the militants responsible behind the videotaped beheadings.<ref name=Obama>{{cite |
U.S. President Barack Obama condemned the actions of the militants and Jihadi John in particular and vowed punishment for all the militants responsible behind the videotaped beheadings.<ref name=Obama>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/world/middleeast/steven-sotloff-isis-execution.html?_r=0|title=After Beheading of Steven Sotloff, Obama Pledges to Punish ISIS|author= JULIE HIRSCHFELD DAVIS |work=The New York Times|access-date=11 September 2014|date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> ] ] also called Jihadi John a "coward behind a mask" and, echoing Obama, stated that all those responsible would be held accountable by the United States.<ref name=Obama/> British officials have also reiterated their commitment to capturing those responsible for the beheadings. Admiral ], a former UK Security Minister, said that Jihadi John is a "dead man walking" who will be "hunted down like Osama Bin-Laden".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11073733/Jihadi-John-is-dead-man-walking-says-former-security-minister.html|title=Jihadi John is 'dead man walking', says former security minister – Telegraph|date=3 September 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=11 September 2014|location=London|first=Tom|last=Whitehead}}</ref> British Prime Minister David Cameron also condemned the actions and stated that he was absolutely certain that Jihadi John would "one way or another, face justice".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11074342/David-Cameron-absolutely-certain-Jihadi-John-will-be-caught.html|title=David Cameron 'absolutely certain Jihadi John will be caught' – Telegraph|date=4 September 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=11 September 2014|location=London|first=Peter|last=Dominiczak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/alan-henning-hostage-killing-harsh-price-isis-syria|title=Alan Henning murder: David Cameron vows to defeat Isis|date=4 October 2014|work=]|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> Other figures like ] ], and Secretary General of ] ] also stated that Jihadi John should be brought to justice.<ref name=Possible>{{cite news|first1=Tom|last1=Whitehead|title=Jihadi John known to MI5 but may never be brought to justice|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11097837/Jihadi-John-known-to-MI5-but-may-never-be-brought-to-justice.html|work=]|access-date=19 September 2014|date=16 September 2014|location=London}}</ref> | ||
| The day after the video of the beheading of ] surfaced, |
The day after the video of the beheading of ] surfaced, Cameron told the ]: "I am sure the whole House, and the whole country, will join with me in condemning the sickening and brutal murder of another American hostage, and share our shock and anger that it again appears to have been carried out by a British citizen. All our thoughts are with the British hostage and his family. Their ordeal is unimaginable."<ref name=pm-statement>{{cite web|title=PM's statement to Parliament on opposition to ISIL terrorism|url=http://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-statement-to-parliament-on-opposition-to-isil-terrorism|website=gov.uk|access-date=September 9, 2014|date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> He concluded: "A country like ours will not be cowed by these barbaric killers. If they think we will weaken in the face of their threats, they are wrong. It will have the opposite effect. We will be more forthright in the defence of the values, liberty under the rule of law, freedom, democracy that we hold dear."<ref name=bbc-3sept/> | ||
| Soon after the David Haines video surfaced, Prime Minister Cameron released a statement by Twitter: "The murder of David Haines is an act of pure evil. My heart goes out to his family who have shown extraordinary courage and fortitude. We will do everything in our power to hunt down these murderers and ensure they face justice, however long it takes."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|last2=Schapiro|first2=Rich|title=Video shows apparent beheading of British aid worker David Haines by ISIS, appears hours after family's plea for safe return|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/video-shows-apparent-beheading-david-haines-aid-worker-held-isis-pleas-family-fail-article-1.1938458| |
Soon after the David Haines video surfaced, Prime Minister Cameron released a statement by Twitter: "The murder of David Haines is an act of pure evil. My heart goes out to his family who have shown extraordinary courage and fortitude. We will do everything in our power to hunt down these murderers and ensure they face justice, however long it takes."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Eli|last2=Schapiro|first2=Rich|title=Video shows apparent beheading of British aid worker David Haines by ISIS, appears hours after family's plea for safe return|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/video-shows-apparent-beheading-david-haines-aid-worker-held-isis-pleas-family-fail-article-1.1938458|access-date=September 21, 2014|work=]|date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> | ||
| The ] released this statement via Twitter: "The United States strongly condemns the barbaric murder of UK citizen David Haines by the terrorist group ISIL |
The ] released this statement via Twitter: "The United States strongly condemns the barbaric murder of UK citizen David Haines by the terrorist group ISIL. Our hearts go out to the family of Mr. Haines and to the people of the United Kingdom. The United States stands shoulder to shoulder tonight with our close friend and ally in grief and resolve. We will work with the United Kingdom and a broad coalition of nations from the region and around the world to bring the perpetrators of this outrageous act to justice, and to degrade and destroy this threat to the people of our countries, the region and the world."<ref name=the-wire-2014-09-14>{{cite news|author1=Dashiell Bennett|author2=Polly Mosendz|title=New ISIS Video Reportedly Shows the Execution of British Hostage|url=http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/09/new-isis-execution-of-british-hostage-david-haines/380172|access-date=September 14, 2014|work=]|date=September 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914071528/http://www.thewire.com/global/2014/09/new-isis-execution-of-british-hostage-david-haines/380172/|archive-date=September 14, 2014}}</ref> | ||
| The British ] (CTIRU) has been working to "take extremist material off the internet" and has removed over 28,000 pieces of "unlawful terrorist-related content" between December 2013 and August 2014.<ref name=FO-response>{{cite web|title=Iraq: UK government response|url=http://www.gov.uk/government/news/iraq-uk-government-response|website=gov.uk| |
The British ] (CTIRU) has been working to "take extremist material off the internet" and has removed over 28,000 pieces of "unlawful terrorist-related content" between December 2013 and August 2014.<ref name=FO-response>{{cite web|title=Iraq: UK government response|url=http://www.gov.uk/government/news/iraq-uk-government-response|website=gov.uk|access-date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> | ||
| In response the beheading of journalists ] and ], ] (AFP) released a statement saying that it would "no longer accept work from freelance journalists who travel to places where we ourselves would not venture |
In response to the beheading of journalists ] and ], ] (AFP) released a statement saying that it would "no longer accept work from freelance journalists who travel to places where we ourselves would not venture" including Syria.<ref name=huffpost-afp>{{cite news|last1=Taibi|first1=Catherine|title=AFP Says It Will No Longer Accept Work From Journalists Who Travel To Syria|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/18/afp-journalists-isis-foreign-reporters-iraq-syria_n_5844416.html|access-date=September 28, 2014|agency=]|date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> The Boston-based ], for whom Foley had been a contributor, released a statement saying "While we continue to send staff correspondents to Syria, we no longer accept freelance work from that war zone."<ref name=bostonglobe-08-28>{{cite news|last1=Bender|first1=Bryan|title=Perils abound for freelance reporters in hot spots|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2014/08/27/heavy-reliance-freelancers-for-foreign-coverage-poses-challenges-for-media-and-greater-dangers/eMqwRsnBvwsPYFauWZnbgP/story.html|access-date=September 28, 2014|date=August 28, 2014}}</ref> | ||
| Two days after the beheading of ], hundreds of Muslims gathered in the ] to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was |
Two days after the beheading of ], hundreds of Muslims gathered in the ] to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was led by the leader of the ], ], and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country.<ref name=ibt-09-28>{{cite news|last1=Halleck|first1=Thomas|title=Thousands Of French Muslims Protest Herve Gourdel Beheading|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/thousands-french-muslims-protest-herve-gourdel-beheading-1695741|access-date=September 28, 2014|agency=]|date=September 26, 2014}}</ref> French president ] said Gourdel’s beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel," and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.<ref name=ibt-09-28/> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
| {{Portal|Iraq|Syria|Arab world|Terrorism|Death}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| *], terrorist cell of the Islamic State that guarded and beheaded a number of hostages | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{Reflist|30em}} | ||
| ==External links== | |||
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| {{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} | |||
| {{Portal bar|Iraq|Asia}} | |||
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Latest revision as of 04:52, 20 December 2024
This article is about the beheading incidents of the Islamic State. For executions by the Islamic State, see Killing of captives by the Islamic State. Mostly 2014–2015 beheadings by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
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Beginning in 2014, a number of people from various countries were beheaded by the Islamic State (IS), a radical Sunni Jihadist group operating in Iraq and Syria as well as elsewhere. In January 2014, a copy of an IS penal code surfaced describing the penalties it enforces in areas under its control, including multiple beheadings. Beheading videos have been frequently posted by IS members to social media. Several of the recorded beheadings were conducted by Mohammed Emwazi, whom the media referred to as "Jihadi John" ("John" because of his English accent) before his identification. The beheadings received wide coverage around the world and attracted international condemnation. Political scientist Max Abrahms posited that IS may be using well-publicized beheadings as a means of differentiating itself from Al-Qaeda in Iraq, and identifying itself with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the al-Qaeda member who beheaded Daniel Pearl. The publicised beheadings represent a small proportion of a larger number of total people killed following capture by IS.
Background
Islamic State's earlier incarnations
According to Professor Ibrahim al-Marashi, IS's earlier incarnations used beheadings to force foreign policy changes such as getting the Philippines to withdraw from the Iraq War.
Islamic State's justifications or reasons for beheadings
On 12 August 2014, prior to the 2014–2015 wave of IS beheadings of Westerners and Japanese, IS members sent an email to the family of American hostage James Foley stating that American hostages would be killed in retaliation for:
- the 8 August 2014 beginning of the American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present);
- U.S. incarceration of Pakistani Muslim woman Aafia Siddiqui;
- the U.S. and its government having "no motivation to deal with the Muslims except with the language of force."
According to Professor Ibrahim al-Marashi, IS is using beheadings of locals to intimidate people, including their own soldiers, into obeying the dictates of a weak state. Beheadings of Westerners are designed to strike back at the United Kingdom and the United States for military actions against IS that they have no other way of responding to. "With an act of a sword, they manage to force both Obama and Cameron to react. The two men, who control the world's most advanced militaries, find themselves at the mercy of the sword. Both displayed physical pain and grief when they condemned the way their nationals died." says al-Marashi.
"Terror marketing" to recruit new fighters is another motivation. "Some of these men have sort of a pornographic attraction to these violent scenes, these violent beheading videos. It really sort of energizes them," said Paul Cruickshank, a terrorism analyst for CNN.
List of incidents
| Event | Date (approx.) |
Number killed (approx.) |
Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Syrian soldiers | Jul 25, 2014 | 75 | Photos of the beheadings of a number of Syrian soldiers were posted by IS members to social media on July 25, 2014. The reports said up to 75 Syrian soldiers from a captured base were beheaded with their heads and bodies displayed along the streets. |
| James Foley | Aug 19, 2014 | 1 | James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973 – c. August 19, 2014) was an American freelance journalist and photojournalist of the Syrian Civil War when he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern Syria. Foley was the first American citizen to be killed by "Jihadi John". James Foley's beheading by IS received wide condemnation in the United States. |
| Ali al-Sayyed | Aug 28, 2014 | 1 | Lebanese Army Sergeant Ali al-Sayyed (July 15, 1985 – c. August 28, 2014) was beheaded following his capture by IS during the Battle of Arsal. IS member Abu Musaab Hafid al-Baghdadi posted pictures of the beheading on Twitter. The beheading sparked public outrage in Lebanon. Al-Sayyed's body was delivered to Lebanese authorities on September 1, and his identity was confirmed through DNA tests on September 2. His funeral ceremony was held on September 3, with family, friends, members of the public, comrades, and Lebanese Army Commander Gen. Jean Kahwaji. |
| Kurdish soldier | Aug 29, 2014 | 1 | An unidentified Kurdish fighter was beheaded following capture. 23 other captive soldiers are seen in the video but are not beheaded. |
| Steven Sotloff | Sep 2, 2014 | 1 | Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – c. September 2, 2014) was an Israeli-American journalist for Time magazine and The Jerusalem Post, although the Post disavowed any relationship once Sotloff's life was threatened. In 2013, he was kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria. On September 2, 2014, a video was released purporting to show "Jihadi John" beheading Steven Sotloff. |
| Abbas Medlej | Sep 6, 2014 | 1 | Lebanese Army soldier Abbas Medlej is believed to have been beheaded following an attempted escape from his captors. IS members claim that he was contained following an escape attempt, where he fired upon his captors, according to comments made by an IS Leader on the Turkish Anatolia news channel. Gruesome photos of the dead soldier were posted on several pro-jihadist Twitter accounts on September 6. Abbas Medlej was captured by IS during the Battle of Arsal. |
| David Haines | Sep 13, 2014 | 1 | David Haines (May 9, 1970 – c. September 13, 2014) was a British aid worker abducted in March 2013 while working in Syria for the humanitarian aid group Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development assessing the Atmeh refugee camp near the Turkish border and the Syrian province of Idlib. Haines' family requested that his abduction be kept a secret. The abduction became public when Haines appeared in the purported Sotloff beheading video, being held by "Jihadi John" who threatened that Haines would be the next victim. The UK Foreign Office originally requested the British media to not publish Haines' identity, fearing for his safety, though international press had published his name. A video of the lead-up and aftermath of David Haines' beheading, entitled "A Message to the Allies of America", was released by IS on September 13, 2014. |
| Family of Afghan Local Police | Sep 20, 2014 | 15 | On September 20, 2014, local officials in the Ghazni Province of Afghanistan reported that Taliban insurgents from different regions of the country led by camouflaged men wearing black masks had captured several villages, set at least 60 homes on fire, killed more than 100 people and beheaded fifteen family members of local police officers. The masked insurgents reportedly carried the black flag of IS, openly called themselves soldiers of Islamic State, and did not speak any local languages.
Deputy Police Chief General Asadullah Ensafi reported that Taliban ambushes stopped reinforcements from the Afghan National Army and provincial police from reaching the area. Afghan Commandos inserted by helicopter were able to reinforce units already defending the area and the "immediate threat to district's center had been nullified." |
| Hervé Gourdel | Sep 24, 2014 | 1 |
Hervé Gourdel (September 12, 1959 – c. September 24, 2014) was a French citizen and mountaineering guide. Gourdel was kidnapped on September 21, 2014, while hiking in the Djurdjura National Park in Algeria. The following day, a recently formed IS affiliate in Algeria, Jund al-Khilafah, released a video which showed Hervé Gourdel being held hostage. The group threatened to kill Gourdel if the French government continued to conduct Opération Chammal. On September 24, they carried through on threats to behead him after a 24-hour deadline passed. The beheading was captured in a video titled "A Message of Blood for French Government." The video is similar to other IS beheading videos. It opens with a news clip of French President François Hollande and a title screen. It then shows Hervé Gourdel handcuffed and kneeling in front of four armed masked men. After Gourdel delivers a statement, one of the militants reads a statement. In it he declares that this kidnapping and execution were in response to the order of IS spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani to attack citizens of countries participating in the U.S.-led coalition against the Islamic State. Like the other IS beheading videos, it does not show the actual beheading, but the final scene does show Hervé Gourdel's dead body with his severed head in his lap, and then the fighters holding it up. |
| Kobane and Eastern Syria | Oct 1, 2014 | 10 | The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported on October 1 that IS had beheaded 10 individuals near Kobane, Syria – two male and three female Kurdish fighters, four Syrian Arab rebels and a male Kurdish civilian. "I don't know why they were arrested or beheaded. Only the Islamic State knows why. They want to scare people," according to Rami Abdulrahman. He also reported IS has used beheadings in eastern Syria to scare local leaders of Sunni Muslim tribes to withdraw from the battlefield. The beheadings are often carried out in public and the public is told that any violent or non-violent dissent will not be tolerated. |
| Alan Henning | Oct 3, 2014 | 1 | Alan Henning (August 15, 1967 – c. October 3, 2014) was a British humanitarian aid worker. Henning was the fourth Western hostage killed by IS. Henning was captured during IS's occupation of the Syrian city of Al-Dana in December 2013, where he was helping with humanitarian relief. The British Foreign Office withheld news of Henning's capture while they attempted to negotiate his release. Alan Henning was shown at the end of David Haines' beheading video, released on September 13, 2014, and referred to by "Jihadi John" as the next victim. A video of Henning's beheading was released by IS on October 3, 2014. |
| Baiji, Iraq | Oct 10, 2014 | 3 | A security official in Baiji said three men were beheaded on October 10, 2014. |
| Raad al-Azzawi and several others | Oct 11, 2014 | 5
|
Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and his family said that on September 7, 2014 IS seized and on October 11 publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi (or translated Azzaoui), 37, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit in Iraq. According to RSF al-Azzawi was taken because he refused to work for IS. They also kidnapped and killed, possibly also by beheading, al-Azzawi's brother and several other civilians. In December 2013 IS militants had attacked al-Azzawi's TV station with suicide bombs, killing five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community." These actions are part of a widespread organized effort to control the press through violence. At about the same time, AP reported that IS beheaded a number of journalists in Syria. |
| Peter Kassig | Nov 16, 2014 | 1
|
Kassig next worked in Syria and Lebanon as a humanitarian worker. He aided Syrian refugees through Special Emergency Response and Assistance (SERA), a non-governmental organization he founded in the Fall of 2012 to provide refugees in Syria and Lebanon with medical assistance, supplies, clothing, and food. Kassig was a trained medical assistant.
On October 1, 2013, as he was on his way to Deir Ez-Zor in eastern Syria to deliver food and medical supplies to refugees, Kassig was taken captive by IS. He was kept in a cell with French journalist Nicolas Henin and British journalist John Cantlie, and beaten regularly. While in captivity, Kassig – formerly a Methodist – converted to Islam and changed his name to Abdul-Rahman Kassig, sometime between October and December 2013. On October 3, 2014, his parents released a video in which they stressed that his conversion to Islam was not forced, and that his path to conversion began before he was taken captive. Kassig was named as the next victim to be beheaded in the video released by IS on October 3, 2014, that showed Alan Henning's beheading. On October 3, his family sent a video message to the Islamic State, asking for mercy for their son. Kassig's mother later tweeted an entreaty to the leader of the Islamic State over Twitter, asking to communicate with him, and Kassig's parents maintain Facebook and Twitter accounts. On November 16, 2014, IS posted a video showing "Jihadi John" standing over a severed human head. The beheading itself was not shown in the video. The White House later confirmed the person killed was Kassig. The Daily Telegraph and security expert Will Geddes speculated that Kassig may have defied his captors, and refused to provide a beheading video statement. |
| Syrian soldiers | Nov 16, 2014 | 21 | On November 16, 2014, in the same video that depicted Peter Kassig's death, IS also included the beheading of 22 Syrian soldiers in gruesome detail. The BBC pointed out that this video "revels in gore", and unlike previous videos, this one showed the faces of many of the militants and provided the location as Dabiq in Aleppo Province.
On November 17, French media reported that 22-year-old French citizen Maxime Hauchard, who goes by the nom de guerre Abdallah Al-Faransi, was believed to be among the executioners in the beheading video. Hauchard lived in Normandy and converted to Islam at the age of 17. A French prosecutor said that another Frenchman may have also been present. On November 19, 22-year-old Michael Dos Santos, known by fellow militants with his nom de guerre Abou Uthman, was also identified by the French media as the second French Jihadist featured in the beheading video. Dos Santos lived in Champigny-sur-Marne east of Paris and converted to Islam in 2010. |
| Alleged beheading of deserters | Dec 2014 | 100 | In December 2014, after some recent military setbacks, IS was reported to have beheaded about 100 foreign fighters who tried to leave Raqqa. A military police had been established in Raqqa to look for fighters who failed to report. |
| Haruna Yukawa and Kenji Goto | Jan 2015 | 2 | Haruna Yukawa (湯川 遥菜, Yukawa Haruna), born Masayuki Yukawa (湯川 正行, Yukawa Masayuki, April 1972 – c. January 2015), was a Japanese national reported to be beheaded in January 2015. He aspired to become a private military contractor providing protection to Japanese companies in areas of conflict. In April 2014, he was in Syria where he was captured by the Free Syrian Army; Japanese journalist Kenji Goto (後藤 健二, Gotō Kenji, 1967 – c. 31 January 2015) was brought in to interpret, and Goto secured Yukawa's release. Both Yukawa and Goto went back to Japan, but Yukawa soon returned to Syria, where he disappeared after July 2014; IS released a video on YouTube of Yukawa on the ground bleeding. In October 2014, Goto returned to Syria to try to secure Yukawa's release; he was soon captured. The two appeared in a video in January 2015 in which IS gave the Japanese government a deadline of 72 hours for a ransom of $200 million. The deadline passed without fulfillment of the ransom, and a video of Yukawa's beheading was released. Yukawa and Goto were the first Japanese nationals to be held hostage by IS. By the end of the month, the group released another video of the beheading of Goto, in which Jihadi John proclaimed to Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe "because of your reckless decision to take part in an unwinnable war, this knife will not only slaughter Kenji, but will also carry on and cause carnage wherever your people are found. So let the nightmare for Japan begin." |
| Hujam Surchi | Jan 28, 2015 | 1 | Hujam Surchi, an Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga officer, was beheaded days before Kenji Goto, allegedly by a Kurdish member of IS. |
| Alleged spies in Egypt | Feb 2015 | 10 | In February 2015, in response to the buffer zone the Egyptian government placed along the Gaza–Egypt border, IS members beheaded 10 men they believed were spies for Mossad and the Egyptian Army. |
| Coptic Egyptians | Feb 15, 2015 | 21 | On February 15, 2015, IS's al-Hayat Media Center posted a video on Twitter titled "a message signed with blood to the nation of the cross". It showed the beheading of 21 Coptic Egyptian masons by the sea shore in Tripoli, Libya. They were kidnapped from Sirte in late December 2014. |
| Ethiopian Christians | Apr 19, 2015 | 30 | On April 19, 2015, two videos purportedly made by Islamic State and posted on social media sites on April 19, 2015, appeared to show militants shooting and beheading two groups of Ethiopian Christians in Libya totaling about 30 victims. |
| Tomislav Salopek | Aug 12, 2015 | 1 | On August 12, 2015, a still image, shared by IS sympathizers on social media, showed the apparent body of Croatian Tomislav Salopek, a married, 30-year-old father of two, whose first video containing his captors′ threat and demand that the government of Egypt free imprisoned ″Muslim women″, was released on August 5, 2015, the day when Croatia was staging victory celebrations to commemorate its independence war.
On the new image, Salopek wore a beige jumpsuit looking like the one he had worn in a previous video. A black flag used by IS and a knife were planted in the sand next to his severed body. Islamic State group's Egyptian affiliate, Sinai Province claimed the responsibility for the beheading. The picture also contained an inset of two Egyptian newspaper reports, with one headline declaring Croatia's support of Egypt in its war against terrorism and extremism, and another saying Croatia reiterated its support for the Kurdistan region. |
| Khaled al-Asaad | Aug 18, 2015 | 1 | In May 2015, Tadmur (the modern city of Palmyra) and the adjacent ancient city of Palmyra came under the control of the Islamic State. Al-Asaad, a Syrian archaeologist who was a retired head of antiquities in Palmyra helped evacuate the city museum prior to IS's takeover. He was among those captured during this time, and IS attempted to get al-Asaad to reveal the location of the ancient artifacts that he had helped to hide.
Khaled al-Asaad was beheaded in Tadmur on August 18, 2015, aged 81, following non-compliance. His body was reported to have been displayed in Tadmur, and then later in the ancient city of Palmyra. Al-Asaad was accused by IS of being an "apostate"; the group listed his alleged crimes, including representing Syria at "infidel conferences," serving as "the director of idolatry" in Palmyra, visiting Iran and communicating with a brother in the Syrian security services. His archaeological discoveries and relentless scholarly efforts contributed to the elevation of Palmyra as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. |
| Mohsen Hojaji | Aug 10, 2017 | 1 | Mohsen Hojjaji, a fighter from Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, was beheaded days after he was captured by IS in Syrian Desert. |
Alleged beheading plots
Jihadi John
Sky News spoke to a defector member of the Islamic State, who claimed he witnessed Mohammed Emwazi, known as Jihadi John, murder Japanese hostage Kenji Goto. He is the only person to admit seeing Emwazi kill. The Islamic State said Emwazi was employed as the chief killer of foreign hostages.
The Islamic State claimed foreign hostages captured and murdered by the group were subjected to numerous mock executions until the procedure became normal, which, it has been suggested, was why many hostages appeared calm in execution videos published online by the group. The Islamic State said the hostages were beheaded later.
2014 Australian counter-terrorism raids
Main article: 2014 Australian counter-terrorism raids See also: § Khaled Sharrouf incidentIn a pre-dawn police raid on September 18, 2014, Australian law enforcement detained 15 individuals in Sydney and Brisbane who were allegedly plotting a "demonstration execution". The purported plan was to kidnap a random resident of Sydney and behead the individual on camera, draped in the black flag of the Islamic State. The beheading did not occur.
Theresa May assassination plot
In November 2017, Naa'imur Zakariyah Rahman planned to detonate bombs and behead the then British prime minister Theresa May in the name of Islamic State. He was arrested before he could do so and convicted in 2018.
Beheading of a child in Mozambique
In March 2021, Save the Children, a UK-based aid group, reported the beheading of a 12-year-old child by IS-linked militants.
International response
U.S. President Barack Obama condemned the actions of the militants and Jihadi John in particular and vowed punishment for all the militants responsible behind the videotaped beheadings. Secretary of State John Kerry also called Jihadi John a "coward behind a mask" and, echoing Obama, stated that all those responsible would be held accountable by the United States. British officials have also reiterated their commitment to capturing those responsible for the beheadings. Admiral Alan West, a former UK Security Minister, said that Jihadi John is a "dead man walking" who will be "hunted down like Osama Bin-Laden". British Prime Minister David Cameron also condemned the actions and stated that he was absolutely certain that Jihadi John would "one way or another, face justice". Other figures like Justice Secretary Chris Grayling, and Secretary General of Interpol Ronald Noble also stated that Jihadi John should be brought to justice.
The day after the video of the beheading of Steven Sotloff surfaced, Cameron told the House of Commons: "I am sure the whole House, and the whole country, will join with me in condemning the sickening and brutal murder of another American hostage, and share our shock and anger that it again appears to have been carried out by a British citizen. All our thoughts are with the British hostage and his family. Their ordeal is unimaginable." He concluded: "A country like ours will not be cowed by these barbaric killers. If they think we will weaken in the face of their threats, they are wrong. It will have the opposite effect. We will be more forthright in the defence of the values, liberty under the rule of law, freedom, democracy that we hold dear."
Soon after the David Haines video surfaced, Prime Minister Cameron released a statement by Twitter: "The murder of David Haines is an act of pure evil. My heart goes out to his family who have shown extraordinary courage and fortitude. We will do everything in our power to hunt down these murderers and ensure they face justice, however long it takes."
The White House released this statement via Twitter: "The United States strongly condemns the barbaric murder of UK citizen David Haines by the terrorist group ISIL. Our hearts go out to the family of Mr. Haines and to the people of the United Kingdom. The United States stands shoulder to shoulder tonight with our close friend and ally in grief and resolve. We will work with the United Kingdom and a broad coalition of nations from the region and around the world to bring the perpetrators of this outrageous act to justice, and to degrade and destroy this threat to the people of our countries, the region and the world."
The British Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU) has been working to "take extremist material off the internet" and has removed over 28,000 pieces of "unlawful terrorist-related content" between December 2013 and August 2014.
In response to the beheading of journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff, Agence France-Presse (AFP) released a statement saying that it would "no longer accept work from freelance journalists who travel to places where we ourselves would not venture" including Syria. The Boston-based GlobalPost, for whom Foley had been a contributor, released a statement saying "While we continue to send staff correspondents to Syria, we no longer accept freelance work from that war zone."
Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was led by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country. French president François Hollande said Gourdel’s beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel," and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.
See also
- Beheading by Salafi jihadist groups
- Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory
- Killing of captives by the Islamic State
- Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul
- Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland
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